current developments and future opportunities for the global ocean carbon observing network

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Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network Christopher Sabine, Richard Feely, Rik Wanninkhof, Steve Hankin

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Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network. Christopher Sabine, Richard Feely, Rik Wanninkhof , Steve H ankin. Carbon Inventories of Reservoirs that Naturally Exchange Carbon on Time Scales of Decades to Centuries. Ocean C Ant =0.39%. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon

Observing Network

Christopher Sabine, Richard Feely, Rik Wanninkhof, Steve Hankin

Page 2: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Carbon Inventories of Reservoirs that Naturally Exchange Carbon on Time Scales of Decades to Centuries

Ocean38,148 PgC

Soil=2800 PgCPlants=750 PgCAtm.=795 PgC

Preind.Atm. C=74%

Ocean CAnt =0.39%

• Oceans contain ~90% of carbon in this 4 component system

• anthropogenic component is difficult to detect

CAnt. = 26%

(Ocean Cant < 1.5% of upper 1000 m)

Page 3: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

OceanObs’09: Vision

Provision of routine and sustained global information on the marine environment sufficient to meet society’s needs for describing, understanding and forecasting marine variability (including physical, biogeochemical, ecosystems and living marine resources), weather, seasonal to decadal climate variability, climate change, sustainable management of living marine resources, and assessment of longer term trends

Page 4: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Global Ocean Carbon Network is made up of four OCO projects that address two of the GCOS essential climate variables:

• surface ocean CO2

• ocean interior carbon

Page 5: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Global Repeat Hydrographic/CO2 /Tracer surveys R. Feely, C.L. Sabine, G. Johnson, J. Bullister, C. Mordy (PMEL);

R. Wanninkhof, M. Baringer, J. Zhang (AOML); C. Langdon (RSMAS)

Goal: To maintain decadal time-scale sampling of ocean transports and inventories of climatically significant parameters in support of the Ocean Carbon Monitoring Network of the Program Plan for Building a Sustained Observing Network for Climate.

Approach: The Repeat Hydrography CO2/Tracer Program is a systematic and global re-occupation of select hydrographic sections to quantify changes in storage and transport of heat, fresh water, carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) tracers and related parameters to assess changes in the ocean’s biogeochemical cycle in response to natural and/or man-induced activity.

Achievements:In FY 2011, NOAA and NSF co-sponsored two CLIVAR/ Repeat Hydrography cruises in the Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean, S4P and A10. This April/May of this year we completed A20 and A22 in the North Atlantic.

Page 6: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

FY2011 Global Repeat Hydrographic/CO2 /Tracer surveys

Global map of International Repeat Hydrography CO2/Tracer Program hydrographic sections with carbon system that have been completed over the last decade. The U.S. cruises are designated with blue lines.

2011

Page 7: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

FY2011 Global Repeat Hydrographic/CO2 /Tracer surveys

Sections of dissolved inorganic carbon along the S4P (top) and A10 (bottom) transects.

Principal Investigators:R. Feely (NOAA/PMEL)R. Wanninkhof (NOAA/AOML)

Page 8: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

An informal Community Survey on CLIVAR/CO2 Repeat Hydrography Program Data Usage

As of April 2012, 62 people had responded

Survey responders identified~140 peer-reviewed journal articles published over the last 6 years based on the repeat hydrography data

CTD BottleData

UnderwaypCO2

ADCP Bathy-metry

Meteor-ology

Other

TransientTracers

Carbon Nutrients Trace Metals

Other

Page 9: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Goal:

Approach: Make autonomous surface pCO2 measurements using research and volunteer observing ships (VOS) to get spatial coverage at seasonal time scales and using a network of surface moorings to get high frequency temporal resolution.

To quantify the daily to interannual variability in air-sea CO2 fluxes and understand the mechanisms controlling these fluxes.

NOAA Surface pCO2 Measurement Program R. Wanninkhof, C.L. Sabine, R. Feely, T. Takahashi, S. Sutherland,

N. Bates, F. Chavez, G. Goni, and F. Millero

Page 10: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

SST, fCO2 and CO2 flux in the Equatorial Pacific

Large-Scale Observational Results: 1982-2009

El Niño: 0.2 - 0.3 Pg C yr-1

Non El Niño: 0.5 - 0.7 Pg C yr-1

La Niña: 0.6 - 0.8 Pg C yr-1

Average: 0.5 ± 0.2 Pg C yr-1

25-30% Increase in flux after the 1997-1998 El Niño

Feely et al. (in preparation)Estimates utilize the gas transfer scaling factor of 0.24, For NCEP-DOE AMIP-II winds (after Takahashi et al, in 2009)

Page 11: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Interannual Variability in Sea-air CO2 Fluxes

from Park et al., 2010, Tellus B

Page 12: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

∆pCO2 data from CPO/COD CO2 on ships project and international collaborators, and empirical approach of Park et al. (2010)

http://cwcgom.aoml.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aomlcarbonfluxes.graph

Map of Sea-air CO2 fluxes for December, 2011

Graphical user interface of Sea-Air CO2 fluxes on monthly timescales

Page 13: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Temporal Changes in winds, fCO2, ∆fCO2 and CO2 Flux in the Equatorial Pacific

The flux of CO2 from the equatorial Pacific has increased about 25-30% since 1998.

Page 14: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Moored pCO2 ProgramC.L. Sabine (PMEL), A.J. Sutton (PMEL),

S. Jones (PMEL), S. Musielewicz (PMEL) and R. Bott (PMEL)

Goal:

Approach:

Achievements: We are at 24% of array design with 7 systems on TAO array, 4 in the North Pacific (including Papa) and 1 in the South Pacific.

Develop an inexpensive, robust, accurate pCO2 system that can be deployed on a variety of mooring and drifter configurations for up to a year at a time.

To evaluate the temporal variability in air-sea CO2 fluxes by conducting high resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean pCO2.

www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Buoys+and+Autonomous+Systems

Page 15: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

The value of time series lies in their continued data collection.

The 7 year time series at the MOSEAN H-A/WHOTS mooring site shows an increasing trend in ocean and atmosphere CO2.

Seasonal fluctuations are also apparent in both seawater and air (e.g., low seawater CO2 in the winter and high seawater CO2 in the summer).

Moored pCO2 Program

Page 16: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Launched in February 2011, the PMEL Carbon Group website (www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2) is completely revised and enhanced

The website received over 75,000 unique visits between Feb and the end of FY2011

New Google Earth data portal displays near real time data plots of air and seawater CO2 at all moorings, including the 12 OCO funded sites

Moored pCO2 Program

Page 17: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Global Carbon Data Management and Synthesis ProjectC.L. Sabine, R. Feely, S. Hankin (PMEL); A. Kozyr (CDIAC)*;

R. Wanninkhof (AOML); R. Key (PU); F. Millero (UM)*; A. Dickson (Scripps)**no longer funded

Goal:

Approach:

Achievements:

Use repeat hydrography data to evaluate decadal changes in carbon inventories and the surface CO2 data to evaluate air-sea CO2 exchanges.

To make the global carbon observing network data readily available to the community and to use these data to better understand the role of the oceans in the global C cycle.

Global CO2 data sets published; air-sea CO2 fluxes estimated from 1982-2009; Global anthropogenic CO2 storage estimated up through 2008.

CO

2flu

xan

omal

y(P

gC

yr-1)

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

GlobeEPO(Sub)-tropicsHigh North (>42 oN)Southern (>42 oS)

Year1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009

ON

I(o C

)

-3.0

-1.5

0.0

1.5

60oE 120oE 180oW 120oW 60oW 0o80oS

40oS

0o

40oN

80oN

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2008 anthropogenic CO2 column inventory (mol m-2)Annual air-sea CO2 flux anomalies 1982–2009

Figures from Sabine et al. 2010 (BAMS, State of the Climate 2010)

Page 18: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Global Carbon Data Management and Synthesis Project

http://socat.info

Products include a 2nd-level quality controlled, global surface ocean fCO2 data set with >6.3 million observations and gridded summary fields derived from the cruise data on a 1° x 1° grid with no temporal or spatial interpolation.

Page 19: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

TheGLODAP/CARINA/PACIFICAdatanetwork

New synthesis efforts are greatly expanding the available data for examining carbon changes

GLODAP ~ 100 cruises (1989-1998) (light gray)CARINA ~ 188 additional cruises (1976-2008) (dark gray)PACIFICA ~ 260 additional cruises (1985-2008) (medium gray)

Page 20: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Ocean uptake and storage products are being incorporated into global carbon assessments, including the IPCC 5th Assessment Report

Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes

Page 21: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Summary of the different modeling approaches. In case of the OGCMs and atmospheric inverses, the annual median value is plotted.

Summary of magnitude, variability and trends of Sea-air CO2 fluxes for RECCAP, (Regional carbon cycle assessment project)

(Wanninkhof et al., 2012, in prep)

Page 22: Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network

Thank you!