current paradigms in psychopathology and therapy
DESCRIPTION
Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy. Past and Present Tomàs, J. What is a paradigm?. What do you think???. A Paradigm:. is a conceptual framework to examine a given phenomenon. has a set of basic assumptions . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy
Past and Present
Tomàs, J.
![Page 2: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is a paradigm?
What do you think???
![Page 3: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A Paradigm:
is a conceptual framework to examine a given phenomenon.
has a set of basic assumptions.
Determines which methods (data collection, analysis) will be used to study a given phenomenon.
![Page 4: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Paradigms in Abnormal Psychology
Biological Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytical) Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic
![Page 5: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A. Biological Paradigm: Disease Model
Basic assumptions:
1. Biology plays a role in pathological behavior.
2. Psychopathology is caused by disease.
![Page 6: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What are the flaws with this paradigm? What do you think???
![Page 7: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Flaws with Biological model 1. Factors unrelated to biology may
influence the onset of psychopathology.
E.g., environmental factors (life-style, abuse) may play role in some mental disorders (depression).
2. Multiple factors may influence onset of psychopathology.
![Page 8: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Does biology play role in etiology of psychopathology? What do you think????
![Page 9: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Evidence that biology plays a role comes from 2 sources:
1. Behavioral Genetics – examines how much of individual differences in behavior are due to genetic makeup.
2. Biochemistry in the nervous system
![Page 10: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Behavioral Genetics: Theory Genotype – the physiological genetic constitution
of a person. (fixed at birth, but not static)
Phenotype- the observable expression of our genes (changes over time & is product of interaction with genotype & environment).
E.g., A child may be hard-wired for high intellectual achievement, but will need environmental stimulation to produce development.
![Page 11: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
We may have a biological predisposition for a mental disorder.
This is called a Diathesis.
Does having a diathesis automatically mean you will develop the mental disorder?
![Page 12: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
No!!!!
It will depend on how your biology interacts with environmental factors (parental rearing, peers)
![Page 13: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
How do we study behavior genetics?
1. Family members 2. Twin studies 3. Adoption studies 4. Linkage analysis
![Page 14: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Family Members: Studies the 1st & 2nd degree relatives of individual
with a given mental disorder.
1st-degree relatives-parents & siblings (50%-shared genes)
2nd-degree relatives-aunts, uncles (25%-shared genes)
Are compared with index cases (probands).
![Page 15: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
If there is a genetic predisposition:
1st degree relatives of the index case(s), should have the disorder at a higher rate than in the general pop.
E.g., 10% of 1st degree relatives of index cases with schizophrenia can be diagnosed with schizophrenia
![Page 16: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Twin method
Monozygotic (100% shared genes) & dizygotic twins (50% shared genes) are compared.
Start with diagnosis of one twin & see if other twin develops same disorder.
When twins are similarly diagnosed, they are said to be concordant.
![Page 17: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
If disorder is heritable-- concordance rate will be higher for MZ than for DZ twins.
Problems:
1. May reflect environmental factors.
![Page 18: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Adoption studies
Examine children who were adopted & reared apart from their “abnormal” parents.
Reduces environmental influences, should reflect effect of genetics.
![Page 19: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Linkage Analysis: Uses DNA blood testing to examine the
influence of genetics inmental disorders.
![Page 20: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
B. Psychodynamic Paradigm: Argues that our behavior results from
unconscious conflicts.
Conflicts are outside of our awareness (iceberg theory).
![Page 21: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Structures of mind:
1. Id (unconscious) “wants” to satisfy basic urges (thirst, hunger, sex).
2. Ego (primarily conscious) tries to satisfy id impulses without breaking societal norms.
3. Super-ego (conscious) our morality center which tells us right from wrong.
![Page 22: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Psychosexual stages of development
1. Oral (birth to 1 yr)- needs gratified orally (sucking).
2. Anal (2yr)-needs met- through elimination of waste.
3. Phallic (3-5 yrs)-needs met through genital stimulation.
4. Latency (6-12 yrs)-impulses dormant. 5. Genital (13+)-needs met through
intercourse.
![Page 23: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Defense mechanisms- unconscious & protect ego from anxiety. Repression Projection Reaction formation Displacement Denial rationalization
![Page 24: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Problems: 1. Freud had no scientific data to support
his theories.
2. Freud’s theories (unconscious, libido, etc.) cannot be observed.
3. Theory explains behavior (post-hoc) after the fact.
4. Observations not representative of population.
![Page 25: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Freud’s therapy
Premise—we have repressed information in unconscious that needs to come out.
How??? Free-association, dream analysis, hypnosis.
![Page 26: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
C. Behavior paradigm
Focuses on observable behaviors.
Premise—abnormal behavior is learned!!
Learning (classical & operant conditioning, modeling)
![Page 27: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Classical conditioning Pavlov’s study:
Step 1: Meat Powder (UCS)---Salivation
(UCR) Step 2: Bell (CS) ---- Salivation (UCR) -Meat Powder (UCS)---- Step 3: Bell (CS)---------Salivation (CR)
![Page 28: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Conditioning emotional responses: Watson & Raynor Classically conditioned 11-month-old infant
to fear white rats (Santa beard, cotton).
Presented infant with cute white rat—child showed interest in rat, was then presented with a loud noise (startle response).
![Page 29: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Operant conditioning: Desired behaviors are reinforced (positive,
negative), whereas undesirable behaviors are extinguished (punishment).
![Page 30: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Modeling (Albert Bandura)
We learn how to behavior, by watching others.
Whether we will produce a given behavior is determined by whether we have seen it reinforced or punished.(Famous Bobo Doll study)
![Page 31: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Behavioral therapies
Systematic desensitization (phobias, anxiety)
Flooding (phobias, anxiety) Aversion conditioning (pedophiles)
![Page 32: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Criticisms of theory:
1. Abnormal behavior not connected to particular learning experiences (schizophrenia).
2. Simplistic circular reasoning (Description as explanation).
3. Useful for treatment, but not as cause for most mental disorders.
![Page 33: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cognitive: Premise- how we organize and interpret
information
Criticism of Cognitive Paradigm Concepts are slippery, not well defined. cognitive explanations do not explain much E.g., depressed person has negative
cognition--I am worthless.
![Page 34: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral therapy Rational Emotive therapy
![Page 35: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
E. Humanistic: Theorists argue we are driven to self-
actualize, that is, to fulfill our potential for goodness and growth.
![Page 36: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051018/5681428d550346895daeb934/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Roger’s Humanistic therapy We all have a basic need to receive positive
regard from the important people in our lives (parents).
Those who receive unconditional positive regard early in life are likely to develop unconditional self-regard.
That is, they come to recognize their worth as persons, even while recognizing that they are not perfect. Such people are in good shape to actualize their positive potential.