cutaneous manifestations of systemic diseaes mcqs

8/11/2019 Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseaes MCQs

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Q/Q(M)-482361 Report a Problem

What is the most common internal cause of intractable pruritus?

4 Chronic renal failure

Chronic renal failure is the most common internal systemic cause of pruritus. Up to 49% of patients

with chronic renal failure have pruritus. Other systemic causes of pruritus include liver disease,

hepatitis C, hypo and hyperthryoidism, iron deficiency anemia, polycyhtemia vera, Hodkin's

lymphoma, leukemia, carcinoid, internal malignancy, AIDS, and internal parasites.


The peak sensitivity to prophyrins occurs at which wavelengths?

1 220-290nm

2 290-320nm

3 320-400nm

4 400-410nm5 410-450nm


The peak sensitivity to prophyrins occurs at which wavelengths?

4 400-410nm

The Soret band (400-410 nm) is the portion of ultraviolet wavelengths at which most porphyrins are

most sensitive.


Regarding eruptive xanthomas, which of the following is true?

1 They occur in the setting of familial hyperlipidemia types I, IV, and V

2 They occur in the setting of familial hyperlipidemia types II and III

3 Triglyceride levels are usually below 500mg/dl

4 They are most commonly found on the eyelids

5 They are not related to alcohol consumptionQ/Q(M)-479281 Report a Problem

Regarding eruptive xanthomas, which of the following is true?

1 They occur in the setting of familial hyperlipidemia types I, IV, and V

Eruptive xanthomas generally occur in patients with triglyceride levels of 2000mg/dl or greater.

Associations include poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus, retinoids, estrogens, excessive alcohol

consumption (leading to pancreatitis) and familial hyperlipidemias types I, IV and V. Clinically, they

appear as crops of firm, non-tender yellowish papules with an erythematous border. Most commonly,

they occur on the extensor surfaces, but they can be diffuse. A reduction in triglycerides and/or tightglucose control usually results in a reduction in the number of lesions.



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A 63-year-old male develops small, non-tender, violaceous papules on his dorsal hands, face, ears, and

trunk. The patient also develops a destructive arthropathy with finger deformities. What percentage of

patients with this condition has an associated malignancy?

1 20-25%

2 5-10%

3 65-70%

4 50-55%

5 85-90%


A 63-year-old male develops small, non-tender, violaceous papules on his dorsal hands, face, ears, and

trunk. The patient also develops a destructive arthropathy with finger deformities. What percentage of

patients with this condition has an associated malignancy?

1 20-25%

This patient has developed multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Histopathology of the skin lesions will

display multinucleated oncocytic giant cells with eosinophilic ground glass cytoplasm. Half of these

patients will develop a mutilating arthritis. 20-25% of patients with multicentric reticulohistiocytosis

will develop an associated malignancy. The malignancy is usually a carcinoma, but there is no

predominant type.


Which of the following skin findings is most closely linked to hepatocellular carcinoma as a

paraneoplastic syndrome?

1 Pityriasis lichenoides

2 Pityriasis alba

3 Pityriasis amiantacea

4 Pityriasis rotunda5 Pityriasis rosea


Which of the following skin findings is most closely linked to hepatocellular carcinoma as a

paraneoplastic syndrome?

4 Pityriasis rotunda

Pityriasis rotunda is an dermatosis that features characteristic discrete, circular, scaly, brown patches on

the trunk and extremities. Pityriasis rotunda may be associated with systemic diseases in certain racially

predisposed groups (blacks), and has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.




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All of the following are true regarding incontinentia pigmenti EXCEPT:

1 It is caused by a mutation in the NEMO gene

2 It is an X-linked recessive disorder

3 Inflammation and blistering may be followed by hyperkeratotic, verrucous lesions

4 It is associated with cerebellar ataxia

5 It is associated with coloboma and retinal detachment


All of the following are true regarding incontinentia pigmenti EXCEPT:

2 It is an X-linked recessive disorder

Incontinentia pigmenti is an X-linked dominant disorder caused by a mutation in the NEMO gene.

Females only present at birth with linear lesions of inflammation and blistering (stage 1), followed by

hyperkeratotic verrucous areas (stage 2), hyperpigmentation (stage 3), and then atrophy (stage 4).Systemic findings include psychomotor retardation, microcephaly, seizures, cerebellar ataxia,

coloboma, and retinal detachment.


A patient on hemodialysis presents with indurated plaques having a peau d�orange texture on the

bilateral lower legs. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

1 The diagnostic histopathological findings include acanthosis and hyperkeratosis

2 Serum protein electrophoresis should be performed

3 Dapsone will likely be effective treatment

4 The face is usually is affected

5 The palms and soles are usually affected


A patient on hemodialysis presents with indurated plaques having a peau d�orange texture on the

bilateral lower legs. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

2 Serum protein electrophoresis should be performed

This patient likely has nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD). NFD is an acquired, idiopathic

disorder that occurs in renal disease patients. It resembles scleroderma or eosinophilic fasciitis

clinically and scleromyxedema histopathologically. Large areas of indurated skin with fibrotic nodules

and plaques develop. The extremities are most commonly involved, followed by the trunk. The face,

palms and soles are almost never involved. Histopathologically, NFD displays a proliferation of dermal

fibroblasts and dendritic cells, thickened collagen bundles, increased elastic fibers, and mucin

deposition. Serum protein electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis results are negative unlike

scleromyxedema, and may be helpful to distinguish the two diseases. NFD is usually a chronic,

progressive condition, and favorable responses to medical intervention are anecdotal.




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A 2 year old child is evaluated for suspected diagnosis of neurofibromatosis. Which of the following

diagnostic findings is typically absent on exam in this age group?

1 neurofibromas

2 macrocephaly

3 pigmented iris hamartomas

4 seizures

5 cafe au lait macules


A 2 year old child is evaluated for suspected diagnosis of neurofibromatosis. Which of the following

diagnostic findings is typically absent on exam in this age group?

1 neurofibromas

Cutaneous neurofibromas typically appear after puberty. The absence of neurofibromas in young

children does not rule out this diagnosis. Pigmented iris hamartomas are more likely finding in youngchildren than neurofibromas.


A 50-year old woman with a history of spontaneous pneumothorax develops multiple firm, skin colored

lesions on her face and neck over a period of several years. This patient should have periodic

surveillance for the development of:

1 Renal Cell Carcinoma

2 Gastric Carcinoma

3 Breast Carcinoma

4 Ovarian Carcinoma

5 Lung Carcinoma


A 50-year old woman with a history of spontaneous pneumothorax develops multiple firm, skin colored

lesions on her face and neck over a period of several years. This patient should have periodic

surveillance for the development of:

1 Renal Cell Carcinoma

This patient has Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, an autosomal dominant defect of the BHD gene that

encodes folliculin. This syndrome is characterized by the development of trichodiscomas,

fibrofolliculomas, and acrochordons starting around age 30. The patients are also at risk for the

development of spontaneous pneumothorax and renal cell carcinoma.


The shoulder pad sign has been described in which disease?

1 Dermatomyositis



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2 Cushings disease

3 Systemic amyloidosis

4 Nephrogenic fibosing dermopathy

5 Systemic lupus erythematosis


The shoulder pad sign has been described in which disease?

3 Systemic amyloidosis

The shoulder pad sign has been described in the setting of late systemic amyloidosis and is due to the

direct deposition of amyloid in the deltoid muscles.


One might see all of the following laboratory and clinical abnormalities in cryoglobulinemia associatedwith hepatitis C virus infection EXCEPT:

1 Elevated liver function tests

2 Positive rheumatoid factor

3 Elevated C3 levels

4 Acrocyanosis

5 Urticarial plaques


One might see all of the following laboratory and clinical abnormalities in cryoglobulinemia associated

with hepatitis C virus infection EXCEPT:

3 Elevated C3 levels

Laboratory abnormalities of HCV include an elevation of liver enzymes, positive rheumatoid factor

(70-90%), and DEPRESSED C3 levels. Classical clinical presentation includes palpable purpura,

arthralgias, and glomerulonephritis. Livedo reticularis, hemorrhagic bullae, acrocyanosis, and urticarial

plaques can also be found.


Patients with Werner �s syndrome typically experience which of the following types of cardiac

disease?

1 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

2 Aortic aneurysms

3 Premature atherosclerosis

4 Cardiomegaly5 Mitral valve prolapse



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Patients with Werner �s syndrome typically experience which of the following types of cardiac

disease?

3 Premature atherosclerosis

Werner �s syndrome or Progeria is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in WRN (Recql2) gene,which encodes DNA helicase. This defect leads to defects in DNA repair and replication. Patients

prematurely age and essentially experience many diseases of aging early in childhood and teen years.

They exhibit tight atrophic skin, relatively large heads for body size, leg ulcers and cannities. Patients

experience early, accelerated atherosclerosis leading to death by myocardial infarction. In addition, type

II diabetes, cataracts, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and hypogonadism are features.


Which of the following is characteristic of diabetic skin?

1 Approximately 20% of diabetics have necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD)2 The level of cleavage in bullous diabeticorum is subcorneal

3 Candida tropicalis is the most common cause of angular cheilitis

4 There is a well-established association between deep granuloma annulare (GA) and diabetes

5 Yellow skin may occur in up to 10% of diabetics


Which of the following is characteristic of diabetic skin?

5 Yellow skin may occur in up to 10% of diabetics

Perhaps 0.3 to 3% of diabetics have NLD, whereas approximately 20% of NLD patients have diabetes

or glucose intolerance. The split in bullous diabeticorum is normally either intraepidermal or

subepidermal. C. albicans is the most common cause of diabetes-related yeast infections. The

association between GA and diabetes is controversial, but if the two are related, generalized and

perforating GA have been implicated. Yellow skin may occur in up to 10% of diabetic patients and is

characterized by diffuse yellow-orange skin. Half of these patients have elevated serum carotene levels.

The suggested is cause is elevated consumption of yellow fruits and vegetables in the setting of

impaired hepatic metabolism of carotene and subsequent non-enzymatic glycosylation of dermal

collagen.


A patient presents with episodic flushing of the face and neck, abdominal pain, wheezing, cough, and

diarrhea. Carcinoid syndrome is suspected. Which of the following tests would confirm the diagnosis?

1 Change of urine to green color upon addition of nitrosonaphthol

2 Elevated urinary 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid

3 Elevated 24-hour urine norepinephrine

4 Decreased 24-hour urine vanilylmandelic acid

5 Elevated serum tryptase



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A patient presents with episodic flushing of the face and neck, abdominal pain, wheezing, cough, and

diarrhea. Carcinoid syndrome is suspected. Which of the following tests would confirm the diagnosis?

2 Elevated urinary 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid

The urine in a patient with carcinoid syndrome features high levels of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and

changes color to purple upon addition of nitrosonaphthol. Elevated 24-hour urine norepinephrine orvanilylmandelic acid are seen in pheochromocytoma. Mastocytosis features high levels of tryptase.


Which of the following may be an early cutaneous manifestation of Sipple syndrome (multiple

endocrine neoplasia type 2A)?

1 mucosal neuromas

2 Koenen tumor

3 mandibular osteomas

4 multiple pilomatricomas

5 cutaneous amyloidosis


Which of the following may be an early cutaneous manifestation of Sipple syndrome (multiple

endocrine neoplasia type 2A)?

5 cutaneous amyloidosis

Sipple syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A) is an autosomal dominant disorder

characterized by the development of pheochromocytomas, medullary thyroid carcinomas, and

hyperparathyroidism. The associated mutation is found in the RET proto-oncogene. An early cutaneous

manifestation includes the development of lichen or macular amyloidosis (both keratin-derived

cutaneous amyloidoses) often localized to interscapular patches, which may be pruritic (similar to

notalgia paresthetica). The latter arises during teenage years and may be the earliest presenting sign of

this disease.


The patient demonstrated in figure 6 would have:

1 LDL receptor deficiency

2 Decreased chylomicrons

3 Elevated triglycerides

4 Decreased LDL

5 Decreased triglycerides




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The patient demonstrated in figure 6 would have:


This patient has eruptive xanthomas, a condition which is classically associated with elevated serum

triglycerides.


Which of the following is NOT normally associated with dermatomyositis?

1 Ovarian cancer in women

2 Psoriasiform dermatitis of the scalp

3 Elevated aldolase levels

4 Cuticular dystrophy

5 Testicular cancer in men


Which of the following is NOT normally associated with dermatomyositis?

5 Testicular cancer in men

Dermatomyositis is characterized by proximal muscle weakness and a constellation of cutaneous

findings. Skin findings include periorbital edema and poikiloderma (heliotrope), Gottron�s sign and

papules, nail fold telangiectasia, cuticular dystrophy, poikiloderma in a shawl distribution and

photosensitivity. Psoriasiform dermatitis and scaling of the palms and soles may occur. Children more

often display calcinosis cutis and vasculitis. Within the first 3 years of diagnosis there is a higher

likelihood of malignancy. Women are at risk for ovarian and breast carcinoma, and men are at risk for

gastric carcinoma and lymphoma. Diagnostic findings include elevated creatine kinase (CK) andaldolase, inflammatory muscle biopsy changes or abnormal muscle MRI, and abnormal EMG.



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Treatment includes corticosteroids, methotrexate and other immunosuppressive medications.


Which of the following is TRUE about diabetic-related skin disease?

1 Bullae are common on the thighs

2 Yellow skin affects the majority of diabetic patients

3 Diabetic dermopathy affects the upper back

4 Necrobiosis lipoidica affects approximately 20% of diabetics

5 Direct immunofluorenscence is usually negative in bullous diabeticorum


Which of the following is TRUE about diabetic-related skin disease?

5 Direct immunofluorenscence is usually negative in bullous diabeticorum

Approximately 30% of diabetic patients have cutaneous manifestations of their disease. Diabeticdermopathy, or�shin spots� is the most common cutaneous association with diabetes. Patients are

generally long-standing diabetics, and are associated with symmetrical brownish, atrophic plaques on

the shins. Acanthosis nigricans is more common in black and Hispanic diabetics, and may be a

component of the HAIRAN (hyperandrogen, insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans) syndrome.

Hyperpigmented velvety plaques are most often found in the flexures. Waxy, thick skin and limited

joint mobility are both related to poor glucose control. Scleredema diabeticorum, which most often

causes thickened plaques of the upper back and neck most often affects type II diabetics. Necrobiosis

lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) is present in only 0.3 to 3% of diabetics, but perhaps 20% of patients

with NLD have diabetes or glucose intolerance. Sharply-demarcated yellow-brown, telangiectatic

plaques are found on the tibial surfaces. Ulceration may occur. Yellow skin may affect approximately

10% of diabetics and presents diffusely. Serum carotene levels may be elevated. Perforating disordersmay be related, especially in the setting of renal disease. In the setting of hypertriglyceridemia, eruptive

xanthomata may be present. The association between diabetes and granuloma annulare (GA) is

controversial. If truly an association, the generalized and perforating forms of GA are most commonly

associated. Infectious associations include candidiasis, which may present an angular cheilitis, chronic

paronychia, interdigital or intertriginous disease. Cutaneous bacterial infections, including group A and

B streptococci, pseudomonas aerugenosa and corynebacterium are more common. Dermatophyte

infections are not more common, although tinea pedis may increase the risk for cellulitis in diabetic

patients. Finally, rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a potential disasterous complication of uncontrolled

hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis. Mortality rates can approach 35%.


Which of the following is FALSE regarding Fabry�s disease?

1 It is inherited in an X-linked recessive fashion

2 It is associated with acral parasthesias

3 It is inherited in an X-linked dominant fashion

4 It may be associated with renal failure

5 The etiology is a defect in alpha-galactosidase A




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Which of the following is FALSE regarding Fabry�s disease?

3 It is inherited in an X-linked dominant fashion

Fabry�s disease is an X-linked lysosomal disorder that leads to excessive deposition of neutral

glycosphingolipids in the vascular endothelium. The disorder is caused by a deficiency of alpha-

galactosidase-A leading to progressive endothelial accumulation of glycosphingolipids. This

accumulation accounts for the associated clinical abnormalities of skin, eye, kidney, heart, brain, and peripheral nervous system. Acroparesthesias are a frequent presenting symptom of Fabry�s disease.

The primary cutaneous manifestation are angiokeratomata (angiokeratoma corporis diffusum), which

are most common in a� bathing-trunk � distribution. Lens opacities and retinal and conjunctival

vascular malformations may be found in the eyes. Patients may experience cardiac disease, stroke or

renal failure.


A middle-aged gentleman who avoided healthcare dies suddenly from gastrointestinal hemorrhage.Post-mortem examination reveals multiple soft blue compressible tumors on the trunk, arms, and

tongue. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is caused by a mutation in what gene?

1 VMCM1

2 ENG

3 VEGF

4 PTEN

5 RET


A middle-aged gentleman who avoided healthcare dies suddenly from gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Post-mortem examination reveals multiple soft blue compressible tumors on the trunk, arms, and

tongue. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is caused by a mutation in what gene?

1 VMCM1

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is a rare sporadic or autosomal dominant disorder with soft

compressible blue tumors on the trunk and arms. Nocturnal pain is characteristic. Gastrointestinal

hemangiomas can cause hemorrhage. Mutations in the VMCM1 gene are reported.


Which of the following is not a feature of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome?

1 Diarrhea

2 Alopecia

3 Lung carcinoma

4 Dystrophic nails

5 Hyperpigmented macules




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Which of the following is not a feature of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome?

3 Lung carcinoma

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome is a rare, non-familial disease characterized by patchy alopecia, nail

changes or loss, lentigines, inflammatory polyps, abdominal pain, and a protein losing enteropathy.


Which of the following diseases is caused by an enzymatic defect that occurs in the mitochondria?

1 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda

2 Acute Intermittent Porphyria

3 Congenital Erythropoeitic Porphyria

4 Erythropoeitic Protoporphyria

5 Hepatoerythropoetic Porphyria


Which of the following diseases is caused by an enzymatic defect that occurs in the mitochondria?

4 Erythropoeitic Protoporphyria

Defects in many of the enzymes involved in heme synthesis are responsible for porphyrias. The first

and last three steps of the heme synthesis pathway occur in the mitochondria.


Features of Cushing disease include all of the following EXCEPT?

1 Facial plethora

2 Striae

3 Hypertension

4 Suppression of corticotropin occurs with administration of dexamethasone

5 Hirsutism


Features of Cushing disease include all of the following EXCEPT?

4 Suppression of corticotropin occurs with administration of dexamethasone

Cushing syndrome is caused by excess levels of either exogenously administrated glucocorticoids or

endogenous overproduction of cortisol. The syndrome is most commonly caused by the therapeutic

administration of exogenous glucocorticoids. The term "Cushing's disease" is reserved for Cushing's

syndrome that is caused by excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) by a pituitary

tumor, usually an adenoma. Other endogenous sources include an adrenal tumor and other

malignancies (i.e. oat cell carcinoma of the lung). Patients develop moon facies, facial plethora,

supraclavicular fat pads, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, and striae. In addition, proximal muscle

weakness, easy bruising, weight gain, hirsutism, and, in children, growth retardation may occur.Systemic sequelae include hypertension, osteopenia, diabetes mellitus, and impaired immune function.

Excess endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids can result in a leukocytosis and hypokalemic



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metabolic acidosis. Urine cortisol levels 3 to 4 times normal are diagnostic. The dexamethasonesuppression test is a valuable diagnostic tool. For this study, 1mg is given at 11pm and the 8am cortisol

level is tested. A level of >10 �g/dL is diagnostic. In patients with Cushing�s disease, the

dexamethasone does not suppress corticotropin. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation

test is also used to distinguish patients with pituitary adenomas and those with ectopic ACTH syndrome

or cortisol-secreting adrenal tumors.


All of the following are true regarding the condition pictured EXCEPT:

1 Men with this condition may be at increased risk for lymphoma

2 Associated calcinosis cutis may be seen in pediatric patients

3 Age-appropriate cancer screening is recommended

4 May be associated with a psoriasiform scalp dermatitis

5 Elevated aldolase is more specific than CPK



5 Elevated aldolase is more specific than CPK

All of the statements regarding dermatomyositis are true except for statement E. Elevated muscle

enzymes are found in dermatomyositis, but elevated CPK is more specific than aldolase. Diagnosis isalso established with muscle biopsy showing evidence of inflammation and abnormal EMG.


In patients with mixed cryoglobulinema associated with hepatitis C, the most likely laboratory

abnormality is:

1 Elevated rheumatoid factor

2 + ANA

3 + p-ANCA4 Decreased cryoglobulins



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5 Elevated hematocrit


In patients with mixed cryoglobulinema associated with hepatitis C, the most likely laboratory

abnormality is:

1 Elevated rheumatoid factorIn patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia, the most likely laboratory abnormality among the options

listed is an elevated rheumatoid factor.


Which of the following is NOT true regarding calciphylaxis?

1 Patients with proximally-located lesions have a better prognosis than those with acral lesions

2 May be treated with parathyroidectomy

3 May be present with retiform purpura

4Histologic findings include medial calcification and intimal hyperplasia of small arteries and

arterioles

5 Has an associated mortality of 60-80%


Which of the following is NOT true regarding calciphylaxis?

1 Patients with proximally-located lesions have a better prognosis than those with acral lesions

Distribution of lesions in calciphylaxis may predict prognosis; those with acral lesions have a better

outcome than those with proximally located lesions.


Which of the following laboratory abnormalities is most common in patients with cholesterol emboli?

1 Neutrophilia

2 Elevated amylase3 Hypercalcemia

4 Eosinophilia

5 Anemia


Which of the following laboratory abnormalities is most common in patients with cholesterol emboli?

4 Eosinophilia

Eosinophilia develops within 3 days of embolization in 70-80% of patients and may remain elevated

for up to 1 month. Patients with cholesterol emboli typically have an elevated ESR and C-reactive



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protein as well. Leukocytosis can also be seen in up to half of patients.


Which of the following is NOT associated with Cronkhite-Canada syndrome?

1 Lentigines

2 Adenomatous gastrointestinal polyps3 Fibrocystic breast disease

4 Onycholysis

5 Weight loss


Which of the following is NOT associated with Cronkhite-Canada syndrome?

3 Fibrocystic breast disease

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is a rare, sporadically occurring, non-inherited disorder

characterized by generalized gastrointestinal polyps, cutaneous pigmentation, alopecia, and

onychodystrophy. The pathogenesis is unknown. The GI polyps are hamartomatous and malignant

degeneration is unusual. Cutaneous signs include circumscribed lentiginous hyperpigmentation,alopecia and nail dystrophy. Often, symptoms appear in the sequence of gastrointestinal symptoms,

weight loss, weakness, edema, and then cutaneous changes after weeks or months. CCS is a progressive

disease, and often carriers a poor prognosis primarily because of difficulties with fluid and electrolyte

management. Fibrocystic breast disease is associated with Cowden?s disease (multiple hamartoma

syndrome).


Which of the following cutaneous findings are characteristic for Vohwinkles Syndrome?

1Honeycombed diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma, pseudoainhum with autoamputation, star-

shaped keratosis over knuckles, nail dystrophy, and alopecia

2 Dense depigmented lusterless hair, pili torti, doughy skin, diffuse cutaneous hypopigmentation

3Transient erythroderma at birth, palmoplantar keratoderma, follicular hyperkeratosis, scarring

alopecia, dystrophic nails

4Rapidly progressive alopecia of all hair-bearing areas, onycholysis, onychoschizia,

onychomadesis, hyperpigmented macules on extremities

5 Oral papillomatosis, palmoplantar keratoses, acral keratoses, lipomas, hemangiomas, scrotaltongue


Which of the following cutaneous findings are characteristic for Vohwinkles Syndrome?

1Honeycombed diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma, pseudoainhum with autoamputation, star-

shaped keratosis over knuckles, nail dystrophy, and alopecia

Vohwinkles Syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a mutation of the GJB2 gene

which encodes Connexin 26. Clinical features include deafness, as well as the cutaneous findings

described in choice A.




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Which of the following is true regarding treatment of inflammatory dermatoses with potassium iodide?

1 The Wolff-Chaikoff effect must be considered

2 Binding of excess organic iodide in the thryoid gland may occur

3 Thyroid hormone synthesis may be inhibited

4 None of the answers are correct

5 All of these answers are correctQ/Q(M)-473944 Report a Problem

Which of the following is true regarding treatment of inflammatory dermatoses with potassium iodide?

5 All of these answers are correct

The Wolff-Chaikoff effect is described as the binding of excess organic iodide in the thyroid gland with

resultant inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis. This can occur in the setting of patients with

erythema nodosum (or other inflammatory dermatoses) being treated with potassium iodide.


Regarding eruptive xanthomata, which of the following is TRUE?

1 They are associated with type II and III hyperlipidemias

2 They are associated with calcium channel blockers

3 There is no association with ethanol consumption

4 They are associated with type I, IV, and V hyperlipidemias

5 They favor the flexor surfaces of the extremities


Regarding eruptive xanthomata, which of the following is TRUE?

4 They are associated with type I, IV, and V hyperlipidemias

Eruptive xanthomata appear as erythematous to yellow papule, from1 to 4mm in diameter, generally

distributed over the extensor arms, hands, and buttocks. They are present in response to either primaryor secondary hypertriglyceridemia. Primary causes are discussed below. Secondary causes include

obesity, diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption, estrogens, and systemic retinoids. Type I

hyperlipidemia is caused by lipoprotein lipase deficiency and patients have elevated levels of

triglycerides (TG) and chylomicrons (chylo). Type I may be associated with eruptive xanthomata,

lipemia retinalis, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, and hepatosplenomegaly. Type IIA is heterozygous for

apolipoprotein B deficiency, and results in increased low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Patients may

show tendinous or tuberous xanthomata and are at high risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) and

stroke. Type IIB is homozygous for apolipoprotein B deficiency and patients have elevated LDL, very

low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and TG. Intertriginous and tuberous xanthomata in addition to

advanced atherosclerosis, CAD and stroke at an early age are associated with type IIB. Type III is

caused by apolipoprotein E deficiency resulting in elevated intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) andTG, and displays palmar/plantar, tendinous and tuberous xanthomata. This disease is associated with

diabetes, gout, CAD and stroke. Type IV disease is characterized by increased TG and VLDL and



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patients may have eruptive xanthomata along with CAD, diabetes and stroke. Type V is caused by anapolipoprotein C2 defect resulting in increased TG, chylo, and VLDL. Eruptive xanthomata, diabetes,

hepatosplenomegaly, lipemia retinalis and pancreatitis are associated with type V.


A 58 year old female with lifelong Type 1 diabetes mellitus has end-stage renal failure. What is the

most common cutaneous manifestation of end stage renal disease?

1 Pruritus

2 Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

3 Hyperpigmentation

4 Acquired perforating dermatosis

5 Skin pallor


A 58 year old female with lifelong Type 1 diabetes mellitus has end-stage renal failure. What is the

most common cutaneous manifestation of end stage renal disease?

1 Pruritus

There are may cutaneous manifestations of end-stage renal disease. Chronic anemia can cause skin

pallor. Deposition of carotenoids can give the skin a yellowish hue. Photo-distributed

hyperpigmentation and ecchymoses are also commonly seen. The most common cutaneous

manifestation, however, is pruritus. Other cutaneous findings include metastatic calcification, acquired

perforating dermatosis, and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.


A patient with congenital hypertrophy of retinal epithelium is most likely to have:

1 An autosomal dominant mutation in the MSH2 gene

2 Pheochromocytoma

3 Adenomatous polyposis

4 Tram-track calcifications on head radiograph

5 Peg-shaped teeth


A patient with congenital hypertrophy of retinal epithelium is most likely to have:

3 Adenomatous polyposis

Congenital hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment (CHRPE) is an early feature of Gardner syndrome

(GS). It is found in approximately 60% of patients with GS. GS is an autosomal dominant disorder

characterized by precancerous intestinal polyposis and subsequent adenocarcinoma of the

gastrointestinal tract. Cutaneous manifestations include epidermoid cysts, osteomas, desmoids and

fibrous tumors. A mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, a tumor suppressor gene, is

responsible for the disease. Most patients develop colon carcinoma by the 2nd or 3rd decade.Therefore, prophylactic colectomy is warranted. Mutations in the MSH2 gene are found in Muir-Torre

syndrome. Pheochromocytomas are found in multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes IIa and



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IIb. Tram track calcifications are found in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Peg-shaped teeth are found inmultiple syndromes including ectodermal dysplasia.


What is the most common malignancy associated with this condition at this location?

1 Breast cancer

2 Gastric cancer

3 Thyroid cancer

4 Pancreatic cancer

5 Melanoma


What is the most common malignancy associated with this condition at this location?

2 Gastric cancer

Malignant acanthosis nigricans usually presents with sudden onset and is rapidly progressive. It may be

associated with diffuse keratodermas of the palms and soles or eruptive seborrheic keratoses.


An end stage AIDS patient with tuberculosis presents with diffuse hyperpigmentation of both sun-

exposed and unexposed areas. The palmer creases are markedly hyperpigmented and the patient is very

ill. The most likely diagnosis is:

1 Argyria

2 Lymphoma3 Tinea versicolor



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4 Kaposi's sarcoma

5 Addison disease


An end stage AIDS patient with tuberculosis presents with diffuse hyperpigmentation of both sun-

exposed and unexposed areas. The palmer creases are markedly hyperpigmented and the patient is veryill. The most likely diagnosis is:

5 Addison disease

Addison disease is caused by destruction of the adrenal glands by any cause. Tuberculosis used to be

the primary cause, now the most common cause is auto-immune destruction. Other causes of adrenal

gland destruction include; coccidiomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, sarcoidosis, metastatic

tumor and amyloidosis.


A patient presents with plane/palmar xanthomas. The most likely genetic disorder would be:

1 familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency

2 Familial hypertriglyceridemia

3 Familial hypercholesterolemia

4 Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

5 Cerebrotendinous xantomatosis


A patient presents with plane/palmar xanthomas. The most likely genetic disorder would be:

4 Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

Patients with Type III hyperlipidemia have both elevated triglyceride levels and cholesterol levels in

the plasma. A genetic basis for the primary disorder, familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, has been well

established. These patients present as adults with premature atherosclerosis and xanthomas, particularly

plane (palmar) xanthomas.


A patient with gastric cancer develops acanthosis nigricans and a sudden eruption of numerous warty

stuck-on papules on the trunk. What other finding may be seen?

1 Numerous wart-like lesions on the dorsal hands and wrists

2 Follicular spicules on the nose

3 Carpal tunnel syndrome

4 Periorbital pupura

5 Migratory thrombophlebitis




20

A patient with gastric cancer develops acanthosis nigricans and a sudden eruption of numerous warty

stuck-on papules on the trunk. What other finding may be seen?

1 Numerous wart-like lesions on the dorsal hands and wrists

Florid cutaneous papillomatosis is the rapid onset of numerous wart-like lesions on the backs of the

hands and wrists that is associated with pruritus, acanthosis nigricans, and the sign of Leser-Trelat. All

reported cases are associated with internal malignancy, most commonly gastric carcinoma. Follicular

papules on the nose are seen in multiple myeloma. Carpal tunnel syndrome and periorbital purpura can be seen in primary systemic amyloidosis with multiple myeloma. migratory thrombophlebitis is

associated with pancreatic cancer.


A 12 year old boy is referred for evaluation of a rash in his groin. It has become progressively worse

over the preceding three years. Discrete erythematous papules are seen on the lower anterior abdomen,

upper thighs, and buttocks. Biopsy of a representative papule reveals an angiokeratoma. An evaluation

by a nephrologist reveals proteinura. A diagnosis of Fabry\'s disease is made. Renal failure in this

syndrome is related to accumulation of what substance in the kidney?1 Ceramide trihexoside

2 Galabiosylceramide

3 Globotriaosylceramide

4 Mucopolysaccharide

5 Alpha-galactosidase


A 12 year old boy is referred for evaluation of a rash in his groin. It has become progressively worse

over the preceding three years. Discrete erythematous papules are seen on the lower anterior abdomen,

upper thighs, and buttocks. Biopsy of a representative papule reveals an angiokeratoma. An evaluation

by a nephrologist reveals proteinura. A diagnosis of Fabry\'s disease is made. Renal failure in this

syndrome is related to accumulation of what substance in the kidney?

1 Ceramide trihexoside

Fabry\'s disease is an x-linked recessive disorder characterized by angiokeratomas in a bathing trunk

distribution, hypohidrosis, corneal opacities, and acral paresthesias. The diagnosis is confirmed by

decreased levels of alph-galactosidase in white blood cells, serum, and fibroblasts. Renal failure is due

to accumulation of ceramide trihexoside.Q/Q(M)-482734 Report a Problem

All of the following are true regarding Henoch-Schonlein Purpura EXCEPT:

1 It is an IgG mediated small vessel vasculitis

2Direct immunofluorescence of lesional and peri-lesional skin will demonstrate C3 and fibrin

deposits in small vessel wall

3 It is often preceded by an upper respiratory infection

4 It may be complicated by intussusception

5 It is self-resolving



21


All of the following are true regarding Henoch-Schonlein Purpura EXCEPT:

1 It is an IgG mediated small vessel vasculitis

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) is an IgA mediated small vessel vasculitis. Clinically, patients

present with palpable purpura of the lower extremities and buttocks, GI vasculitis, and

glomerulonephritis.


Which of the following porphyria cutanea tarda associations has a direct relationship to the level of

urine uroporphyrins?

1 Dystrophic calcifications

2 Estrogen levels

3 Sclerodermoid changes

4 RBC fluorescence

5 Hypertrichosis


Which of the following porphyria cutanea tarda associations has a direct relationship to the level of

urine uroporphyrins?

3 Sclerodermoid changes

Connective tissue dystrophic calcifications, increased estrogen levels, hypertrichosis and sclerodermoid

changes are all associated with porphyria cutanea tarda, but sclerodermoid changes are the only finding

with a direct relationship to urine uroporphyrin levels. Urine fluorescence occurs in PCT, not RBC

fluorescence.


A patient develops cold-exacerbated dusky acral plaques consistent with pernio. The systemic

condition most likely to manifest such lesions is:

1 Lupus Erythematosus

2 Dermatomyositis

3 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

4 Hepatitis C

5 Diabetes Mellitus


A patient develops cold-exacerbated dusky acral plaques consistent with pernio. The systemic

condition most likely to manifest such lesions is:



22

1 Lupus Erythematosus

Chilblain lupus is a rare manifestation of lupus erythematosus. Lesions resemble common pernio

clinically, but should have histological findings consistent with lupus, such as interface changes. These

lesions may not resolve upon warming and often respond poorly to other lupus treatments such as

antimalarials.


This autosomal dominant condition is characterized by trichodiscomas, fibroepithelial polyps, and

fibrofolliculomas:

1 POEMS syndrome

2 Rombo syndrome

3 Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome

4 Proteus syndrome

5 Cowden's disease


This autosomal dominant condition is characterized by trichodiscomas, fibroepithelial polyps, and

fibrofolliculomas:

3 Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome

Birt-Hogg-Dube is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by trichodiscomas, fibroepilethial

polyps and fibrofolliculomas.


All of the following disorders have an increased risk of systemic malignancy except

1 Rothmund Thompson syndrome

2 Cockayne syndrome

3 Bloom syndrome

4 Werner syndrome

5 Xeroderma pigmentosum


All of the following disorders have an increased risk of systemic malignancy except

2 Cockayne syndrome

Patients with Rothmund thompson have early photosensitivity and poikilodermatous skin changes,

juvenile cataracts, skeletal dysplasias, and a predisposition to osteosarcoma and skin cancer. Patients

with Bloom syndrome have an increased risk for GI malignancies and lymphoma. Patients with

xeroderma pigmentosum can develop ocular melanoma. Patients with Werner syndrome can develop

thyroid and hematologic malignancies, sarcomas, and meningiomas. Cockayne syndrome patients have photosensitivity, short stature, premature aging, visual problems, neurologic deficits, but no internal

malignancies.



23


Which step is rate-limiting in the synthesis of protoporphyrinogen?

1 Aminolevulinic acid synthase

2 Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase

3 Porphobillinogen deaminase

4 Coproporphyrinogen oxidase

5 Ferrochelatase


Which step is rate-limiting in the synthesis of protoporphyrinogen?

1 Aminolevulinic acid synthase

The rate-limiting step in the heme synthesis pathway is the synthesis of delta aminolevulanic acid from

glycine and succinyl CoA via aminolevulinic acid synthase. This step takes place in the mitochondria.

Porphobillinogen deaminase is defective in acute intermittent porphyria, coproporphyrinogen oxidase

in in hereditary coproporphyria and protoporphyrinogen oxidase in variegate porphyria.


Which of the following is true regarding nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy?

1 Has a rapidly progressive but reversible course

2 Is associated with a paraproteinemia

3 Is associated with peripheral eosinophilia

4 May be associated with antiphospholipid antibodies

5 Is associated with a dramatic increase in dermal mucin


Which of the following is true regarding nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy?

4 May be associated with antiphospholipid antibodies

Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy has an indolent course and treatment is usually not satisfactory. It is

not associated with a paraproteinemia or peripheral eosinophilia. Some patients have been reported to

have antiphospholipid antibodies. Histopathology demonstrates a minimal to slight increase in dermal

mucin.


All of the following are seen more commonly in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis EXCEPT:

1 Oral cobblestoning

2 Polyarteritis nodosa



24

3 Pyostomatitis vegetans

4 Perineal fistulas

5 Perineal fissures


All of the following are seen more commonly in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis EXCEPT:

3 Pyostomatitis vegetans

Pyoderma vegetans consists of vegetating plaques and vesicopustules of intertriginous areas than heal

with hyperpigmentation. When the process involves mucosal surfaces it is called pyostomatitis

vegetans. These processes are associated with ulcerative colitis, not Crohn's disease.


A 7 year old boy is seen for "acne". Hypopigmented patches are seen on the trunk and flesh-colored

papules are seen around the nails. Biopsy of one of the papules of the face reveals an angiofibroma. A

review of his chart reveals that he takes medications for seizures. What is the most common neoplasm

associated with the most likely disorder?

1 Renal angiomyolipoma

2 Renal cell carcinoma

3 Gastric carcinoma

4 Transitional cell carcinoma

5 Prostate carcinoma


A 7 year old boy is seen for "acne". Hypopigmented patches are seen on the trunk and flesh-colored

papules are seen around the nails. Biopsy of one of the papules of the face reveals an angiofibroma. A

review of his chart reveals that he takes medications for seizures. What is the most common neoplasm

associated with the most likely disorder?

1 Renal angiomyolipoma

Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant disorder with seizures, mental retardation, and

characteristic skin findings, including hypopigmented macules, facial angiofibromas, periungual

fibromas, and collagenomas. The most common associated tumor is renal angiomyolipoma. Rarely,renal cell carcinoma can develop.


What is the most common primary site of a carcinoid tumor?

1 Liver

2 Stomach

3 Appendix

4 Duodenum



25

5 Ileum


What is the most common primary site of a carcinoid tumor?

3 Appendix

The most common site of carcinoid tumor is the appendix. Clinical symptoms of episodic flushing,abdominal pain, diarrhea, wheezing, and a pellagra-like dermatosis (due to shunting of tryptophan to

serotonin) etc present with metastases to the liver. The most common original source of metastases is

the ileum.


A 70-year old male develops hyperpigmented velvety plaques on his lips, dorsal hands and feet, and in

his axilla. What underlying malignancy is most commonly associated with this finding?

1 Gastric Carcinoma

2 Lung Carcinoma

3 Ovarian Carcinoma

4 Lymphoma

5 Breast Carcinoma


A 70-year old male develops hyperpigmented velvety plaques on his lips, dorsal hands and feet, and in

his axilla. What underlying malignancy is most commonly associated with this finding?

1 Gastric Carcinoma

Acanthosis Nigricans can be associated with obesity, insulin resistance, Crouzonâ™s syndrome,

congenital lipodystrophy, and internal malignancy. 90% of related malignancies are tumors within the

abdominal cavity. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is the most common. Malignancy related acanthosis

nigricans often occurs in the setting of weight loss, helping distinguish it from other associated

diseases.



1Perilesional direct immunofluroescence shows granular IgA in the dermal papillae and at the

dermoepidermal junction

2 Only 20% of patients have a gluten-sensitive enteropathy

3 It is associated with HLA-DQ2, HLA-DR3, and HLA-B8

4 It is associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

5 Cutaneous findings are due to autoantibodies to epidermal transglutaminase




26


2 Only 20% of patients have a gluten-sensitive enteropathy

All of the statements regarding dermatitis herpetiforms, or "Duhring's Disease," are true except forstatement B. Virtually all DH patients have gluten-sensitive enteropathy, although only 20% of them

have symptoms (such as diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, bloating, and malabsorption).


A 6 month-old has a verrucous plaque on the mucosal surface of the lower lip. Skin biopsy is consistent

with Riga-Fede disease. You should refer the patient to:

1 An ophthalmologist

2 A gastroenterologist

3 A neurologist

4 A hematologist

5 An otolarngologist


A 6 month-old has a verrucous plaque on the mucosal surface of the lower lip. Skin biopsy is consistent

with Riga-Fede disease. You should refer the patient to:

3 A neurologist

Riga-Fede disease is a benign ulcerative granulomatous process that occurs in reaction to chronic,

repetitive trauma of the oral mucosa by the teeth. Clinically, it appears as firm, verrucous plaques. It

may be associated with an underlying developmental anomaly or underlying neurologic disorder.


A 64-year old man develops yellowish periorbital plaques that occasionally ulcerate and heal with

scarring. What is the most likely associated lab finding?

1 Monoclonal gammopathy



27

2 Positive antinuclear antibodies

3 Elevated creatinine


5 Increased thyroid stimulating hormone


A 64-year old man develops yellowish periorbital plaques that occasionally ulcerate and heal with

scarring. What is the most likely associated lab finding?

1 Monoclonal gammopathy

The patient has necrobiotic xanthogranuloma. Lesions develop periorbitally and in flexural areas, often

extend deeply into the dermis or subcutis, and heal with scarring. These lesions are typically associated

with a monoclonal gammopathy, usually IgG. Patients with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma rarely

develop myeloma. Leukopenia and hepatosplenomegaly are also often seen.


Hyperkeratotic follicular nasal papules have been described as a paraneoplastic sign in the setting of

which neoplasm?

1 Multiple myeloma

2 Castleman's tumor

3 AML

4 Adenocarcinoma of the lung

5 Renal cell carcinomaQ/Q(M)-477434 Report a Problem

Hyperkeratotic follicular nasal papules have been described as a paraneoplastic sign in the setting of

which neoplasm?

1 Multiple myeloma

Hyperkeratotic follicular nasal papules have been described as a paraneoplastic phenomenon in the

setting of multiple myeloma. AML is associated with Sweet's syndrome and Castleman's tumor is

associated with paraneoplastic pemphigus.


Which of the following statements regarding multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes is true?

1 MEN Type IIB is also known as Sipple's Syndrome

2 MEN Type IIA is also known as Wermer's Syndrome

3 Multiple mucosal neuromas are seen in association with MEN Type IIA

4 Lichen or macular amyloidosis is seen in association with MEN Type IIA

5 Patients with MEN Type IIB are at increased risk for developing follicular thyroid carcinoma




28

Which of the following statements regarding multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes is true?

4 Lichen or macular amyloidosis is seen in association with MEN Type IIA

MEN Type I is also known as Wermer's Syndrome. MEN Type IIA is also known as Sipple's

Syndrome. Mucosal neuromas are seen in association with MEN Type IIB. Statement D is correct.

Patients with MEN Type IIB are at increased risk for developing medullary thyroid carcinoma.


All of the following statements regarding cryoglobulinemia are true EXCEPT:

1 Type I is composed of monoclonal IgG and polyclonal IgM

2 Type II is composed of polyclonal IgG and monoclonal IgM

3 Type III is composed of polyclonal IgG and polyclonal IgM

4 80% of cases of mixed cryoglobulinemia are associated with Hepatitis C infection

5 None of these answers are correct (all statements are true)


All of the following statements regarding cryoglobulinemia are true EXCEPT:

1 Type I is composed of monoclonal IgG and polyclonal IgM

Type I is composed of monoclonal immunoglobulins.


Which of the following is a paraneoplastic disease most often associated with lung carcinoma?

1 Hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita

2 Dermatomyositis

3 Acanthosis nigricans

4 Paraneoplastic pemphigus

5 Erythroderma


Which of the following is a paraneoplastic disease most often associated with lung carcinoma?

1 Hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita

Hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita is the abrupt onset of downy, soft, non-pigmented hair of the face,

trunk, and extremities. It may have an associated glossitis. It is associated with underlying lung

carcinoma and may resolve with treatment of the underlying malignancy.


Patients with this syndrome are at increased risk for developing Lhermite-Duclos disease:

1 Bourneville's Disease



29

2 Nail-Patella Syndrome

3 MEN Type IIA

4 Fabry's Disease

5 Cowden's Syndrome


Patients with this syndrome are at increased risk for developing Lhermite-Duclos disease:

5 Cowden's Syndrome

Patients with Cowden's Syndrome (multiple hamartoma syndrome) are at increased risk for Lhermite

Duclos disease (dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum).


Regarding paraneoplastic pemphigus, which of the following is TRUE?

1 Desmoplakin, one of the molecular antigens, has a molecular weight of 190kd

2 Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is a common cause

3 Granular C3 deposition is found at the dermoepidermal junction on direct immunofluorescence

4 Monkey esophagus is the preferred substrate for indirect immunofluorescence

5 Non-Hodgkins lymphoma is rarely associated


Regarding paraneoplastic pemphigus, which of the following is TRUE?

3Granular C3 deposition is found at the dermoepidermal junction on direct

immunofluorescence

Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is characterized by painful stomatitis, which is extremely resistant to

therapy. Cutaneous lesions are variable and can include flaccid or tense bullae, targetoid lesions or

lichenoid eruptions. PNP is associated with the following neoplasms (in descending order of

frequency): non-Hodgkins lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Castleman�s disease and

malignant and benign thymus tumors. Histopathologic findings include suprabasal acantholysis,

dyskeratosis and vacuolar interface with a lichenoid infiltrate. Direct immunofluorescence of

perilesional skin demonstrates intercellular IgG and granular C3 at the dermoepidermal junction. The preferred substrate for indirect immunofluorescence is rat bladder and intercellular IgG is found. Target

antigens include desmoplakin (250kD), envoplakin (210kD), bullous pemphigoid antigen-1 (230kD),

periplakin (190kD), and desmogleins 1 and 3. Many patients succumb to the underlying cancer.

Treatment requires management of the malignancy and immunosuppressive agents.


Which of the following is NOT associated with Hepatitis C disease?

1 Mixed cryoglobulinemia

2 Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency



30

3 Single-stranded RNA viridae

4 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis

5 Single-stranded DNA viridae


Which of the following is NOT associated with Hepatitis C disease?

5 Single-stranded DNA viridae

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that is a member of the flaviviridae family.

Approximately 20-30% of patients develop symptoms with acute infection and 70% will progress to

chronic disease. Porphyria cutanea tarda or PCT (uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency) is

associated with HCV in a substantial percentage of patients; in one study, antibodies to HCV were

found in 82% of PCT patients. Up to 80% of mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) cases are associated with

HCV. The incidence of lichen planus in HCV patients varies from region to region (0.1-35%). The

histopathology of MC lesions is leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Another relatively common association is

polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) which is also related to hepatitis B infection. Finally, generalized pruritis is

a common complaint of HCV patients.


A 20-year-old male develops an eruption of 100's of red-brown yellowish papules with involvement of

the mucous membranes. He has no lymphadenopathy. The most likely diagnosis is:

1 Montgomery's syndrome

2 Benign cephalic histiocytosis

3 Rosai-Dorfman disease

4 Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma

5 Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis


A 20-year-old male develops an eruption of 100's of red-brown yellowish papules with involvement of

the mucous membranes. He has no lymphadenopathy. The most likely diagnosis is:

1 Montgomery's syndrome

This patient has Montgomery's syndrome, or xanthoma disseminatum, which is characterized as a

benign normolipidemic but disfiguring condition that demonstrates an eruption of 100's of red-brown

yellowish papules and plaques that may involve the mucous membranes. These patients should be

evaluated for diabetes insipidus. Benign cephalic histiocytosis shows brownish-yellow papules on the

upper face. Rosai-Dorfman, or sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, features

polymorphic papules and plaques in the first two decades with fever, increased ESR, and cervical

lymphadenopathy. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma is characterized by red-orange plaques that may

ulcerate. Finally, multicentric reticulohistiocytosis features coral beading around the fingers and is

associated with arthritis mutilans and malignancy.




31

The most common location of the lesions in nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy is:

1 Face

2 Palms and soles

3 Lower extremities

4 Back

5 ChestQ/Q(M)-474546 Report a Problem

The most common location of the lesions in nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy is:

3 Lower extremities

The most common location for lesions of nephrogenic fibrosis dermopathy is the lower extremities.


Which of the following is true regarding piebaldism?

1 It is caused by a mutation in the GJB2 gene

2 It is caused by defective metabolism of phytanic acid

3 It is caused by a defect in a protein subunit of a kinase that activates NFkappaB

4 It is caused by a deficiency of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase

5 It is caused by a mutation in the proto-oncogene c-KIT


Which of the following is true regarding piebaldism?

5 It is caused by a mutation in the proto-oncogene c-KIT

Piebaldism is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation of the proto-oncogene c-KIT which encodes

tyrosine a tyrosine kinase receptor on melanocytes, preventing activation by steel factor.


With regards to patients with diabetes mellitus and skin, which of the following is most accurate?

1 Diabetic dermopathy is most commonly expressed on the forearms and feet

2 Scleredema most often presents on the tibial surfaces

3 Scleredema is the most common skin manifestation of diabetes mellitus

4 Less than 5% of patients with diabetes mellitus have necrobiosis lipoidica

5 Less than 5% of patients with necrobiosis lipoidica have diabetes mellitus


With regards to patients with diabetes mellitus and skin, which of the following is most accurate?

4 Less than 5% of patients with diabetes mellitus have necrobiosis lipoidica

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) may develop thickened skin and tightened joints. Scleredema is



32

occasionally seen in type II diabetics and presents with a peau d�orange texture and appearance on the

upper back. Perhaps as many as 20% of those with necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum(NLD) have

diabetes, but only 0.3% to 3% of diabetics have NLD. The most common skin manifestation of DM is

diabetic dermopathy, or skin hyperpigmentation, normally on tibial surfaces. Eruptive xanthomas,

which are associated with high triglycerides are occasionally seen as are generalized or perforating

granuloma annulare.


Which type of porphyria is the autosomal recessive form of porphyria cutanea tarda?

1 Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP)

2 Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP)

3 Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP)

4 Variegate Porphyria (VP)

5 Acute Intermitent Porphyria (AIP)


Which type of porphyria is the autosomal recessive form of porphyria cutanea tarda?

3 Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP)

HEP results from deficient, but not absent, activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD). HEP

is the recessive form of familial PCT. It manifests during infancy or early childhood as

photosensitivity, skin fragility in sun-exposed areas, pink urine, erythrodontia, and hypertrichosis.


Each of the following demonstrates a vasculitis except:

1 Granuloma faciale

2 Henoch-Schoenlein purpura

3 Type 1 cryoglobulinemia

4 Wegener �s granulomatosis



Each of the following demonstrates a vasculitis except:

3 Type 1 cryoglobulinemia

In type I cryoglobulinemia, monoclonal IgG or IgM cryoglobulins are found often in association with

lymphoma, leukemia, Waldenstrom�s macroglobulinemia, or multiple myeloma. On histopathology,

type I cryoglobulinemia is characterized by the deposition of precipitated amorphous cryoglobulins on

the endothelium and throughout the vessel wall. The precipitates stain with PAS stain. An

inflammatory infiltrate is typically lacking in contrast to mixed cryoglobulinemia (which shows aleukocytoclastic vascultitis)




33

What is the treatment of choice for porphyria cutanea tarda?

1 Phlebotomy

2 Antimalarials

3 Erythropoietin

4 Oral iron supplementation

5 Naproxen


What is the treatment of choice for porphyria cutanea tarda?

1 Phlebotomy

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme uroporphyrinogendecarboxylase. Phlebotomy is the treatment of choice and may improve enzymatic activity by removing

iron, an inhibitor of the enzyme. Antimalarials and erythropoietin are alternative therapies. Oral iron

supplementation may worsen PCT. Naproxen is a common cause of pseudoporphyria.


Squamous cell carcinoma is seen in which syndrome?

1 Gorlin syndrome

2 Rombo syndrome3 Nicolau-Balus syndrome

4 Rasmussen syndrome

5 Bazex syndrome (Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica)


Squamous cell carcinoma is seen in which syndrome?

5 Bazex syndrome (Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica)

Basex syndrome, also Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica, presents with symmetric erythematous, nearly

violaceous, psoriasiform dermatoses of the hands, feet, ears and nose. The syndrome is nearly

associated with an underlying malignancy, usually squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive

tract.


The presence of antibodies to c-ANCA is characteristically seen in patients with which disease?

1 Ulverative colitis2 Churg-Strauss disease



34


4 Wegener �s granulornatosis

5 Nodular vasculitis


The presence of antibodies to c-ANCA is characteristically seen in patients with which disease?

4 Wegener �s granulornatosis

Wegener �s granulomatosis is a necrotizing granulomatous disorder that most commonly affects the

upper and lower respiratory tracts, kidneys, and eye. Cytoplasmic pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic

autoantibody (anti -proteinase-3) is often positive in this disease. Churg-Strauss is associated with a

positive p-ANCA.


Erythema gyratum repens is known to be associated with all of the following malignancies except:

1 Lung carcinoma2 Breast carcinoma

3 Cervical carcinoma

4 Bladder carcinoma

5 Gastric carcinoma


Erythema gyratum repens is known to be associated with all of the following malignancies except:5 Gastric carcinoma

Erythema gyratum repens presents more commonly in men than in women, and appears clinically as

concentric erythematous rings with trailing scale on the trunk and proximal extremities. The skin is

described as having a "wood grain" appearance. Skin findings often precede the diagnosis of an

associated malignancy. Lung carcinoma is the most commonly associated malignancy, but it has also

been reported in association with breast, cervical, bowel, and bladder cancer.


Which of the following statements regarding porphyrias is TRUE?

1 Elevated uroporphyrins are found in the red blood cells of hepatoerythropoietic porphyria

2 Delta aminolevulenic acid is the only oxidized porphyrin

3 Acute intermittent porphyria is the most common form of porphyria

4 Griseofulvin is safe for those with variegate porphyria

5 Plasma fluoresces at 410 nm in patients with variegate porphyria


Which of the following statements regarding porphyrias is TRUE?



35

2 Delta aminolevulenic acid is the only oxidized porphyrin

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is the second most common porphyria and is caused by a deficiency

in porphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase, which is located in the cytosol. Patients suffer from colicky pain,

paralysis and psychiatric disorders. There are no specific skin manifestations. PBG and aminolevulenic

acid (ALA) are elevated in the urine. Attacks are precipitated by medications such as barbiturates,

estrogen, griseofulvin, and sulfonamides as well as starvation, fever and infection. Treatment includes

glucose loading and hematin infusion. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) or G�nter �s

disease is caused by a defect in uroporphyrinogen III synthase, which is found in the cytosol. Patientsare extremely photosensitive and erythema, blistering and scarring result. Patients present with red

urine early in life along with hypertrichosis and red-stained teeth that fluoresce. Uroporphyrins (URO)

are much high than coproporphyrins (COPRO) in the urine. URO is found in the red blood cells (rbcs)

and COPRO is found in the stool. The rbcs display stable fluorescence. Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)

is the most common porphyria and is caused by a deficiency (usually sporadic) in uroporphyrinogen

decarboxylase, which is found in the cytosol. Patients present with photosensitivity and blistering of

sun-exposed areas, especially the dorsal hands. Hypertrichosis and sclerodermoid changes may occur as

well. Liver disease (hepatitis C or alcoholic cirrhosis) is often present and hemochromatosis may be

associated. Urine may fluoresce pink or coral-red with Wood�s lamp. URO>COPRO in the urine and

low levels of COPRO are found in the stool. Treatments include phlebotomy, antimalarials, and therapy

for liver disease if appropriate. Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) is caused by a deficiency in

coproporphyrinogen oxidase, which is found in the mitochondria. One-third of patients are

photosensitive, and patients suffer gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms similar to AIP. Urine

COPRO is elevated only with attacks, and COPRO is present in the stool. Variegate porphyria is the

result of decreased activity of protoporphyrinogen oxidase, which is present in the mitochondria. It

combines the skin lesions of PCT with the systemic manifestations of AIP. Urine COPRO:URO is 1:1

or COPRO> URO to distinguish it from PCT, and PROTO is found in the stool. The plasma fluoresces

at 626nm. Precipitators and treatments are similar to AIP. Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is

caused by ferrochetalase deficiency, which is present in the mitochondria. Patients experience

immediate burning of the skin with sun exposure. Protoporphyrin IX, the only oxidized porphyrin in

the heme pathway and absorbs in the Soret band (400-410nm). Patients have erythematous plaques in a photo-distribution. Urine porphyrins are normal. PROTO is found in the rbcs and the stool. Excessive

porphyrins deposited in the liver lead to gallstones and cirrhosis. Beta carotene may helpful.

Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP) is essentially a homozygous form of PCT, with deficiency in

uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. It is clinically similar to CEP with red urine and hypertrichosis,

vesicles and scarring of sun-exposed skin. URO is present in the urine and COPRO in the stool.

PROTO is present in rbcs which distinguishes it from CEP, which was URO in rbcs.


Which of the following may be associated with Graves� disease?

1 Dermatitis herpetiformis

2 Geographic tongue

3 Hypohidrosis

4 Madarosis

5 Thick, pale lips


Which of the following may be associated with Graves� disease?

1 Dermatitis herpetiformis



36

Graves� disease is a thyrotoxic condition that results from the production of thyroid-stimulating

immunoglobulins (TSI) by stimulated B lymphocytes. The TSI bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone

(TSH) receptor and mimic TSH thereby stimulating thyroid growth and thyroid hormone

overproduction. Signs and symptoms of Graves� disease include goiter, tachycardia, exophthalmos,

tremor, sweating, palpitations, smooth moist skin, diarrhea, sleeplessness, irritability, and weight loss.

Autoimmune cutaneous disease may also be associated with Graves� disease including vitiligo,

dermatitis herpetiformis, herpes gestationis, and pemphigus vulgaris. Cutaneous manifestations of

hypothyroidism include xerosis, hyperhidrosis, yellowish hue, myxedema, and purpura. The hair may be dry, brittle and coarse; alopecia may be diffuse and/or involve the lateral eyebrow (madarosis).


Which of the following is NOT true regarding Cushing's Syndrome?

1 Urine cortisol levels are elevated

2 Corticotropin is suppressed with the administration of dexamethasone

3 It may be associated with an underlying oat cell lung carcinoma

4 It may be associated with hypertension and hypokalemia

5 May present with hyperpigmentation and facial plethora


Which of the following is NOT true regarding Cushing's Syndrome?

2 Corticotropin is suppressed with the administration of dexamethasone

In Cushing's Syndrome, corticotropin is NOT suppressed with the administration of dexamethasone.

The other statements are true.


A patient with gluten-sensitive enteropathy presents with vesicles on the extensor surfaces of the

extremities. What findings are most likely on a perilesional biopsy?

1 Granular IgA at the dermoepidermal junction on direct immunofluorescence

2 Linear C3 and IgG at the dermoepidermal junction on direct immunofluorescence

3 Linear IgA surrounding vessels on direct immunofluorescence

4 Pautrier �s micro-abscesses in the epidermis on H & E



A patient with gluten-sensitive enteropathy presents with vesicles on the extensor surfaces of the

extremities. What findings are most likely on a perilesional biopsy?

1 Granular IgA at the dermoepidermal junction on direct immunofluorescence

This patient has dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). DH is characterized by itchy papulovesicles on extensorsurfaces of the extremities. Neutrophilic infiltrates at the dermal papillae with vesicle formation are

found on histopathologic examination. On immunofluorescence, granular IgA (directed against



37

transglutaminase) deposits are found in perilesional skin. Over 90% of patients have gluten-sensitiveenteropathy of varying severity. Dapsone is almost universally therapeutic for the skin disease, but not

the enteropathy. A gluten free diet, although difficult to maintain, treats the enteropathy. The majority

of DH patients have the HLA class II DQ2 genotype. On indirect immunofluorescence, one may find

antigliadin, antiendomyseal or antireticulin antibodies. Autoimmune thyroid disease (especially

Hashimoto�s thyroiditis), enteropathy-associated T-cell non-Hodgkin�s lymphoma and insulin-

dependent diabetes are the most common autoimmune associations. Pautrier �s micro-abscesses are

found in mycosis fungoides. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is not a feature of DH.Q/Q(M)-477552 Report a Problem

A complication seen in women of childbearing age with the condition in the figure is:

1 Atrial septal defect

2 Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyoma

3 Gastrointestinal bleeding

4 Lisch nodules

5 Pulmonary emboli


A complication seen in women of childbearing age with the condition in the figure is:

2 Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyoma

This picture demonstrates a shagreen patch in a patient with Tuberous sclerosis. A complicationoccurring in female patients of child-bearing age is pulmonary lymphangioleiomyoma.


Which of the following syndromes necessitates a work-up for colon cancer?

1 Turcot

2 Birt-Hogg-Dube

3 LAMB

4 Muckle Wells

5 Wells




38

Which of the following syndromes necessitates a work-up for colon cancer?

1 Turcot

Turcot syndrome is a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis, FAP with the same mutation - APC

gene, characterized by FAP and brain cancer. Patients may also exhibit other clinical features of

Gardner's syndrome. Both patients with Gardner's Syndrome and Turcot Syndrome necessitate a colon

cancer work-up.


Which of the following is true regarding cutaneous associations with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection?

1Erosive mucosal lichen planus has a weaker association with HCV than does cutaneous lichen

planus

2Pruritus in the setting of chronic HCV infection is generally correlated with elevated bile salt

levels in the setting of liver failure

3 Polyarteritis nodosa is associated with HCV infection but not hepatitis B virus infection

4HCV-related porphyria cutanea tarda may be caused by decompartmentalization of iron stores

and resultant oxidation of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

5Cutaneous reactions to HCV treatment are less common with interferon/ribavirin combination

treatment than with treatment with interferon alone


Which of the following is true regarding cutaneous associations with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection?

4HCV-related porphyria cutanea tarda may be caused by decompartmentalization of iron stores

and resultant oxidation of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

Erosive mucosal variant of lichen planus has the strongest association with HCV. The pathogenesis of

pruritus in the setting of chronic HCV infection may be related to elevated bile salt levels in the settingof liver failure, but there is not always a direct correlation between serum bile salt level and degree of

pruritus. Polyarteritis nodosa is associated with both HCV infection and hepatitis B virus infection.

Statement D is correct. Cutaneous reactions to HCV treatment are more common with

interferon/ribavirin combination treatment than with treatment with interferon alone.


A 55 year old patient presents with new onset brown macules on arms, legs, face and palms. She gives

a 3 month history of diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss and protein-losing enteropathy. The most

likely diagnosis is:1 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

2 Cowden disease

3 Ulcerative colitis

4 Cronkhite-Canada syndrome

5 Plummer-Vinson syndrome


A 55 year old patient presents with new onset brown macules on arms, legs, face and palms. She gives



39

a 3 month history of diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss and protein-losing enteropathy. The most

likely diagnosis is:

4 Cronkhite-Canada syndrome

Cronkhite-Canada is an aquired disease characterized by the development of polyps throughout the GI

tract. Patients can present with hyperpigmented macules as well as the sequella of GI malabsorption.

The malignant transformation of polyps can occur.


Regarding carcinoid syndrome, which of the following is TRUE?

1 Symptoms are caused by metastases to the skin

2 The most common location for the tumor is the rectum

3 Somatostatin is a preferred treatment

4 VMA is elevated in the urine

5 The tumors should not be removed


Regarding carcinoid syndrome, which of the following is TRUE?

3 Somatostatin is a preferred treatment

Carcinoid syndrome is caused by a tumor originating in the endocrine argentaffin cells. In order of

descending frequency, the most common locations are appendix > small bowel > rectum. Patients

experience facial flushing that descends anatomically, diarrhea, hyperhidrosis and bronchial reactivity.

A pellagra-like eruption may occur as well as telangiectasia and sclerodermoid changes. Patientsexperience symptoms once the disease metastasizes to the liver or if it did not involve the GI tract

initially. Diagnosis can be made finding elevated 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the urine.

Nitrosonaphthol turns urine purple if 5-HIAA levels are significantly elevated, and can be used as a

screening test. Bananas, tomatoes, plums, avocadoes and eggplant can increase levels of 5-HIAA.

Treatment involves removal of the tumor along with medical therapy if appropriate. Agents used

include somatostatin, methylsergide, cyproheptadine, and beta blockers. Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

is an important urinary metabolic product of epinephrine and norepinephrine and is detected in the

diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.


An uncommon complication of treatment with potassium iodide is:

1 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis

2 Erythema nodosum

3 Wolff-Chiakoff effect

4 Exacerbation of lichen planus

5 Hyperhidrosis




40

An uncommon complication of treatment with potassium iodide is:

3 Wolff-Chiakoff effect

An uncommon complication of treatment with potassium iodide is the Wolff-Chiakoff effect.


Which of the following is true about blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome?

1 typically appears in adulthood

2 the venous malformations regress with time

3 characterized by compressible blue nodules 0.1 to 5 cm in size.

4 the nodules are pruritic

5 the gastrointestinal lesions are typically located in the stomach


Which of the following is true about blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome?

3 characterized by compressible blue nodules 0.1 to 5 cm in size.

Blue rubber bleb nevus is associated with soft and compressible blue nodules 0.1 to 5 cm in size. The

cutaneous lesions typically appear in childhood, and they do not regress with time. The venous

malformations are mainly asymptomatic but can be painful when thrombosis occurs. The venous

malformations also involve the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly the small bowel, where they are

friable and can bleed.


Which of the following statements about multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes is FALSE?

1 MEN I is associated with angiofibromas and collagenomas

2 MEN IIa is related to a defect in RET proto-oncogene

3 MEN IIa and IIb are both associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma

4 MEN I, IIa and IIb are all inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion

5 MEN IIa is associated with multiple mucosal neuromas


Which of the following statements about multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes is FALSE?

5 MEN IIa is associated with multiple mucosal neuromas

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are divided into types I, IIa and IIb. All are autosomal

dominantly inherited. Type I is associated with mutations in MENI; type IIa and IIb involve mutations

of RET, which encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor. Type I has the following cutaneous features: facial

angiofibromas, collagenomas, lipomas, hypopigmented macules and caf �-au-lait macules. Type IIa

displays macular amyloidosis, while IIb features multiple mucosal neuromas. Systemic features of type

I include peptic ulcer disease (as part of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome), parathyroid hyperplasia oradenoma, pancreatic tumors and pituitary neoplasia. Type IIa is characterized by Zollinger-Ellison



41

syndrome, medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid neoplasia. Type IIbdisplays marfanoid habitus, Hirschsprung disease, medulloblastoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma,

pheochromocytoma and ocular neuromas.


This syndrome is cause by defects in the genes that code for tumor suppressor proteins hamartin and

tuberin.1 Bannayan-Riley-Rubalcaba Syndrome

2 Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome

3 Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome


5 Cowden's Syndrome


This syndrome is cause by defects in the genes that code for tumor suppressor proteins hamartin and

tuberin.


Tuberous sclerosis, also known as Bourneville's Disease, is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneousdisorder due to mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes which code for the tumor suppressor proteins

hamartin and tuberin, respectively.


Hepatitis C infection is associated with:

1 Gianotti-Crosti syndrome


3 Pityriasis rosea

4 Kapsi�s sarcoma

5 Oral hairy leukoplakia


Hepatitis C infection is associated with:


Cutaneous manifestation associated with hepatitis C include necrolytic acral erythema, porphyria

cutanea tarda, lichen planus, polyarteritis nodosa and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Mixed

cryoglobulinemias is a systemic vasculitis with variable manifestations including palpable purpura,

arthralgias and weakness.


The clinical findings in figure 3 are associated with which disorder?



42

1 Graves disease

2 Myasthenia gravis

3 Dermatomyositis

4 Sarcoidosis

5 Rheumatoid Arthritis


The clinical findings in figure 3 are associated with which disorder?

1 Graves disease

This slide shows pretibial myxedema in a patient with Grave�s disease.


Which of the following statements regarding porphyrias is FALSE?

1 Fecal coproporphyrinogen is increased in variegate porphyria2 Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria is the homozygous form of porphyria cutanea tarda

3 Acute intermittent porphyria has no skin findings

4Coproporphyrinogen is elevated more than uroporphyrinogen in 24 hour urine samples in

porphyria cutanea tarda

5 In erythropoietic protoporphyria, protoporphyrin IX absorbs in the Soret band


Which of the following statements regarding porphyrias is FALSE?

4 Coproporphyrinogen is elevated more than uroporphyrinogen in 24 hour urine samples in



43

porphyria cutanea tarda

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is the second most common porphyria and is caused by a deficiency

in porphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase, which is located in the cytosol. Patients suffer from colicky pain,

paralysis and psychiatric disorders. There are no specific skin manifestations. PBG and aminolevulenic

acid (ALA) are elevated in the urine. Attacks are precipitated by medications such as barbiturates,

estrogen, griseofulvin, and sulfonamides as well as starvation, fever and infection. Treatment includes

glucose loading and hematin infusion. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) or G�nter �s

disease is caused by a defect in uroporphyrinogen III synthase, which is found in the cytosol. Patientsare extremely photosensitive and erythema, blistering and scarring result. Patients present with red

urine early in life along with hypertrichosis and red-stained teeth that fluoresce. Uroporphyrins (URO)

are much high than coproporphyrins (COPRO) in the urine. URO is found in the red blood cells (rbcs)

and COPRO is found in the stool. The rbcs display stable fluorescence. Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)

is the most common porphyria and is caused by a deficiency (usually sporadic) in uroporphyrinogen

decarboxylase, which is found in the cytosol. Patients present with photosensitivity and blistering of

sun-exposed areas, especially the dorsal hands. Hypertrichosis and sclerodermoid changes may occur as

well. Liver disease (hepatitis C or alcoholic cirrhosis) is often present and hemochromatosis may be

associated. Urine may fluoresce pink or coral-red with Wood�s lamp. URO>COPRO in the urine and

low levels of COPRO are found in the stool. Treatments include phlebotomy, antimalarials, and therapy

for liver disease if appropriate. Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) is caused by a deficiency incoproporphyrinogen oxidase, which is found in the mitochondria. One-third of patients are

photosensitive, and patients suffer gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms similar to AIP. Urine

COPRO is elevated only with attacks, and COPRO is present in the stool. Variegate porphyria is the

result of decreased activity of protoporphyrinogen oxidase, which is present in the mitochondria. It

combines the skin lesions of PCT with the systemic manifestations of AIP. Urine COPRO:URO is 1:1

or COPRO> URO to distinguish it from PCT, and PROTO is found in the stool. The plasma fluoresces

at 626nm. Precipitators and treatments are similar to AIP. Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is

caused by ferrochetalase deficiency, which is present in the mitochondria. Patients experience

immediate burning of the skin with sun exposure. Protoporphyrin IX, the only oxidized porphyrin in

the heme pathway and absorbs in the Soret band (400-410nm). Patients have erythematous plaques in a

photo-distribution. Urine porphyrins are normal. PROTO is found in the rbcs and the stool. Excessive porphyrins deposited in the liver lead to gallstones and cirrhosis. Beta carotene may helpful.

Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP) is essentially a homozygous form of PCT, with deficiency in

uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. It is clinically similar to CEP with red urine and hypertrichosis,

vesicles and scarring of sun-exposed skin. URO is present in the urine and COPRO in the stool.

PROTO is present in rbcs which distinguishes it from CEP, which was URO in rbcs.


What is the unique laboratory finding in stool in porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and

hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP)?1 elevated coproporphyrins

2 elevated isocoproporphyrins

3 decreased isocoproporphyrins

4 elevated protoporphyrins

5 elevated uroporphyrins


What is the unique laboratory finding in stool in porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and

hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP)?



44

2 elevated isocoproporphyrins

PCT and HEP are associated with elevated isocoproporphyrins in the stool. Congenital erythropoietic

porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria is associated with increased coproporphyria in the stool, and

elevated stool proporphyria is seen in variegate porphyria.


All of the following statements are true regarding this condition EXCEPT:

1 Diabetes or glucose intolerance is found in 20% of these patients

2 This condition may be associated with cutaneous anesthesia, hypohidrosis, and partial alopecia

3 There is no impact of tight glucose control on the likelihood of developing this condition

4 0.3-3% of diabetics have this skin condition

5 This condition is associated with increased dermal mucin


All of the following statements are true regarding this condition EXCEPT:

5 This condition is associated with increased dermal mucin

Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum (NLD) is found in 0.3-3% of diabetics. Approximately 20% of

NLD patients have diabetes or glucose intolerance. It presents with single or multiple red-brown

papules which progress to sharply demarcated yellow-brown atrophic, telangiectatic plaques with

violaceous, irregular borders; common sites include the shins. Cutaneous anesthesia, hypohidrosis, and

partial alopecia can be found. Pathology shows palisading granulomas containing degenerating

collagen (necrobiosis); with NO increase in dermal mucin. There is no impact of tight glucose control

on the likelihood of developing NLD.




45

The organism that causes this infection shown in the figure is:

1 T. tonsuran

2 C. immitis

3 C. albicans

4 P. aeruginoas

5 T. verrucosumQ/Q(M)-474936 Report a Problem

The organism that causes this infection shown in the figure is:

3 C. albicans

The organism that causes erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica is candida albicans.


A patient infected with the hepatitis C virus is at highest risk for which of the following cutaneous

manifestations?

1 Increased hyaluronic acid in dermis of lower and upper extremities

2 Lindsay�s nails

3 Congenital hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment (CHRPE)

4 Periorificial lentigines

5 Positive rheumatoid factor and decreased complement (C3)


A patient infected with the hepatitis C virus is at highest risk for which of the following cutaneous

manifestations?

5 Positive rheumatoid factor and decreased complement (C3)

Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) may experience numerous cutaneous manifestations of their

internal disease. Cryoglobulinemia (CG) may result in small vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Types

of CG include: type I, which is monoclonal Ig; type II, which is polyclonal IgG and monoclonal IgM;

type III, which is polyclonal IgG and polyclonal IgM. Mixed CG is the most commonly associated type

of CG with HCV. Patients often have a positive rhematoid factor and have C3 complement decreased.

Other diseases associated with HCV include porphyria cutanea tarda, lichen planus and polyarteritis

nodosa. Thyroid-related dermopathy results in increased hyaluronic acid in the dermis. Lindsay's nails,or half and half nails, are associated with renal disease. Congenital hyperpigmentation of the retinal



46

pigment (CHRPE) is seen in Gardner's syndrome. Peutz-Jeghers, among other conditions presents with periorificial lentigines.


The most common autoimmune disease associated with hepatitis C is:

1 Autoimmune thyroiditis

2 Myasthenia gravis3 Aplastic anemia

4 Lymphocytic sialadenitis

5 Rheumatoid arthritis


The most common autoimmune disease associated with hepatitis C is:

1 Autoimmune thyroiditis

The most common autoimmune disease seen in association with Hepatitis C is autoimmune thyroiditis.


Which of the following is (are) characteristic of basal cell nevus syndrome?

1 Autosomal recessive inheritance

2 NEMO gene mutation

3 Tram-track calcifications

4 Colobomas

5 Telangiectasias


Which of the following is (are) characteristic of basal cell nevus syndrome?

4 Colobomas

Basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome) is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in PTCH

gene that encodes PTC protein involved in sonic hedge hog pathway. This mutation leads to loss of

inhibition of smoothened (SMO) leading to an increased expression of other genes. Cutaneous findingsinclude nevoid basal cell carcinomas, milial cysts, epidermoid cysts and palmar-plantar pits.

Neurological findings include calcifications of the falx cerebri, agenesis of the corpus callosum, mental

retardation, medulloblastoma and spina bifida. Ocular findings include blindness, cataracts, colobomas

and strabismus. Other findings include odontogenic cysts of the jaw, frontal bossing, bifid ribs, and

pectus deformity. NEMO gene mutations are found in incontinentia pigmenti. Tram-track calfications

are seen Sturge-Weber syndrome. Telangiectasias are seen in ataxia-telangiectasia among others.


When metastases to the skin occur from a thyroid malignancy, they are usually due to:1 Medullary carcinoma



47

2 Papillary adenocarcinoma

3 Follicular carcinoma

4 Anaplastic carcinoma

5 Cutaneous metastases have not been reported in association with thyroid malignancies


When metastases to the skin occur from a thyroid malignancy, they are usually due to:

2 Papillary adenocarcinoma

Metastases to the skin from a thyroid malignancy are rare, but most reported cases occur with papillary

adenocarcinoma.


Hypothyroidism may result in all of the following cutaneous findings except:

1 Increase in the percentage of telogen hairs

2 Yellowish hue

3 Purpura

4 Madarosis



Hypothyroidism may result in all of the following cutaneous findings except:


All of the above are non-specific cutaneous manifestations of hypothyroidism: an increase in

percentage of telogen hairs, yellowish hue caused by carotenemia, purpura secondary to impaired

wound healing, and loss of the lateral third of the eyeborw (madarosis).


All of the following are true regarding Cockayne Syndrome EXCEPT:

1 Inheritance is autosomal recessive

2 It is caused by an inability to repair cyclobutane dimers

3 It is associated with basal ganglia calcifications

4 It is associated with retinal pigment degeneration with a "salt and pepper" appearance

5 None of these answers are incorrect


All of the following are true regarding Cockayne Syndrome EXCEPT:



48

5 None of these answers are incorrect

Cockayne Syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation of an unknown gene that

results in the inability to repair cyclobutane dimers induced by UV exposure. Cutaneous findings

include photosensitivity, "bird-headed" facies, and "Mickey Mouse" ears. Statements A-D are true

regarding the syndrome.


A 70-year old female develops erythema with fine adherent scale on acral skin that progresses to

keratoderma and eventually a more generalized psoriasiform dermatitis. What is the most likely

underlying malignancy?

1 Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx

2 Adenocarcinoma of the colon

3 Adenocarcinoma of the breast

4 Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina

5 Medullary thyroid carcinoma


A 70-year old female develops erythema with fine adherent scale on acral skin that progresses to

keratoderma and eventually a more generalized psoriasiform dermatitis. What is the most likely

underlying malignancy?

1 Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx

Acrokeratosis Paraneoplastica (Bazek Syndrome) is always associated with malignancy. Most

commonly, the associated malignancy is a squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract.The skin disease usually follows the course of the malignancy.


A patient presents with mild mental retardation, infertility, joint contractures, short stature, ichthyosis,

and sparse hair with trichoschisis. All of the following are true regarding this patient's condition

EXCEPT:

1 This syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner

2 If photosensitivity is a feature, gonad size may be normal

3 Patients may have associated cataracts

4 The syndrome is caused by impaired nucleotide excision repair

5 Perifoveal glistening white dots are a feature


A patient presents with mild mental retardation, infertility, joint contractures, short stature, ichthyosis,and sparse hair with trichoschisis. All of the following are true regarding this patient's condition

EXCEPT:



49

5 Perifoveal glistening white dots are a feature

The patient described has IBIDS syndrome (Ichthyosis, Brittle hair, Intellectual impairment, Decreased

fertility, and Short stature), or Tay's syndrome. This syndrome is autosomal recessive, caused by

mutations in the ERCC2/XPD or ERCC3/XPB genes, resulting in impaired nucleotide excision repair.

Cataracts may be a feature. If photosensitivity is a feature (PIBIDS), gonal size is normal. Perifoveal

glistening white dots are a feature of Sjorgen-Larsson Syndrome, not IBIDS.


A patient presents with diffuse waxy keratoderma of the palms and soles as well as oral hairy

leukoplakia. Which of the following statements regarding this condition is NOT true?

1 This condition may be associated with esophageal carcinoma

2 This condition is autosomal recessive

3 Family members should be advised to undergo cancer screening

4 Features may include squamous cell carcinomas arising from keratodermic skin

5 None of these answers are correct (all are true)


A patient presents with diffuse waxy keratoderma of the palms and soles as well as oral hairy

leukoplakia. Which of the following statements regarding this condition is NOT true?

2 This condition is autosomal recessive

Howell-Evans syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that presents with diffuse waxy keratoderm

of the palms and soles, as well as oral hairy leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma arising from

keratodermic skin. It is associated with esophageal carcinoma; cancer screening in family members is

advised.


A patient with end stage renal disease undergoes an MRI examination with contrast. He subsequently

develops woody indurated plaques on the extremities. Fatalities seen in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

are due to what underlying process?

1 Fibrosis of respiratory muscles

2 Fibrosis of cardiac smooth muscle

3 Fibrosis of the gastrointestinal tract

4 Fibrosis of cerebral arteries

5 Fibrosis of the liver


A patient with end stage renal disease undergoes an MRI examination with contrast. He subsequently

develops woody indurated plaques on the extremities. Fatalities seen in nephrogenic systemic fibrosisare due to what underlying process?



50

1 Fibrosis of respiratory muscles

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a chronic fibrosing disorder seen most commonly in the setting of

renal failure. There is a reported association also with gadolinium as contrast in an MRI. Patients

present with woody indurated plaques or nodules primarily of the extremities, with occasional

involvement of the trunk. Fulminant and fatal disease is rare, occurring in about 5% of cases. Death is

due to impaired ventilation secondary to fibrosis of respiratory muscles.


A patient presents with a complaint of facial flushing that spreads to the neck and upper trunk. Review

of systems reveals that the patient has occassional bouts of diarrhea, and intermittent bronchospasm.

Laboratory testing reveals an elevated urine 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid level. Which of the statements

regarding this condition is NOT correct?

1 Chest and abdominal/pelvic CT scanning should be the next step in this patient's evaluation

2 The patient may have an associated sclerodermoid-like eruption on examination

3 The patient likely has a neoplasm originating in the endocrine argentaffin cells

4 Treatment with cyproheptadine would be contraindicated

5 The patient likely has a neoplasm located in the GI tract


A patient presents with a complaint of facial flushing that spreads to the neck and upper trunk. Review

of systems reveals that the patient has occassional bouts of diarrhea, and intermittent bronchospasm.

Laboratory testing reveals an elevated urine 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid level. Which of the statements

regarding this condition is NOT correct?

4 Treatment with cyproheptadine would be contraindicated

This patient has carcinoid sydrome, which presents with facial flushing, diarrhea, and intermittent

bronchospasm. Patients can also develop telangiectasia, pellagra-like, or sclerodermoid-like cutaneous

findings. This syndrome is caused by a neoplasm originating in the endocrine argentaffin cells. 80-85%

are found in the GI tract. Treatment is surgical removal of the tumor, or medical treatment with

medications including somatostatin, methylsergide, cyproheptadine, beta-blockers, and phenothiazine

derivatives.


Which one of the following clinical findings suggests the diagnosis of multiple myeloma?

1 Sudden eruption of seborrheic keratoses

2 Hyperkeratotic follicular papules on the nose

3 Erythema, vesicles, and erosions in periorifical and acral areas

4 Concentric erythematous rings with trailing scale on trunk and extremities

5 Tripe palms


Which one of the following clinical findings suggests the diagnosis of multiple myeloma?



51

2 Hyperkeratotic follicular papules on the nose

Hyperkeratotic follicular nasal papules are associated with multiple myeloma. A sudden increase in

number and size of seborrheic keratoses is called the sign of Lesser-Trelat and can be seen in gastric or

colon carcinoma. Erythema and vesiculation in periorificial and acral areas is characteristic of

necrolytic migratory erythema most often associated with pancreatic cancer. Concentric erythematous

rings with trailing scale is a feature of erythema gyratum repens most commonly seen in lung cancer.

Tripe palms, with or without acanthosis nigricans, are associated with gastric and lung cancer

respectively.Q/Q(M)-482196 Report a Problem

Which of the following statements about necrolytic migratory erythema is TRUE?

1 There is a low incidence of metastasis of the offending tumor at the time of diagnosis

2 Acanthosis and parakeratosis are found on routine histology

3 Serum glucagon levels are usually normal

4 Vacuolar changes are normally found on routine histology5 The offending tumor originates from endocrine argentaffin cells


Which of the following statements about necrolytic migratory erythema is TRUE?

2 Acanthosis and parakeratosis are found on routine histology

Necrolytic migratory erythema or glucagonoma syndrome is clinically characterized by periorificial

and acral erythema, vesicles, pustules and erosions. A circinate pattern is often seen. Glossitis and

cheilitis are features as well. The underlying tumor is an alpha-2 glucagon producing islet cell pancreatic carcinoma, which is metastatic at the time of diagnosis in the majority of cases.

Histopathological findings include dyskeratotic keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum, acanthosis

and parakeratosis. Serum glucagon levels are elevated. The tumors must be resected if feasible, and

intravenous somatostatin and amino acids have been used for treatment.


A 56-year-old female presents with longitudinal grooving of the nail plate of her index finger.

Examination reveals a 4mm spongy subcutaneous nodule just distal to the DIP joint. Biopsy reveals a

cyst with no true lining. What is the most common associated systemic disease:

1 Hypothyroidism

2 Bronchiolitis Obliterans Pneumonia (BOOP)

3 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

4 Sporotrichosis

5 Osteoarthritis


A 56-year-old female presents with longitudinal grooving of the nail plate of her index finger.

Examination reveals a 4mm spongy subcutaneous nodule just distal to the DIP joint. Biopsy reveals a

cyst with no true lining. What is the most common associated systemic disease:



52

5 Osteoarthritis

Digital myxoid cysts are composed of mucin contained in a cystic structure without a true lining. They

may have connections to the joint space, especially in patient�s with osteoarthritis, who are

predisposed to developing myxoid cysts. Historically, tuberculosis infection has also been associated

with myxoid cysts but there is little current support for this relationship.


Patients with plexiform neuroma and NF I who also have JXG are at increased risk for developing:

1 Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia

2 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

3 Esophageal cancer

4 Breast cancer

5 Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland


Patients with plexiform neuroma and NF I who also have JXG are at increased risk for developing:

1 Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia

Patient with NF 1 who have multiple juvenile xanthogranulomas are at 20 times greater risk for

developing juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia.


A patient comes to your office with extensive alopecia and melanocytic macules on the fingers. In the

review of systems he states he has diarrhea and was told by his primary doctor that he has

malabsorption symptoms. A previous colonoscopy revealed a few polyps which were removed. What

kind of mutation does this patient have?

1 Autosomal recessive

2 Autosomal dominant

3 X-linked recessive

4 Sporadic

5 Mosaicism


A patient comes to your office with extensive alopecia and melanocytic macules on the fingers. In the

review of systems he states he has diarrhea and was told by his primary doctor that he has

malabsorption symptoms. A previous colonoscopy revealed a few polyps which were removed. What

kind of mutation does this patient have?

4 SporadicPatient has Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. This is a syndrome with a sporadic PTEN mutation. Patients



53

develop GI symptoms(diarrhea, malabsorption, polyposis), weight loss and weakness. Later on theydevelop cutaneous changes such as melanocytic macules on the fingers, generalized hyperpigmentation

and alopecia


Porphyria cutanea tarda may be associated with all of the following except:

1 Hepatitis C virus infection

2 Alcohol

3 Estrogens

4 Polyhalogenated hydrocarbons

5 Inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III synthase


Porphyria cutanea tarda may be associated with all of the following except:

5 Inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III synthase

A homozygous defect in uroporphyrinogen III synthase in a cause of congenital erythropoietic

porphyria, not porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). PCT may be caused by sporadic or familial deficiency inuroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, or by any of the other causes listed above.


The expected histology of a biopsy take from the lesion shown in the image would

1 Increased mucin2 Schumann bodies

3 Granulomatous infiltrate localized to the papillary dermis

4 Elastic fiber degeneration

5 Collagen degeneration




54

The expected histology of a biopsy take from the lesion shown in the image would

5 Collagen degeneration

The histologic findings of necrobiosis lipodica diabeticorum are: dermal granulomatous inflammation

in a horizontal pattern, collagen degeneration, and normal or atrophic epidermis.


Paraneoplastic pemphigus is associated with all of the following underlying malignancies EXCEPT:

1 Non-Hodgkins lymphoma

2 Lung carcinoma

3 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

4 Thymoma

5 Castleman's tumor


Paraneoplastic pemphigus is associated with all of the following underlying malignancies EXCEPT:

2 Lung carcinoma

Paraneoplastic pemphigus has been associated with Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic

leukemia, thymoma, Castleman's tumor, and sarcoma. It has not been associated with lung carcinoma.

Treatment includes management of the underlying malignancy, as well as prednisone or other

immunosuppressive agents.


Mutations in the STK11 gene encoding a serine threonine kinase are seen in:

1 Muir-Torre Syndrome



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2 Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba Syndrome

3 Birt-Hogg-Dubbe Syndrome

4 Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome

5 Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome


Mutations in the STK11 gene encoding a serine threonine kinase are seen in:

5 Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome is an autosomal dominant syndrome. 50% of patients have mutations in the

STK11 gene which encodes a serine threonine kinase. It presents with periorificial and mucosal

lentigines beginning in infancy, as well as hamartomatous intestinal polyps with intussusception and

bleeding; gallbladder, pancreatic, breast, ovarian, and testicular cancer.


All of the following are true regarding calciphylaxis except:

1 Seen in end-stage renal disease

2 Vascular mural calcification occurs late in the process

3 High morality rate is due to sepsis

4 Association with hyperparathyroidism

5 Association with an elevated calcium: phosphate product


All of the following are true regarding calciphylaxis except:

2 Vascular mural calcification occurs late in the process

Calciphylaxis is a rare, life threatening disorder that is associated with end stage renal disease.

Clinically, patients develop a livedoid purpura and enlarging, tender, indurated subcutaneous plaque

typically on the legs or abdomen. These plaques are subject to ischemia, skin necrosis, and secondary

infection, sepsis, and death. Histologic examination of calciphylaxis is characterized by the triad of

small vessel mural calcivication, extravascular calcification, and vascular thrombosis. It appears that

vascular mural calcification is an early and essential process in the development of calciphylaxis.


Which of the following is more commonly associated with ulcerative colitis as compared to Crohn�s

disease?

1 Pyoderma gangrenosum

2 Oral lesions


4 Fistulae



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5 Metastatic lesions


Which of the following is more commonly associated with ulcerative colitis as compared to Crohn�s

disease?

1 Pyoderma gangrenosumCrohn�s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) may both have gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and

cutaneous manifestations. CD lesions can involve any area of the GIT (from the lips to the anus), with

patchy disease normally present, whereas UC is limited to the colon and rectum and tends to be

continuous. Oral disease, fissures and fistulae, metastatic disease to the skin, and polyarteritis nodosa

are more commonly associated with CD. Conversely, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum and

pyoderma vegetans tend to be more commonly associated with UC.


Bilateral diagonal earlobe creases may be associated with which of the following systemic diseases?1 Gout

2 Chronic renal insufficiency

3 Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

4 Hepatobiliary cirrhosis

5 Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease


Bilateral diagonal earlobe creases may be associated with which of the following systemic diseases?

5 Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease

Several studies have indicated that bilateral diagonal earlobe creases (known as�Frank �s sign�)

may serve as a clinical marker for underlying coronary artery disease independent of age, particularly

in persons younger than 40 years old.


Tripe palms are a cutaneous manifestation associated with which of the following malignancies?

1 Renal carcinoma

2 Lung carcinoma

3 Prostate carcinoma

4 Colon carcinoma

5 Pancreatic carcinoma


Tripe palms are a cutaneous manifestation associated with which of the following malignancies?



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2 Lung carcinoma

Tripe palms are rugose thickening of the palms which are nearly always associated with internal

malignancy. When tripe palms are present without other cutaneous findings, the most likely internal

malignancy is lung cancer. Tripe palms in association with acanthosis nigricans is most likely to be

associated with gastric cancer.


Carotenemia can be a manifestation of:

1 Porphyria

2 Hypothyroidism

3 Pretibial myxedema

4 Graves disease

5 Amyloidosis


Carotenemia can be a manifestation of:

2 Hypothyroidism

Reduced matabolism of beta-carotene in the diet, can result in yellowing of the skin in hypothyroidism.

Treatment of porphyria with beta-carotene can result in carotenemia. Pretibial myxedema, Graves

disease and amyloidosis do not result in carotenemia.


A patient with end stage renal disease complains of some itchy spots on his back. Examination revealsflesh-colored papules with a central keratotic core. Acquired perforating dermatosis is more commonly

seen in end stage renal disease due to what underlying disorder?

1 Diabetic nephropathy

2 Lupus nephritis

3 Mesangial glomerulonephropathy

4 IgA nephropathy

5 Medication-related renal failureQ/Q(M)-482736 Report a Problem

A patient with end stage renal disease complains of some itchy spots on his back. Examination reveals

flesh-colored papules with a central keratotic core. Acquired perforating dermatosis is more commonly

seen in end stage renal disease due to what underlying disorder?

1 Diabetic nephropathy

Acquired perforating dermatosis is the transepidermal elimination of altered dermal substances. The

etiology is unknown, but may be related to micro-deposits of calcium with subsequent evacuation

through the epidermis. It is more commonly seen in darker skin types and in patients with ESRD

secondary to diabetic nephropathy.

cutaneous manifestations of systemic diseaes mcqs

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