Curriculum-Based Measurement and Curriculum-Based Measurement and General Outcome Measurement (GOM) General Outcome Measurement (GOM) and Mastery Monitoring (MM)and Mastery Monitoring (MM)

Mark R. Shinn, Ph.D.

Professor and School Psychology Program

National Louis University, Skokie, IL

markshinn@icloud.com

http://markshinn.org

November 29th, 2012

1 of 6 members of Technical Review Panel, National Center for Student Progress Monitoring, USDE/OSEP2003-2007

Editor and Contributor to 2 Major Texts on CBM

Author of More than 75 Refereed Journal Articles and Book Chapters on the Topic of CBM, Progress Monitoring, and Screening

My Area of Expertise

Mark R. Shinn, Ph.D. Serves as a Paid Consultant for Pearson Assessment for their AIMSweb product that provides CBM assessment materials and organizes and report the information from 3 tiers, including RTI. He provides technical support and training.

Mark R. Shinn, Ph.D. Serves as a Consultant for Cambium/Voyager/Sopris for their Vmath product, a remedial mathematics intervention but has no financial interests. He helped them develop their progress monitoring system.

Mark R. Shinn, Ph.D. Serves as a Consultant for McGraw-Hill Publishing for their Jamestown Reading Navigator (JRN) product and receives royalties.He helped them develop their progress monitoring system.

Mark R. Shinn, Ph.D. Serves as a Member of the National Advisory Board for the CORE (Consortium on Reaching Excellence) and receives a stipend for participation. He provides training and product development advice.

DisclosureDisclosure

Background Reading on CBM and Decision Making In Multi-Tiered Model/RtI

Espin, C.A., McMaster, K., Rose, S., & Wayman, M. (Eds.). (2012). A measure of success: The influence of Curriculum-Based Measurement on education. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Available in

•pdf format

•iBook format

Presentation is Based on the Following White Paper

A “glossy” and official Pearson version will be finished soon and sent to you.Shinn, M.R. (2012). Measuring general outcomes: A

critical component in scientific and practical progress monitoring practices. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson Assessment.

References on CBM, GOM, and MM

Deno, S.L. (1986). Formative evaluation of individual student programs: A new role for school psychologists. School Psychology Review, 15, 358-374.

Espin, C.A., McMaster, K., Rose, S., & Wayman, M. (Eds.). (2012). A measure of success: The influence of Curriculum-Based Measurement on education. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Fuchs, L.S., & Deno, S.L. (1991). Paradigmatic distinctions between instructionally relevant measurement models. Exceptional Children, 57, 488-500.

Fuchs, L.S., & Fuchs, D. (1999). Monitoring student progress toward the development of reading competence: A review of three forms of classroom-based assessment. School Psychology Review, 28, 659-671.

Jenkins, J.R., & Fuchs, L.S. (2012). Curriculum-Based Measurement: The paradigm, history, and legacy. In C. A. Espin, K. McMaster, S. Rose & M. Wayman (Eds.), A measure of success: The influence of Curriculum-Based Measurement on education (pp. 7-23). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Shinn, M.R. (2012). Measuring general outcomes: A critical component in scientific and practical progress monitoring practices. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson Assessment.

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A Personal Story: Approaching 60, I Needed to Get Healthier

What Could I Measure to Gauge the Effects of My Efforts?

I wanted to measure something important.

I wanted it to be easy to do and not take a lot of time and $$.

I wanted it to be easy for me to understand, as well as for my wife and kids.

The Answer Was Obvious

This is General Outcome

Measurement Testing something “small” to make statements

about something “big” (important)!”

There Were Other Things I Could Measure

• Daily Calorie Targets

• Calories per Item Consumed

• Minutes of Daily Exercise

• Estimated Calories Burned from Exercise

• Inches Around Waist

• Miles per Day and Per Week of Bike Riding

• Average Biking MPH

• Average Cadence While Riding

• Energy Watts Generated

These Things ALSO Were Important, But More Difficult to Measure, to Compare, and “Put Together” for a Picture of Progress

This is Mastery Monitoring

Big Ideas

1. Educators typically have lots of opinions about assessment and progress monitoring is no exception. However, few of us have sufficient training in assessment in general and progress monitoring in particular.

2. (Yet) Frequent progress monitoring is one of the most powerful tools in educators’ intervention toolbox and the single most powerful teaching variable that they can control!

3. There are two “families” of Progress Monitoring tools,

1. General Outcome Measurement (GOM) and

2. Mastery Monitoring (MM)

4. GOM assesses progress on a standard and equivalent measure the same way over time. It answers the question of “Is the student becoming a ‘better reader?’ “ or “Is the student better at mathematics computation?” It is associated with gains in “important” outcomes or “big things.”

5. MM assesses progress on ever changing and different tests aligned with short-term instructional objectives or units. It answers the question of “Did the student learn what I taught today (or this week)? It is associated with instructional validity.

6. Most Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) tests are associated with GOM.

7. The ideal progress monitoring system is a combination of GOM and MM.

My Assessment Training

Schools Are Looking for Swiss Army Knife of Tests

Tests that Can...•Do EVERYTHING

•With Little to No Teacher Time

•Little Hassle

The Emphasis is On Program Evaluation, Accountability,

Perhaps Screening, But Quality PM is Not Their Strength!

Frequent Progress Monitoring (of a Particular Type) is One of Our Most Powerful Intervention Tools

• ...effective across student age, treatment duration, frequency of measurement, and special needs status

• Major message is for teachers to pay attention to the formative effects of their teaching as it is this attribute of seeking (my emphasis) formative evaluation...that makes for excellence in teaching (p. 181)

Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. New York, NY: Routledge.

Frequent (Formative) Progress Monitoring

Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. New York, NY: Routledge.

And the Number 1 Most Powerful TEACHING Variable

Some Basic Vocabulary to Support Understanding

General Outcome Measurement

GOM assesses progress on a standard and equivalent measure the same way over time.

Think: Testing “small” to make statements about something “big” (i.e.,very important)!

Also often referred to as Long-Term Measurement (LTM)

Other Professions Are Highly Dependent on GOM

Medicine

Blood Pressure

Blood Glucose Levels

Business

Earnings per Share

Economy

Consumer Price Index

Unemployment Rate

The Key Concept is An Empirically Validated “Indicator”

Curriculum-Based Measurement

Short, standardized basic skills measures validated as general outcomes measures (GOM).

General reading skill or ability:

R-CBM: Oral reading

Maze: Silent reading

General mathematics skill or ability:

M-COMP: General mathematics computation skills

M-CAP: General math concepts and application skills

General writing skill or ability:

WE-CBM: General written expression skills

General spelling skill or ability:

S-CBM: General written expression skills

A Reading General Outcome:A “Rich Task” Consistent with

CCSS

It was a pretty good composition. I felt proud knowing it was the best one at my school. After I’d read it five times, I was impatient to start reading it out loud. I followed the book’s directions again. First I read the composition out loud without trying to sound impressive, just to hear what the words sounded like.

QuickTime™ and aH.263 decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Billy, 4th Grader

Questions I Can Answer

At a Single Point in Time:

Is This Student a Good or Poor Reader, gauged normatively or with standards?

Questions I Can Answer

Over Time:

Is This Student Improving in His General Reading Skill?

The Judgment is Empirical

Shinn, M.R., Good, R.H., Knutson, N., Tilly, W.D., & Collins, V. (1992). Curriculum-Based reading fluency: A confirmatory analysis of its relation to reading. School Psychology Review, 21(3), 458-478.

Points of Confusion with GOM

1. Short Tests can’t tell you anything.

Tell that to your physician. They are short to reduce the amount of instructional time lost to testing.

2. Because something “little” is tested, this “thing” becomes the specific instructional target.

It is not “oral reading fluency.”

To Move the R-CBM “Dial,” We Need to Target a Variety of Reading Skills, Not Just Reading Speed

CBM doesn’t include all the things we teach.

It does not measure everything in reading, math, writing, etc.

Less important for instructional planning and program evaluation and accountability

A Mathematics Computation General Outcome:

A “Rich Task” Consistent with CCSSAll Problems of

DIFFERENT TYPES

2 Digit Addition w/o Regrouping

2 Digit Subtraction w/o Regrouping

Row Addition

Column Addition

Mastery Monitoring

MM assesses progress on constantly different tests that are closely tied to specific instructional content and equivalent measure the same way over time.

Think: Testing “small” to make statements about something “small”!

Also often referred to as Short-Term Measurement (STM)

Examples: End-of Unit Tests, Specific Skills Tests, Quizzes

Single Skill Mathematics Computation ProbeBasic Addition Facts 0-12

Mathematics Computation Mastery Monitoring:

All Problems of The SAME TYPE

Questions I Can Answer

In the Short Term:

Is This Student Learning Multi-Digit Addition Skills?

Questions That Are More Difficult

In the Long Term:

Is This Student Improving in Mathematics Computation?

Why Is This Question More Difficult?

1. It presumes the student has retained addition skills.

2. It assumes that addition skills must be taught the student has before subtraction skills.

3. It assumes that the addition and subtraction skills tests are reliable and valid.

4. It assumes that the criterion for mastery (in this case 80%) has been validated.

GOM Assumptions, Advantages, and Disadvantages

Assumptions Advantages Disadvantages

An “Indicator” Has Been Established Empirically

Curriculum Independent Not Everything Students Need to Know Has a Validated Indicator; Currently Constrained to the Basic Skills

Progress Monitoring is Relatively Easy to Do--Logistically Feasible

NOT Consistent with How Teachers “Think” about PM

Reliable and Valid Tests Have Been Created

Lacks Exhaustive Information for Diagnosis and Instructional Planning

Assessment for Retention and Generalization Built In

Confident Decisions About Progress

MM Assumptions, Advantages, and Disadvantages

Assumptions Advantages Disadvantages

Validated Instructional Hierarchy

High Instructional ValidityLet’s Teachers Know if What They’ve Been Teaching Has Been Learned (and Least Initially)

Curriculum Dependent-Different Curriculum Value Different Things, Teach Them in Different Orders, Etc. Comparing Progress Within and Across Different Curriculum is Difficult

Reliable and Valid Tests are Available for Each Unit, Objective, Skills

Consistent with How Teachers “Think” about PM

Doesn’t Routinely Test for Retention and Generalization--Therefore Students May Not Be Taught to Mastery

Mastery Criterion are Empirically Established

Tests Can Often Be Used Diagnostically

Logistically Complex, Even if Reliable and Valid Tests Have Been Created; Testing is Always Changing and If Students are Taught to Criterion, Can Be Overwhelming

Reliable Decisions About Progress Are Sorta Iffy

Standards for Evaluating General Outcome Measures

Standards for Evaluating Mastery Monitoring Measures

Comparison of Progress Monitoring Standards

GOM Standards MM Standards

Alternate Forms Skill Sequence Specified

Sensitive to Student Improvement Sensitive to Improvement

Reliability of the Performance Level Score Reliability

Reliability of the Slope

Validity of the Performance Level Score Validity

Predictive Validity of the Slope of Improvement

End-of-Year Benchmarks Pass/Fail Criterion

Rates of Improvement Specified

Disaggregated Reliability and Validity Data Disaggregated Reliability and Validity Data

Norms Disaggregated for Diverse Populations

Mark’s Bottom Line SuggestionsTHINK PROGRESS

Progress Monitoring is Vital and We Have the Capacity to do This Efficiently and Effectively--In the Basic Skills

Frequent GOM Using CBM is the “Best” Way to Do This--Let’s Get It Done, Especially for At Risk Students and Those with Severe Achievement Discrepancies

THINK PERFORMANCE

MM is Important--But Less So For Progress

Performance is About What I am Teaching and If Students Don’t Perform What I’m Teaching, then No Learning Occurred

Bottom LineSo...

Build Basic Skills PM Using CBM at Tier 1 As Long As You Need To

Use More Frequent PM Using CBM at Tiers 2 and 3 As Long As You Have Students with Basic Skills Discrepancies--And In Most Schools, That’s Through Grade 12

Use Your Existing Assessments WITHIN THE CURRICULUM as Performance Assessment, Instructional Planning, and Supporting Evidence (Not Primary) of Progress

Questions?Questions?