current research activities on the titanium reduction ... institute of industrial science the...
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Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo
Current Research Activitieson the
Titanium Reduction Process in Japan
Toru H. Okabe
Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
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Ornate table centerpiece crafted for Napoleon III in 1858.Aluminum was seen as a precious metal, worthy of an emperor. (Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, cover page of JOM, Nov. 2000)
Innovation Changes Rare Metal to Common Metal
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
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1 8O 49.502 14Si 25.803 13Al 7.564 26Fe 4.705 20Ca 3.396 11Na 2.637 19K 2.408 12Mg 1.939 1H 0.8710 22Ti 0.4611 17Cl 0.1912 25Mn 0.0913 15P 0.0814 6C 0.0815 16S 0.0316 7N 0.0317 9F 0.0318 39Rb 0.0319 56Ba 0.0220 40Zr 0.0221 24Cr 0.0222 38Sr 0.0223 23V 0.0224 28Ni 0.0125 29Cu 0.0126 74W 6×10-3
27 3Li 6×10-3
28 58Ce 4.5×10-3
29 27Co 4×10-3
30 50Sn 4×10-3
Rank Element Clark #.
Titanium is the 10th most abundant element in the earth’s crust
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
1791First discovered by William Gregor, a clergyman and amateur geologist in Cornwall, England 1795Klaproth, a German chemist, gave the name titanium to an element re-discovered in Rutile ore. 1887Nilson and Pettersson produced metallic titanium containing large amounts of impurities1910M. A. Hunter produced titanium with 99.9% purity by the sodiothermic reduction of TiCl4 in a steel vessel.(119 years after the discovery of the element)
1946W. Kroll developed a commercial process for the production of titanium: Magnesiothermic reduction of TiCl4...
History of Titanium
Titanium was not purified until 1910, and was not produced commercially until the early 1950s.
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Annual production of Ti Sponge
117,500 ton(2001)
Production capacity
Japan has about 40 %%%% of the market share
sponge
Japan
USA
Russia
China
65,000 ton (2001)
Kazakhstan
Japan
USA
Russia
China
Kazakhstan
Capacity
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Production volume of titanium mill products in Japan
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
6364
6566
6768
6970
7172
7374
7576
7778
7980
8182
8384
8586
8788
8990
9192
9394
9596
9798
9900
01
14,700 ton ( ( ( (2001))))
(ton)
The Japanese titanium industry is expanding rapidly
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Export 58%
Aircraft 7%
Architecture/ Civil and ocean engineering
5%
General products 3%
Automobile 4%plant 6%
USA21,600 t
Industry 25%
Others 11%
Military aircraft 14%
Application of titanium mill products:in US (1999) and Japan (2001)
Commercial aircraft
50%
Japan14,434 t
Medical treatment 7%
Electric power
Chemical industry 10%
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Mg & TiCl4 feed port
Fig. Reactor for reducing titanium by the Kroll process.
TiCl4 + 2 Mg → Ti + MgCl2
The Kroll Process
Huge exothermic reaction:→It requires several days to produce
titanium in large (ton) scale
Mg & MgCl2 recovery port
Metallic reaction vessel
MgCl2 recovery port
Sponge titanium
Ti / Mg / MgCl2 mixtureFurnace
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Flowchart of titanium production by the Kroll process.
Ti feed (TiO2)
Crude TiCl4
Pure TiCl4
Sponge Ti + MgCl2 + Mg
Sponge Ti
Ti Ingot
Reductant (C)
CO2
MgCl2 + Mg
Chlorine (Cl2)
FeClx, AlCl3・・・
Other compounds
MgCl2
Chlorination
Distillation
Reduction
Vacuum distillation
Crushing / Melting
Electrolysis
H2S etc.
Mg
The Kroll Process
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
TiO2 + C + 2 Cl2→ TiCl4 + CO2
MgCl2→ Mg + Cl2
Chlorination
Reduction
Electrolysis
TiO2 + C → Ti + CO2
Overall reaction
TiCl4 + 2 Mg → Ti + MgCl2
(TiCl4, Mg, MgCl2,…)
The Kroll Process
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Representative analytical result of sponge titanium
Titanium sponge containslarge amounts of oxygen
→ Amount of oxygen increases in the following processes
Commercial product contains500~1000 mass ppm O
Fe Ni Cr Al Mn O N C
17 3 <1 2 <1 290 20 50
Impurity concentration (mass ppm)
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Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo
Past Research Activitieson the
Titanium Reduction Process in Japan
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Thermocouple
Ceramic pipe
Fused CaCl2222bath
TiO2 powder
Electric furnace
Alumina crucible
Graphite crucible ( anode )
Anode lead wire ( W )
Cathode (stainless steel )
Alumina pipe
T. Oki, and H. Inoue: “Reduction of Titanium Dioxide by Calcium in Hot Cathode Spot”, Mem. Fac. Eng., Nagoya Univ., 19, (1967) 164-166.
Electrochemical reduction of TiO2 in CaCl2
TiO2 (CaCl2) + 4 e-→ Ti + 2 O2- (CaCl2)
Obtained titanium was heavily contaminated
Oki and Inoue, 1967
or + 2 Ca + 2 CaO
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Calciothermic reduction TiO2
TiO2 + 2 Ca → Ti + CaO
Obtained titanium was contaminated;mainly with oxygen
(molten salt)
Production of highly pure Ti directly from oxide was considered impossible
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
O (in Ti) + Ca → CaO (in CaCl2)
Developed an oxygen removal technique which utilizes CaCl2molten salt to remove oxygen directly from titanium metal with less than 100 mass ppm O
Possibility of a new titanium refining process was demonstrated
T. H. Okabe, T. Oishi, and K. Ono: 'Preparation and Characterization of Extra-Low-Oxygen Titanium',
J. Alloys and Compounds, 184 (1992) pp.43-56.
Calcium-halide flux deoxidation method
Okabe et al., 1992
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
(b) Deoxidation by Metal / Metal Oxide Equilibrium
(c) Calcium-Halide Flux Deoxidation
(d) Electrochemical Deoxidation
R
O Metal
RO x
(R=Ca, Y, Er...)
Ca
CaO (in halide flux, aCaO <<1)
e-
O2- (in molten salt)
(e) Deoxidation by Oxyhalide Formation
R, RCl x
ROCl (in molten salt)
(a) Solid State Electrotransport (SSE)
O Metal
e-
O Metal
O Metal
O Metal
Fig. Principles of some solid state purification methods which are capable of reducing oxygen in reactive metals down to ppm level.
Various deoxidation processes
'Removal of Oxygen in Reactive Metals', T. H. Okabe, K. T. Jacob and Y. Waseda: in "Purification Process and Characterization of Ultra High Purity Metals" edited by Y. Waseda and M. Isshiki, Springer, Berlin (2001) pp.3-37.
1990s
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
+
Cl2
Cl-
Cl-
COx
CaCl2
O2-
Ca2+
O2-
Ca
CaCa2+
[O]in TiTi
C
e-
-
e-
TiO2
+
-
Ca[O] O2-
Molten salt
Carbon anode Titanium cathode
[O] in Ti + Cain flux= O2-in flux + Ca2+
in flux
Ca2+in flux + 2e- = Ca (on Ti cathode →in flux)
[O]in Ti + 2e- = O2-
O2-in flux+ C(carbon anode) = CO (gas)↑ + 2e-
+)
Electrochemical deoxidation method was demonstrated to be effective for removing oxygen directly from titanium-oxygen system.
Electrochemical deoxidation methodOkabe et al., 1993
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
O (in Ti) + 2 e-→ O2- (in CaCl2)
Direct removal of oxygen from titanium with below 10 mass ppm becomes possible by this electrochemical method
'Electrochemical Deoxidation of Titanium', T. H. Okabe, M. Nakamura, T. Oishi, and K. Ono: Met. Trans. B, vol.24B, June (1993) pp.449-455.
Electrochemical deoxidation method
Okabe et al., 1993
C + x O2-(in CaCl2)→ COx + 2x e-Anodic reaction (Oxidation)
Cathodic reaction (Reduction)
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Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo
Current Research Activitieson the
Titanium Reduction Process in Japan
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
20
Nature, vol. 407, no. 21, September (2000) p.361.
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
FFC Cambridge ProcessChen et al., 2000
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Titanium ore
Chlorination orsulfate method
Titanium oxide
Mixing withBinder
Cathodeformation
Calcination
Titanium reduction by FFC process
Recovery oftitanium electrode
Crushingand leaching
FFC titanium
AnodeCathode
Molten saltTiO2
(TiO2 electrode)
TiO2 CCOx
Nature, vol. 407, no. 21, September (2000) p.361.
Chen et al., 2000
TiO2 + 4 e- → Ti + 2 O2-
CaCl2
FFC Cambridge Process
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TiO2 + 4 e- → Ti + 2 O2-
Direct electrochemical reduction of TiO2, and simultaneous deoxidation of obtained titanium
CaCl2
C + 2 O2- → CO2 + 4 e-
Cathodic reaction (Reduction/Deoxidation)
Anodic reaction (Oxidation)
CaCl2
2 O2- → O2 + 4 e-
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Chen et al., 2000
Nature, vol. 407, no. 21, September (2000) p.361.
FFC Cambridge Process
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Scanning Electron Micrograph of metallised titanium dioxide.The oxygen has been stripped out leaving titanium metal sponge. The structure is typical of materials produced by electrolysis. Total original width of the picture is 50 microns.
http://www.britishtitanium.co.uk/Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Chen et al., 2000
Nature, vol. 407, no. 21, September (2000) p.361.
Pure titanium Pure titanium was producedwas produceddirectly from TiOdirectly from TiO22
FFC Cambridge Process
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
The extensive research work by Fray and co-workers on the direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide (TiO2) to titanium in molten calcium chloride (CaCl2) has inspired not only Japanese research activity but has also stimulated the Japanese government and the titanium industry
Impact on the Japanese titanium society
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
1) 小野勝敏、鈴木亮輔:まてりあ 41[1](2002) 2) K.Ono and R.O. Suzuki :JOM, Feb. (2002).3) (CaCl2+CaO)溶融塩電解による酸化チタンの還元と新製錬法
鈴木亮輔、寺沼考、井上修一、福井慎次、小野勝敏、日本鉄鋼協会春季大会概要(2002)
OS Process (Kyoto Univ. Process)Ono & Suzuki, 2002
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
1) 小野勝敏、鈴木亮輔:まてりあ 41[1](2002) 2) K.Ono and R.O. Suzuki :JOM, Feb. (2002).3) (CaCl2+CaO)溶融塩電解による酸化チタンの還元と新製錬法
鈴木亮輔、寺沼考、井上修一、福井慎次、小野勝敏、日本鉄鋼協会春季大会概要(2002)
Ono & Suzuki, 2002
C + x O2- → COx + 2x e-Anode:
TiO2 + 2 Ca→ Ti + 2 O2- + Ca2+
Cathode: Ca2+ + 2 e-→ CaElectrolysis
(a)
(b)(c)
TiO2 powder
CaCl2molten salt
Carbon anode
Ca
Calciothermic reduction of TiO2
OS Process (Kyoto Univ. Process)
e-
27Fig. 4 Comparison of various reduction processes of
titanium oxide in molten calcium chloride medium.
(a) FFC processe-
CaCl2molten salt
TiO2 preform
(b) OS processe-TiO2 powder
CaCl2molten salt
Carbon anode
Carbon anode
Ca
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Oxide reduction cellChen et al., 2000
Ono & Suzuki, 2002
Ono & Suzuki are currently developing a commercial process with an aluminum smelting companyin Japan.
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Pow
er
sourc
e
Electrode holder
Graphite electrode
Water cooled mold
Molten salt
Molten metal pool
Casted titnaium ingot
Takenaka et al., 1999
T. Takenaka, T. Suzuki, M. Ishikawa, E. Fukasawa, M. Kawakami: ‘New Concept for Electrowinning Process of Liquid Titanium Metal in Molten Salt’, Electrochemistry (The Electrochemical Society of Japan) 67, (1999) pp.661-668.
DC-ESR process
TiO2 + 4 e- → Ti + 2 O2-
Molten salt
Solidified titanium ingot
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Takenaka et al., 1999
T. Takenaka, T. Suzuki, M. Ishikawa, E. Fukasawa, M. Kawakami: ‘New Concept for Electrowinning Process of Liquid Titanium Metal in Molten Salt’, Electrochemistry (The Electrochemical Society of Japan) 67, (1999) pp.661-668.
DC-ESR process
Ti4+ + 4 e- → Ti (l) + 2 O2-
Molten salt
e-
TiO2 powder
Liquid titanium
Carbon anode
Solidified titanium ingot
Molten salt( CaO-CaF2-TiO2)
Analytical result of the obtained titanium by electro slag remelting process
Analytical Method Elements (at%)Ti Cu Si Al O C
EPMA 95.0 n.d. 2.3 2.8 n.d. n.d.Chemical analysis bal. 0.10 0.57 0.80 4.0 0.8
Current efficiency: max. 18 %
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Application of Electrochemical Methods
to Metallothermic Reduction
31
FeedTiO2 Ca
Reductant
Ti
CaOO-2-
Tie-
e-
Ca+
Metal deposit
Molten salt
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
TiO2
Ca
Reductant
Feed material Reaction product
Metal deposit
Ti
CaO
Electronically Mediated Reaction (EMR)Okabe & Sadoway, 1997
'Metallothermic Reduction as an Electronically Mediated Reaction', T. H. Okabe and D. R. Sadoway: J. Materials Research, vol.13, no.12 (1998) pp.3372-3377.
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
'Direct Evidence of Electronically Mediated Reaction during TiCl4Reduction by Magnesium', T. Uda, T. H. Okabe, E. Kasai, and Y. Waseda: J. Japan Inst. Metals, vol.61, no.7 (1997) pp.602-609.
Uda et al., 1997
TiCl4 + 4 e-→ Ti + 4 Cl-
Anode: 2 Mg → 2 Mg2+ + 4 e-
(a)
(b)
e-
TiCl4 feed
Molten salt(e.g. MgCl2)
Mg-X (X = Al, Ni, Ag) liquid alloy
Electrochemical reduction of TiCl4 in molten salt
molten salt
A
e-
Electronically Mediated Reaction (EMR)
33
Reduction TiCl4 + 2 Mg → Ti + MgCl2
Kroll Process (Kroll, 1945)
2 Mg → 2 Mg2- + 4 e-Anode:
Cathode: TiCl4 + 4 e-→ Ti + 4 Cl-
EMR Process (Okabe & Sadoway, 1997Uda et al.,1997)
Application of electrochemical reactions during metallothermic reductionReduction
(1)
(2)
(3)
Fig. Reactions of the Kroll process, and electrochemicalreactions during metallothermic reduction.
TiCl4 + 2 Mg → Ti + MgCl2
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Electronically Mediated Reaction (EMR)
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Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Reduction of oxide in molten CaCl2Okabe et al., 1999
'Production of Niobium Powder by Electronically Mediated Reaction (EMR)Using Calcium as a Reductant',
T. H. Okabe, Il Park, K. T. Jacob, and Yoshio Waseda.: J. Alloys and Compounds, vol.288 (1999) pp.200-210.
Nb2O5 + 10 e-→ 2 Nb + 5 O2-
Anode: 5 Ca (Ca-X alloy)→ 5 Ca2+ + 10 e-
(a)
(b)
e-Nb2O5 powder
CaCl2molten salt
Ca-X (X = Al, Ni, Ag) liquid alloy
Electrochemical reduction of Nb2O5 in CaCl2
CaCl2
A
e-
35
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
(a) Conventional representation of metallothermic reduction
(b) Electronically mediated reaction
(c) Reduction by using Rm+/R(m+1)+ redox couple
(d) Reduction by using electronically conductive molten salt
TiCl4
Ti
2 Mg
2 MgCl2
Physical contact
TiCl4
Ti
4 e-
4 Cl-
Metal
Moltensalt
4 e-
2 Mg2+
2 Mg
Tin+
Ti
n Rm+
n R(m+1)
Molten saltcontainingRm+, R(m+1)+
n/2 Mg
n/2 Mg2+
TiCln
Ti
n e-
n Cl-
Electronicallyconductivemolten salt
n e-
n Na+
n Na
Various types of EMR
36
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Potential forMetallic titanium production
Potential region forreaction mediator salt
which has reducing ability
Reduction potential
E (v.s. Mg / Mg2+) / V
Tin+
Ti
n Dy2+
n Dy3+
n2 Mg
n2 Mg2+
(b)
(a)
Ti3+ / Ti4+
Ti2+ / Ti3+
Ti / Ti2+
Dy2+ / Dy3+
Mg / Mg2+
Dy / Dy2+ -0.36
0
0.50
0.67
0.930.98
Halidothermic reductionUda et al., 1998
'ハライド熱還元法による粉末チタンの製造', 宇田哲也、岡部徹、早稲田嘉夫: 日本金属学会誌, vol.62, no.9 (1998) pp.796-802.
37
Ti (Ti (Ti (Ti (s))))
DyDyDyDy2+2+2+2+
DyDyDyDy3+3+3+3+ n/2 Mgn/2 Mgn/2 Mgn/2 Mg2+2+2+2+
n/2 Mg (n/2 Mg (n/2 Mg (n/2 Mg (l))))TiTiTiTin+n+n+n+
Effective titanium powder production process which utilizes reaction mediator with reducing ability
mediator
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Uda et al., 1998
Halidothermic reduction
Homogeneous reduction takes place which is suitable for fast reaction
38
Reduction cell(Titanium reduction by EMR)
Molten Salt Electrolysis cell(Production of reductant)
Application of EMR to titanium reduction.Cell for magnesium reductant (1)
Electrolysis cell Molten salt
Current / potential controller
Anode carbon
CathodeReduction housing(Feed material electrode)
Reductant Separator
Seal wallFeed tube / electrode
Gas recovery chamber
DC power source
Cooling chamber
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Titanium feed
Magnesiothermic Reduction by EMR+MSE
e-e- e-
39
Application of EMR to titanium reduction.Cell for calcium reductant (2)
Current / potential controller
Anode carbon
Reduction housing(Feed material electrode)
Reductant alloy Separator
Seal wall
Gas recovery chamber
DC power source
Cooling chamber
Reduction cell(Titanium reduction by EMR)
Molten Salt Electrolysis cell(Production of reductant)
Titanium feed
Feed tube / electrode
Molten salt
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Calciothermic Reduction by EMR + MSE
e-e- e-
40
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
TiO2 + C → Ti + CO2
Over all reaction
C + x O2- → COx + 2x e-Anode:
Cathode: TiO2 + 4 e-→ Ti + 2 O2-
FFC Process (Fray et al., 2000)
C + x O2- → COx + 2x e-Anode:
TiO2 + 2 Ca→ Ti + 2 O2- + Ca2+OS Process (Ono & Suzuki, 2002)
Cathode: Ca2+ + 2 e-→ Ca
Ca → Ca2+ + 2 e-Anode:
Cathode: TiO2 + 4 e-→ Ti + 2 O2-
EMR / MSE Process (Okabe, 2002)
C + x O2- → COx + 2x e-
Ca2+ + 2 e-→ Ca Cathode:Anode:
Electrolysis
Electrolysis
Electrolysis
(3a)(3b)
(4a)
(4b)(4c)
(5d)
(5a)
(5b)
(5c)
(6)
Various types of reactions during the currently investigated direct reduction process of titanium oxides.
41
Fig. Comparison of various reduction processes of titanium oxide in molten calcium chloride medium.
(a) FFC processe-
CaCl2molten salt
TiO2 preform
(b) OS process
e- Carbon anode
CaCl2 molten saltTiO2
(c) EMR / MSE process (Oxide system)
e-TiO2 powder
e-
Current monitor / controller
Ca-X alloy
CaCl2molten salt
Carbon anode
Carbon anode
Ca
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Various types of oxide reduction cells are currently under investigation
42
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
FFC Process
OS Process
EMR / MSE Process
Kroll Process◎◎◎◎High purity titanium available◎◎◎◎Easy metal / salt separation○Established chlorine circulation○Utilizes efficient Mg electrolysis○Reduction and electrolysis operation
can be carried out independently
×Complicated process××××Slow production speed××××Batch type process
×Difficult metal / salt separation ×Reduction and electrolysis have
to be carried out simultaneously△△△△Sensitive to carbon and iron
contamination△Low current efficiency
◎◎◎◎Simple process○Semi-continuous process
×Difficult metal / salt separation△△△△Sensitive to carbon and iron
contamination△Low current efficiency
◎Resistant to iron and carbon contamination
○Semi-continuous process ○Reduction and electrolysis
operation can be carried out independently
×Difficult metal / salt separationwhen oxide system
××××Complicated cell structure△Complicated process
◎◎◎◎Simple process○Semi-continuous process
Features of various reduction processes.
43
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Stainless protection tube
Molten salt and
molten metal mixture
TiClTiClTiClTiCl 4444 + Ar + Ar + Ar + Ar
Flat blade mixer
Thermocouple
Magnesium metal
Power supply for electrochemical
potent ial control
Deposit scraper
/ Potential lead
Carbon injection nozzle
Gas outlet
Gas inlet
V
Example of an electrochemical method for preventing feed tube clogging bytitanium deposition.
Application of EMR
44
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Ultra-high speed reduction by utilizingreaction mediator
TiCl 4
EEEE
(第2章)
TiCl 4
(第3章)
TiCl 4(s)
(第4章)
(a) (b) (c)
Reaction mediator salt
Stirrer Well typemixer
'Reduction of TiCl4 in Molten Salt/Liquid Metal Mixtures', N. Michishita, T. H. Okabe, N. Sakai, J. Tanaka, K. Nikami, and Y. Umetsu: J. Japan Inst. Metals, vol.64, no.10 (2000) pp.940-947. 'New Titanium Production Process with Molten Salt Mediator',J. Tanaka, T. H. Okabe, N. Sakai, T. Fujitani, K. Takahashi, N. Michishita, Y. Umetsu, and K. Nikami:J. Japan Inst. Metals, vol.65, no.8 (2001) pp.659-667.
Michishita et al., 2000
45
Molten salt and
molten metal mixture
TiCl4 (s)
Thermocouple
Iron crucible
Stainless steel
reaction tube
Ar gas Ar gas
Well type m ixer
Apparatus for high speed reduction byinjecting solid TiCl4 directly into reaction mediator
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
'Reduction of TiCl4 in Molten Salt/Liquid Metal Mixtures', N. Michishita, T. H. Okabe, N. Sakai, J. Tanaka, K. Nikami, and Y. Umetsu: J. Japan Inst. Metals, vol.64, no.10 (2000) pp.940-947.
Ultra-high speed reduction by utilizingreaction mediator Michishita et al., 2000
46
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Key factors for the development of anew titanium reduction process
Low cost reduction process
Continuous /high speed system
Morphology &reaction sitecontrol
Impurity control
47
Can Ti be a common metal ?
(Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, cover page of JOM, Nov. 2000)
Innovation Changes Rare Metal to Common Metal
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
48
Titanium Aluminum Iron
Ti Al FeMelting point 1660 1660 1660 1660 ℃℃℃℃ 660 660 660 660 ℃℃℃℃ 1540 1540 1540 1540 ℃℃℃℃
Density (g/cc @25℃℃℃℃) 4.54.54.54.5 2.72.72.72.7 7.97.97.97.9
Specific strength((kgf/mm2)/(g/cc))
8888~~~~10101010 3333~~~~6666 4444~~~~7777
Price (¥/kg) 3,0003,0003,0003,000 600600600600 50505050
100,000100,000100,000100,000 20,000,00020,000,00020,000,00020,000,000 800,000,000800,000,000800,000,000800,000,000
Symbol
Production volume
1/2001/2001/2001/200
1/80001/80001/80001/8000
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Comparison with common metals
(t/year・・・・world)
49
Less common metal~~~~104 ton / year
Common metal~~~~106 ton / year
Incubation of key technology
Large scale / energy saving/ environmentally soundtechnology
New process development
Euchem 2002, Sept. 2, Oxford
Innovation Changes the Future of Titanium
(Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania., cover page of JOM, 1999)