cytopathology case presentation #8american pathologists non-gynecologic cytopathology program. a...
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Cytopathology Case Presentation #8
Emily E. Volk, MDWilliam Beaumont Hospital, Troy, MI
Jonathan H. Hughes, MDLaboratory Medicine Consultants, Las Vegas, Nevada
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Clinical History
• 44 year old woman presents with new onset shortness of breath
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Slide 1Pleural Effusion
200x magnification
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Slide 2Pleural Effusion
200x magnification
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What is your diagnosis?
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Diagnosis:
Metastatic lobular carcinoma
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The diagnosis of metastatic lobular carcinoma in effusion specimens
Emily E. Volk, MD and Jonathan H. Hughes MD
The illustrations in this presentation represent material collected from the authors as well as submitted material from the College of American Pathologists Non-Gynecologic Cytopathology Program.
A common manifestation of metastatic breast cancer is pleural effusions. About 80% are ipsilateral to the primary lesion, while 10% are bilateral.
Malignant effusions originating from breast carcinomas have several morphologic presentations that can be identified as one of four major patterns: cannonballs, “Indian files”, signet ring cells, and mesothelial pattern.
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Cannonball pattern
• Cohesive, closely packed clusters of malignant cells
• Smooth borders around cell clusters• Cells with even, homogenous cytoplasm• Large cell clusters of suggestive of ductal
rather than lobular carcinoma
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Cannonball pattern of adenocarcinoma200x magnification; Pap stain
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Cannonball pattern of adenocarcinoma400x magnification; Pap stain
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Indian file pattern• Indian file pattern or long chain pattern of
adenocarcinoma is nearly diagnostic of breast origin• Small cells in long chains with homogenous cytoplasm
and relatively bland nuclei suggest lobular carcinoma• Medium to larger cells in shorter chains is more
commonly associated with ductal carcinoma• Other malignancies that may present with chains of
tumor cells within effusions include pancreatic carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, small cell carcinoma of lung, mesothelioma and carcinoid tumors.
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Indian-file pattern of adenocarcinoma400x magnification; Pap stain
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Signet ring pattern• Malignant cell population that has large cytoplasmic
vacuoles• Nucleus is compressed to the cell periphery• Indentation of the nuclear membrane is characteristic• Often associated with isolated tumor cells• Differential diagnosis of intracytoplasmic vacuoles
includes benign mesothelial cells with degenerative changes.
• Signet ring pattern adenocarcinoma is highly suggestive of breast (lobular carcinoma), and gastric origins.
• Other malignancies that may present with this pattern in pleural effusions include lymphoma, melanoma, sarcoma and mesothelioma.
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Signet-ring pattern of adenocarcinoma400x magnification; Pap stain
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Mesothelial pattern• Malignant tumor cells blend imperceptibly with
the background benign mesothelial population.• Extremely difficult to diagnose, but a relatively
common pattern.• Helpful diagnostic clues of malignancy include
irregularly thickened nuclear membranes, extra Barr bodies, prominent nucleoli, secretoryvacuoles or intracytoplasmic lumen.
• Mucicarmine stain may be helpful to discern nature of vacuoles as the excretion of epithelial mucin indicates malignancy.
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Mesothelial pattern of adenocarcinoma400x magnification; Pap stain
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Most common sites of origin of malignant effusions
• 80% of malignant cells in effusions are adenocarcinomas or lymphomas
• Most common sites of origin of adenocarcinoma:– Breast-25%– Lung-23%– Ovaries-17%– Stomach-8%– Other-27%
Ovaries and stomach: usually ascitesBreast and lung: usually pleural effusions
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Immunocytochemistry
• The use of Ber-EP4, B72.3 and CEA to identify antigens native to adenocarcinomacells and not found in mesothelial cells often assists in diagnosing difficult cases.
• The use of leukocyte common antigen and Ki-1 to identify antigens native to malignant lymphoma cells and not found in adenocarcinoma cells may also be useful.
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Immunocytochemistry• Cell block material
can be very useful• EMA positivity in
metastatic adenocarcinoma in pleural fluid
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References
1. Demay RM. The Art and Science of Cytopathology, Volume 1. ASCP Press, Chicago, p.272-273.
2. Johnston WW. The malignant pleural effusion. A review of cytopathologicdiagnoses of 585 specimens from 472 consecutive patients. Cancer. 56; 1985: 905-909.
3. Bailey ME, Brown RW, Mody DR, Cagle P, and Ramzy I. Ber-EP4 for differentiating adenocarcinoma from reactive and neoplastic mesothelialcells in serous effusions. Comparison with CEA, B72.3 and Leu-M1. ActaCytol. 40; 1996: 1212-1216.
4. Murphy WM, Ng APB. Determination of primary site by examination of cancer cells in body fluids. Am J Clin Pathol. 58; 1972: 479-488.
5. Zakowski MF, Feiner H, Finfer M, Thomas P, Wollner N, Flippa DA. Cytology of extranodal Ki-1 anaplastic large cell lymphoma. DiagnCytopathol. 14; 1996: 155-161.