curriculum of biochemistry · 2019-07-29 · curriculum imc 2 the basic sciences subject will be...
TRANSCRIPT
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1CURRICULUM IMC
CURRICULUM OF BIOCHEMISTRYMBBS COURSE
Contents
S. No. Subject Page No.
1. Introduction 02
2. Educational Hours 03
3. Learning Outcomes 04
4. Educational Strategies 05
5. Assessment 06
6. Learning Resources 07
7. Contents Modules 08
8. Implimentation 09-11
9. Programme Evaluation 12
10. Table of Specification 13-17
11. Modules 18-30
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2CURRICULUM IMC
The basic sciences subject will be covered during first and second year. Biochemistry is taught with its clinical application and use in clinical subjects. Due to nature of this subject educational strategies of diverse approaches are employed. Educational resources like videos, Biochemical Analyzer, microscopy slides, books and journals are used to learn this diverse subject. Early clinical exposure is used for clinical application of Biochemistry.
First year and second year are divided in three educational terms which conclude at with forma-tive assessment test. End of year is University exam for summative assessment.
INTRODUCTION
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3CURRICULUM IMC
EDUCATIONAL HOURS
Year Theory Practical Total
1st year 50 hours(25 Lecture, 25 SGD / PBL) 50 hours 100
2nd year 50 hours(25 Lecture, 25 SGD / PBL) 50 hours 100
Total 100 hours in 36 weeks/year 100 hours 200 hours
Strategy
LecturesProblem based learningSmall group discussionCase based discussion
Laboratory sessionClinical sessions
Audio video sessions
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4CURRICULUM IMC
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of curriculum student will be able to demonstrate his knowledge and under-standing on the subject with following learning objectives:• Molecular and functional organization of a cell, and sub-cellular components.• In-depth knowledge of structure, function and interrelationship of biomolecules and conse-
quences of deviation from normal.• Delineating, learning and understanding the chemistry of biomolecules of biologic signifi-
cance. In order to accomplish this, the student will learn the basic chemical aspects of the biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, polypeptides, nucleic acids).
• Description of mechanisms involved in maintenance of body fluid & pH and the related ho-meostatic processes.
• Recognizing homeostatic dynamics through the concepts of human nutrition and be familiar with the biochemical role of micro- and macro-nutrients like vitamins, minerals , and electro-lytes along with their clinical implications of their dietary use.
• Having a clear understanding of the fundamental aspects of enzymology & clinical applica-tions along with regulation of enzyme activity
• To be familiar with the homeostatic mechanisms through the concepts of inter-regulation of carbohydrates, lipids and protein metabolism and its relation to hormone actions in the human body.
• Once these basic concepts are understood, it will be straightforward to understand how alterations in the basic processes can lead to a disease state.
• To have understanding and knowledge about many pathological situations where these can be related to biochemical defects, and to have some experience of biochemical tech-niques in order to understand the practical/clinical problems in biochemistry.
• To develop skills as a self-directed learner, recognize continuing educational needs; use appropriate learning resources and critically analyze relevant literature in order to have a comprehensive understanding and knowledge of biochemistry.
• To learn and understand the basic biochemical processes taking place in the body since these underline an understanding of normal and abnormal human metabolism. In order to accomplish this, the student should learn how large molecules are .synthesized and used (DNA, RNA, and proteins), and how energy is generated, stored, and retrieved (metabolism).
• Developing skills as a self-directed learner, recognize continuing educational needs; use ap-propriate learning resources and critically analyze relevant literature in order to have a com-prehensive understanding and knowledge of biochemistry.
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5CURRICULUM IMC
EDUCATION STRATEGIES
The educational strategies in this curriculum are multiple and aligned with domain of learning and according to the desired outcome
Didactic lecturesOne-third of the curriculum will be delivered in a traditional didactic format including PowerPoint presentations and case discussions. Didactic education is considered to be a one-way transmis-sion of material from teacher to learner, we cannot overlook the possibility of meaningful interac-tion between experts and learners during live lectures. This type of interaction, which allows for immediate clarification of concepts and extension of knowledge, may be particularly important for novice learners who have relatively little exposure to the subject matter, such as our study population.
Problem based learningA lot of emphasis is on case based discussion. Problem-based learning (PBL) is complex and heterogeneous. A wide variety of educational methods are referred as PBL. These include Lec-ture-based case, Case based lecture, Case based discussions, Problem or inquiry based and Closed loop or reiterative. Incorporation of case based discussion in teaching enhances the critical thinking and problem-solving skills. It also helps in developing a broader prospective of clinical case scenarios.
Small Group DiscussionSmall group discussion provides a unique environment to achieve high standards in medical edu-cation. Activation of prior knowledge, exchange of ideas, and engagement at a higher cognitive level are assumed to result in deeper learning and better academic achievements by students.
Video sessionsAnatomy is a subject which involves visual learning and formulating concepts. Video assisted learning sessions also provides opportunities to learn gross anatomy.
Laboratory SessionsLaboratory sessions are important as they provide opportunity for experiential learning in terms of study of slides and identification of tissues
Early clinical Exposure (ECE)Clinical skills session are important part of curriculum to achieve psychomotor and affective out-comes. This provide opportunity for medical students in early years and will stimulate contextual learning.
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6CURRICULUM IMC
ASSESSMENT
MCQ’s and SEQ’sMultiple choice question and short essay question test will be used at the end of part of curric-ulum to assess the learning of knowledge. These all assessment exercises will be formative. The written tests like Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) and Short-Essay Questions (SEQs) test formats are used for the assessment of cognitive domain. The MCQs are more objective and essentially select type of item response format. MCQs have a cueing effect, which promotes guessing and leads to higher scores. In addition, writing MCQs of higher cognitive level of prob-lem solving is challenging. On the contrary, the SEQs are more subjective and have a supply or construct type item response format, which does not have any cueing effect and can effectively assess problem solving skills.
Clinical exam and OSCEShort case and OSCE will be used to evaluate clinical skills and procedural skills at the ward end of placement. The OSCE is a method of clinical skill assessment, and it has been reported to be appropriate for assessing learning achievement levels in the psychomotor and emotional domains, which are difficult to evaluate with written examinations.
Viva VoceViva voce is used for assessment of knowledge and problem solving ability of students. This method is useful evaluating cognitive domain.
Practical Practical test are used for assessment of knowledge and psychomotor skills.
AssignmentsStudents of different year will be given assignment of different nature such as research and liter-ature search and surveys
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT i. The weightage of internal assessment shall be 10% of totals marks. ii. Continuous internal assessment shall consist of evaluation at the end of each assignments,
e.g. practical, class tests etc., attitudinal assessment from educational supervisors. iii. Assessment of knowledge, Skills and Attitude shall contribute toward internal assessment.
Methods used to assess these domains shall include Multiple Choice Questions of one-best type, Short essay questions, Oral/Viva, and Practical/Clinical axaminations.
iv. The score of internal assessment shall contribute to the score in the final examination, Final university examination of each subject shall contribute 90 to total score, and the candidate shall pass in aggregate.
v. Proper record of continuous internal assessment shall be maintained.
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7CURRICULUM IMC
LEARNING RESOURCESThe department of biochemistry will require following resources for implementation resources:
• Human resource
• Instructors (faculty members)
• Curriculum coordinator curriculum secretary
• Infrastructure
• Lecture hall with AV aids
• Tutorial room with AV aids
• Biochemistry Lab
• Simulated patients and simulated manikins
• Computers
LISTS OF CONTENT RESOURCES• Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry by Murrary RK, Granner OK and Rodwell VW, latest edition,
McGraw Hill
• Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry by Harvey R and Ferrier D, Latest edition, pub-
lished by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• Marks’ Basic Medical Biochemistry - A Clinical Approach, by Smith C, Marks AD, and Lieber-
man M. Latest edition, published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• Practicals and Viva in Medical Biochemistry by Dandekar SP and Rane SA, latest edition,
published by Elsevier.
• Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations by Devlin TM , latest edition, published
by Wiley-Liss
• Biochemistry by Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, and Stryer L, latest edition, published by W .H. Free-
man and Company
• Clinical Chemistry and Metabolic Medicine by Martin A. Crook, latest edition , Edward Arnold
(Publishers) Ltd
• Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry by David L Nelson and Michael M. Cox
• Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry by Burtis CA and Ashwood ER published by Saunders.
• Fundamentals of Biochemistry Life at Molecular Level by Donald Voet, Judith G Voet and
Charlotte W . Pratt
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8CURRICULUM IMC
S.No Topic
1 Module 1 Cell Biochemistry
2 Module 2 Water, Buffers and pH
3 Module 3 Carbohydrates
4 Module 4 Proteins and Amino Acids
5 Module 5 Nucleotides
6 Module 6 Lipids and Fatty Acids
7 Module 7 Enzymes
8 Module 8 Porphyrins and proteins
9 Module 9 Vitamins and minerals
10 Module 10 Nutrition
11 Module 11 Extracellular matrix
12 Module 12 Practical biochemistry tests
13 Module 13 Bioenergetics and Biological Oxidation
14 Module 14 Carbohydrate Metabolism
15 Module 15 Lipid Metabolism
16 Module 16 Metabolism of proteins and amino acids
17 Module 17 Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
18 Module 18 Metabolism of Nucleotides
19 Module 19 Biochemical Genetics
20 Module 20 Biochemistry of endocrine system
21 Module 21 Biochemistry of Gastrointestinal system
22 Module 22 Metabolism of xenobiotics
23 Module 23 Water & electrolyte balance; acid-base regulation
24 Module 24 Practical special biochemistry
CONTENTS MODULES
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9CURRICULUM IMC
IMPLEMENTATIONThe curriculum will be spread over 2 year with 36 working weeks each year. During this period student will be exposed to various education strategies to achieve the learning objectives.
1st Year.In this year student will be exposed to do disection, histology lab, Museum and early clinical ex-posure to develop understanding of anatomy and its applied aspects.
Theory (Lecture, SGD and PBL) Practical (Early clinical exposure, Bio-Lab)
50 Hours (36 Weeks) 50 Hours
2nd Year.In this year student will be exposed to do disection, histology lab, Museum and early clinical ex-posure to develop understanding of anatomy and its applied aspects.
Theory (Lecture, SGD and PBL) Practical (Early clinical exposure, Bio-Lab)
50 Hours (36 Weeks) 50 Hours
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10CURRICULUM IMC
First Year
First term Second term Third term
Module 1: Cell BiochemistryModule 2: Water,Buffers & pHModule 3: CarbohydratesModule 4: Protein & Amino AcidModule 5: NucleotidesModule 6: Lipids & Fatty Acids
Module 7: EnzymesModule 8: Porphyrins & proteinsModule 9: Vitamins & mineralsModule 10: NutritionModule 11:Extracellular matrix
PBL & Case based learning with early clinical exposure related to1. Carbohydrate 2. Protein & Aminoacids 3. Lipids 4. Vitamins & Minerals
Practical
1. Introduction to lab 2. Preparation of solution 3. Preparation of buffers 4. Methods & unit of calcula-
tion 5. Conversion of units 6. pH meter & pH measure-
ment
1. Test on carbohydrate & protein
2. Test on monosacharides 3. Collection, Storage & analy-
sis of hormons
SGD, OSPE, Interpretation, VIVA related to practicals
Assessment
Tests (MCQ, SEQ)Viva of theory and practical examination At end of each module
Tests (MCQ, SEQ)Viva of theory and practical examination At end of each module
Tests (MCQ, SEQ)Viva of theory and practical examination At end of each module
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11CURRICULUM IMC
Second Year
First term Second term Third term
Module 13 Bioenergetics and Biological OxidationModule 14 Carbohydrate MetabolismModule 15 Lipid MetabolismModule 16 Metabolism of proteins and amino acidsModule 17 Integration and Regulation of Metabolic PathwaysModule 21 Biochemistry of Gastrointesti-nal system
Module 18 Metabolism of NucleotidesModule 19 Biochemical GeneticsModule 20 Biochemistry of endocrine systemModule 22 Metabolism of xenobioticsModule 23 Water & electrolyte balance; acid-base regulation
PBL & Case based learning with early clinical exposure related to1. Bioenergetics 2. Protein & Aminoacids 3. Lipids 4. Acid base, water & elec-
trolytes5. Nucleotide metabolism
Practical
1. Instumentation, Spectro-photo meter, Centrifuge & Micropippette
2. Test on carbohydrates, Proteins & Lipids
1. Test on uric acid calcium, phosphate
2. Test on enzymes involve in cardiac function, liver function, pancrease & LFT
SGD, OSPE, Interpretation, VIVA related to practicals
Assessment
Tests (MCQ, SEQ)Viva of theory and practical examination At end of each module
Tests (MCQ, SEQ)Viva of theory and practical examination At end of each module
Tests (MCQ, SEQ)Viva of theory and practical examination At end of each module
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12CURRICULUM IMC
PROGRAMME EVALUATIONPurpose of Evaluation The major goals of the evaluation are to provide information that the students can use to achieve curricular objectives and that the faculty can use to monitor quality of and improve curriculum.
Design of Evaluation The evaluation design as only posttest.
Users of evaluation: students, curriculum faculty, Principal OfficeResources: Curriculum faculty and departmental secretaries. No additional funding
Evaluation question: • What percentage of students achieved 75% mandatory attendance?• What percentage of students achieved pass marks in university exam?• What are the strengths of the curriculum? What are the weaknesses? How can the curriculum
can be improved?
Because of limited resources, the evaluation was kept simple. Data Collection was integrated into the curriculum schedule. The major goals of the evaluation are to provide information that the students can use to achieve curricular objectives and that the faculty can use to monitor quality of and improve curriculum. The evaluation design as only posttest.
End of curriculum evaluation form:This will be filled by students and faculty members for evaluation of adequacy with each content was covered, whether they would recommend the curriculum to others and written comments on curriculum strengths, weaknesses and suggestions for improvements.
Annual Report:Based on evaluation of the educational programe report will be generated annually and submitted to Medical Educational Department.
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13CURRICULUM IMC
MBBS FIRST YEAR PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION (PART-1)
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
CONTENTS SEQs MCQs
1 Biochemistry of the cell, cell membrane, and membrane phenomena water, pH and buffers 0.5 3
2 Extracellular matrix 0.5 2
3 Chemistry of carbohydrates 1.0 4
4 Chemistry of lipids 1.0 5
5 Chemistry of proteins and amino acids, plasma proteins including immunoglobulins. 1.0 6
6 Chemistry of nucleotides and nucleic acids 0.5 3
7 Enzymes 1.0 5
8 Vitamins 1.5 7
9 Nutrition 0.5 2
10 Minerals and trace elements 0.5 4
11 Home metabolism, porphyrins, jaundice, hemoglobin & myoglobin, hemoglobinopahties 1.0 4
Total items 09 SEQs 45 MCQs
Total marks (5 marks for each SEQs and 1 mark for each MCQs) 45 marks 45 marks
25% of MCQs and SEQs should be clinically oriented or problem-based.10% marks are allocated for “Internal Assessment”Total Marks For Theory Paper: SEQs+ MCQs+ Internal Assessment = 45+45+10=100 marks
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14CURRICULUM IMC
MBBS FIRST YEAR PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION (PART-1)
Oral and practical examination carries 100 marks
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
Examination Component Marks
A: Internal Assessment 10
B: Practical notebook / Mnaual (Internal Examiner) 05
C: Viva voce a. External examiner: 25 Marks b. Internal Examiner: 25 Marks
50
D: OSPEa. Observed stations (6 marks): There are two observed stations:
3 marks for each station – time allowed is 3 miutes for each observed station
b. Non-observed stations (16 marks): There are eight non-observed station: 2 marks for each station – time allowed is 2 minutes for each non-observed station.
22
E: Practicala. Principal supposed calculation, etc: 4 marks (External Examiner) b. Performance of the experiment: 4 marks (Internal Examiner)c. Structured table viva: 5 marks (External Examiner)
13
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15CURRICULUM IMC
MBBS FIRST YEAR PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION (PART-2)
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
CONTENTS SEQs MCQs
1 Bioenergetics and biologic oxidation 0.5 3
2 Carbohydrate Metabolism 0.5 2
3 Lipid metabolism 1.0 4
4 Metabolism of proteins and amino acids 1.0 5
5 Metabolism of purines, pyrimidies and nucleotides 1.0 6
6 Replication of DNA, mutations and DNA repair. 0.5 3
7Transcription RNA processing and proteins synthesis regulation of gene expression, genetic diseases and basic techniques used in moleculer genetics
1.0 5
8 Endocrinology 1.5 7
9 Biochemistry of digestive juices of GIT, digestive and absortion in GIT 0.5 2
10 Onecogenesis and metabolism of xenobiotics 0.5 4
11 Water and electrolyte balance, acid-base regulation 1.0 4
Total items 09 SEQs 45 MCQs
Total marks (5 marks for each SEQs and 1 mark for each MCQs) 45 marks 45 marks
25% of MCQs and SEQs should be clinically oriented or problem-based.10% marks are allocated for “Internal Assessment”Total Marks For Theory Paper: SEQs+ MCQs+ Internal Assessment = 45+45+10=100 marks
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16CURRICULUM IMC
MBBS FIRST YEAR PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION (PART-2)
Oral and practical examination carries 100 marks
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
Examination Component Marks
F: Internal Assessment 10
G: Practical notebook / Manual (Internal Examiner) 05
H: Viva voce c. External examiner: 25 Marks d. Internal Examiner: 25 Marks
50
I: OSPEc. Observed stations (6 marks): There are two observed stations: 3 marks for each station – time allowed is 3 miutes for each observed stationd. Non-observed stations (16 marks): There are eight non-observed station: 2 marks for each station – time allowed is 2 minutes for each non-observed station.
22
J: Practicald. Principal supposed calculation, etc: 4 marks (External Examiner) e. Performance of the experiment: 4 marks (Internal Examiner)f. Structured table viva: 5 marks (External Examiner)
13
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17CURRICULUM IMC
Format (Practical Examination / OSPEMBBS first year professional examination (Part-2)
BIOCHEMISRTY (PART -11) Total marks: 100
Total marks allocated to Oral and Practical Examination are 100
Internal Assessment: 10 Marks General Viva (Theory Viva): 50 Marks25 marks are allocated to internal examiner and 25 marks to external examiner
Practical Examination: 40 MarksPractical examination comprises three components i.e. Yearly Workbook, OSPE and experiment
A: Yearly Workbook: 5 Marks (Internal Examiner)B: OSPE: 22 Marks OSPE comprises 10 stations (two observed stations carrying 3 marks each and 8 non-ob-
served stations 2 marks each).C: List of Tests for Observed Stations (3 minutes at each station) I. Spectrophotometer. II. Centrifuge Machine. III. Pipettes. IV. Blood Samples.D: Non-Observed Stations (2 minutes for each station)
I. Test to determine the concentration of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triacycerols in plasma.
II. Test to determine the concertration of total proteons, and glucose in plasma and CSF, and albumin in plasma.
III. Determination of plasma uric acid and calcium.IV. Determination of create nine and urea in plasma, and create nine clearance.V. Determination of activates of ALT and alkaline phosphates in plasma.VI. Determination of activities of creatine kinase, LDH and AST.
E: Experiment: 13 marksI. Principal/supposed calculations of the experiment: 4 marks (External Examiner)II. Performance pf experiment: 4 Marks (Internal Examiner)III. Table viva: 5 Marks (External Examiner)
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18CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
1: C
ell B
ioch
emis
try
• In
trodu
ctio
n to
bio
chem
istr
y: A
n ov
ervi
ew o
f bio
chem
istr
y an
d its
sig
nific
ance
in m
edic
ine.
• Bi
oche
mic
al c
ompo
sitio
n an
d fu
nctio
ns o
f cel
l: O
rgan
izat
ion
and
com
posi
tion
of e
ukar
yotic
an
d pr
okar
yotic
cel
ls (o
nly
bioc
hem
ical
asp
ects
)•
c)
Cell
mem
bran
es (b
ioch
emic
al c
ompo
sitio
n).
• d)
M
embr
ane
phen
omen
a: T
rans
port
of s
ubst
ance
s ac
ross
the
cel
l mem
bran
e vi
a ac
tive
(prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y ac
tive)
tran
spor
t; di
ffusi
on (s
impl
e an
d fa
cilit
ated
) , a
nd v
esic
le-m
e-di
ated
tr
ansp
ort
(pha
gocy
tosi
s, e
ndoc
ytos
is,
and
exo
cyto
sis
); G
ibbs
-Don
nan
equi
libri-
um, o
smos
is a
nd o
smot
ic p
ress
ure.
• e)
M
embr
ane
rece
ptor
s an
d ot
her
biol
ogic
ally
im
port
ant
regu
lato
ry a
nd c
atal
ytic
mem
-br
ane-
boun
d pr
otei
ns li
ke G
-pro
tein
s, a
denl
ylyl
cyc
lase
, pho
spho
lipas
e.•
Basi
c m
etho
ds t
o st
udy
cell
bioc
hem
istr
y: C
entr
ifuga
tion
, ul
trac
entr
ifuga
tion
, ra
dioi
mm
u-no
assa
y, E
LISA
(en
zym
e-lin
ked
imnu
noso
rben
t as
say)
; c
hrom
atog
raph
y; e
lect
roph
ores
is ,
sp
ectro
phot
omet
ry ,
and
pH m
etry
.
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LAB
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
OSC
E
Mod
ule
2: W
ater
, Buf
fers
and
pH
• Io
niza
tion
of w
ater
; wea
k ac
ids
and
base
s•
pH a
nd p
H sc
ale:
Con
cept
of p
H an
d re
late
d to
pics
(det
erm
inat
ion
of p
H), a
nd c
once
pt o
f pi
(isoe
lect
ric p
H)•
pKa
valu
e, d
isso
ciat
ion
cons
tant
(Ka)
, and
titr
atio
n cu
rve
of w
eak
acid
s•
Dete
rmin
atio
n of
pH
of
buffe
r:
Hend
erso
n-Ha
ssel
ba lc
h e
quat
ion
and
its
app
licat
ions
(d
eriv
atio
n no
t req
uire
d).
• Bo
dy b
uffe
r sy
stem
s (b
icar
bona
te ,
am
mon
ia ,
pho
spha
te,
and
prot
eins
) and
the
ir m
echa
-ni
sm o
f act
ion.
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
Mod
ule
3: C
arbo
hydr
ates
• De
finiti
on, b
ioch
emic
al fu
nctio
ns a
nd c
lass
ifica
tion
of c
arbo
hydr
ates
.•
Stru
ctur
e an
d fu
nctio
n of
bio
logi
cally
impo
rtan
t mon
osac
char
ides
and
thei
r im
port
ant d
eriv
-at
ives
(sug
ar a
cids
, su
gar
alco
hols
, su
gar
amin
es ,
and
glyc
osid
es)
• Is
omer
ism
in c
arbo
hydr
ates
(typ
es a
nd d
escr
iptio
n)•
Biol
ogic
ally
impo
rtan
t dis
acch
arid
es, t
heir
prop
ertie
s an
d th
eir
biom
edic
al im
port
ance
• O
ligos
acch
arid
es, t
heir
com
bina
tion
with
oth
er m
acro
mol
ecul
es a
nd th
eir
biom
edic
al im
por-
tanc
e•
Hom
opol
ysac
char
ides
of b
iolo
gic
sign
ifica
nce
and
thei
r st
ruct
ural
and
func
tiona
l cha
ract
er-
istic
s•
Stru
ctur
al a
nd f
unct
iona
l cha
ract
eris
tics
of h
eter
opo
lysa
ccha
rides
incl
udin
g de
tails
of
gly-
cosa
min
ogly
cans
; pro
teog
lyca
ns, p
eptid
ogly
cans
; and
muc
opol
ysac
char
idos
es.
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
PBL
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
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19CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
4: P
rote
ins
and
Amin
oAci
ds
• Bi
omed
ical
impo
rtan
ce a
nd c
lass
ifica
tion
(bio
logi
c fu
nctio
ns ;
nut
ritio
nal v
alue
;an
d ov
eral
l sh
ape
of m
olec
ule)
of p
rote
ins.
• St
ruct
ure,
func
tions
and
pro
pert
ies
of a
min
o ac
ids
• Cl
assi
ficat
ion
of s
tand
ard
(pro
tein
ogen
ic) a
min
o ac
ids
(bas
ed u
pon
side
cha
in s
truc
ture
, po-
larit
y of
sid
e ch
ain,
nut
ritio
nal ,
and
met
abol
ic e
nd-p
rodu
cts)
, bi
olog
ical
ly im
port
ant n
on-s
tan-
dard
(non
-pro
tein
ogen
ic) a
min
o ac
ids
and
thei
r pr
inci
pal f
unct
ions
.•
Diss
ocia
tion
and
titra
tion
of a
min
o ac
ids;
det
erm
inat
ion
of p
i of
amin
o ac
ids
with
tw
o an
d th
ree
diss
ocia
ble
grou
ps; i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f am
ino
acid
s in
the
mai
nten
ance
of p
H; a
nd m
echa
-ni
sm o
f buf
ferin
g ac
tion
of p
rote
ins
.•
Stru
ctur
al o
rgan
izat
ion
of p
rote
ins:
Det
ails
of f
our
orde
rs o
f pro
tein
str
uctu
re (p
rimar
y, s
ec-
onda
ry ,
tert
iary
, and
qua
tern
ary)
; den
atur
atio
n of
pro
tein
s; a
nd p
rote
in m
isfo
ldin
g (a
myl
oi-
dose
s an
d pr
ion
dise
ase)
• Im
port
ant t
echn
ique
s fo
r sep
arat
ion
of p
rote
ins
(ele
ctro
phor
esis
, is
oele
ctric
focu
sing
, chr
o-m
atog
raph
y, fi
ltrat
ion,
cen
trifu
gatio
n, a
nd d
ialy
sis)
.•
Imm
unog
lobu
lins;
thei
r ty
pes
; str
uctu
re, a
nd b
iom
edic
al s
igni
fican
ce.
• Pl
asm
a pr
otei
ns (
viz,
pre
albu
min
, al
bum
in,
hapt
oglo
bin,
cer
ulop
lasm
in,
alph
a1-a
nti-t
ryps
in;
alph
a 2-
mac
rogl
obul
in a
nd tr
ansf
errin
) and
thei
r pr
inci
pal b
iolo
gic
func
tions
alo
ng w
ith th
eir
clin
ical
sig
nific
ance
. Al
pha
feto
prot
ein
and
clin
ical
ly im
port
ant
acut
e ph
ase
prot
eins
(al
pha
1-ac
id g
lyco
prot
ein
, C-re
activ
e pr
otei
n).
• G
lyco
prot
eins
: c
ompo
nent
s of
gly
copr
otei
ns (
over
view
of
linka
ges
betw
een
prot
eins
and
ca
rboh
ydra
tes,
N-a
nd 0
-linke
d ol
igos
acch
arid
es)
C33
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
PBL
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
Mod
ule
5 N
ucle
otid
es
• Ch
emis
try
of p
urin
es a
nd p
yrim
idin
es ;
thei
r ty
pes
and
stru
ctur
e•
Stru
ctur
e an
d fu
nctio
ns o
f nuc
leot
ides
and
nuc
leos
ides
(EX
CLUD
ING
met
abol
ism
of n
ucle
-ot
ides
).•
Nat
ural
and
syn
thet
ic d
eriv
ativ
es o
f pur
ines
and
pyr
imid
ines
and
thei
r bi
omed
ical
role
.•
Stru
ctur
e, fu
nctio
ns a
nd ty
pes
of n
ucle
ic a
cids
(EXC
LUDI
NG
met
abol
ism
)
C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
ww
w.im
c.ed
u.pk
20CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
6: L
ipid
s an
d Fa
tty
Acid
s
• Cl
assi
ficat
ion
of li
pids
and
thei
r ge
nera
l bio
logi
cal f
unct
ions
.•
Fatty
aci
ds: D
efini
tion;
nom
encl
atur
e; c
lass
ifica
tion
; che
mic
al a
nd p
hysi
cal p
rope
rtie
s; is
om-
eris
m in
fatty
aci
ds; r
ole
of s
atur
ated
and
uns
atur
ated
fatty
aci
ds in
hea
lth a
nd d
isea
se ;
role
of
tran
s fa
tty a
cids
(tra
ns-fa
ts) i
n co
rona
ry h
eart
dis
ease
; om
ega-
3 an
d om
ega-
6 fa
tty a
cids
an
d th
e im
port
ance
of t
heir
diet
ary
use.
• N
utrit
iona
lly e
ssen
tial f
atty
aci
ds a
nd th
eir
func
tions
• Ei
cosa
noid
s an
d th
eir
biol
ogic
func
tions
alo
ng w
ith th
eir
sign
ifica
nce
in h
ealth
and
dis
ease
• Ph
ysic
al a
nd c
hem
ical
pro
pert
ies
of f
ats
and
oils
(tr
iacy
lgly
cero
ls);
sapo
nific
atio
n, i
odin
e nu
mbe
r, an
d ac
id n
umbe
r of
fats
; ran
cidi
ty o
f fat
s•
Stru
ctur
e an
d bi
olog
ic fu
nctio
ns &
sig
nific
ance
of p
hosp
holip
ids,
gly
colip
ids
, sul
folip
ids
and
gang
liosi
des
• Ch
oles
tero
l and
its
rela
ted
com
poun
ds s
uch
as b
ile a
cids
: Str
uctu
re (c
onst
ituen
t str
uctu
ral
com
pone
nts)
, pro
pert
ies
and
biol
ogic
role
• Li
pid
pero
xida
tion
and
its s
igni
fican
ce
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SGD/
MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
Mod
ule
7: E
nzym
es
• In
trodu
ctio
n, c
lass
ifica
tion
and
nom
encl
atur
e of
enz
ymes
: Defi
nitio
ns o
f enz
ymes
and
IU o
f en
zym
e ac
tivity
; Enz
yme
Com
mis
sion
Cla
ssifi
catio
n of
enz
ymes
alo
ng w
ith m
ain
subc
lass
es.
• Pr
oper
ties
of
enzy
mes
: C
hem
ical
nat
ure,
act
ive
site
, c
atal
ytic
effi
cien
cy ,s
peci
ficity
, pr
oenz
ymes
, an
d ki
netic
pro
pert
ies
• Co
enzy
mes
and
cof
acto
rs :
Coen
zym
es d
eriv
ed fr
om v
a rio
us v
itam
ins
alon
g w
ith th
e ex
am-
ples
of e
nzym
es re
quiri
ng th
ese
coen
zym
es; a
nd m
etal
cof
acto
rs•
lsoz
ymes
and
thei
r cl
inic
al s
igni
fican
ce•
Allo
ster
ic e
nzym
es a
nd th
eir
biol
ogic
al s
igni
fican
ce•
Fact
ors
affe
ctin
g en
zym
e ac
tivity
• Ty
pes
of e
nzym
e in
hibi
tors
and
thei
r bio
med
ical
impo
rtan
ce: E
ffect
s of
com
petit
ive,
non
-com
-pe
titiv
e an
d un
com
petit
ive
inhi
bito
rs o
n en
zym
e ac
tivity
, ef
fect
s of
com
petit
ive
and
non-
com
-pe
titiv
e in
hibi
tion
on
Lin
ewea
ver-B
urke
plo
t.•
Mec
hani
sm o
f en
zym
e a
ctio
n a
nd k
inet
ics
of
enzy
me
act
ivity
(M
icha
el is
Men
ten
and
Line
wea
ver-B
urke
equ
atio
ns W
ITHO
UT d
eriv
atio
n)•
Regu
latio
n of
enz
yme
activ
ity (c
oval
ent
mod
ifica
tion,
allo
ster
ic r
egul
atio
n an
d re
gula
tionb
y ge
ne in
duct
ion,
repr
essi
on &
de-
repr
essi
on o
f enz
yme
synt
hesi
s)•
Ther
apeu
tic u
se o
f enz
ymes
and
dia
gnos
tic a
pplic
atio
n of
det
erm
inat
ion
of e
nzym
e ac
tiviti
es
of c
erta
in e
nzym
es in
pla
sma
in h
epat
ic,
mus
cle,
pro
stat
ic,
panc
reat
ic,b
one
and
card
iac
dise
ases
.
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SGD/
MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
ww
w.im
c.ed
u.pk
21CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
8: P
orph
yrin
s an
d pr
otei
ns
• Ch
emis
try
and
bios
ynth
esis
of h
eme
and
othe
r po
rphy
rins
incl
udin
g di
sord
erso
f hem
e bi
on-
synt
hesi
s (p
orph
yria
s)•
Impo
rtan
t hem
opro
tein
s fo
und
in b
ody
alon
g w
ith th
eir p
rinci
pal b
iolo
gic
func
tions
; str
uctu
re
and
func
tion
of h
emog
lobi
n an
d m
yogl
obin
, and
type
s of
hem
oglo
bin.
Hem
oglo
bin
A 1c
• O
xyge
n bi
ndin
g ca
paci
ty o
f hem
oglo
bin,
fact
ors
affe
ctin
g an
d re
gula
ting
the
oxyg
en-b
ind
ing
capa
city
of h
emog
lobi
n. M
etha
emog
lobi
n (m
etHb
) and
met
haem
oglo
bine
mia
• Bi
lirub
in M
etab
olis
m: D
egra
datio
n of
hem
e, s
ynth
esis
, hep
atic
upt
ake,
con
juga
tion,
and
ex-
cret
ion
of b
ilirub
in a
nd fa
te o
f bilir
ubin
in in
test
ine.
• Hy
perb
ilirub
inem
ias:
Cau
ses
of h
yper
bilir
ubin
emia
s al
ong
with
the
acq
uire
d an
d co
ngen
ital
diso
rder
s le
adin
g to
hyp
erbi
lirub
inem
ias;
jaun
dice
and
ker
nict
erus
.•
Hem
oglo
bino
path
ies:
Sic
kle
cell
anem
ia (b
ioch
emic
al c
ause
and
its
clin
ica
l man
ifest
atio
ns),
haem
oglo
bin
C di
seas
e, h
aem
oglo
bin
SC d
isea
se a
nd th
alas
sem
ias.
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
Mod
ule
9: V
itam
ins
and
min
eral
s
• G
ener
al fe
atur
es o
f vita
min
s as
ess
entia
l nut
rient
s•
Clas
sific
atio
n of
vita
min
s ac
cord
ing
to t
heir
phys
ico-
chem
ical
nat
ure
and
bioc
hem
ical
fun
c-tio
ns•
Impo
rtan
t die
tary
sou
rces
and
reco
mm
ende
d di
etar
y al
low
ance
s of
vita
min
s .
• In
test
inal
abs
orpt
ion
, tra
nspo
rt a
nd s
tora
ge o
f vita
min
s.•
Mec
hani
sm o
f act
ion
of v
itam
ins
and
thei
r bi
oche
mic
al fu
nctio
ns in
bod
y.
• Di
sord
ers
asso
ciat
ed w
ith v
itam
in d
efici
ency
and
hyp
ervi
tam
inos
es .
• M
iner
als
(sod
ium
, po
tass
ium
, chl
orid
e , c
alci
um ,
phos
phor
us ,
mag
nesi
um, a
nd s
ulfu
r) an
d tr
ace
elem
ents
(iro
n, z
inc
, sel
eniu
m, i
odin
e, c
oppe
r, ch
rom
ium
, man
gane
se ,
cadm
ium
and
flu
orid
e) in
hum
an n
utrit
ion
and
thei
r sou
rces
, abs
orpt
ion,
tran
spor
t, st
orag
e , a
nd b
ioch
em-
ical
func
tions
alo
ng w
ith th
eir
reco
mm
ende
d di
etar
y al
low
ance
s (R
DA).
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SGD/
MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
ww
w.im
c.ed
u.pk
22CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
10: N
utri
tion
• En
ergy
met
abol
ism
: Ca
loric
val
ue o
f fo
od ,
Spe
cific
dyn
amic
act
ion
(SDA
) of
foo
d ,
resp
i-ra
tory
quo
tient
, m
etab
olic
rat
e (d
eter
min
atio
n an
d fa
ctor
s af
fect
ing
met
abol
ic r
ate)
, bas
al
met
abol
ic r
ate
(BM
R) (m
easu
rem
ent ,
cal
cula
tion,
and
fact
ors
affe
ctin
g BM
R)•
Bala
nced
die
t•
Prot
eins
in n
utrit
ion:
Obl
igat
ory
nitro
gen
loss
, nitr
ogen
bal
ance
, nu
triti
onal
ly e
ssen
tial a
min
o ac
ids
and
thei
r ro
le in
bod
y gr
owth
and
nitr
ogen
equ
ilibriu
m, d
eter
min
atio
n of
com
para
tive
nutr
ition
al e
ffici
ency
and
qua
lity
of d
ieta
ry p
rote
in, r
ecom
men
ded
die
tary
allo
wan
ce o
f pro
-te
in, p
rote
in e
nerg
y m
alnu
triti
on (k
was
hior
kor
and
mar
asm
us).
• Fa
ts a
nd li
pids
in n
utrit
ion:
Fat
s as
a s
ourc
e of
ene
rgy,
rol
e of
sat
urat
ed a
nd u
nsat
urat
ed
fats
in h
ealth
and
dis
ease
, ef
fect
of
diet
ary
inta
ke o
f tr
ansf
ats
on h
ealth
, an
d nu
triti
onal
ly
esse
ntia
l fat
ty a
cids
.•
Carb
ohyd
rate
s in
hum
an n
utrit
ion:
Pro
tein
spa
ring
effe
ct o
f car
bohy
drat
es, d
ieta
ry c
arbo
hy-
drat
es a
nd b
lood
glu
cose
alo
ng w
ith th
e de
tails
of g
lyce
mic
inde
x, d
ieta
ry fi
bers
(typ
es a
nd
biom
edic
al im
port
ance
) .•
Calc
ulat
ion
of c
alor
ic r
equi
rem
ent
of a
per
son
and
nutr
ition
al r
equi
rem
ents
in p
regn
ancy
, la
ctat
ion,
infa
ncy,
and
old
age
.•
Obe
sity
and
food
add
itive
s (a
rtifi
cial
sw
eete
ners
and
flav
or e
nhan
cers
)
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SGD/
MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
Mod
ule
11 E
xtra
cellu
lar
mat
rix
• Co
llage
n : T
ypes
and
str
uctu
re o
f col
lage
n ; b
iosy
nthe
sis
& de
grad
atio
n of
col
lage
n ; c
olla
g-en
opat
hies
(Ehl
ers-
Danl
os s
yndr
ome
(EDS
) an
d O
steo
gene
sis
impe
rfec
ta )
• El
astin
: St
ruct
ural
cha
ract
eris
tics
of e
last
ins
; ro
le o
f a
lpha
1-an
titry
psin
in
ela
st in
deg
ra-
datio
n ;
maj
or b
ioch
emic
al d
iffer
ence
s be
twee
n co
llage
n a
nd e
last
in;
gen
etic
di
sord
ers
asso
ciat
ed
with
el
astin
lik
e
Willi
ams-
Beur
en s
yndr
ome,
sup
rava
lvul
ar a
ortic
ste
nosi
s,
pulm
onar
y em
phys
ema
, and
agi
ng o
f the
ski
n.•
Fibr
illin-
1 as
a p
rote
in o
f m
icro
fibril
ls;
Mar
fan
synd
rom
e ;
fibro
nect
in a
nd it
s ro
le in
cel
l ad-
hesi
on a
nd m
igra
tion
; lam
inin
as
a pr
otei
n co
mpo
nent
of r
enal
glo
mer
ular
and
oth
er b
asal
la
min
as.
• G
lyco
sam
inog
lyca
ns (G
AGs)
: Str
uctu
re ,
clas
sific
atio
n ,
func
tions
and
dis
trib
utio
n of
GAG
s ; d
isea
ses
asso
ciat
ed w
ith e
nzym
e de
ficie
nc ie
s of
deg
rada
tion
of G
AGs
(muc
opol
ysac
cha-
ridos
es -
Hunt
er s
yndr
ome
& Hu
rler
synd
rom
e)•
Stru
ctur
e an
d fu
nctio
ns o
f pro
teog
lyca
n
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SGD/
MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
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23CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
12 P
ract
ical
bio
chem
istr
y te
sts
• In
trodu
ctio
n to
use
of l
abor
ator
y fa
c ilit
ies
I equ
ipm
ent
incl
udin
g sa
fety
mea
sure
s•
Prep
arat
ion
of s
olut
ions
: Pr
epar
atio
n of
sol
utio
ns (m
olar
and
nor
mal
) fro
m v
ario
us k
inds
of
labo
rato
ry c
hem
ical
s (s
olid
and
liqu
ids)
;•
Prep
arat
ion
of v
ario
us k
inds
of b
uffe
r so
lutio
ns ;
• Ba
sic
met
hods
of l
abor
ator
y ca
lcul
atio
ns;
• In
trodu
ctio
n an
d co
nver
s io
n of
con
vent
iona
l and
Sl m
easu
r in
g un
its.
• De
mon
stra
tion
of
buffe
r a
ctio
n, a
nd d
eter
min
atio
n o
f pH
(by
usi
ng in
dica
tors
and
pH
met
er).
• Q
ualit
ativ
e an
alys
is o
f car
bohy
drat
es a
nd p
rote
ins.
• Te
sts
to d
etec
t m
onos
acch
arid
es o
f bio
med
ical
sig
nific
ance
----
gluc
ose
, fru
ctos
e an
d G
a-la
ctos
e (B
ened
ict ‘
s te
st ,
Seliv
anof
f’s te
st ,
and
Osa
zone
test
)•
Test
s to
det
ect p
rote
ins
I pep
tides
I am
ino
acid
s (H
eat c
oagu
latio
n te
st ,
sul
phos
alic
ylic
aci
d te
st ,
Helle
r’s R
ing
test
and
Nin
hydr
in te
st)
• Co
llect
ion
and
stor
age
of u
rine
sam
ples
for
labo
rato
ry a
naly
sis,
and
phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al
anal
ysis
of u
rine
to d
etec
t nor
mal
and
abn
orm
al c
onst
ituen
ts.
C3 P
2 A2
C3 P
2 A2
C3 P
2 A2
C3 P
2 A2
C3 P
2 A2
C3 P
2 A2
C3 P
2 A2
C3 P
2 A2
C3 P
2 A2
C3 P
2 A2
SGD/
LAB
SGD/
LAB
SGD/
LAB
SGD/
LAB
SGD/
LAB
SGD/
LAB
SGD/
LAB
SGD/
LAB
SGD/
LAB
SGD/
LAB
PRAC
/OSC
EPR
AC/O
SCE
PRAC
/OSC
EPR
AC/O
SCE
PRAC
/OSC
EPR
AC/O
SCE
PRAC
/OSC
EPR
AC/O
SCE
PRAC
/OSC
E
PRAC
/OSC
E
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24CURRICULUM IMC
At the end of the Part-II course, the student should be able to demonstrate his knowl-edge and understanding on the subject with following learning objectives
• To be familiar with the homeostatic mechanisms through the concepts of inter-regulation of carbohydrates, lipids and protein metabolism and its relation to hormone actions in the human body.
• Once these basic concepts are understood, it will be straightforward to understand how alterations in the basic processes can lead to a disease state.
• To have understanding and knowledge about many pathological situations where these can be related to biochemical defects, and to have some experience of biochemical tech-niques in order to understand the practical/clinical problems in biochemistry.
• To develop skills as a self-directed learner, recognize continuing educational needs; use appropriate learning resources and critically analyze relevant literature in order to have a comprehensive understanding and knowledge of biochemistry.
• To learn and understand the basic biochemical processes taking place in the body since these underline an understanding of normal and abnormal human metabolism. In order to accomplish this, the student should learn how large molecules are .synthesized and used (DNA, RNA, and proteins), and how energy is generated, stored, and retrieved (metabolism).
ww
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25CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
13 B
ioen
erge
tics
and
Bio
logi
cal O
xida
tion
• En
derg
onic
and
exe
rgon
ic r
eact
ions
, fre
e en
ergy
, fre
e en
ergy
cha
nge,
ATP
and
oth
er c
om-
poun
ds a
s ca
rrie
rs o
f ene
rgy
• El
ectro
n tr
ansp
ort c
hain
: Com
pone
nts
and
orga
niza
tion
of e
lect
ron
tran
spor
t cha
in (E
TC)
• Re
actio
ns o
f ele
ctro
n tr
ansp
ort c
hain
, red
ox p
oten
tial,
met
hods
of e
lect
ron
tran
sfer
am
ong
the
com
pone
nts
of e
lect
ron
tran
spor
t cha
in, a
nd e
nerg
y re
leas
e du
ring
elec
tron
tran
spor
t•
Oxi
dativ
e ph
osph
oryl
atio
n: A
TP s
ynth
esis
in E
TC, i
nhib
itors
and
unc
oupl
ers
of o
xida
tive
phos
-ph
oryl
atio
n, a
nd c
hem
iosm
otic
hyp
othe
sis
of o
xida
tive
phos
phor
ylat
ion.
C3
C3
C3
C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
Mod
ule
14 C
arbo
hydr
ate
Met
abol
ism
• G
lyco
lysi
s :R
eact
ions
of
aero
bic
and
anae
robi
c gl
ycol
ysis
occ
urrin
g in
RBC
s an
d ot
her
tissu
es,
Bio-
med
ical
sig
nific
ance
and
ene
rgy
yiel
d of
aer
obic
and
ana
erob
ic g
lyco
sis
and
its s
igni
fican
ce, a
nd s
ub-
stra
te-le
vel p
hosp
hory
latio
n, R
egul
atio
n of
gly
coly
tic p
athw
ay, M
etab
olic
fate
s of
pyr
uvat
e, L
actic
aci
do-
sis;
gen
etic
de
ficie
ncy
of
pyr
uvat
e k
inas
e a
nd
pyru
vate
deh
ydro
gena
se•
Tric
arbo
xylic
aci
d (T
CA) c
ycle
: Rea
ctio
ns o
f TCA
cyc
le a
nd th
eir
regu
latio
n al
ong
with
ene
rgy
yiel
d ,Im
-po
rtan
ce o
f TCA
cyc
le a
nd it
s am
phib
olic
role
• G
luco
neog
enes
is: R
eact
ions
of g
luco
neog
enes
is u
sing
pyr
uvat
e an
d gl
ycer
ol a
s pr
ecur
sors
, and
regu
la-
tion
of g
luco
neog
enes
is, I
mpo
rtan
t glu
cone
ogen
ic p
recu
rsor
s: E
ntra
nce
of a
min
o ac
ids,
inte
rmed
iate
s of
TCA
cyc
le, g
lyce
rol,
and
othe
r co
mpo
unds
as
gluc
oneo
geni
c pr
ecur
sors
, Bio
med
ical
sig
nific
ance
of
gluc
oneo
gene
sis:
Rol
e of
glu
cone
ogen
esis
in p
lasm
a gl
ucos
e le
vel r
egul
atio
n, a
nd th
e Co
ri cy
cle,
and
gl
ucos
e-al
anin
e cy
cle.
• G
lyco
gen
met
abol
ism
: Sy
nthe
sis
and
impo
rtan
ce o
f UD
P gl
ucos
e, R
eact
ions
of
glyc
ogen
esis
and
gly
-co
geno
lysi
s, R
egul
atio
n of
gly
coge
nic
synt
hase
and
gly
coge
n ph
osph
oryl
ase,
Impo
rtan
ce o
f allo
ster
ic
regu
latio
n of
gly
coge
n ph
osph
oryl
ase
‘a’ (
a pl
asm
a gl
ucos
e se
nsor
) by
plas
ma
gluc
ose,
Dis
orde
rs o
f gl
ycog
en m
etab
olis
m (g
lyco
gen
stor
age
dise
ases
), Th
e h
exos
e m
onop
hosp
hate
pat
hway
an
d o
ther
pa
thw
ays
of
h
exos
e m
etab
olis
m,
Hexo
se m
onop
hosp
hate
(HM
P) p
athw
ay:
Reac
tions
of
oxid
ativ
e an
d no
n ox
idat
ive
phas
es o
f HM
P pa
thw
ay, i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f HM
P pa
thw
ay a
long
with
use
s of
NAD
PH, a
nd
gluc
ose
6-ph
osph
ate
dehy
drog
enas
e de
ficie
ncy,
Rea
ctio
ns o
f uro
nic
acid
pat
hway
alo
ng w
ith it
s bi
olog
ic
impo
rtan
ce.,
Met
abol
ism
of
fruc
tose
: M
etab
olic
fat
e of
fru
ctos
e in
hum
an b
ody,
sor
bito
l met
abol
ism
al
ong
with
effe
ct o
f hyp
ergl
ycem
ia o
n so
rbito
l met
abol
ism
, ess
entia
l fru
ctos
uria
and
her
edita
ry fr
ucto
se
into
lera
nce
,Met
abol
ism
of g
alac
tose
: Met
abol
ic fa
te o
f gal
acto
se in
bod
y an
d sy
nthe
sis
of la
ctos
e; a
nd
diso
rder
s of
gal
acto
se m
etab
olis
m (g
alac
toki
nase
defi
cien
cy a
nd c
lass
ic g
alac
tose
mia
), M
etab
olis
m o
f et
hano
l•
Regu
latio
n of
blo
od g
luco
se le
vel :
Reg
ulat
ion
of p
lasm
a gl
ucos
e ho
rmon
ally
(ins
ulin
, glu
cago
n, g
row
th
horm
one,
epi
neph
rine,
and
cor
tisol
) and
non
-hor
mon
ally,
and
the
ro
le o
f va
rious
met
abol
ic p
athw
ays
in b
lood
glu
cose
leve
l reg
ulat
ion,
Hyp
ogly
cem
ia a
nd h
yper
glyc
emia
: An
over
view
of h
ypog
lyce
mia
and
hy
perg
lyce
mia
, the
ir im
port
ant c
ause
s, a
nd c
linic
al m
anife
stat
ions
, Dia
bete
s m
ellit
us: T
ypes
of d
iabe
tes
mel
litus
alo
ng w
ith it
s cl
inic
al m
anife
stat
ions
, met
abol
ic c
hang
es in
type
1 a
nd ty
pe 2
dia
bete
s m
ellit
us,
and
diag
nosi
s of
dia
bete
s m
ellit
us
C3
C3
C3
C3
C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
ww
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26CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
15: L
ipid
Met
abol
ism
• de
nov
o sy
nthe
sis
of fa
tty a
cids
: Pro
duct
ion
of c
ytos
olic
ace
tyl C
oA, f
atty
aci
d sy
ntha
se m
ultie
nzym
e co
mpl
ex,
reac
tions
of
cyto
solic
fat
ty a
cid
synt
hesi
s, e
long
atio
n of
fat
ty a
cid
chai
n,
synt
hesi
s of
po
lyun
satu
rate
d fa
tty a
cid,
and
regu
latio
n of
fatty
aci
d sy
nthe
sis.
• Sy
nthe
sis
and
stor
age
of tr
iacy
lgly
cero
ls in
bod
y.•
Mob
ilizat
ion
of s
tore
d tri
acyl
glyc
erol
s al
ong
with
its
regu
latio
n•
Oxi
datio
n of
fatty
aci
ds: A
ctiva
tion
of fa
tty a
cid,
tran
sloc
atio
n of
fatty
acy
l CoA
into
m
itoch
on-
dria
l mat
rix, r
eact
ions
of B
-oxi
datio
n of
sat
urat
ed a
nd u
nsat
urat
ed fa
tty a
cids
, ene
rgy
yiel
d of
B-o
xi-
datio
n, fa
te o
f ace
tyl C
oA, a
nd o
ther
type
s of
fatty
aci
d ox
idat
ion
(alp
ha-o
xida
tion,
om
ega-
oxid
atio
n,
and
oxid
atio
n of
odd
-car
bon
fatty
aci
ds).
• Sy
nthe
sis
and
utiliz
atio
n of
ket
one
bodi
es: R
eact
ions
of h
epat
ic k
etog
enes
is, a
nd u
tiliz
atio
n of
ket
one
bodi
es b
y ex
trahe
patic
tiss
ues.
• Ke
toac
idos
is a
nd re
gula
tion
of k
etog
enes
is.
• Sy
nthe
sis
of e
icos
anoi
ds, t
heir
regu
latio
n an
d fu
nctio
ns a
long
with
thei
r bio
med
ical
impo
rtan
ce.
• M
etab
olis
m o
f pho
spho
lipid
s an
d sp
hing
olip
ids:
Syn
thes
is o
f pho
spho
lipid
s (p
hosp
hatid
ylch
olin
e an
d ph
osph
atid
ylet
hano
lam
ine
), sy
nthe
sis
of g
lyce
rol e
ther
pho
spho
lipid
s (c
ardi
olip
in a
nd p
late
let
acti-
vatin
g fa
ctor
), de
grad
atio
n of
pho
spho
lipid
s, d
efici
ency
of l
ung
surf
acta
nt, m
etab
olis
m o
f gly
colip
ids,
bi
osyn
thes
is o
f cer
amid
e, s
phin
gom
yelin
, and
gan
glio
side
s, a
nd d
egra
datio
n of
sph
ingo
lipid
s al
ong
with
sph
ingo
lipid
oses
.•
Chol
este
rol m
etab
olis
m: R
eact
ions
and
regu
latio
n of
cho
lest
erol
bio
synt
hesi
s, a
nd fa
te a
nd fu
nctio
ns
of c
hole
ster
ol in
bod
y.•
Bios
ynth
esis
and
fate
of b
ile a
cids
and
thei
r sig
nific
ance
in h
ealth
and
dis
ease
.•
Plas
ma
lipop
rote
ins:
Syn
thes
is, t
rans
port
, and
fate
of c
hylo
mic
rons
, VLD
L, ID
L, L
DL, a
nd H
DL; d
isor
-de
rs a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith im
pairm
ent o
f lip
opro
tein
met
abol
ism
, and
ath
erog
enic
effe
ct o
f oxi
dize
d LD
L.•
Bioc
hem
ical
def
ects
lead
ing
to fa
tty li
ver
C3
C3
C3
C3
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
Mod
ule
16: M
etab
olis
m o
f pro
tein
s an
d am
ino
acid
s
• ov
ervie
w o
f pro
tein
turn
over
in h
uman
bod
y; n
itrog
en b
alan
ce (p
ositi
ve a
nd n
egat
ive).
• In
ter-o
rgan
am
ino
acid
exc
hang
e in
nor
mal
pos
t-abs
orpt
ive s
tate
• De
grad
atio
n of
am
ino
acid
s; re
mov
al o
f nitr
ogen
from
am
ino
acid
s by
tran
sam
inat
ion
and
deam
inat
ion;
so
urce
s of
am
mon
ia in
bod
y; tr
ansp
ort o
f am
mon
ia, a
mm
onia
toxic
ity; f
ate
of a
mm
onia
in b
ody,
reac
-tio
ns a
nd re
gula
tion
of th
e ur
ea c
ycle
alo
ng w
ith m
etab
olic
dis
orde
rs o
f the
ure
a cy
cle
• An
ove
rvie
w o
f am
phib
olic
inte
rmed
iate
s fo
rmed
from
the
carb
on s
kele
ton
of a
min
o ac
ids
• of
glu
coge
nic
and
keto
geni
c am
ino
acid
s; a
n ou
tline
of t
he m
etab
olis
m o
f ind
ividu
al a
min
o ac
ids
like
glyc
ine,
cys
tein
e, a
rgin
ine,
pro
line,
phe
nyla
lani
ne,
tyro
sine
, hi
stid
ine,
try
ptop
han,
met
hion
ine
amin
o ac
ids;
cau
ses
and
salie
nt fe
atur
es o
f im
porta
nt m
etab
olic
def
ects
in a
min
o ac
id m
etab
olis
m li
ke p
he-
nylk
eton
uria
, map
le s
yrup
urin
e di
seas
e (M
SUD)
, his
tidin
emia
, alk
apto
nuria
, cys
tath
ioni
nuria
, hom
ocys
-tin
uria
, hyp
erpr
olin
emia
, cys
tinur
ia, c
ystin
osis
, tyr
osin
emia
s, a
nd a
lbin
ism
.•
of e
pine
phrin
e an
d n
orep
inep
hrin
e, c
reat
ine,
cre
atin
ine,
his
tam
ine,
gam
ma-
amin
obut
yrat
e, s
erot
onin
, m
elat
onin
, and
mel
anin
C3
C3
C3
C3
C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
ww
w.im
c.ed
u.pk
27CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
17: I
nteg
ratio
n an
d R
egul
atio
n of
Met
abol
ic P
athw
ays
• Fe
d-fa
st c
ycle
and
sta
rvat
ion.
• Ba
sic
conc
epts
of i
nter
med
iary
met
abol
ism
, int
rodu
ctio
n of
ana
bolic
and
cat
abol
ic p
athw
ays.
• An
ove
rvie
w o
f reg
ulat
ion
and
inte
grat
ion
of v
ario
us m
etab
olic
pat
hway
s (ro
le o
f liv
er, h
eart
, br
ain,
ske
leta
l mus
cle
and
adip
ose
tissu
e).
C3
C3
C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
Mod
ule
18 :M
etab
olis
m o
f Nuc
leot
ides
• de
nov
o Sy
nthe
sis
of p
urin
es a
nd p
yrim
idin
es; t
he s
alva
ge p
athw
ays
of n
ucle
otid
e sy
nthe
sis;
de
grad
atio
n of
pur
ine
and
pyrim
idin
e nu
cleo
tides
• Di
sord
ers
asso
ciat
ed w
ith p
urin
e nu
cleo
tide
met
abol
ism
like
ade
nosi
ne d
eam
inas
e de
ficie
n-cy
, pur
ine
nucl
eosi
de p
hosp
hory
lase
defi
cien
cy, a
nd h
yper
uric
emia
• N
atur
al a
nd s
ynth
etic
der
ivat
ives
of
purin
es a
nd p
yrim
idin
es a
nd t
heir
role
in
heal
th a
nd
dise
ase.
C3
C3
C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
Mod
ule
19: B
ioch
emic
al G
enet
ics
• Th
e st
ruct
ural
bas
is o
f cel
lula
r in
form
atio
n•
Org
aniz
atio
n of
DN
A: c
hrom
osom
es, K
aryo
typi
ng.
• Re
plic
atio
n of
DN
A:
Reac
tions
of D
NA
repl
icat
ion
in e
ukar
yote
s an
d pr
okar
yote
s; t
ypes
of
dam
age
to D
NA
and
DNA
repa
ir; m
utat
ions
• Tr
ansc
riptio
n (D
NA-
depe
nden
t RN
A sy
nthe
sis)
: St
eps
in t
he t
rans
crip
tion
of e
ukar
yotic
and
pr
okar
yotic
gen
es; p
ost-t
rans
crip
tiona
l mod
ifica
tions
(pro
cess
ing)
of R
NA;
reve
rse
tran
scrip
-tio
n in
retro
viru
ses
and
its re
latio
n to
can
cers
and
AID
S.•
Tran
slat
ion
(pro
tein
syn
thes
is):
The
gene
tic c
ode;
com
pone
nts
requ
ired
for p
rote
in s
ynth
esis
, co
mpo
sitio
n of
euk
aryo
tic a
nd p
roka
ryot
ic ri
boso
mes
; ste
ps o
f pro
tein
syn
thes
is; p
ost-t
rans
-la
tiona
l mod
ifica
tions
of p
olyp
eptid
e ch
ains
; pro
tein
targ
etin
g.•
Regu
latio
n of
gen
e ex
pres
sion
in p
roka
ryot
es a
nd e
ukar
yote
s•
Mol
ecul
ar b
iolo
gy t
echn
ique
s: B
asic
info
rmat
ion
and
biom
edic
al im
port
ance
of
mol
ecul
ar
biol
ogy
tech
niqu
es; D
NA
extr
actio
n; re
com
bina
nt D
NA
tech
nolo
gy; D
NA
clon
ing;
pol
ymer
ase
chai
n re
actio
n (P
CR);
hybr
idiz
atio
n; b
lotti
ng te
chni
ques
.•
Onc
ogen
es a
nd th
eir
role
in c
arci
noge
nesi
s; m
echa
nism
s of
act
ivat
ion
of p
roto
-onc
ogen
es;
mec
hani
sm o
f act
ion
of o
ncog
enes
; tum
our
supr
esso
r ge
nes
and
onco
geni
c vi
ruse
s.•
Gen
etic
bas
is o
f dis
ease
• Im
port
ant
tum
or m
arke
rs a
nd t
heir
clin
ical
sig
nific
ance
(Ca
rcin
oem
bryo
nic
Antig
en,
Alph
a fe
topr
otei
n, h
uman
cho
rioni
c go
nado
tropi
n, c
alci
toni
n an
d pr
osta
tic a
cid
phos
phat
ase)
.
C3
C3
C3
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
ww
w.im
c.ed
u.pk
28CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
20: B
ioch
emis
try
of e
ndoc
rine
sys
tem
• An
ove
rvie
w o
f end
ocrin
e sy
stem
; cla
ssifi
catio
n of
hor
mon
es b
ased
on
thei
r m
echa
nism
of
actio
n a
nd c
hem
ical
na
ture
; m
echa
nism
s o
f ac
tion
of e
ach
clas
s of
hor
mon
e ; g
ener
al
char
acte
ristic
s of
var
ious
type
s of
hor
mon
e re
cept
ors
; typ
es a
nd a
ctio
ns o
f var
ious
kin
ds o
f G
-pro
tein
s in
med
iatin
g th
e ac
tions
of h
orm
ones
; si
gnal
tra
nsdu
ctio
n p
athw
ays
of
vario
us
horm
ones
; typ
es a
nd ro
le o
f var
ious
kin
ds o
f sec
ond
mes
seng
ers
• Pi
tuita
ry a
nd h
ypot
hala
mic
hor
mon
es: S
truc
ture
, bio
synt
hesi
s, s
ecre
tion,
tra
nspo
rt, r
egul
a-tio
n, c
atab
olis
m, a
nd b
iolo
gic
actio
ns o
f all
hypo
thal
amic
and
pitu
itary
hor
mon
es; d
isor
ders
as
soci
ated
with
hyp
er-
and
hypo
-act
iviti
es
of t
hese
hor
mon
es s
uch
as g
row
th h
orm
one
defic
ienc
y (d
war
fism
), gi
gant
ism
, acr
omeg
aly,
Cus
hing
’s sy
ndro
me
, Add
ison
’s d
isea
se ,
Di-
abet
es in
sipi
dus,
and
the
inap
prop
riate
sec
retio
n of
ADH
(SIA
DH).
• Th
yroi
d Ho
rmon
es: S
truc
ture
, bio
synt
hesi
s, s
ecre
tion,
tran
spor
t, re
gula
tion,
cat
abol
ism
, and
bi
olog
ic a
ctio
ns o
f all
thyr
oid
horm
ones
; dis
orde
rs a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith h
yper
- and
hyp
o-ac
tiviti
es
of th
ese
horm
ones
like
goi
ter,
hypo
thyr
oidi
sm ,
hype
rthy
roid
ism
, G
rave
s’ d
isea
se .
• Ca
lciu
m R
egul
atin
g Ho
rmon
es: S
truc
ture
, bio
synt
hesi
s , s
ecre
tion,
tran
spor
t, re
gula
tion,
ca-
tabo
lism
, and
bio
logi
c ac
tions
of p
arat
hyro
id h
orm
one;
dis
orde
rs a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith h
yper
- and
hy
po-a
ctiv
ities
of t
hese
hor
mon
es li
ke; r
ole
of p
arat
hyro
id h
orm
one,
cal
citr
iol,
and
calc
itoni
n in
cal
cium
hom
eost
asis
; hyp
opar
athy
roid
ism
, hyp
erpa
rath
yro
idis
m (p
rimar
y, s
econ
dary
, and
te
rtia
ry),
pseu
dohy
popa
rath
yroi
dism
, ric
kets
, and
ost
eom
alac
ia).
• Ad
rena
l Cor
tical
Hor
mon
es: S
truc
ture
, bio
synt
hesi
s, s
ecre
tion,
tran
spor
t, re
gula
tion,
cat
abo-
lism
, and
bio
logi
c ac
tions
of a
ll ad
rena
l cor
tical
hor
mon
es ;
diso
rder
s as
soci
ated
with
hyp
er-
and
hypo
-act
iviti
es o
f the
se h
orm
ones
like
Cus
hing
’s d
isea
se I
synd
rom
e , s
econ
dary
adr
enal
de
ficie
ncy,
Add
ison
’s di
seas
e , p
rimar
y al
dost
eron
ism
and
sec
onda
ry a
ldos
tero
n is
m .
• Ad
rena
l Med
ulla
ry H
orm
ones
: Str
uctu
re, b
iosy
nthe
sis,
sec
retio
n, tr
ansp
ort,
regu
latio
n,
cata
bolis
m, a
nd b
iolo
gic
actio
ns o
f al
l ad
rena
l m
edul
lary
hor
mon
es; a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d di
sor-
ders
like
phe
ochr
omoc
ytom
a•
Mal
e an
d Fe
mal
e G
onad
al H
orm
ones
: Str
uctu
re, b
iosy
nthe
sis,
sec
retio
n, t
rans
port
, reg
ula-
tion,
cat
abol
ism
, and
bio
logi
c ac
tions
of a
ll m
ale
and
fem
ale
gona
dal h
orm
ones
; dis
orde
rs
asso
ciat
ed w
ith h
yper
- and
hyp
o-ac
tiviti
es o
f the
se h
orm
ones
like
; hyp
ergo
nadi
sm a
nd h
ypo-
gona
dism
in m
ales
and
fem
ales
.•
Horm
ones
o
f P
ancr
eas:
Str
uctu
re, b
iosy
nthe
sis,
sec
retio
n, t
rans
port
, reg
ulat
ion,
cat
ab-
olis
m, a
nd b
iolo
gic
actio
ns o
f all
panc
reat
ic h
orm
ones
(ins
ulin
, glu
cago
n, s
omat
osta
tin a
nd
panc
reat
ic p
olyp
eptid
e);
diso
rder
s as
soci
ated
with
hyp
er- a
nd h
ypo-
activ
ities
of
thes
e ho
r-m
ones
like
; pat
hoph
ysio
logy
of i
nsul
in d
efici
ency
and
dia
bete
s m
ellit
us
C3
C3
C3
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
ww
w.im
c.ed
u.pk
29CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
21: B
ioch
emis
try
of G
astr
oint
estin
al s
yste
m
• In
trodu
ctio
n, c
hem
ical
com
posi
tion,
and
sec
retio
n an
d re
gula
tion
of v
ario
us d
iges
tive
juic
es
of G
IT s
uch
as s
aliv
a, g
astr
ic ju
ice
& HC
I, pa
ncre
atic
juic
e, b
ile, a
nd s
uccu
s en
teric
us•
Hydr
olys
is (d
iges
tion)
of c
arbo
hydr
ates
, lip
ids,
pro
tein
s, a
nd n
ucle
ic a
cids
in g
astro
inte
stin
al
trac
t•
Abso
rptio
n of
car
bohy
drat
es, l
ipid
s an
d am
ino
acid
s.•
Dise
ase
stat
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith G
IT d
isor
ders
like
ach
lorh
ydria
, pep
tic u
lcer
s, la
ctos
e in
tole
r-an
ce, c
hole
lithi
asis
and
per
nici
ous
anem
ia, c
ystic
fibr
osis
and
cel
iac
dise
ase.
• Si
te o
f syn
thes
is a
nd m
ajor
act
ions
of g
astro
inte
stin
al h
orm
ones
like
gas
trin
, cho
lecy
stok
inin
(C
CK),
secr
etin
, gas
tric
inhi
bito
ry p
eptid
e (G
IP),
vaso
activ
e in
test
inal
pol
ypep
tide
(VIP
), m
oti-
lin, e
nkep
halin
s, s
ubst
ance
P, n
euro
tens
in, a
nd e
nter
oglu
cago
n.
C3
C3
C3
C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
Mod
ule
22: M
etab
olis
m o
f xen
obio
tics
• De
finiti
on a
nd c
lass
es o
f im
port
ant x
enob
iotic
s of
med
ical
rele
vanc
e, th
eir p
hase
s of
met
ab-
olis
m a
nd c
linic
al s
igni
fican
ce (C
ytoc
hrom
e P4
50: C
ytoc
hrom
e P4
50 h
ydro
xyla
se c
ycle
in
mic
roso
mes
; ro
le o
f cy
toch
rom
e P4
50 in
pha
se I
met
abol
ism
of
xeno
biot
ics;
indu
ctio
n of
cy
toch
rom
e P4
50)
• Ph
ase
II m
etab
olis
m o
f xen
obio
tics;
type
s of
pha
se II
reac
tions
;•
Resp
onse
s to
xen
obio
tics
incl
udin
g ph
arm
acol
ogic
, to
xic,
im
mun
olog
ic a
nd c
arci
noge
nic
effe
cts
C3
C3
C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
Mod
ule
23: W
ater
& e
lect
roly
te b
alan
ce; a
cid-
base
reg
ulat
ion
• Bi
oche
mic
al m
echa
nism
s to
reg
ulat
e w
ater
and
ele
ctro
lyte
bal
ance
in b
ody:
Flu
id c
ompa
rt-
men
ts o
f the
bod
y; g
ain
and
loss
of b
ody
wat
er; r
egul
atio
n of
bod
y w
ater
bal
ance
, effe
ct o
f pu
re w
ater
dep
rivat
ion,
wat
er e
xces
s or
wat
er in
toxi
catio
n; a
nd e
lect
roly
tes
of b
ody
fluid
s (s
odiu
m, p
otas
sium
, mag
nesi
um a
nd c
hlor
ide)
.•
Body
buf
fer
syst
ems,
role
of l
ung
and
kidn
ey i
n m
aint
enan
ce o
f aci
d-ba
se b
alan
ce•
Acid
-bas
e di
stur
banc
e in
the
body
lik
e re
spira
tory
and
met
abol
ic a
cido
sis
(lact
ic a
cido
sis
and
keto
acid
osis
); re
spira
tory
and
met
abol
ic a
lkal
osis
; con
cept
of a
nion
gap
, bas
e ex
cess
an
d ba
se d
efici
t.•
Clin
ical
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
labo
rato
ry re
port
of a
rter
ial b
lood
gas
es.
C3
C3
C3
C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
ww
w.im
c.ed
u.pk
30CURRICULUM IMC
Con
tent
sO
bjec
tives
Dom
ain
Stra
tegy
Asse
ss-
men
t
Mod
ule
24 P
ract
ical
spe
cial
bio
chem
istr
y
• Th
e in
trodu
ctio
n of
tec
hniq
ues
and
inst
rum
enta
tion
of c
linic
al b
ioch
emis
try
like
cent
rifug
a-tio
n,sp
ectro
phot
omet
ry (v
isib
le, U
V, in
fra
red
and
atom
ic a
bsor
ptio
n), p
H m
etry
, chr
omat
og-
raph
y, e
lect
roph
ores
is, e
nzym
e-lin
ked
imm
unos
orbe
nt a
ssay
(ELI
SA),
mic
ropi
petti
ng, fl
ame
phot
omet
ry a
nd io
n se
lect
ive
elec
trode
(ISE
) tec
hniq
ue•
Colle
ctio
n, p
rese
rvat
ion,
and
sto
rage
of b
lood
sam
ple
• Es
timat
ion
of v
ario
us s
ubst
ance
s in
blo
od a
nd o
ther
bio
logi
cal f
ulid
s, li
ke g
luco
se, c
reat
inin
e,
urea
, pr
otei
n, a
lbum
in,
uric
aci
d, a
nd c
alci
um,
tota
l cho
lest
erol
; HD
L ch
oles
tero
l, an
d tr
ia-
cylg
lyce
rols
; dem
onst
ratio
n of
cre
atin
ine
clea
ranc
e; a
nd o
ral g
luco
se to
lera
nce
test
(OG
TT)
• De
term
inat
ion
of p
lasm
a en
zym
e ac
tiviti
es o
f ala
nine
am
inot
rans
fera
se (A
LT),
aspa
rtat
e am
i-no
tran
sfer
ase
(AST
), am
ylas
e, c
reat
ine
phos
phok
inas
e (C
K),
alka
line
phos
opha
tase
(AL
P),
and
lact
ate
dehy
dryo
gena
se (L
DH)
• Cl
inic
al in
terp
reta
tion
of c
omm
on la
bora
tory
val
ues
of th
e co
mpo
unds
and
enz
ymes
as
liste
d ab
ove
• De
term
inat
ion
of a
min
o ac
ids
in u
rine
by p
aper
chr
omat
ogra
phy
(dem
onst
ratio
n)
C3
C3
C3
C3 C3 C3
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
PBL
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SGD/
LEC
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
SEQ
/MCQ
ww
w.im
c.ed
u.pk
31CURRICULUM IMC
Domain Level
Knowledge
C1 Knowledge C2 Comprehension C3 ApplicationC4 AnalysisC5 SynthesisC6 Evaluation
Psychomotor
P1 Observe P2 Practice P3 Adjust P4 MasterP5 DevelopP6 Construct
Affect
A1 ReceivingA2 RespondingA3 ValuingA4 OrganizationA5 Characterization