current trends in biotherapy

National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018

CURRENT TRENDS IN BIOTHERAPY

M.Muruganandam, Dept. of Zoology, Syed Ammal arts and Science College, Ramanathapuram-623513.

Abstracts

In Biotherapy, there are various methods used to induce humoral and cell mediated

immunity. The various substances such as immunostimulants, vaccines, probiotics,

micronutrients used in Biotherapy. Many natural products have the efficiency to boost up

the functions of our immune system. The Biotherapy is otherwise called immunotherapy. The

Biotherapy is mainly designated to repair, stimulate and enhance the functions of immune

system. It is mainly boost up the functions of macrophage, NK cells and T cells. It is also use

as supplementary and alternative to other therapies. The Bio-Immunostimulants also provide

immunity against parasitic infections. The repeated applications help to maintain higher

levels of immune status against infections and stresses. The importance of Biotherapy was

discussed here.

Key words Probiotics, vaccines, Immunostimulants

Introduction

In Biotherapy there are various methods used to induce humoral and cell mediated

immunity. Already immunostimulants, vaccines, micro nutrients, probiotics are used to boost

up the functions of immune system. Many Natural products have the efficiency to induce our

immune system. The other name of Biotherapy is immunotherapy. The Biotherapy is

designed to repair, stimulate and enhance the functions of Immune system. It is mainly

induce T-cells, Natural killer cells and macrophages. It is also induce humoral mediated

immunity. It is also use as supplementary and alternative to other therapies.

Probiotics

The probiotics are the beneficial microorganism present in digestive track. It is suggested

that these are constitute no-pathogenic members of indigenous intestinal micro flora. These

are act against various pathogens. These candidates are able to colonize the gut and act as


antagonistic against pathogens. These harmless anti-microbial substance producing strains

may reduce the use of antibiotics. These probiotics bacteria act on complex carbohydrates

and split into simple sugars for absorption. It is also synthesizing vitamin such as B complex

group, Vitamin k, etc. in the intestinal tract some probiotic increase appetite and health. The

probiotics bacteria administrated orally stimulated the immune system in non-specific way.

Researchers used as Lactobacillus sp. as an adjuvant to an oral vaccine. It enhances the

intestinal immunity and alters the intestinal metabolic activity.

Yeast Probiotics

The addition of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fish diet activates phagocytic activity and

phagocytic index1,2 The baker’s yeast is a source of nucleic acid and B 3 glucons have which

have been recognized to the effectively enhance immune functions of African catfish 3

Atlantic Solomon4 rainbow trout5,6. Sakai etal7 reported that the nucleotides from B. brewer’s

Yeast RNA were capable of enhancing the phagocytic and oxidative activities of kidney

phagocytic cells, serum lysozyme in common carp.

Nucleotides

Nucleotides can enhance cell mediate immunity lymphocyte proliferation interlukin-2

production and improve to resistance against bacterial infection. However the pathogenic

bacteria nucleotides are also act as immunostimulants. Generically the nucleotides are

building blocks of DNA and RNA. The main commercial nucleotides are derived from

brewer’s Yeast and Yeast extracts single cell protein and Animal protein soluble etc. is also

source of nucleic acids.

Immunostimulants

Immunostimulants are chemical substance which elevates specific or

non-specific immune responses. The immune stimulants increase resistant to infections

disease caused by wide range of pathogens by enhancing the non-specific defences

mechanisms. The screening of new immunostimulants is emerging research area in

Immunostimulants should be applied before the out breaks of disease in other to improve the

health performance. It helps to reduce the risk of disease and not use as a therapeutant for

cure. If use at an advanced stage of disease development an immunostimulants may be

recolonized by the organism as an apparent infection in addition to an on existing one and it

may produce aggressiveness of the disease symptoms at least for a short period. The


immunostimulants plays an important role in inducing maximum immunity the high doses

may not be effective.

Biological Substances

Apart from nucleotides and probiotics many other Biological substances act as good

immunostimulants. The important biological substances are Bacterial derivatives some

Animal and plant extracts such as lipopolysaccharides, lip peptides, chitin, glucans etc. Some

hormones like prolactin are also act as good immunostimulants.

Vaccines

The vaccine is the biological preparations. It is used to store information regarding

pathogens in immunomemory cells. The3 vaccine mainly boost up the functions of our

immune system some components of pathogen used in vaccine It produce long term

immunity. For immunization now various pain free methods are used. The DNA vaccines

are advanced type. It provides long term immunity. The DNA vaccine has a promising

hopein future

Micronutrients

Many vitamins such as vitamin A, E, and C are used as immunostimulants.

more dosed of vitamin A inhibit the development of turnours in higher animals8 Halver9also

reported that vitamin A promoted growth of the new cells and aids in maintain resistance to

infection High levels of dietary vitamins C have been associated with improved immunity to

bacterial viral and parasitic challenges10,11,12 and also produce higher antibody production

against bacterial infection 13. In Biotherapy many substance are used to develop stronger

immune system and also help to prevent infections.

Reference and Bibliography

1. Orturno.J.,cuest.ARodrigaue,Z..A.,Estaban,M.Aand Mesegure.J (2002). Oral administration of yeast enhance cellular innate immune response of gilthead Sea Bream (Sparusaurata.L) Veterinary immunology and Immunopathology 85;41-50.

2. Abdel-Tawabmohsen,Azzam,Abdelrahman and nahla.E.MIsmeal (2008) Evaluation of commercial bakers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeas a growth and immunity promoter for fry Nile Tilapia Orechromisniloticus (L) challenged insitu with Aeromonas hydrophila Aquaculture .vol;5.


3. Yoshida.T,Kruger.R and Inglis.V (1995).Augmentation of Non-Specific protection in African Catfish,Clarias gariepinus (Burch ell),by the long term oral administration of immunostimulants.J.Fish.Dis.18,195-198.

4. Engstad,R.E,Robertsen,B and Frivold.E (1992).Yeast Gluian induces increases activity of Lysozyme and Complement mediated hemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon blood. Fish and [email protected].

5. Jorgensen,J.b,Sharp,G.J.E. Secomber.C.J and Robertsen,B(1993).Effect of yeast cell wallglucans on the bactericidal activity of rainbow Trout Macrophages. Fish Shell fish Immunolo.3,267-277.

6. Siwiki,A.K,,Anderson,D.P and Rumsey.G.L (1994) Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against frunculosis.Vet. Immunol.Immunopathology.14, 125-139.

7. Sakai,M,Taniguchi,K,Manoto.k,Ogawa.A andTabata.M (2001).Immunostimulants effects on nucleotide isolated from yeast RNA on carpio.L.J.fish Dis.24,433-438.

8. Bollag.W (1971) Experinitial pp:27-90.

9. Halver.J.E (1980) The Vitamins-Fish Feed Technology-FAO, Rome PP65-103.

10. Wagbo.R(1994) The impacts of Nutritional factors on immune system in Atlantic Salmon.Salmosalar.L.review Aquaculture and Fish .Maz.25,175-197.

11. SatyabudhyA.M.A,Grant.B.T and Halver.J.E (1989) Effects of L ascorbic- phosphates (ASPP) on growth and immune resistance to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to infectious hematopoietic necrosis.(1HN) virus, proceeding from third International Symposium on feeding and nutrition in fish.pp411-426Tabo Jabon.

12. Navarve.O and Halver.J.E. (1989).Disease resistance and humoral antibody protection in rainbow trout. Fed high level of vitamin C. Aquaculture.79,207-221.

13. Muruganandam.M (2013) Engineered Plasmid DNA vaccine for Staphylococcus aureus.Book.pp 101

14. Misra.c.k,,S.C.Mukherjee,b.k.Das,,A.K.Pal and pani Prasad,(2006) Immunostimulant in Carp Culture.Fish.Chim.Vol.26 No.3 pp20-22.

Antifungal activity screening in Marine Shrimp

mailto:[email protected]


Muruganadam.M, G.Naga nanthini and G. Saranya, Dept. of Zoology,Syed Ammal arts and Science College,Ramanathapuram-623513.

Abstract

Marine resources have a lot of unexposed are a drug discovery. The marine prawn has

nutritive valve and also tasty food .It is mainly exported in European countries due to its high

economic valve. In this study, marine prawn penaeus was collected from the landing site of

Mandapam coastal area, then it was completely cleaned and washed with distil water in

laboratory the exoskeleton and flesh were separated and extracts were prepared by using

various organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, n butyl alcohol, chloroform and distilled

water .These extract (10%) mixed in fresh yeast culture medium and yeast were inoculated ,

after 48 hours of incubation. Yeast biomass production was calculated. Ethanol extract from

flesh and exoskeleton produce higher biomass production of yeast .So it is concluded that

ethanol extract is best compared to other solvent extracts.

Key words Shrimp, Marine resources, Yeast.

Introduction

Antimicrobial peptide screening is a current important research area in drug discovery. There

are very limited reports in Antimicrobial peptides in marine animal origin. In fishes Egorov 1reported that there is a mixture of antimicrobial protein present in fish tissue

Muruganandam.M 2 also reported antibacterial peptides present in the internal organs of fish.

There is very lesser reports present in antimicrobial peptides in shell fishes that is why this

attempt was made in prawn. The prawns help to earn a huge amount of foreign exchange.

They are in great demand in international markets. They contain very little far but rich in

protein vitamin A and Vitamin D They contain considerable quantities of glycogen and free

amino acids in their muscles. In this study marine prawn’s tissue and exoskeleton extracts

were prepared and studied the antifungal activity was observed.

Materials and Methods


Marine prawn penaeus indicus collected from the landing site in Mandapam coastal area

Ramanathapuram district. The prawn was cleaned and exoskeleton was removed. The

muscle tissue and exoskeleton extracts were prepared by using various organic solvents such

as Benzene, n-Butyl alcohol. Ethanol Acetone, chloroform and water The extracts (0.5) were

individually taken and mixed with 4ml of 3% peptone water After that 0.5ml of yeast culture

was always maintained This mixture was mixed and incubi ted at 37*c After 48 hours

biomass production yeast were calculated In this study yeast was used as bio indicator for

Antifungal property.

Result and discussion

The Antimicrobial peptides in animal origin was reported at very lesser level one anti-

microbial substance identified from fish called ecomolin It mainly consists of mixture of

proteins Muruganandam 2was also reported antibacterial peptides in the internal organs of

fish. These are present in higher amount in brain and muscle tissues of fish. In this way the

present work was done, the acetone and n-Butyl alcohol extracts of prawn muscle and

exoskeleton produce antifungal activity. In this work, the lowest biomass production was

observed in Acetone treatment in both muscle tissue and exoskeleton extracts. The second

lowest biomass production observed in n-Butyl alcohol treatment .So it is concluded that the

Acetone extract of marine prawn of marine has antifungal compounds, It will useful for

prepare antifungal drugs in future.

Reference

1. Egorov.N.S (1935) Antibiotics a scientific approach book pub. Mir publishes Moscow Russia.2. Muruganandam.M (2017) Antibacterial peptides observed in various internal organs of fish present in proceeding of seminar of on microbes and mankind held on 30th Aug pp 61-61.

Table.1 Marine prawn extraction effect on Yeast Biomass production.


Solvent (extracts)Yeast Biomass production in prawn muscle(mg)Treatment

Yeast Biomass production in prawn Exoskeleton(mg)

Water 450 1250Acetone 400 550Chloroform 500 1650n-butyl alcohol 450 650Ethanol 900 1100

VARIOUS CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES INFLUENCE ON YEAST


BIOMASS PRODUCTION

Muruganandam.M, K.Kaveri and K.RamyaDept. of Zoology,Syed Ammal arts and Science College,Ramanathapuram-623513

Abstracts

Carbohydrate is an essential component for yeast culture. Here various conventional

carbohydrate sources such as Millet, Thenai, Bengal gram, Maize, Rice, Wheat and Green

gram were tested. In this work, yeast were cultured in peptone water, The 24 hours of yeast

culture with various carbohydrate flour aqueous extract were individually mixed and

incubated at 37*C for 48 hours. At the end of the experiment yeast biomass production were

calculated in all the treatment. The higher biomass production of yeast was observed in

Maize and Millet flour. It is concluded that these carbohydrate sources are suitable for yeast

biomass production.

Key words: yeast, carbohydrates, Biomass production

Introduction

Carbohydrates are the precursor for the synthesis of all organic compounds

found in plants and animals. Plants use carbohydrates of the precursor for the synthesis of

protein, lipids and other organic compounds. Carbohydrate in an important energy producer.

In the yeast industry the Economics of carbohydrate plays a major role. If use low cost

materials with high yields make the industry very profit the yeast is capable of fermenting

sugar to producer co2 and ethanol 1. In the ethanol industry, it needs low cost medium for

production of high yields. The yeast biomass production depends on many

abioticfactors.Sometime specific abiotic stress also influence positive growth rate of yeast 2.

In this study various conventional carbohydrate influences on yeast biomass production was

studied.


In this study Different conventional carbohydrate sources such as millet, Thenai, Bengal

gram, maize, rice, wheat and green gram were used First each powder was taken 1gm with

10ml water and mix well then take 1ml of extract add 8ml 3% sterilized peptone water with


one ml of 24 hours cultured yeast broth . They were mixed well put in incubator at 37*c.

After 48 hours yeast biomass production was calculated in all the treatment for each flour

triplicate treatments were maintained.

Result and Discussion

Lous Pasteur discovered that yeast were microorganism capable of fermenting sugar to

produce co2 and ethanol1. In the yeast industry yeast culture medium plays a important role in

the production and Economic, Carbohydrate is an essential nutrient for all living cell. In this

study maize flour produce highest biomass production of yeast compared to all the treatment.

The second highest biomass observed in millet flour extract treatment. The least biomass

production was observed in green gram treatment. The control treatment always has lesser

biomass production.

There biomass production of rice and millet flour treatment has equal range of

biomass production. In the same time, Bengal gram treatment and wheat flour treatment

has more or less equal range of biomass production. In this study maize is highly suitable for

maximum biomass production of yeast. It is recommended to yeast culture. Next to maize

millet and rice are highly suitable to produce more yeast. So these findings are recommended

to yeast production industry.

Reference

1. Rocio Gomez pastor, Roberto perez-Torrado Elena Garre and Emilia matallana (2011) recent advances in yeast biomass production chap in book Biomass detection, production and usages Edited by Dr.Dark o motoric chap pp.: 201-222

2. Muruganandam.M (2016) Thermal shocks alter the growth physical pattern of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae proceeding in seminar on Global warming and climate changes held on 19th Aug 2016.


Table.1, Various carbohydrate sources on flounce on yeast Biomass production

S.No

Carbohydrate Sources

Yeast BiomassProduction(mg)

1 Millet powder 335

2 Thenai powder 290

3 Bengal Gram powder 255

4 Maize powder 365

5 Rice powder 335

6 Wheat powder 235

7 Green gram powder 215

8 Control 60

Economic importance of Azolla


Muruganandam.M, S.Saranya, and B.Kokila Dept. of zoology, Syed Ammal arts and Science College, Ramanathpuram-623513.

Abstract

Azolla has very rich in protein, essential amino acids, vitamins (vitamin A, B B12,

beta carotene), growth promoter intermediaries and minerals like calcium, phosphorous,

potassium, etc. Azolla on dry weights basis is constituted of 25-35% protein content ,10-

15% ,mineral content and 7-10% a combination of amino acids ,bio active substances and bio

polymers .Azolla based feed is economic and efficient for live stocks and fishes . It is also

used as bio filter in industries and domestic effluents. It is a good green manure for rice

cultivation .A single crop of Azolla provides 20-40kg of nitrogen per hectare compensating

approximately are one third of nitrogen demand for crop .The economic importance of Azolla

is discussed in this article.

Introduction

Azolla is free floating water fern and also a weed which present in most of the

fresh water bodies, even in waste waters It covers surface of water. It grows very fastly. Still

it is not properly utilized. Azolla is distributed in south East Asia, Africa, Madagascar, India,

China, Japan Newgnea Mainland and Australia. It is mainly found in ponds, Ditches and

channels. In Asian countries Azolla piñata is commonly found. It is very easy to produce at

large scale level. It has many economic important. These are discussed here one by one.

Nutrient composition

Azolla is very rich in proteins essential amino acids, Vitamin A, VitaminB 12(beta

carotene) growth promoter intermediaries and minerals like calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium

ferrous, copper, magnesium etc. Azolla on a dry weight basis is constituted of 25-35 %

protein content.10-15% mineral content and 7-10% a combination of amino acids, bio active

substances and biopolymers. Carbohydrate and oil content in Azolla is very low thus the bio

composition of Azolla makes it one of the most economic and efficient feed substitute for

livestock. More over Azolla can be easily digested by livestock owing to its high protein and

low living content .1

Bio filter


Azolla possess great ability to absorb heavy metals like chromium cadmium, copper,

zinc, etc. from the water. The metal polluted effluent from industries like chemical leather

dectroplating, etc. and other different metals can be checked by cultivating Azolla. Azolla is

there froe ecofriently it is essential to remove hardness of water 2

Green Fertilizer

The Azolla has an endosymbiosis prokaryotic organism. One is a nitrogen fixing

filamentous cyanobacteria-Anabaena Azolla and the second is variety of bacteria that some

identified as Arthrobactersp sp. In this association, it is assumed that an exchange of

metabolites, namely fixed nitrogen compounds, occurs from the cyanobiont to the host1. The

Azolla is used as green manure and as a substitute for in organic nitrogen fertilizers 3.The use

of Azolla integrated into rice fish culture is common in the southern parts of china, Vietnam

and the Philippines34,a single crop of Azolla provides 20-40 kg nitrogen per hectare

compensating approximately one third of nitrogen demand for crop.1

Animal feed

There are reports on the use of fresh Azolla as a fish fodder 5,6A few report that

cultivation of Azolla along with paddy and fish leads to attain increased production of both.

The trials conducted on Azolla as feed substitute are also encouraging7. Demonstrated that

dried Azolla meal is a useful partial protein source in feeds of juve4nile and adult Tilapia

(O.niloticus) . Azolla meal can replace up to 30% of fish meal based die without loss of pond

yields 8 Azolla meal used as supplementary feed and also feed ingredients in livestock feed

and also feed ingredients in livestock feed livestock easily digest the Azolla meal due present

of low lignin content. The Azolla ha lot of economic importance However our country

farmers are not properly utilized.

Reference

1.SanjayKr.Dixit and Sulekha Dixit (2013) Azolla –A symbiotic Nitrogen fixing fern Int,JEnv, Sci 17(1) pp 29-30.

2.Lumpkin T.A. and D>L Plickknett (1980) AzollaBNotany, Physiology and use as a green manurs Economic Botany -34 :P 114-153

3.FAO, 1978 China Azolla propagation and small scale biogas technology FAO soils Bulletin 41, Rome.,


4.Cagauan A.G and pullin R,S.V 1994 Azolla in Aguaculture pat present and future In Muir J.F and R.J Roberts (Eds) Recent advances in aquaculture Block well scientific ltd oxcford London pp 104-130.

5.Pantastico, J,B BAldia S.F and JrReyaes D>M (1986) Tilapia (T.Nilotica) and Azolla (A.Pinata cage farming in Laguna Lake fish Res phillipp J. 11 (1-2) : 21-28.

6.ELsayedA.F.m (1992) Effects of substituting fish meal with Azollapinnata in practical diets fur fingerlings and adult nile tilapia Oreochromisniloticus (L) Aquaculture fish managen . 23, 167-173.

7.NaegelL.C.a (1998) Evalution of three Azolla varieties as a possible feed Ingredient for Tilapia Animal Res and Develop feed Rep Germany Vol.48 pp 31-42

8.Muruganandam .M (2005) uses of Aquatic weeds in fish Nutrition Aqua Tech vol: (5) pp 65-67.


Vitamin Immunostimulants

Muruganandam.M,Dept. of Zoology,Syed Ammal arts and Science College,Ramanathapuram-623513

Abstract

Vitamins are organic compounds .They are essential for growth, immunity and

survival. Vitamins are act as immunostimulants Such as vitamin A, C, D, E, etc. The

administration of an immunostimulants prior to an infection may elevate the defense

mechanism of the animals and thus provide protection against severe or lethal infection.

During administration of immunostimulants more care concerning the dosages is necessary

when working with immunostimulants .This is because high doses of an immunostimulants

can suppress the defence mechanism and low doses may not be effective .The various

vitamin immunostimulants and their role in immune responses were discussed.

Key Words Vitamins, Immune response, Immunostumilant

Introduction

Vitamins are organic compounds which is necessary very little amount for day

today life activity. Some vitamins act as immunostimulants. They induce no-specific

immunity. The administration of an immune stimulant prior to an infection may elevate the

defence mechanism of the animals and thus provide protection against various infections. The

important vitamin immunostimulants are vitamin A, D, E, and C.

Vitamin A

The higher doses of vitamin A supplementation suppress the growth rate of

cancer cell It act as against tumours vitamin A is necessary for proper immune functions,

growth Bone Formation , reproduction and wound healing IT boost up the immune system by

stimulating white blood cells function and increasing the production of antibodies . 1 There

major signs of hyper vitaminosis A in fish rainbow trout were growth depression increased

mortalities abnormal necrotic and caudal fin, pale yellow fragile liver were shown 2 .The

level of tolerance of vitamin A various from species to species. Higher supplementation of

vitamin A leads to suppressed growth effects in fish loach. (Lepidocphalus thermalis) 3.


Vitamin D

In vertebrates the vitamin D mainly functions as a precursor tel-25 di-hydroxyl

chalecalciferal which stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine and regulates its

movement to maintain physiologically normal levels in the blood 4 .In the cause of

crustaceans vitamin D functions in the mine realization of the exoskeleton even though

marine crustaceans can absorbed significant amount of dissolved calcium through their gills 5.

The vitamin D is important for immune system If increased intake of vitamin D is preventive

against cancers, Rickets, ateomalaria hyper parathyroidism multiple sclerosis, etc. Hyper

vitaminosis leads to hyper calcemia etc., Muruganandam et al 6 provide that vitamin D

entrance the immune responses against pathogenic bacteria staphylococcus aureus infection.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is involved in encephalomalarcia in chicks 7 and erythrocyte

hemolysis in several animals. 8 The Vitamin E prevent s oxidative diathesis in chicks white

muscle disease in fish 9 and liver necrosis in rats several nonspecific cell degenerative

conditions have been described in fish fed with large quantities of polyunsaturated fatty

acids with in adequate tocopheral in the diet In fish vitamin E is a growth promoter that

inhibits, lipid and fatty acid oxidation 10,11 The vitamin E mainly stimulate erythrocyte

population and antibody production against bacterial infections It act as good

immunostimulants 2 .

Vitamin C

Vitamin C has protective role against environmental stresses. Vitamin C

reduce the immune suppression which is caused by stress and it act as immunostimulants in

fishes. So the higher level of vitamin C diet requires under stress condition vitamin C also

reduce the effect of corticosteroid hormone on target cells and involve in detoxification

process 12. High levels of dietary vitamin C have been associated with improved immunity to

bacterial, viral and parasitic challenges in fish 13, 14, 15, 16. 17. .The vitamins are Nutritional

factors it support the functions of immune system and help to boost up the functions of

immune system. If add before infection it gives strength to the immune system.


Reference

1.Satish.. V., R.kumar and M.Muruganandam (2010) Retinol influence on Immune response against Colorectal cancer cells in proceedings of National symposium on Recent Advances in Biotechnology (NSRAB-2010) 23rd and 24th Jan-2010

2.Hilton.J.W. (1993) Hyper vitaminnosis in rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) toxicity signs and maximum tolerance level J.Nutr. 113(9) 1737-1745.

3.Murugananadam .M (2005 vitamin requirement on in on Air breathing fish PhD thesis M.S.University, Triunelveli. Tamilnadu.

4.NRC (1983) Nutritional requirement of trout, solmon and catfish Nutrient requirements of domestic animals ser.11 National research council 570.

5.ReddyS.y. and Babu.M.R (1991) Gonadosomatic index and fecundity of Heteroprestursfossilis (Bloch) from Hussin sugar HydrabadIndian.J. fish 38(2) 93-96.

6.Muruganandam.MEswarapriya, B.Gopalasamy. Kalidos.S. Kamaswarti. B., Deveip, Anitha and Meera .A. (@)10) calciferal influence on pathogenicity against stathylococcus aureus.JGlo.Pharm tech. 2(4) : 58-65.

7.Pappeanhoimar and Geettsch (41) procExp Bio Med., 47 : 268p

8 Gyorgy p. Rose c.s. (1948 ) Science 108, 716

9.Poston .H.A., Combs G.F. and Lei bouitz L. (1976) Vitamin E and Selenium Interactions in the Atlantic salmon gross histological and Biochemical Deficiency signs J.Nutr. 106: 892-904.

10.Lall,S.P, Oilver., G.Hines J.A and fergudon H.W., (1988) The role of vitamin E in nutrition and immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar) Bull Aqua cult. Assoer. Can 88: 76-78

11.Muruganandam.M. (2006) Fat soluble vitamins toxicity and Deficiency signs in fishes AquaTech vol.5.pp 70-73

12.Muruganandam.M. (2005) Vitamin C enhance stress tolerance limit to fishes, Aquatech; vol 5(10) pp 69-72.

13.WagboR. (1994) The impact of nutritional facters on immune system in Atlantic solmonsalm solar L. review Aqua cult and fish maz25, 175 -197.

14.Satuabudhy A.M.A., Grant B.F. and Halver J.E., (1989) Effect of L-ascorbyl Phosphates (Aspp on growth and immune resistance to rainbow trout concorhynchus mykiss) to infections hematopoietic necrosis (1HN ) Virus Proceeding from third International symposium on feeding and nutrition in fish pp 411-426. Toba Japan.


15.Navarre.O. andHalver J.E (1989) Disease resistance and humeral antibody production in rainbow trout fed high level of vitamin C Aquaculture 79, 207-221.

16.Wahli, T., Meier.W. and plisterk. (1986) Ascorbic acid induced immune mediated decrease immortality in I chtyopth thirius infected rainbow trout (salmon gairdneri) Acta Tropica 43: 287-289.

17.Muruganandam,M (2006) Immunostimulants vitamin C influence on antibody production against Aeromonas hydraophila in fish channa punctatus Aqua Tech. Vol 6pp 60-61.


Insect protein sources effect on Bio mass Production of yeast

Muruganandam.M, Durgadevi and M.Sowmiya Department of zoology,Syed Ammal arts and Science College,Ramanathpuram-623513

Abstract

Insects are the only flying invertebrates, Its body temperature is not

constant .In future due to global warming, It will multiply enormously so try to use at

maximum level for beneficial purposes .The insects contain more protein ,it will multiply

very fast. In this experiment aqueous extracts of various insects’ effect on biomass

production of yeast were studied. Two medium were used for yeast production, one is sugar

and another one is peptone medium 10%of various insects such as. Stick insect, grasshopper

termite and spider aqueous extract were mixed with these medium separately. After 48 hours

incubation higher biomass production was observed in grasshopper treatment in both medium

.The peptone water has higher biomass production observed compared to sugar medium .The

second higher biomass production was observed in spider treatment .So It is concluded that ,

these insects protein sources are good to enhance biomass production of yeast. and the mean

time some insect extract reduces the biomass production of yeast due to presence of

antifungal substances.


Key words Insects, Yeast, Biomass production

Introduction

Protein is a polymer of amino acids protein is the essential constituents of living cells

proteins make up 12% of the protoplasm. Insects are flying invertebrates. It has the higher

population compared to many group of animals. It contains higher level of proteins and

essential amino acids. It is used as supplementary protein feed to fish culture and other

animal husbandry operation, even human beings insects as food in many countries It china

insects consume are reared for food purpose In the biomass production o yeast industry use

various nutrients The Insects are very low cost but rich in essential amino acids and protein If

use insect protein sources the various insects were collected and used as supplementary

protein for biomass production of yeast.


Insects are one of the major group of animals in terrestrial habitat. In this study various

insects such as stick insects, Termite grass hopper and spider extracts were used. All the

insects are individually collected and put in low temperature for inactivation the, insects

weight was taken (0.5gm) and add 5ml of water with help of mortar and pistil extract was

prepared. These are directly added with 8ml of sterilized peptone water and one ml 24hrs

yeast culture. These are mixed well and incubated at 37*c, 1after 48 hours biomass

production of yeast was calculated. Instead of peptone water one percent sugar solution was

used and similar culture maintained in sugar solution. At the end of the experiment bio mass

production was calculated in all the treatment.

Result and Discussion

The yeast industry is high economic industry. As in distillation increased the many facture of

fermented producer the demand of yeast growth grows experimentally 2.Proteins are the

building blocks of cells and the functional protein control function of cell. The insects has

rich proteins source. The highest biomass production was observed in grass hopper aqueous

extract treatment in both medium. The second highest biomass observed in spider extract.

The lowest biomass production observed in stick insects in both culture medium. The termite

extract treatment has more or less equal level biomass production in both medium. The

peptone medium has mire biomass production compared to sugar medium. The control has


lesser biomass production except stick insect treatment. Because it has very lesser biomass

production compared to control treatment.

Based on the result it is concluded that grasshopper extract is best to improve the biomass

production of yeast. In the same time .Stick insects aqua extract has some substance which

reduces the yeast growth. So these substances may be anti-fungal peptides. It will useful to

anti-fungal drug preparation. That grass hopper extract is best to improve the biomass

production of yeast. In the same time stick insect aqueous extract has some substance which

reduces the yeast growth. So these substances may be anti-fungal peptides. It will useful to

antifungal drug preparation.

Reference

1. M.Muruganadam (2016) thermal shocks after growth physiological pattern of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. In proceeding of seminar global warming and climate changes 19 .Aug .2016 .PP; 54-57

2. RocioGomes –pastor, RobertoPerez- tornado, Elena garre and Emilia mantilla (2011).recent advances in yeast biomass production –chapter in book biomass detection, production and usages edition by darkomotvit. Ctap PP; 201-222.

Table.1 Insects extracts effect on Biomass production of yeast.

S.No Insect nameBiomass in Sugar medium(mg)

Biomass in Peptone water medium(mg)

1 Stick insect 90 96

2 Termite 190 193

3 Grass Hopper 475 686

4 Spider 305 560

5 Control 68 121

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