curtain wall, from design to completion · curtain wall, from design to completion. trends in...

Nina Yiu

Ove Arup & Partners

Building Envelope Design

Curtain Wall, from Design to Completion

Trends in Curtain Wall Design

Fenestrations

of the past

5 19731980

1950-60 1977

http://hongwrong.com/hong-kong-skyline-through-the-years/

1990s

1980s

http://hongwrong.com/hong-kong-skyline-through-the-years/

Shanghai Liang-yi 1983 SZ World Trade 1985Beijing Great Wall Hotel 1984

Shenzhen Jinguang Center 1995 Lingbo Hualiang 1996 Shanghai Jing-mo1998

1980 ~ 1990

Birth of the

Curtain wall

Beijing World Trade Center 1995GZ International 1990 Shanghai Jing-mao 1998

Beijing Great Wall Hotel 1984

2000’s

Advancement

in Façades

Rapid economic growth

Surge of high-rise buildings

Unitized curtain wall became

more prevalent

Construction means and

methods improved

Shanghai K11 2002 Shanghai Shimao International Plaza 2005

2000’s

Advancement

in Façades

Manufacturing sector grew rapidly

New wealth created

Crave new design

and technology

Asia Alum. HQ 2008

2000’s

Advancement

in Façades

International Architects

Brought in advanced

technology from overseas

Develop domestic

manufacturers’ skills

Supply chain also excels

Better design and

performing product

Apple store @ Henderson Metropolitan 2011 Shanghai CNPC 2012

Beijing GreenPix media wall 2008

Tianjin Yujiapu Railway Station 2015

Iconic project

Company identity

Show case

Competition

Beijing Parkview 2012

Future

Endeavors

Challenging

projects will

continue

Lead in super high-

rise buildings

More in the

planning stage

© CTBUH

© Inhabitat

Future

Endeavors

Sustainability

Hong Kong Construction Industry Council Zero Carbon Building

Ronald Lu & Partners (HK) Ltd

2012

Sun path

Day lighting

Wind movement

Natural ventilation

Integrated landscape

Heat island effect

A smart building with 3,000 sensors reporting on

performance. Results are displayed interactively on a

3-D model of the building in real time.

Four microclimate monitoring stations around the site

to understand its performance and interaction with

surroundings.

Ultra-energy-efficient building systems with smart control monitors.

On-site renewable energy generation of photovoltaic and biodiesel tri-generation.

23

BIQ: Bioreactive Façade

(Algae Façade)

Completed 2012

Pilot project BIQIBA, Hamburg

By Colt, Arup, Strategic Science Consult

24 SolarLeaf by Colt + Arup + SSC

The “SolarLeaf” Concept

Function:

• Photobioreactor

• Solar thermal collecter

• Dynamic shadding

25 Bioreactive Façade / Algae Façade

Building Integration

BIOMASS BIO GAS Geothermal Storage

Heat Exchanger

Biomass Harvest

Micro CHP

Central Energy Plant

Heat pump

Warm water

Heat

26

Renewable EnergyMicro algae capture solar energy to generate biomass, biomass can be

stored without losses and can be converted to bio gas

27

Geo-EngineeringInstitution of mechanical engineers

29

Green Roofs

Ideal Greenery-on-Metal Roof (Exemplar Performance)

Substrate

200-300mm depth

Adequate drainage & retention

ability

Sourced locally

With recycled contents

Erosion control measures

High organic matter & density

Green Roof Materials

Drainage mat with retention ability

Filter layer leakage

≥20% of green roof components

with recycled contents

≥20% sourced from HK & nearby

Sustainability Design

FactorsPlants

Moss/sedum, meadow & shrub

vegetation

Dense plant coverage

LAI ≥4

Plant height ≤300mm

High root density & deep rooted

≥30% water efficient species

≥30% drought resistant species

Medium diversity (20-50%) from

≥1 taxa group

70-95% native / adapted plant

species

≥5 pollinator attracting plants

≥1 rare plant species from 2-3 taxa

groups

Plants that are in-leaf year round

Leaves with parallel, pronounced

grooves, small barbs, less waxy

surfaces

Plant species requiring less

fertiliser

Plants established before rainy

season

Irrigation Management

Adequate irrigation & maintenance

Drip system or low-pressure

sprinklers

Weather based sensors

More efficient emitters with lower

flow rates

Correctly pressurised spray heads /

nozzles

Rainwater harvesting <100% of

irrigation demand

Technical Design FactorsMaterial

a. Profiled metal sheet: Aluminium,

Steel or Stainless Steel

b. Waterproofing membrane: Fluid-

applied elastomeric membrane,

APP-and SBS- polymer-modified

bitumen sheet membrane, EPDM

membrane or Polyvinyl chloride

(PVC) membrane

c. Compatible materials for the

assemblies

Structure

d. Maintenance traffic zoned within

300mm of the structural beams

e. Lightweight growing medium on

a roof (960-1520kg/m3)

f. Ballast or Pavers (of 450mm-

610mm width) on roof perimeter for

wind uplift projection

g. Additional shear barriers at roof

slope greater than 20° (36.4%)

Slope & Drainage

h. Gutter with resistance of wind

load and maintenance foot traffic

i. Free vegetation zone at roof

perimeter for minimum 200mm

j. Roof slope less than 45°

k. Minimum slope corresponding to

fall of 4 times the deflection D

under dead load

Weathertightness

l. Flashing overlaps of minimum

120mm for the width and minimum

150mm for the height above

finished roof level

m. Large units mounted on a raised

kerb or steel stub column

n. VCL on the warm side of the

insulation

o. VCL installation continued

through the roof

Maintenance Access

p. Roof traffic permission only for

authorised personnel

q. Lift, staircases or/and workspace

before roof access for easy

transportation and the preparation

r. Appropriate maintenance access

lid

l

f

h

m

o

r

e

q

Type 1:

Green Roof on Profiled Metal Roofing

System

BMU Type 1:

Fall Arrest System

Type 2: Green Roof on Waterproofing

Membrane Roofing System

BMU Type 2: Walkway System

n

a

EXIT

To Rainwater Harvesting System

r

GrateSecondary

Outlet Downpipe

Roof

Truss

Purlins Liner /

Deck

Insulation Drainage

Module

Vapour Control

Layer

Visual

Benefits

for

Building

Occupants

b

© O Marceny

30

Stormwater

Increasing arthropod abundance and richness and sustain

pollinators

Improving vegetation survival & reduce maintenance

rates

Reducing the transmission of sound from the exterior

to the interior of buildings

Reducing the transmission of sound across their

surface to reduce urban noise levels

Trapping wind-blown particulates PM 2.5 and PM 10

using the surfaces of the plants

Sequestering carbon dioxide and other gaseous pollutants

Breaking down certain organic compounds

Reducing energy consumption and associated benefits

Having environmental benefits

Increasing the life span of the metal roof due to reduced

ultraviolet radiation

Increasing embodied carbon during manufacturing,

transportation and installation.

Requiring water, fertiliser and transportation through

maintenance.

Requiring disposal at the end of its life cycle.

Requiring irrigation to maintain adequate substrate

moisture

Requiring pumping energy to operate the irrigation

system

Requiring management

Absorbing and storing heat in the vegetation

Shading the roof surface by the vegetation

Cooling by evapotranspiration from the vegetation

Insulation by the soil

Cooling by evaporation from the soil

Providing shade and insulation for roofs through its

soil and vegetation

Cooling ambient temperature through the

evapotranspiration process of plants

Warming up more slowly

Intercepting rain using the vegetation surfaces

Retaining rainwater within the substrate

Retaining rainwater within the drainage and retention

layer and moisture retention mat

Absorbing moisture through its plant roots

Storing water in plant tissues before evapotranspiration

into the atmosphere

Energy

Urban Heat Island

Irrigation

Stormwater Life Cycle

Air Pollution

Acoustics

Biodiversity

Stormwater

Increasing arthropod abundance and richness and sustain

pollinators

Improving vegetation survival & reduce maintenance

rates

Reducing the transmission of sound from the exterior

to the interior of buildings

Reducing the transmission of sound across their

surface to reduce urban noise levels

Trapping wind-blown particulates PM 2.5 and PM 10

using the surfaces of the plants

Sequestering carbon dioxide and other gaseous pollutants

Breaking down certain organic compounds

Reducing energy consumption and associated benefits

Having environmental benefits

Increasing the life span of the metal roof due to reduced

ultraviolet radiation

Increasing embodied carbon during manufacturing,

transportation and installation.

Requiring water, fertiliser and transportation through

maintenance.

Requiring disposal at the end of its life cycle.

Requiring irrigation to maintain adequate substrate

moisture

Requiring pumping energy to operate the irrigation

system

Requiring management

Absorbing and storing heat in the vegetation

Shading the roof surface by the vegetation

Cooling by evapotranspiration from the vegetation

Insulation by the soil

Cooling by evaporation from the soil

Providing shade and insulation for roofs through its

soil and vegetation

Cooling ambient temperature through the

evapotranspiration process of plants

Warming up more slowly

Intercepting rain using the vegetation surfaces

Retaining rainwater within the substrate

Retaining rainwater within the drainage and retention

layer and moisture retention mat

Absorbing moisture through its plant roots

Storing water in plant tissues before evapotranspiration

into the atmosphere

Energy

Urban Heat Island

Irrigation

Stormwater Life Cycle

Air Pollution

Acoustics

Biodiversity

Green Roofs

31 © Chlad.com

How we design

Culture / Art / Beauty

文化 / 艺术 / 美观

The “old” days

© Sourceable net


文化 / 艺术 / 美观CAD: the present

or

the “past”


文化 / 艺术 / 美观The “present”

BIM tools

FME

BIM toolsHelp us with…

Analyze and rationalize

Respect design intent

Can be build in a cost

effective and less time

consuming way

Set the stage

WPS5

WPS1

Analyze: complex forms

Where will we go?

Test

&

Realize

Make quick changes

& Coordinate

To

Communicate

Cost

Assessment:

Quantity

Design for Practical

• From the primary structure:

• Building movements due to loading

• Wind sway

• Vibration

• Creep

• Wind loading

• Snow loading

• Settlement and heave

• From the cladding:

• Self-weight deformations

• Wind sway

• Seismic sway

• From the material behaviour:

• Moisture movement

• Thermal movement

Design for

accommodation

of movement and

tolerances

Aware of Silly Mistakes

Delivery

56

Thank You!

curtain wall, from design to completion · curtain wall, from design to completion. trends in...

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