current status, trends, and future challenges of water ... · current status, trends, and future...
TRANSCRIPT
Current Status, Trends, and Future Challenges of Water Reuse in the U.S.
Presented at:Presented at:Japan-U.S. Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality
Management and Wastewater Control
Las Vegas, NVMarch 4, 2009
Presented by:Presented by:Wade Miller
Executive DirectorWateReuse Association
and WateReuse Foundation
TopicsTopicsDrought as DriverDrought as DriverSome Basic FactsSome Basic FactsOverview of Water Reuse in the U.S.Overview of Water Reuse in the U.S.–– Current Extent of Use and PotentialCurrent Extent of Use and Potential–– Trends and Driving ForcesTrends and Driving Forces–– Technology, Applications, Benefits, Costs,Technology, Applications, Benefits, Costs,
RegulationsRegulationsIssues and Challenges Issues and Challenges The FutureThe FutureConclusionsConclusions
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Supply & DemandSupply & Demand
Time
Available Water
MGD
Population & Demand
Areas of Water Stress in 2020
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Some Basic FactsSome Basic FactsAll Water is ReusedAll Water is ReusedThere is Substantial Unplanned Reuse (e.g., the There is Substantial Unplanned Reuse (e.g., the Mississippi River, Thames, Rhine, Seine, etc.)Mississippi River, Thames, Rhine, Seine, etc.)Water is a Manufactured ProductWater is a Manufactured Product““PurityPurity”” of Water Should be Matched to its of Water Should be Matched to its Intended UseIntended UseHistory of Water is of Little ImportanceHistory of Water is of Little ImportanceIn Planned Water Reuse, we Emulate In Planned Water Reuse, we Emulate ““Mother Mother NatureNature”” –– With Technology, can do it better and With Technology, can do it better and fasterfasterWater reuse is Water reuse is ““greengreen”” and and ““ecoeco--friendlyfriendly””
Factors Driving Water ReuseFactors Driving Water Reuse(and Desalination)(and Desalination)
–– DroughtDrought–– Population growthPopulation growth–– Increased municipal, industrial, and Increased municipal, industrial, and
agricultural demandagricultural demand–– Dependence on single source of supplyDependence on single source of supply–– TMDLsTMDLs/Nutrient load caps /Nutrient load caps
““Water scarcityWater scarcity””
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Significant Trends in Water ReuseSignificant Trends in Water Reuse
Nationwide Droughts Lead to New Paradigm: Nationwide Droughts Lead to New Paradigm: Water ScarcityWater ScarcityReuse is Gaining in Prominence Around the Reuse is Gaining in Prominence Around the Globe (e.g., Australia, Singapore, South Globe (e.g., Australia, Singapore, South Africa, Israel, Spain, Belgium)Africa, Israel, Spain, Belgium)Potable Reuse Being Discussed as PossibilityPotable Reuse Being Discussed as PossibilityResearch Focus is Now GlobalResearch Focus is Now GlobalClimate Change Climate Change ---- ItIt’’s Mostly About Waters Mostly About WaterPublic Acceptance Continues as Most Vexing Public Acceptance Continues as Most Vexing Challenge: Brisbane is Latest ExampleChallenge: Brisbane is Latest Example
Relevant Developments$126MM in Stimulus Legislation for Title XVI ProjectsAustralia Launching Reuse Projects in Every Major CitySingapore PUB’s NEWater Facility a ShowcaseWater Reuse is in Vogue: “Green” and “Eco-Friendly”Thames Water, Antwerp Engaged in Indirect Potable Reuse
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What is Possible with Water What is Possible with Water Reuse?Reuse?
Answer: Virtually Anything Given Answer: Virtually Anything Given Current TechnologyCurrent TechnologyWith MF/RO/UV/AOP, Can Produce With MF/RO/UV/AOP, Can Produce Water that is Virtually Pure Water that is Virtually Pure DihydrogenDihydrogenMonoxideMonoxideProblem is that Technology has Problem is that Technology has Surpassed our Ability to Communicate Surpassed our Ability to Communicate Effectively with PublicEffectively with PublicNeed to Resolve Issues with Need to Resolve Issues with EDCs/PPCPsEDCs/PPCPs
Potential for Water ReusePotential for Water Reuse
Approximately Approximately 55--6% of 6% of municipal municipal wastewater wastewater effluent in the effluent in the U.S. is U.S. is reclaimed and reclaimed and beneficially beneficially reusedreused
5-6% Reclaimed
About 34.9 bgd Municipal Effluent in the U.S.
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Projection of Water Reuse levels through 2015
Texas
Utah
Montana
California
Arizona
Idaho
Nevada
Oregon
Iowa
ColoradoKansas
Wyoming
New Mexico
Missouri
Minnesota
Nebraska
Oklahoma
South Dakota
Washington
Arkansas
North Dakota
Louisiana
IllinoisOhio
Florida
GeorgiaAlabama
Wisconsin
Virginia
Indiana
Michigan
Mississippi
Kentucky
Tennessee
Pennsylvania
NorthCarolina
SouthCarolina
WestVirginia
New Jersey
Maine
New York
Vermont
Maryland
New Hampshire
Connecticut
Delaware
MassachusettsRhode Island
Hawaii
~90% of Water Reuse Occurs in Four States
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…but it is growing in other states
Texas
Utah
Montana
California
Arizona
Idaho
Nevada
Oregon
Iowa
ColoradoKansas
Wyoming
New Mexico
Missouri
Minnesota
Nebraska
Oklahoma
South Dakota
Washington
Arkansas
North Dakota
Louisiana
IllinoisOhio
Florida
GeorgiaAlabama
Wisconsin
Virginia
Indiana
Michigan
Mississippi
Kentucky
Tennessee
Pennsylvania
NorthCarolina
SouthCarolina
WestVirginia
New Jersey
Maine
New York
Vermont
Maryland
New Hampshire
Connecticut
Delaware
MassachusettsRhode Island
Hawaii
Best Available TechnologyBest Available Technology
Membranes are the technology of choice Membranes are the technology of choice around the world today as the around the world today as the ““best available best available technologytechnology”” for water purification.for water purification.
Singapore, Japan, China, Australia, SpainOrange County, CaliforniaTampa Bay, FloridaTrinidad & Tobago, WI
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Reverse Osmosis CostsReverse Osmosis Costs
$/1,000gal.$/1,000gal.
19501950
1515
22
5.505.50
19601960 19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000
AWWARF Study, 2001AWWARF Study, 2001
86 86 mgdmgd
70 70 mgdmgd 70 70 mgdmgd
GWR System (OCWD and OCSD)Advanced Water Treatment Flow Diagram
GWR System (OCWD and OCSD)GWR System (OCWD and OCSD)Advanced Water Treatment Flow DiagramAdvanced Water Treatment Flow Diagram
Ultraviolet Ultraviolet Light Light (AOP)(AOP)
Brine Brine OCSD OutfallOCSD Outfall
Backwash Backwash OCSD Plant 1OCSD Plant 1
MicrofiltrationMicrofiltration(MF)(MF)
Reverse Reverse OsmosisOsmosis
(RO)(RO)
Purified Purified WaterWater
with hydrogenwith hydrogenperoxideperoxide
EnhancedSource Control
SecondaryTreatment
Natural soil filtration
OCSD OCSD Secondary Secondary
EffluentEffluent
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West Basin Water Recycling Plant
To Distribution30 mgd
Disinfection
To Sea Water Barrier5.0 mgd
DisinfectionTo Sea Water Barrier
2.5 mgd
Disinfection
To Chevron Boiler Feed
5.0 mgd
Conventional Process
Membrane Treatment Process
FlocculationFlocculationBasinBasin
Title 22Title 22FilterFilter
ReverseReverseOsmosisOsmosis
BarrierBarrierFilterFilter
LimeLimeClarifierClarifier
MicroMicro--filtrationfiltration
ReverseReverseOsmosisOsmosis
ReverseReverseOsmosisOsmosis
ReverseReverseOsmosisOsmosis
MicroMicro--filtrationfiltration
ApplicationsApplications
Landscape IrrigationLandscape IrrigationAgricultural Irrigation (Edible & NonAgricultural Irrigation (Edible & Non--Edible Crops)Edible Crops)Industrial and CommercialIndustrial and CommercialEnvironmental UsesEnvironmental UsesNonNon--Potable Urban Uses (Urinal Flushing in High Potable Urban Uses (Urinal Flushing in High Rise Buildings)Rise Buildings)Groundwater RechargeGroundwater RechargePotable Water Supply AugmentationPotable Water Supply Augmentation
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BenefitsBenefits
Dependable Source of SupplyDependable Source of SupplyLocally ControlledLocally ControlledEnvironmentally FriendlyEnvironmentally FriendlyLow or No Capital CostsLow or No Capital CostsAugments Existing SuppliesAugments Existing Supplies
Regulations and CriteriaRegulations and CriteriaNo Federal RegulationsNo Federal Regulations28 States Have Water Reuse Regulations28 States Have Water Reuse Regulations
2004 U.S. EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse:2004 U.S. EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse:–– Recommended treatment processesRecommended treatment processes–– Water quality limitsWater quality limits–– Monitoring frequenciesMonitoring frequencies–– Setback distancesSetback distances–– Other controlsOther controls
www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/pubs/625r04108/625r04108.htmwww.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/pubs/625r04108/625r04108.htm
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Issues in Water ReuseIssues in Water Reuse
–– Public AcceptancePublic Acceptance–– Unknowns about Chemical RisksUnknowns about Chemical Risks–– Poor Differentiation by Public and Politicians of Poor Differentiation by Public and Politicians of
Planned vs. Unplanned ReusePlanned vs. Unplanned Reuse–– The MediaThe Media–– Lack of Political SupportLack of Political Support–– More CostMore Cost--Effective TechnologiesEffective Technologies–– FundingFunding–– Better Understanding of EconomicsBetter Understanding of Economics–– Energy/Water NexusEnergy/Water Nexus–– Climate ChangeClimate Change
Public Acceptance of Water ReusePublic Acceptance of Water Reuse
Public generally strongly supports Public generally strongly supports nonpotablenonpotable usesusesUses involving no or minimal contact with Uses involving no or minimal contact with reclaimed water (e.g., irrigation) are favoredreclaimed water (e.g., irrigation) are favoredAcceptance related to knowledge of reuse (e.g., Acceptance related to knowledge of reuse (e.g., public education and participation programs)public education and participation programs)Acceptance of indirect potable reuse has been Acceptance of indirect potable reuse has been problematic in recent years problematic in recent years Proposed projects in San Diego, East Valley, Dublin Proposed projects in San Diego, East Valley, Dublin San Ramon, and Tampa have been unsuccessfulSan Ramon, and Tampa have been unsuccessful
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Information Most Relevant to Help Foster Reuse Applications
Find a Way to Assure the Public that Reclaimed Water is Safe from Medical Wastes, etc.Find a Way to Convince the Public that All Water is Reused and that an Environmental Barrier is Unnecessary Given Efficacy of TechnologiesConvince the Public that Water Technologies are as Safe as Those Used in Elevators, 747s, etc.
The FutureThe FutureIndirect Potable Reuse is InevitableIndirect Potable Reuse is InevitableIncreased Desalination Increased Desalination –– both Brackish both Brackish Groundwater and Seawater Groundwater and Seawater –– Also is InevitableAlso is InevitableEducation & Outreach/Stakeholder Involvement Education & Outreach/Stakeholder Involvement is Key to Acceptance of Water Reuseis Key to Acceptance of Water ReusePublic Should Not Hold Water Reuse to Higher Public Should Not Hold Water Reuse to Higher Standard than Drinking WaterStandard than Drinking WaterEfficacy of Technology is Not an IssueEfficacy of Technology is Not an IssueConcerns About Concerns About EDCs/PPCPsEDCs/PPCPs Must be AddressedMust be AddressedResearch is Key ComponentResearch is Key Component
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Thank youThank you
Wade Miller
Executive Director
WateReuse Association & Foundation
703-548-0880
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