cva a&p - chapter 6c: muscle movements and major muscles
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Copyright - Adapted from Glencoe - McGraw-HillTRANSCRIPT
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART C6
The Muscular System
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Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity
Table 6.2
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Muscles and Body Movements
Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone
Muscles are attached to at least two points
Origin
Attachment to a moveable bone
Insertion
Attachment to an immovable bone
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Muscles and Body Movements
Figure 6.12
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Flexion
Decreases the angle of the joint
Brings two bones closer together
Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow
Extension
Opposite of flexion
Increases angle between two bones
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13a
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13b
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Rotation
Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
Common in ball-and-socket joints
Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis (shake your head “no”)
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Humerus RotationPLAYFigure 6.13c
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline
Adduction
Opposite of abduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13d
Humerus Adduction/AbductionPLAY
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
Common in ball-and-socket joints
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Wrist CircumductionPLAY
Humerus CircumductionPLAY
Figure 6.13d
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Special Movements
Dorsiflexion
Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin
Plantar flexion
Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
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Special Movements
Figure 6.13e
Ankle Dorsiflexion/Plantar FlexionPLAY
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Special Movements
Inversion
Turn sole of foot medially
Eversion
Turn sole of foot laterally
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Special Movements
Ankle Inversion/EversionPLAYFigure 6.13f
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Special Movements
Supination
Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly
Pronation
Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly
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Special Movements
Figure 6.13g
Elbow Pronation/SupinationPLAY
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Special Movements
Opposition
Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand
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Special Movements
Hand OppositionPLAYFigure 6.13h
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Types of Muscles
Prime mover—muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
By direction of muscle fibers
Example: Rectus (straight)
By relative size of the muscle
Example: Maximus (largest)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
By location of the muscle
Example: Temporalis (temporal bone)
By number of origins
Example: Triceps (three heads)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
Example: Sterno (on the sternum)
By shape of the muscle
Example: Deltoid (triangular)
By action of the muscle
Example: Flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
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Head and Neck Muscles Facial muscles
Frontalis—raises eyebrows Orbicularis oculi—closes eyes, squints,
blinks, winks Orbicularis oris—closes mouth and protrudes
the lips
Buccinator—flattens the cheek, chews
Zygomaticus—raises corners of the mouth
Chewing muscles
Masseter—closes the jaw and elevates mandible
Temporalis—synergist of the masseter, closes jaw
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Head and Neck Muscles
Neck muscles
Platysma—pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly
Sternocleidomastoid—flexes the neck, rotates the head
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Head and Neck Muscles
Figure 6.15
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Anterior muscles
Pectoralis major—adducts and flexes the humerus
Intercostal muscles
External intercostals—raise rib cage during inhalation
Internal intercostals—depress the rib cage to move air out of the lungs when you exhale forcibly
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16a
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Muscles of the abdominal girdle
Rectus abdominis—flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal contents (defecation, childbirth, forced breathing)
External and internal obliques—flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally
Transversus abdominis—compresses abdominal contents
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16b
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Posterior muscles
Trapezius—elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula
Latissimus dorsi—extends and adducts the humerus
Deltoid—arm abduction
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Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
Figure 6.17a
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Muscles of the Upper Limb
Biceps brachii—supinates forearm, flexes elbow
Brachialis—elbow flexion
Brachioradialis—weak muscle
Triceps brachii—elbow extension (antagonist to biceps brachii)
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16a
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Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
Figure 6.17a
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
Gluteus maximus—hip extension
Gluteus medius—hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking
Iliopsoas—hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when standing erect
Adductor muscles—adduct the thighs
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19a
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19c
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscles causing movement at the knee joint
Hamstring group—thigh extension and knee flexion
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19a
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscles causing movement at the knee joint
Sartorius—flexes the thigh
Quadriceps group—extends the knee
Rectus femoris
Vastus muscles (three)
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19c
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot
Tibialis anterior—dorsiflexion and foot inversion
Extensor digitorum longus—toe extension and dorsiflexion of the foot
Fibularis muscles—plantar flexion, everts the foot
Soleus—plantar flexion
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.20a
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.20b
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Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Figure 6.21
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Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.22
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Intramuscular Injection Sites
Figure 6.18, 6.19b, d