Killam Centre for Advanced Studies 2-29 Triffo Hall Edmonton AB Canada T6G 2E1

Tel: 780.492.2816 / Fax: 780.492.0692 www.gradstudies.ualberta.ca

1

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

November 25, 2015 2016-2017 University of Alberta Calendar Graduate Program Changes: Addition of the reference to the FGSR Minimum Thesis Formatting Requirements guidelines

Current Proposed

204.4 Thesis Requirements

204.4.1 Regulations and Outline of Responsibilities

All students in a thesis degree program must present and defend a thesis embodying the results of their research. The topic of the thesis must have been approved by the student’s supervisor.

Departments may set specific requirements for student theses, including requirements pertaining to traditional format theses, paper-based theses (e.g., theses consisting of published and accepted papers), and mixed format theses (combining the traditional format and the paper-based format). Clarity is recommended in setting departmental requirements to avoid disputes later.

For students in a master’s degree program, the thesis, at a minimum, should reveal that the student is able to work in a scholarly manner and is acquainted with the principal works published on the subject of the thesis. As far as possible, it should be an original contribution.

A doctoral thesis, at a minimum, must embody the results of original investigations and analyses and be of such quality as to merit publication, meeting the standards of reputable scholarly publications. It must constitute a substantial contribution to the knowledge in the student's field of study.

The thesis should normally be written in English. In some departments, students may be permitted to write their thesis in a language other than English, provided that language has been approved for use by the supervisory committee, the department, and the Dean of the department’s Faculty. Theses written in a language other than English must have two abstracts,

204.4 Thesis Requirements

204.4.1 Regulations and Outline of Responsibilities

All students in a thesis degree program must present and defend a thesis embodying the results of their research. The topic of the master’s and doctoral thesis must have been approved by the student’s supervisor and supervisory committee respectively.

Departments may set specific requirements for student theses, including requirements pertaining to traditional format theses, paper-based theses (e.g., theses consisting of published, accepted or submitted papers), and mixed format theses (combining the traditional format and the paper-based format). Clarity is recommended in setting departmental requirements to avoid disputes later.

For students in a master’s degree program, the thesis, at a minimum, should reveal that the student is able to work in a scholarly manner and is acquainted with the principal works published on the subject of the thesis. As far as possible, it should be an original contribution.

A doctoral thesis, at a minimum, must embody the results of original investigations and analyses and be of such quality as to merit publication, meeting the standards of reputable scholarly publications. It must constitute a substantial contribution to the knowledge in the student's field of study.

The thesis should normally be written in English. In some departments, students may be permitted to write their thesis in a language other than English, provided that language has been approved for use by the supervisory committee, the department, and the Dean of the department’s Faculty. Theses written in a language other than English must have two abstracts, one in the language of the thesis, and the other in

one in the language of the thesis, and the other in English.

It is the responsibility of both the student and the supervisor(s) to be aware of any specific requirements of the student's department with respect to the student’s thesis.

English. Students are responsible for following the FGSR Minimum Thesis Formatting Requirements found at https://uofa.ualberta.ca/graduate-studies/current-students/academic-requirements/thesis-requirement-and-preparation. It is the responsibility of both the student and the supervisor(s) to be aware of any specific requirements of the student's department with respect to the student’s thesis.

Justification: The FGSR Minimum Thesis Formatting Requirements guidelines were approved at FGSR Council in November 2013.

Current Proposed

205.20 Earth and Atmospheric Sciences […] 205.20.X The Degrees of MSc in Urban and Regional Planning (2 year)

This course-based program requires the completion of 42 in graduate-level course work, including 36 of required, core courses and 6 of optional graduate-level course work in PLAN courses. The core courses include a research project that is to be undertaken in the last semester of the program as a capstone course. Students must maintain standards acceptable to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research to remain in the program. Required Courses PLAN 500 Planning for resilient cities and regions PLAN 510 Physical Planning & Design Fundamentals PLAN 511 Professional Practice and Ethics PLAN 512 Advanced Finance for Planners PLAN 516 Planning law PLAN 517 Advanced Planning Theory PLAN 595 Advanced Planning Studio PLAN 598 Advanced Research Methods and Analysis PLAN 503 Master’s Project Proposal PLAN 504 Master’s Project Development

205.20 Earth and Atmospheric Sciences […] 205.20.X The Degrees of MSc in Urban and Regional Planning (2 year)

This course-based program requires the completion of 42 in graduate-level course work, including 36 of required, core courses and 6 of optional graduate-level course work in PLAN courses. The core courses include a research project that is to be undertaken in the last semester of the program as a capstone course. Students must maintain standards acceptable to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research to remain in the program. Required Courses PLAN 500 Planning for resilient cities and regions PLAN 501 Planning for Northern Regions and Resource Communities PLAN 510 Physical Planning & Design Fundamentals PLAN 511 Professional Practice and Ethics PLAN 512 Advanced Finance for Planners PLAN 516 Planning law PLAN 517 Advanced Planning Theory PLAN 595 Advanced Planning Studio PLAN 598 Advanced Research Methods and Analysis PLAN 503 Master’s Project

Current Proposed

PLAN 505 Master’s Major Project 2 additional 3 PLAN courses

(…) 205.20.X The Degrees of MSc in Urban and Regional Planning (Accelerated 1 year)

This course-based program requires the completion of 30 in graduate-level course work, including 24 of required, core courses and 6 of optional graduate-level course work in PLAN courses. The core courses include a research project that is to be completed as a capstone course. Students must maintain standards acceptable to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research to remain in the program. Required Courses (Accelerated 1 year) PLAN 500 Planning for resilient cities and regions PLAN 517 Advanced Planning Theory PLAN 595 Advanced Planning Studio PLAN 598 Advanced Research Methods and Analysis PLAN 503 Master’s Project Proposal PLAN 504 Master’s Project Development PLAN 505 Master’s Major Project 2 additional 3 PLAN courses

Proposal PLAN 505 Master’s Major Project 2 additional 3 PLAN courses

(…)

205.20.X The Degrees of MSc in Urban and Regional Planning (Accelerated 1 year)

This course-based program requires the completion of 30 in graduate-level course work, including 24 of required, core courses and 6 of optional graduate-level course work in PLAN courses. The core courses include a research project that is to be completed as a capstone course. Students must maintain standards acceptable to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research to remain in the program. Required Courses (Accelerated 1 year) PLAN 500 Planning for resilient cities and regions PLAN 501 Planning for Northern Regions and Resource Communities PLAN 517 Advanced Planning Theory PLAN 595 Advanced Planning Studio PLAN 598 Advanced Research Methods and Analysis PLAN 503 Master’s Project Proposal PLAN 505 Master’s Major Project 2 additional 3 PLAN courses

Current Proposed

Entrance Requirements for 1 Year Accelerated Stream

Applicants must have Bachelor’s degree in planning (minimum 3.00 GPA [B]); must have at least 2 calendar years of planning experience. Applicants with significant experience and degrees other than planning will be reviewed on a case by case basis. Statement of Interest, two letters of academic recommendation, resume/CV, transcripts, a TOEFL score of 550 (paper-based) or 88 (Internet-based), where applicable

Length of Program

The course-based MSc program in Urban and Regional Planning (Regular) is designed for completion within one calendar year (3 semesters). The program must normally be completed within three years from admission.

Killam Centre for Advanced Studies 2-29 Triffo Hall Edmonton AB Canada T6G 2E1

Tel: 780.492.2816 / Fax: 780.492.0692 www.gradstudies.ualberta.ca

1

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Items indicated in green will be considered by the GFC Academic Standards Committee December 16, 2015 2016-2017 University of Alberta Calendar Graduate Program Changes: Library and Information Studies, the degree of Master of Library and Information Studies (MLIS)

Current Proposed

205.37 Library and Information Studies […] 205.37.1 General Information […] Entrance Requirements […]

Admission offers are made from a review of complete applications received by the School by February 1, for the on campus MLIS program, and April 1 for the online MLIS program. A complete application includes the application form and its supporting materials, transcripts, and three letters of reference (letters to support application for graduate admission). Where fewer than three academic referees are available, one professional/supervisor referee is acceptable for one of the references. All must be received before applications can be reviewed for admission to the MLIS program. Applicants considered will receive notification of a decision on their application no later than March 31 for the on campus MLIS program, and May 30 for the online MLIS program, and May 30 for the online MLIS program. Once the School's acceptance limit is reached, subsequent acceptable applicants may be placed on a waiting list.

Decisions on internal scholarships and awards are normally made by June 1. Students are encouraged to seek out opportunities for scholarships and awards and to apply for these prior to and during the course of their programs.

Students who are offered admission to the

205.37 Library and Information Studies […] 205.37.1 General Information […] Entrance Requirements […]

Admission offers are made from a review of complete applications received by the School by February 1. A complete application includes the application form and its supporting materials, transcripts, and three letters of reference (letters to support application for graduate admission). Where fewer than three academic referees are available, one professional/supervisor referee is acceptable for one of the references. All must be received before applications can be reviewed for admission to the MLIS program. Applicants considered will receive notification of a decision on their application no later than March 31. Once the School's acceptance limit is reached, subsequent acceptable applicants may be placed on a waiting list.

Decisions on internal scholarships and awards are normally made by June 1. Students are encouraged to seek out opportunities for scholarships and awards and to apply for these prior to and during the course of their programs.

Students who are offered admission to the

MLIS program may have their admissions deferred to the following fall term if the School is notified in writing before the beginning of the Fall term. Please consult www.slis.ualberta.ca for full application details.

Mission of the School of Library and Information Studies

Within a vibrant, supportive, and rigorous environment, the School develops reflective and inquiring library and information leaders through learner-centric teaching, scholarship, and community partnerships for the benefit of society. SLIS Vision

A society which honours institutions that foster individual opportunity to engage with the world of imagination, information, and ideas for learning, citizenship, and connecting communities. SLIS Values

A diverse, inclusive, dynamic and collegial School which honours • Integrity, diversity, fairness, equity, and

respect; • Excellence in teaching, research, and

citizenship; • Mutual sense of responsibility and

accountability; • Pride in our history, traditions, community,

students, and alumni; and, • Intellectual curiosity, imagination, and

creativity. Objectives of the MLIS Program:

Upon completion of the MLIS program, students will (1) be familiar with the history, the philosophy,

and the service orientation of libraries, librarianship, and related information environments; and understand the value of teaching, service, and research to the advancement of the field of library and information studies.

(2) evince complex and ethical awareness of major issues, research, trends, and dilemmas in library and information studies.

(3) demonstrate critical thinking, analytical capacities, and problem-solving skills.

(4) apply leadership and management principles

MLIS program may have their admissions deferred to the following fall term if the School is notified in writing before the beginning of the Fall term. Please consult www.slis.ualberta.ca for full application details. Financial Assistance […]

to address diverse organizational needs and challenges.

(5) communicate effectively and professionally. (6) show understanding of the knowledge and

information organization life cycle including, but not limited to, production, organization, distribution, access, preservation, disposition, and retrieval practices of recorded knowledge and information resources of all kinds.

(7) conduct effective searches to locate, evaluate, analyze, and synthesize information sources, with respect for the culturally diverse composition of society and its information needs.

(8) utilize, appreciate, and evaluate a broad range of LIS and related research literatures and have sufficient understanding of processes and methods (including those shared across disciplines) required to conduct principled inquiries and investigations.

(9) examine the impact, importance, and limitations of technologies in personal, professional, and social contexts as well as in library and information studies settings.

(10) be aware of the need for continuing professional education and develop and maintain collegial relationships with their fellow professionals.

Financial Assistance […] Justification:

Killam Centre for Advanced Studies 2-29 Triffo Hall Edmonton AB Canada T6G 2E1

Tel: 780.492.2816 / Fax: 780.492.0692 www.gradstudies.ualberta.ca

1

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Items highlighted in green will be considered by the GFC Academic Standards Committee December 16, 2015 2016-2017 University of Alberta Calendar Graduate Program Changes: The Department of Educational Policy Studies is now offering the Post-baccalaureate Certificate in Teaching and Learning in Higher Education; it is no longer being offered by the Faculty of Extension.

Current Proposed

205.24 Educational Policy Studies

205.24.1 General Information

The Department of Educational Policy Studies offers master's and doctoral programs in the following specialized areas of study: Adult Education; Educational Administration and Leadership; Indigenous Peoples Education; and Theoretical, Cultural, and International Studies in Education. […] The Adult Education specialization provides advanced study for individuals who work with adults in the capacity of teaching, administration, or community leadership within a variety of institutional, community, and workplace settings throughout the world. [NEW]

205.24 Educational Policy Studies

205.24.1 General Information

The Department of Educational Policy Studies offers master's and doctoral programs in the following specialized areas of study: Adult, Community and Higher Education, Educational Administration and Leadership; Indigenous Peoples Education; and Theoretical, Cultural, and International Studies in Education, as well as a post-baccalaureate certificate in Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. […] The Adult, Community and Higher Education specialization provides advanced study for individuals who work with adults in the capacity of teaching, administration, or community leadership within a variety of institutional, community, and workplace settings throughout the world. […]

205.24.2 Free-Standing Post-Baccalaureate Certificates

Entrance Requirements Applicants to Post-Baccalaureate Certificates must meet the general admission requirements of the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research (§203.2) and are subject to regulations for certificates specified in §203. Program Requirements The Post-Baccalaureate Certificates normally require

*9 in graduate courses. Certificates will be awarded for the successful completion of the designated courses within the Certificate and with a final GPA of 2.7 or above. Certificates must be completed within four years (see §203.11).

No language other than English is required for the degree.

Length of Program:

There is no residence requirement for the Post-Baccalaureate Certificates program. Normally, the Post-Baccalaureate Certificates must be completed within four years.

205.24.2.1 Post-Baccalaureate Certificate in Teaching and Learning in Higher Education (*9) This Post-Baccalaureate Certificate in Teaching and Learning in Higher Education is to provide academic staff, graduate students and postdoctoral fellows with the opportunity to complete a formal and externally recognizable program in the theories, practice (design, development and delivery) and assessment of teaching and learning in higher education. Courses required for the program include EDPS 558 (*1.5), EDPS 559 (*1.5), EDPS 560(*3), and EDPS 561 (*3). See 231 for a description of the courses. For more information contact the Department of Educational Policy Studies or visit edpolicystudies.ualberta.ca

The Post-Baccalaureate Certificate in Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, formerly offered by the Faculty of Extension, is now being offered by the Department of Educational Policy Studies.

205.24.4 (EdPsy PhD revisions) FGSR 11.30.2015

Items highlighted in green will be considered by the GFC Academic Standards Committee

Proposed Calendar Changes 2016-2017 Calendar

(normal implementation)

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

CURRENT PROPOSED

205.25 Educational Psychology

[…]

205.25.4 The Degree of PhD

Program Requirements

The PhD program consists of a minimum of 24 or more depending on the area of specialization, a candidacy examination, and the preparation and defence of a thesis on an approved topic.

No language other than English is required. Students admitted to a PhD program must

register full time throughout their program. Both the Counselling Psychology and School Psychology programs require a one-year supervised internship. More details concerning required coursework and the development of the thesis within each area may be found at the Department’s website: www.edpsychology.ualberta.ca. Each student, in consultation with the Faculty advisor assigned at the time of admission, will develop a program of study to suit the student's specific background and area of interest. By the end of the first year of study, PhD students must have a supervisory committee consisting of at least three faculty members whose interests are usually related to the student's area of study.

205.25 Educational Psychology

[…]

205.25.4 The Degree of PhD

Program Requirements

The PhD program consists of courses in the area of specialization, a candidacy examination, and the preparation and defence of a thesis on an approved topic.

No language other than English is required. Students admitted to a PhD program must

register full time throughout their program. Both the Counselling Psychology and School and Clinical Child Psychology programs require a one-year supervised internship. More details concerning required coursework and the development of the thesis within each area may be found at the Department’s website: www.edpsychology.ualberta.ca. Each student, in consultation with the Faculty advisor assigned at the time of admission, will develop a program of study to suit the student's specific background and area of interest. By the end of the first year of study, PhD students must have a supervisory committee consisting of at least three faculty members whose interests are usually related to the student's area of study.

Appendix 2

2016-2017 University of Alberta Calendar Graduate Program Changes: Department of Dentistry MSc and PhD in Medical-Sciences-Periodontology

Current Proposed

205.19 Dentistry Department of Dentistry 5th Floor, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9 E-mail: dentistry.gradstudies@ualberta.ca www.dent.ualberta.ca

205.19.1 General Information The Department of Dentistry offers the MSc and

PhD in Medical Sciences degrees (see §205.43) for post-DDS applicants or for those proceeding from a BSc or equivalent degree. Research may be carried out in a variety of dentistry-related disciplines for which faculty members in the department have active research programs. Inquiries should be directed to the Graduate Programs Administrator, Department of Dentistry (www.dent.ualberta.ca).

The Department offers the MSc in Medical Sciences program in the following areas of specialty: Dental Hygiene, Dentistry, Oral Biology, Orthodontics, and Oral Medicine. The PhD programs are offered in Dentistry, Oral Biology, and Orthodontics.

Entrance Requirements

The Department's normal requirements for admission of graduate students are a minimum of 3.0 or equivalent GPA during the last two years of an undergraduate or graduate degree at the University of Alberta, or equivalent qualification from another institution, and a TOEFL score of at least 580 (paper-based) or 95 with at least 20 per section (Internet-based), or a MELAB minimum score of 91; or a CAEL minimum score of 70 with at least 70 on each subtest; or an IELTS (Academic) minimum score of 7.5 with at least 6 on each band, where applicable (see §203.2.4). Admission is dependent upon the recommendation of the Department of Dentistry's Graduate Committee and the Medical Sciences Graduate Program Committee to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research. In addition, the applicant's curriculum vitae, previous research experience, letters of recommendation and statement of intent will be considered for the admission decision. Other facts would be considered on a case per case basis. […]

[NEW]

205.19 Dentistry Department of Dentistry 5th Floor, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9 E-mail: dentistry.gradstudies@ualberta.ca www.dent.ualberta.ca

205.19.1 General Information The Department of Dentistry offers the MSc and

PhD in Medical Sciences degrees (see §205.43) for post-DDS applicants or for those proceeding from a BSc or equivalent degree. Research may be carried out in a variety of dentistry-related disciplines for which faculty members in the department have active research programs. Inquiries should be directed to the Graduate Programs Administrator, Department of Dentistry (www.dent.ualberta.ca).

The Department offers the MSc in Medical Sciences program in the following areas of specialty: Dental Hygiene, Dentistry, Oral Biology, Orthodontics, Oral Medicine, and Periodontology. The PhD programs are offered in Dentistry, Oral Biology, Orthodontics, and Periodontology.

Entrance Requirements

The Department's normal requirements for admission of graduate students are a minimum of 3.0 or equivalent GPA during the last two years of an undergraduate or graduate degree at the University of Alberta, or equivalent qualification from another institution, and a TOEFL score of at least 580 (paper-based) or 95 with at least 20 per section (Internet-based), or a MELAB minimum score of 91; or a CAEL minimum score of 70 with at least 70 on each subtest; or an IELTS (Academic) minimum score of 7.5 with at least 6 on each band, where applicable (see §203.2.4). Admission is dependent upon the recommendation of the Department of Dentistry's Graduate Committee and the Medical Sciences Graduate Program Committee to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research. In addition, the applicant's curriculum vitae, previous research experience, letters of recommendation and statement of intent will be considered for the admission decision. Other facts would be considered on a case per case basis. […]

205.19.5 The Degree of MSc in Medical Sciences - Periodontology

General Information

The Department of Dentistry offers an MSc in Medical Sciences - Periodontology. Through a combination of didactic and clinical courses, the program is structured to prepare the dental graduate for a Periodontology practice and/or an educational appointment. This is a thesis-based program. In addition the clinical requirements involve successful completion of selected

teaching cases (see §205.43 Medical Sciences). Application for admission should be directed to the Admissions Office, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5th floor, 11405-87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9. Information about the program and the online application form may be found at www.ualberta.ca/perio. The deadline is September 1 for the following September admission.

Entrance Requirements

A Doctor in Dental Surgery (DDS) or equivalent dental professional designation is required. In addition to the general entrance requirements (§205.19.1), applicants to the Periodontology program must:

1. Provide a recommendation letter noting their class ranking (if applicable) upon graduation from dentistry. 2. Have completed at least one year of experience as a licensed dentist immediately prior to the start of the program. Letter(s) of good standing from current and previous licensing bodies must be provided. 3. A personal interview is required for short-listed applicants. Those applicants will be advised of the arranged interview date by e-mail.

Admission is dependent upon the recommendation of the Department of Dentistry's Graduate Committee and the Medical Sciences Graduate Program Committee. This agenda and its corresponding attachments are transitory records. University Governance is the official copy holder for files of the Board of Governors, GFC and their standing committees. Members are instructed to destroy this material following the meeting.

Financial Assistance

See (§205.19.1).

Program Requirements

The requirements for the degree include coursework (OBIOL500(*3),501(*3),Dent542(*1),551(*3),552(*3),565(*2),566(*2),570(*6),571(*6),572(*6),573(*10),672(*6),673(*10), 772(*6),773(*10)), seminars, a clinical component and a thesis. Student progress will be monitored through an annual written and/or oral external assessment. Feedback from this assessment serves to identify areas that require additional attention by the student. The assessment will permit the development of specific clinical and/or didactic improvement objectives before the next annual assessment. The program of study is determined in consultation with the Supervisor and Supervisory Committee.

Length of Program

The minimum time required to complete the MSc is three years.

205.19.5 The Degree of PhD in Medical Sciences - Dentistry and the Degree of PhD in Medical Sciences - Oral Biology

[…]

205.19.6 The Degree of PhD in Medical Sciences - Orthodontics

[…] [NEW]

205.19.6 The Degree of PhD in Medical Sciences - Dentistry and the Degree of PhD in Medical Sciences - Oral Biology

[…]

205.19.7 The Degree of PhD in Medical Sciences - Orthodontics

[…]

205.19.8 The Degree of PhD in Medical Sciences - Periodontology

General Information

The PhD in Medical Sciences - Periodontology program is a full-time program with clinical training integrated into it. For the PhD in Medical Sciences - Periodontology program, applications will be received and reviewed by the Division of Periodontics Committee after approval by the Graduate Studies Committee (see §205.43 Medical Sciences). Application for admission should be directed to the Graduate Studies and Research Office, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9. Information about the program and the online application form may be found at www.ualberta.ca/perio.

Entrance Requirements

In addition to the general entrance requirements (§205.19.1), applicants must have completed a Doctor in Dental Surgery (DDS) or equivalent dental professional designation and at least one year of experience as a licensed dentist within five years prior to the start of the program. In addition the Department of Dentistry requires a Master's degree or consent of both the Department of Dentistry and the Division of Periodontology in the lack of such in order to apply. A suitable supervisor must be identified to support the applicant. As part of the selection process, selected applicants will be invited to an interview.

Program Requirements

The program of study is determined in consultation with the supervisor and supervisory committee. PhD level training including relevant course work (*12) and research component will be exclusively performed during the first two years. Clinical training will not start

205.19.7 Graduate Courses

[…]

until defined research milestones are attained including the competition of the PhD candidacy exam. The requirements for the degree include coursework This agenda and its corresponding attachments are transitory records. University Governance is the official copy holder for files of the Board of Governors, GFC and their standing committees. Members are instructed to destroy this material following the meeting. (OBIOL500(*3),501(*3),Dent542(*1),551(*3),552(*3),565(*2),566(*2),570(*6),571(*6),572(*6),573(*10),672(*6),673(*10), 772(*6),773(*10)), seminars, a clinical component, elective coursework pertinent to the PhD (*12) and a PhD thesis. Students enrolled in the PhD in Medical Sciences - Periodontology will not have the option of transferring to the MSc in Medical Sciences - Periodontology program but may switch to a non-clinical MSc in Medical Sciences.

Length of Program

The time required to complete the PhD will vary according to the previous training of the applicant and the nature of the research undertaken; however, a minimum of six years is required with six to seven years being the current the norm.

205.19.9 Graduate Courses

[…]

Justification: