cws wril presentation - christine wihak
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Work-Related Informal Learning in Canada:
Implications for Research & Practice
Christine Wihak, Thompson Rivers University -- Open Learning, Principal ResearcherAlex Stephens, Coordinator Work & Learning Knowledge Centre (WLKC)Gail Hall, CAPLA Coordinator www.recognitionforlearning.ca
A contract completed for: Canadian Council on Learning’s
Work and Learning Knowledge Centre (WLKC)
by The Canadian Association for Prior
Learning Assessment (CAPLA)
The WLKC perspective
Why this work?
Research Method Synthesis research -- not original research Defined “work” as paid employment
Had Advisory Committee with representation from key Stakeholders
Literature Search Searched literature published after 2000 Limited search terms to “informal learning” and
“work” (and French equivalents) when searching academic databases and web
Also searched individual issues of journals listed on Work & Learning Network website (http://www.wln.ualberta.ca/resourcesJ.htm)
Stakeholder Consultation
Conducted to get stakeholder response to findings from literature review Not intended to be statistically valid survey
Five main Stakeholder groups Industry / Business Labour Unions Groups/Professional Associations (occupational groups,
professional associations, certification bodies) Facilitators (training companies and organizations, PLAR
practitioners, career/employment counsellors, immigrant serving agencies, etc.)
Researchers
Stakeholder Consultation
Questionnaire reviewed, approved by Advisory Committee
E-mail invitation to respond to on-line survey sent to over 100 contacts identified through CAPLA network, WLKC network, Advisory Committee members
Received 58 completed questionnaires Responses from all key Stakeholder groups Only 3 responses from Labour out of 17 contacts
Completed 9 telephone interviews with contacts who provided follow-up information
Work-Related Informal Learning
Major purpose of research was to try to find consensus on working definition Asked Stakeholders what terms they
use for “informal learning”
Informal Work-Related Learning
Stakeholder terms
Action learningExperiential learningHands-on learningIncidental learningIndependent studyIndustry trainingJob shadowingLifelong learningMentoringNon-formal learning
Observation On-the-job training (OJT)PartneringPeer learningProfessional developmentProject learningReflectionResearchingSelf-directed learningService learning
Definition of Work-Related Informal Learning
Usual trilogy of adult education and learning Formal Non-formal Informal
Informal learning often defined by what it is not
Looked in literature for academic definitions of “informal learning”
Continuum of Learning Researchers in England attempted to find consensus in
academic literature on definition of “informal learning” (Colley, Hodkinson, & Malcolm, 2003a; 2003a, b).
Reviewed 10 major theoretical definitions, including Eraut’s, Livingstone’s
Found no one definition that would have be credible across all sectors
Instead suggested, “The challenge is not to combineformal and informal learning, but to recognize that they are always combined, and to then understand the implications of their particular balance in any learning situation” (Colley et al., 2003b, p. 8).
Proposed practical tool to analyze where a particular learning situation fit on formality-informality continuum
Continuum of Learning
Process – how the learning process is controlled, supported and assessed.
Location and Setting – whether the environment is designed for learning, production or some other purpose such as socializing (e.g. water cooler).
Purpose – whether learning is a primary or secondary focus of activity and whether the purpose is controlled by the learner or an external authority.
Content – whether the learning outcomes are highly specified and involve abstract knowledge and advanced technical skill or whether the learning outcome is development of an everyday, practical skill.
Response to Continuum Approach
Favourable response in literature from academics such as Livingstone, Sawchuk Used effectively in Canadian study of labour
education (Gairey et al., 2006) Most Stakeholders thought it would be useful
or very useful Some concern about how to convey to non-
academic Stakeholders Participants in CAPLA conference found
Continuum approach easy to use to analyze learning of typical PLAR candidate
Additional Aspect of Informal Learning?
Consciousness -- possible fifth aspect of learning Idea of “tacit learning” suggested decades ago
by Polanyi: “We know more than we can say” Vast majority of human cognition is unconscious Experts have more difficulty articulating
knowledge than those with medium experience Implications for how to support, assess informal
learning
Participation in Informal Learning Canadian surveys of participation in work-related
informal learning: Survey of Self-Employment (Delage, 2002) National Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey (Rubenson, Desjardin, &
Yoon, 2007) WALL (Work & Lifelong Learning) survey (Livingstone & Scholtz, 2006)
Estimates of participation ranged from 33% in past month to 93% in past year
Gender, age not strongly related to participation Possible indication that participation rate related to
education level, occupational status Higher levels associated with more involvement in informal
learning, use of more different strategies for informal learning
Case Study Research
Case study research reviewed in terms of major occupational groups used in WALL survey
Shows informal work-related learning can be rich and varied e.g. “work arounds” created by social service workers
(Boutilier, 2008) Commonalities in reasons for learning, approaches to
learning across occupational groups “Resistive” and/or “secretive” learning found in some,
but not all, workplaces with industrial and/or unionized workers Workplace labour relations and/or researchers’ framework
may influence findings
Other Features of WLKC report
Typology of informal learning based on Eraut (2004)
How do people learn? What do they learn? What factors affect the quality of learning?
Personal characteristics of learners Workplace learning environments
Relationship between informal learning and other learning in the workplace
Supportive practices
Knowledge and Information Gaps
Development of a shared vocabulary for informal learning
Greater recognition of the inter-related nature of all workplace learning
Better measurement of how people are learning informally at work, how much they are learning, and how useful their learning is
More information on effective informal learning strategies for specific types of workers
Knowledge and Information Gaps
More information on how learners’ personal characteristics affect informal work-related learning
More information on the relationship between work environments and informal learning
Tools for assessing informal learning and work environments
Addressing the question of how informal learning affects work satisfaction, worker retention, performance and productivity
Policy options for Canada that would facilitate the development of actual policy or policy framework
Knowledge Exchange Activities?
Recent research (Carliner et al., 2008) suggesting that workplace practitioners make little use of scholarly literature. How can findings from academic
research best be shared with Stakeholders? Employers, training community, unions
Final Report to come (Nov/08):
Watch for it on:www.RecognitionForLearning.ca (RFL)CAPLA’s pan-Canadian repository and knowledge exchange for PLA, and
www.wlkc-csamt.caWork and Learning Knowledge Centre
For further information contact:
Alex Stephens, WLKC Coordinator613 241-3222, ext/poste [email protected]
Gail Hall, Project Coordinator for CAPLA204 [email protected] or [email protected]
Christine Wihak, TRU, Principal Project [email protected]