CW11 – p460 Vocab

French Philosophes

• French for philosophers

• Nothing beyond the reach of human reason

• Called for reforms to protect people’s natural rights.

• Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot and Rousseau

Montesquieu• Studied tons of

governments

• Criticized absolute monarchy

• Decided best format would be to use three branches:

1. Legislative

2. Judicial

3. Executive

• Each branch would check and balance each others power.

Voltaire• “My trade is to say what I

think”

• Outspoken against: inequality, injustice, superstition, slavery, religious prejudice

• Arrested, prisoned, exiled, books burned.

• Definition of freedom of speech

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAzKGkTIKpg

Diderot

• Wrote the Encyclopedia

• Collection of all the philosophes writings

• Church fought this hard, threatened anyone who bought it

Rousseau

• Most controversial philosophe

• Wrote The Social Contract

1. People are naturally good

2. Society places too many limits on people

3. Put his faith in the “general will”

• People are corrupted by the evils of society

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81KfDXTTtXE

Ideas Spread

• From France to all of Europe

• People’s ideas began to change…

• Church and government fight back with censorship, banning and burning books and imprisoning writers.

Physiocrats

• French thinkers on economics

• Applied natural laws to economic systems

Laissez faire –allowing business to operate with little or no government interference

Adam Smith

• Scottish economist• Wrote The Wealth of Nations• Free market – natural forces of

supply and demand• Free enterprise system –

businesses compete for profit with no government interference

• Shapes economies even today.• https://www.youtube.com/wat

ch?v=ejJRhn53X2M

Salons• Salons – informal social gatherings where

people exchanged ideas.

• Middle-class citizens meet with nobles to discuss Enlightenment ideas

• Madame Geoffrin had most famous salon, Mozart played for her guests.

Enlightenment Art

• Baroque – art style before enlightenment (Louis XIV) big, grand, colorful stuff

• Rococo – style of Enlightenment, lighter, more personal, elegant charming.

Enlightenment Music

• Big, grand musical works: ballets, symphonies and opera• Big names:

• Bach - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIH_4TLHAA4• Handel – “Halleluia”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usfiAsWR4qU• Mozart - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNMOUVHPOI8

Enlightened Despots

• Monarchs that accepted Enlightenment ideas.

1. Frederick the Great –Prussia• Like Voltaire, opened school for

science

2. Catherine the Great –Russia• Experimented with

Enlightenment ideas

3. Joseph II – Austria• Ended censorship, travelled in

disguise, many reforms