CytologyCytology

Objectives:Objectives:– Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cellscells– Investigate the anatomy (structure) and Investigate the anatomy (structure) and

physiology (function) of a typical cellphysiology (function) of a typical cell– Compare animal and plant cellsCompare animal and plant cells

CytologyCytology Cytology : Cytology : is the study of the is the study of the

structure and function of cells.structure and function of cells. Cytoplasm : Cytoplasm : is the area of space is the area of space

outside the nucleus but which is outside the nucleus but which is contained within the cell membrane. contained within the cell membrane. It contains the organelles and fluid. It contains the organelles and fluid.

The The organellesorganelles are tiny structures in are tiny structures in the cytoplasm which perform various the cytoplasm which perform various jobs for the cell. jobs for the cell.

The fluid part of the cytoplasm is The fluid part of the cytoplasm is called the called the cytosolcytosol..

CellCell

NucleoplasmNucleoplasm

Nucleoplasm : Nucleoplasm : is is the area of space the area of space found inside the found inside the nucleus.nucleus.

Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells They lack a They lack a nuclearnuclear

membranemembrane as well as well any other any other membrane coveredmembrane covered organellesorganelles in their in their cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

Considered to be Considered to be “Primitive Cells”“Primitive Cells”

Example : Bacteria Example : Bacteria & Blue-Green Algae & Blue-Green Algae

Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

They possess a They possess a nuclear nuclear membrane as membrane as well as well as membrane bound membrane bound organelles in organelles in their cytoplasm.their cytoplasm.

Example : Plant Example : Plant & Animal Cells & Animal Cells

Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell

The CellThe Cell

Structure & FunctionStructure & Function

The NucleusThe Nucleus

is the computer or control center is the computer or control center of the cell.of the cell.

contains the genetic material of contains the genetic material of life life DNADNA ( (Deoxyribonucleic acidDeoxyribonucleic acid).).

Long chains of DNA formLong chains of DNA form ChromatinChromatin..

Short sections of DNA along a Short sections of DNA along a piece of chromatin formpiece of chromatin form GenesGenes..

The Human Genome consists of The Human Genome consists of about about 30,000 Genes.30,000 Genes.

The NucleusThe Nucleus

Let’s draw a cell that we will add to Let’s draw a cell that we will add to as the unit continues.as the unit continues.

Nucleolus / Nucleoli (plural) : Nucleolus / Nucleoli (plural) : is a is a dark spherical structure that is dark spherical structure that is the site of ribosome formation.the site of ribosome formation.

Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane or or Envelope Envelope surrounds the nucleus surrounds the nucleus

Nuclear pores Nuclear pores control what control what moves in and out of the nucleusmoves in and out of the nucleus

DNA StructureDNA StructureThe building blocks of DNA are called The building blocks of DNA are called NucleotidesNucleotides

A nucleotide consists of a : A nucleotide consists of a : 1. phosphate group1. phosphate group2. sugar2. sugar3. nitrogen base : 4 types3. nitrogen base : 4 types

adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T)thymine (T)cytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)

DNA consists of two nucleotide chains connected together to DNA consists of two nucleotide chains connected together to form a twisted ladder called a form a twisted ladder called a Double HelixDouble Helix

Nucleotide StructureNucleotide Structure

Nucleotides look like this:Nucleotides look like this:

NucleotidesNucleotides

Draw a DNA strand with the base sequence A-Draw a DNA strand with the base sequence A-C-T on the left side. Make the top left the 5’C-T on the left side. Make the top left the 5’

A

C

T

T

G

A

OrganellesOrganelles

Look in your textbook (175-179) to find Look in your textbook (175-179) to find the function and appearance of the the function and appearance of the following. following.

Record your finding in your notes.Record your finding in your notes. RibosomesRibosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and

Smooth)Smooth) Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus LysosomesLysosomes

OrganellesOrganelles

RibosomesRibosomes : tiny : tiny non-membrane non-membrane bound structures bound structures that synthesize that synthesize proteinsproteins..

ProteinsProteins : : composed of long composed of long chains of chains of amino amino acidsacids , makes up , makes up 75% of a cell’s dry 75% of a cell’s dry weight. weight.

Proteins are important Proteins are important because they :because they :

(1) provide the main (1) provide the main structural component of structural component of youyou

(2) act as (2) act as Hormones,Hormones, which are chemical which are chemical messangersmessangers

(3) act as (3) act as Enzymes,Enzymes, which control all which control all chemical reactions in chemical reactions in your cells your cells

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): membrane bound canals with a rough membrane bound canals with a rough appearance due to appearance due to ribosomesribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): membrane bound canals that lack membrane bound canals that lack ribosomes , hence the smooth ribosomes , hence the smooth appearance. appearance. Lipids (fats)Lipids (fats) are are transported through the transported through the SERSER

Ribosomes and RER/SERRibosomes and RER/SER

Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Bodies / Golgi Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Bodies / Golgi Complex: Complex:

Is often referred to as the Is often referred to as the “cell’s post “cell’s post office”office”..

Proteins from the RER travel to Golgi, Proteins from the RER travel to Golgi, where they are : where they are : (1) sorted, (1) sorted, (2)addressed, & (3) packaged(2)addressed, & (3) packaged into into membrane bound vesicles called membrane bound vesicles called Lysosomes Lysosomes

LysosomesLysosomes

Golgi Bodies and LysosomesGolgi Bodies and Lysosomes

RER/Golgi BodiesRER/Golgi Bodies

RER/Golgi BodiesRER/Golgi Bodies

Try this!Try this! 1. Cells that lack membrane bound organelles are called _____.1. Cells that lack membrane bound organelles are called _____. 2. Cells with a defined nucleus are called _____.2. Cells with a defined nucleus are called _____. 3. The openings in the nuclear envelop are called _____.3. The openings in the nuclear envelop are called _____. 4. Long thin strands of DNA are called _____.4. Long thin strands of DNA are called _____. 5. Coiled up strands of DNA are called _____5. Coiled up strands of DNA are called _____ 6. Dark spheres in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced are 6. Dark spheres in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced are

called _____.called _____. 7. Canal network throughout the cell used for transporting 7. Canal network throughout the cell used for transporting

material is called _____.material is called _____. 8. The term ______ is used to describe ER with ribosomes attached.8. The term ______ is used to describe ER with ribosomes attached. 9. Protein are produced at the site of ______.9. Protein are produced at the site of ______. 10. Vesicles that carry digestive enzymes are called _____ .10. Vesicles that carry digestive enzymes are called _____ . 11. The “post office” of the cell is the _____.11. The “post office” of the cell is the _____. 12. The canal network that transports fats is called _____.12. The canal network that transports fats is called _____.

Let’s Add to our Developing CellLet’s Add to our Developing Cell

Back to your TextbookBack to your Textbook Read (179-181) about the following Read (179-181) about the following

organelles and describe their function in organelles and describe their function in your notes:your notes:

VacuolesVacuoles MitochondriaMitochondria ChloroplastsChloroplasts Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments MicrotubulesMicrotubules CentriolesCentrioles

……another organelleanother organelle

Vacuole – special vesicle that store Vacuole – special vesicle that store water (water vacuole) or stores food water (water vacuole) or stores food particles (food vacuole)particles (food vacuole)

Water vacuoles are small in animal Water vacuoles are small in animal cells. (2 below) Number in your cells. (2 below) Number in your notebook from 1 to 13 and identify notebook from 1 to 13 and identify the structures below. the structures below.

MitochondrionMitochondrion Mitochondria (plural) : Mitochondria (plural) : is a membrane is a membrane

bound oval shaped organelle that bound oval shaped organelle that function as the cell’sfunction as the cell’s “power plant” “power plant”..

This is where glucose is broken down This is where glucose is broken down to release energy during a chemical to release energy during a chemical reaction called “Cellular Respiration”reaction called “Cellular Respiration”

This energy released is stored in This energy released is stored in energy carrying molecules called ATP. energy carrying molecules called ATP.

It takes 36 ATP molecules to store the It takes 36 ATP molecules to store the energy released from the break down energy released from the break down of one glucose molecule. of one glucose molecule.

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 + enzyme 6CO + enzyme 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + O + EnergyEnergy

This energy will be stored in 36 ATP This energy will be stored in 36 ATP molecules.molecules.

Only eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.Only eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.

Mitochondria have their own DNA! ??Mitochondria have their own DNA! ??(Scientists think that the mitochondria was (Scientists think that the mitochondria was

once a cell that was engulfed by another cell once a cell that was engulfed by another cell producing the first Eukaryotic cell)producing the first Eukaryotic cell)

Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration

- Breaking down glucose without the use - Breaking down glucose without the use of Oof O22

(+) quick supply of energy(+) quick supply of energy (-) small amount of energy/build up of (-) small amount of energy/build up of

Lactic AcidLactic Acid

CC66HH1212OO66 2 C 2 C33HH66OO3 3 + + EE

Only 2 ATP molecules are needed to store Only 2 ATP molecules are needed to store this energythis energy

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Composed of protein found in the Composed of protein found in the cytoplasm and provides a support cytoplasm and provides a support system for the cellsystem for the cell

MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments

Composed of Composed of actinactin and makes up and makes up most of the cytoskeleton.most of the cytoskeleton.

MicrotubulesMicrotubules

Composed of small hollow protein Composed of small hollow protein tubes called tubes called tubulinstubulins

Make up cilia and flagellum which are Make up cilia and flagellum which are used for cellular locomotionused for cellular locomotion

……another organelleanother organelle

Centrioles – 2 bundles of rod-shaped Centrioles – 2 bundles of rod-shaped fibres that function in cell divisionfibres that function in cell division

Only found in Animal cellsOnly found in Animal cells

Animal CellAnimal CellSmooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosome (free)

Ribosome (attached)

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus

Centrioles

Plant CellsPlant Cells

Contain “Plastids”, special organelles Contain “Plastids”, special organelles in plantsin plants

A) Chloroplasts – site of A) Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesisphotosynthesis

B) Amyloplasts – found in the roots B) Amyloplasts – found in the roots cells of plants and store starch cells of plants and store starch

ChloroplastChloroplast

Found Found autotrophsautotrophs Contain the green pigment Contain the green pigment

chlorophyll.chlorophyll. They are involved with the They are involved with the

process of process of Photosynthesis.Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is exactly the Photosynthesis is exactly the

opposite chemical reaction opposite chemical reaction compared to Cellular Respirationcompared to Cellular Respiration

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + sun light CO + sun light C66HH1212OO66 + 6O+ 6O22

The glucose created from photosynthesis The glucose created from photosynthesis can now be broken down through Aerobic can now be broken down through Aerobic Respiration to release energy that will be Respiration to release energy that will be stored in stored in 36 ATP molecules.36 ATP molecules.

Chloroplasts also have their own DNA ?Chloroplasts also have their own DNA ?

What’s The Difference?What’s The Difference?Animal CellAnimal Cell Plant CellPlant Cell

Do not have a cell wallDo not have a cell wall Possess a cell wall Possess a cell wall made of cellulosemade of cellulose

Do not have plastids Do not have plastids like chloroplastslike chloroplasts

Possess plastids like Possess plastids like chloroplastschloroplasts

Possess centrioles Possess centrioles used in cell divisionused in cell division

No centrioles but can No centrioles but can still do cell divisionstill do cell division

Possess small Possess small vacuolesvacuoles

Possess large vacuole Possess large vacuole 90% of cell’s volume90% of cell’s volume

Round to irregular in Round to irregular in shapeshape

Rectangular in shape Rectangular in shape due to cell walldue to cell wall

Plant CellPlant Cell

Nuclear envelope

Ribosome (free)

Ribosome (attached)

Mitochondrion

Golgi apparatus

Vacuole

Nucleolus

NucleusSmooth endoplasmic reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Chloroplast

Animal and Plant CellsAnimal and Plant Cells

Let's CompareLet's Compare

Animal and Plant CellAnimal and Plant Cell