National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of UkraineFaculty of biotechnologies

Education and Research Institute of Plant Science,Environment and Biotechnology

Department of ecobiotechnologies and biodiversity

METHODICAL INSTRUCTIONS

to performance of course work on discipline

GENERAL (INDUSTRIAL) BIOTECHNOLOGY

for students of ocr "bachelor" direction 6.051401 "Biotechnology"

Kyiv-2011

UDC 575.8: 632

Recommendations to performance and registration of course work and the listof themes resulted.

For students of a direction 6.051401 "Biotechnology"

The author: PhD in Biology V.V. BorodaiReviewers: PhD in Agriculture I.A. Antipov, PhD in Biology J.V.Kolomiez

The educational edition

METHODICAL INSTRUCTIONS

to performance of course work on discipline

GENERAL (INDUSTRIAL) BIOTECHNOLOGYfor students of ocr "bachelor" direction 6.051401 "Biotechnology"

It is signed in a seal of 10.11.11. A format 60 х 841/16.Print rizograf. Offset paper. Headset Times New Roman.Circulation 100 copies. Conventional printed pages 4,6.Order № 837 / 11.

Printed in Ukrainian phyto sociological center03028, Kiev-28, Prospekt Nauki 15, Apt. 40

THE INTRODUCTION

Industrial microbiology or microbial biotechnology is the application of

scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by

microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses) or plant and

animal cells to create useful products or processes.

The microorganisms utilized may be natural isolates, laboratory selected

mutants or microbes that have been genetically engineered using recombinant

DNA methods.

The terms “industrial microbiology” and “biotechnology” are often one and

the same.

Areas of industrial microbiology include quality assurance for the food,

pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Industrial microbiologists may also be

responsible for air and plant contamination, health of animals used in testing

products, and discovery of new organisms and pathways.

For instance, most antibiotics come from microbial fermentations involving a

group of organisms called actinomycetes. Other organisms such as yeasts are used

in baking, in the production of alcohol for beverages, and in fuel production

(gasohol).

Additional groups of microorganisms form products that range from organic

acids to enzymes used to create various sugars, amino acids, and detergents. For

example, the sweetener aspartame is derived from amino acids produced by

microorganisms.

Industrial microbiologists may also deal with products associated with the

food and dairy industries, with the prevention or deterioration of processed or

manufactured goods, and with waste disposal systems.

Course work on microbiology is a component of the curriculum for student’s

biological specialties stationary and instruction by correspondence. It designed for

active independent work of students above the literature, on expansion and a

deepening of knowledge behind a specialty, skilful use of new achievements of a

modern science in the decision of industrial tasks in the practical activities.

Academic discipline "Total (industrial) biotechnology" is a component of the

direction of bachelor 6.051401 "Biotechnology" (specialty "Biotechnology."

The task of the discipline "General (industrial) biotechnology" is the study of basic

biotechnological processes and their practical use for industrially valuable products

of microorganisms, their biomass, produce useful substances (drugs) used in

various branches of agriculture and medicine.

Industrial biotechnology is one of the main sections of biotechnology, integrated

science and technology, which uses the theoretical and methodical aspects of

molecular biology and genetics, microbiology, biochemistry, physiology, and

cytology, as well as the newest chemical technologies.

The subject of industrial biotechnology is highly strains of microorganisms -

producers (representatives of various physiological and taxonomic groups that

differ in the type of metabolism, and the type of food), as well as general principles

of biotechnological processes.

The aim is to master the discipline of students knowledge and ability to use

basic biotechnological processes for the production of biologically active

compounds, principles and methods of constructing objects of biotechnology, the

cultivation of certain strains of industrial microorganisms, methods of selection of

biological agents to produce certain products, basic process control cultivation of

microorganisms and quality control of the product, the definition of environmental

safety of biotechnology products that are based on genetically modified organisms.

The course provides training bachelors and is based on knowledge of disciplines,

"Fundamentals of Biotechnology", "Microbiology", "BIOCHEMISTRY",

"Genetics" and the other, forming a specialist for various industries, including

agro-industrial production.

As a result, the discipline the student should know:

- Key terms of industrial biotechnology;

- History, nature, value, challenges and prospects for development of

industrial biotechnology;

- A template of biotechnological production methods of cultivation of

producers;

- Methods and conditions for cultivation of isolated cells and tissues of plants

for the production of biologically active substances of plant origin;

- Principles of operation and design of bioreactors;

- The principles of the biosynthesis of the enzyme, bacterial plant protection

products, bacterial fertilizers and antibiotics;

- Industrial use of microorganisms (using microorganisms-producers to obtain

protein preparations, food acids, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, bacterial

fertilizers and biological products for plant protection products);

- Technology of preparation of culture media for different industrial strains

of microorganisms;

be able to:

- Use basic, supplementary and reference books on industrial biotechnology,

terms of biotechnology;

- Obtain seed from pure cultures of microorganisms;

- To grow cultures of microorganisms in flasks and fermenters to control the

enzymatic activity of microorganisms - producers;

- For selection of active strains of producers,

- Prepare a template biotechnological production;

- Manage the process of cultivation of microorganisms in an industrial

environment through the collection, processing and analysis, experimental

development of methods to work with various industrial micro-organisms in

the laboratory and in educational practice in research institutions and

biochemical companies.

Discipline program implemented by the presentation of theoretical material,

laboratory studies, writing and self-study course.

The curriculum of Bachelor in the direction of "Total (industrial) biotechnology" to

study the discipline devoted to 118 hours, of which: lecture - 20 hours, seminars

and practical (laboratory) sessions -20 hours for independent work of students - 42

hours teaching practice - 36 hours. Control of knowledge and skills of students is

carried out by the enrollment of essays, laboratory work, term papers, solution of

test items to test knowledge. The final form of control - the exam.

Methodological guidelines for the implementation of the course work designed to

systematize and improve knowledge of industrial biotechnology, as well as

practical skills for work on the creation of information resources, having the form

of electronic presentation.

Completing quests for self-study is based on:

- To develop the theoretical material presented in the section "Background Theory"

of each of the laboratory work and literature;

-Assignments for laboratory work;

- Verification and reinforce your knowledge by answering the questions for each

lab, and testing for each section.

1. General Provisions

Course work is one of the main criteria for assessing the degree of

preparedness of students to conduct independent research. It should give a fairly

complete picture of how the author understands properly solve a scientific problem

in front of him, to collect and process the material for its successful

implementation, to compare the experimental data with the data available on this

subject in the literature, and to make informed conclusions.

Course work should be an independent research and have some scientific value. R

& D should be relevant and important techniques - match the current level of

research, collecting material and its treatment - an extremely vigilant, data analysis

should be based on all the facts available in the literature, the conclusions must

conform to our data.

Topics coursework offered to students in accordance with the scientific theme

of the department or research institutions, on the basis of which you, the work is

performed, taking into account the scientific interests of students.

The main steps of the implementation of term papers are:

1. The choice of topics.

2. Drawing content (the plan) work.

3. Collection of literatures, preparation and execution of the bibliography.

4. Work on the content of the course work, preparing the first draft of the

discussion of the text with supervisor.

5. Refinement of the text with supervisor.

6. Matching the final text of a scientific leader.

7. Protection of the course work.

Implementation of the course work begins with selecting a topic, defining the

structure of work, compiling a bibliography, and then the student with the

supervisor develop a timetable for its implementation.

Choosing the theme of the course work is already in the first year it is

expedient to provide for the possibility of its coherent development of 2-5 courses

of full-time education and the 6-m course distance learning and qualification

papers. It should be based not only on the relevance and importance of theoretical

and applied topics of work, but also to consider the possibility of its

implementation during the training process at the university.

Selection of literature and the initial introduction to it must first of all to the work

plan and get an idea of its contents. Before drawing up the plan, students are

introduced to the main literary sources (monographs, articles, research reports,

etc.) that allows to understand the major issues topics.

Selection of literature - an independent student work, which should begin with an

examination of catalogs and bibliographic sources. More help here may subject-

alphabetical directory. Selecting the literature, it is necessary to pay attention to the

year of publication, and should use the latest edition. Earlier editions may be used

only in cases where they contain important for material not included in later

editions, or if for legitimate, independent reasons, the student can get the latest

edition. Also note that the statutes, regulations, statistical data are subject to

change, so you should refer to the newly published.

2. The structure of the course work and

general requirements for their content and design

Course project summarizes the development of the discipline "General

(industrial) biotechnology."

The main objectives of the course work are:

- develop skills of independent work, consolidate and deepen the theoretical and

practical knowledge;

- systematization and analysis of the literature on the issues under

examination;

- the formulation of scientific and practical problem, the choice of methods

for its implementation and development of design solutions;

scientific analysis of the problems raised;

- choice of ways to implement design solutions to specific production

conditions.

General requirements for course work are:

- compliance with the conditions of production;

- logical structure and presentation of the material;

- laconic wording;

- convincing arguments and conclusiveness of the findings.

The structure consists of course work;

1. Introduction.

2. Summary of the basic material.

3. Conclusions.

The introduction should briefly describe the current state assessment of the

issue, the novelty and relevance of the work.

In the presentation of the basic material necessary to do analysis of the general

characteristics of industrial strains of microorganisms, principles and methods of

cultivation of microorganisms-producers on artificial media in the laboratory and

industrial conditions, template and basic stages of biotech industries. Based on this

analysis it is necessary to advise on the optimum conditions for the main

biotechnological processes for the production of biologically active compounds,

principles and methods of constructing objects of biotechnology, the cultivation of

certain strains of industrial microorganisms, methods of selection of biological

agents to produce certain products, basics of process management and control of

the cultivation of microorganisms the quality of the product. This is reflected in the

conclusions.

Protection of the course work is conducted in the form of a short report and the

responses to the questions that arise as a result of familiarization with the work.

General requirements for the content of work are as follows:

- The accuracy of the logical sequence of presentation;

- Convincing arguments of the results;

- Brevity and precision of language, which excludes the possibility of

subjective and ambiguous understanding;

- Specification of the results, the validity of the recommendations and

suggestions.

On the structure of projects and dissertations are not significantly different from

each other.

Each of them should include the following structural elements:

1. front page

2.Content

3.List of abbreviations, symbols,

4.Introduction

5. Review of recent literature (for the last 10 years) for research in this area.

6. Summary of the main stages of biotechnological processes.

7. Discussion of Results

8. Findings

9. Literature

10. Firefox

Procedure for submission of required components of the work and the

recommended amount:

The text part:

1) The title page PM;

2) The abstract 1 tbsp.;

3) Work

4) the content;

5) entry 3.1 of Art.;

6) The main part (the sections): 30-50 centuries.

- Analysis of existing methods (algorithms) to solve this problem;

- Rationale for the decision;

- Select the operating principle of a system or study methods;

- Development of structural and (or) functional circuit;

- Development of the concept;

- Experimental studies;

- The metrological characteristics;

- Algorithmic and software;

7)Conclusion;

8)literature;

9) a glossary;

10) Applications

It should be noted that each section begin typing a new page, and its title

printed in large letters, arranged symmetrically text. Departments do not have to

start a new page, but remember that their titles should not be the last line on the

page. Sub headings are printed in lowercase letters (except for the first major), a

point at the end of the title do not put. If the title consists of two or more proposals,

they are separated by dots. Between the title and text should be a distance equal to

1,5 at intervals of a computer set.

The volume of term paper should not exceed 25-30 pages computer set 1.5

line spacing. The letters (font) - 14. The text should printed on one side of a

standard sheet of white A4 paper monosort (210 x 297 mm). Pages should have

margins: left - 30 mm, top - 20 mm, right - 10 mm, bottom - 25 mm. Pages should

be numbered in the lower right corner.

After all the required spacing of punctuation. Insert into the text of individual

words, formulas, symbols may be ink, ink, ballpoint black only, the density of the

inscribed text should be close to the density of the main text.

Typographical errors and inaccuracies may be corrected image erasure or brushing

white paint and drawing on the same spot corrections handwritten method.

Latin names of microorganisms should be in italics under the interaction with the

rules of nomenclature. At the first mention should be given the full name of the

organism, with repeated mention - short. For example Bacillus subtilis - B. subtilis.

In compiling lists of the species composition of the full generic name only lead to

the first on the list of representatives of the genus. For example Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, P. putida, P. fluorescens, P. cepacia.

Abstract

Annotation in the official language after performing with the new content pages

numbered with the title "Abstract" from the paragraph.

Annotation text (no more than 0.5 seconds.) Should be concise, informative, and

contain information for implementation of the CW, a list of keywords and display

the purpose of the work, the method of solving the problem, the results

obtained.Short research paper in three languages with the structure of the

disclosure. Key words (5-10), number of pages in the paper, tables, figures, used

sources of information.

Reduce. When you register to use the work should be possible standard

abbreviations and alphabetic abbreviations. When using highly technical

acronyms, abbreviations of the first reference appears in parentheses after the full

name, and subsequently they are used in the text without explanation. For example

the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). It should be remembered that the

reduction must end in a consonant and have a point. For example, etc. - Since then,

pr. - Other, city - the year he - years. The exception is a reduction of units of

measure (mg, g, kg, mm, m, etc.). In the letter abbreviations, in contrast to the cuts,

the point should be put. For example, NASU - National Academy of Sciences of

Ukraine.

Bringing in the digital information. Simple quantitative numbers, if they do

not have the units are written in words. For example the results of five

experiments, ten pages of text. Complex numbers are written in cardinal numbers.

For example: 265 strains of bacteria. The exception is the number, which begins

with a paragraph in this case, the multi-valued numerals are written in words.

Cardinal numbers have no case endings, if they are accompanied by nouns. For

example in 10 experiments (not in 10 experiments).

In writing ordinal numbers should do the following. Simple and complex

ordinal numbers written in words. For example: the first, one hundredth, the

twenty-third, etc. Ordinal numbers that make up the compound words are written

in numerals. For example: 3-day culture, 10-percent solution, a 90-fold increase. In

cases where the context does not allow a dual tovkmachen, allowed a simplified

form of writing. For example, in 10%, an increase in h90. Ordinal numbers when

writing Arabic numerals are the case endings in the form of a letter (or two when

the ordinal number ends in a consonant and a vowel). For example, the fifth - the

5th, the seventh - the 7th, in the nineties - in the '90s, but the tenth - the 10th. When

listing several ordinal numbers ending case is made only once. For example, in 1, 3

and 5 m experiments, etc. Ordinal numbers, Arabic numerals, have no case

endings, if they stand after the noun to which the. For example in Table 2, Figure

7. Ordinal numbers when writing Roman numerals do not have endings plagues,

such as the twentieth century.

3.Summary of the main sections of course work

The text of the course work - this statement details of an object (an object)

studies that are necessary and sufficient disclosure of the nature of the designated

(a description of the theory, methods of operation) and its results. The text of the

course work set out by separating the material into sections. Sections can be

divided into paragraphs or sections and paragraphs. Items, if necessary, be divided

into paragraphs. Each paragraph and subparagraph shall contain complete

information and conclusions.

Title page - a required element of the course work. With him begins the numbering

of pages, but the number on the front page, as well as sections on the pages of

Ukraine.

"Content" and "Abbreviations" does not apply. Page numbers are beginning to

print the first page in the section "Introduction".

The title page shall contain the name of a higher educational institution; faculty,

the department where the work is done the work's title, surname and initials of the

student; degree and academic rank, surname and initials of the supervisor, the city

and year of performance. The relative positions of elements on the front page

shown in the samples (Appendix 1 and 2).

It should be noted that no abbreviations in the title of the work, name of the

university, the faculty, the department is not allowed. The name should be clearly

defined and correspond to the content of work. At the end of the name of the point

is not raised.

Table of Contents. I mean given the names of all the sections and subsections of

each of which is printed with a red line (Appendix 3). At the end of the line put the

page number on which this column is printed in the text. Page numbers are printed

near the right field, all at the same distance from the edge of the page. It should be

noted that the names of sections and subsections in the content must exactly match

the title text.

List of abbreviations. List of acronyms in alphabetical order and should not include

common abbreviations (eg, mg kDa, etc.). Abbreviation entered in the general list

in alphabetical order regardless of the language in which made. For example, the

abbreviation of MHC (major hystocompatibility complex) should be placed

between the LD50 and the MIC. The list should look as follows: from the

beginning of the line with pro-Lenten letter written a detailed exposition of

acronyms or abbreviations, but actually an acronym or abbreviation is placed in the

right border and put a dash in front of him:

CAM plasmid, resulting in cleavage of camphor;

NAH - plasmid, resulting in the splitting of naphthalene;

OCT-plasmid, which causes the splitting of octane, hexane, and the dean;

XYL - plasmid, resulting in splitting of xylene and toluene.

Each contraction or abbreviation placed on the list on a separate line spacing - 1.5

range.

Introduction. The introduction is justified:

- The relevance of the review of literature. Based on the data presented in the

literature, the author must show the relevance of the chosen theme, its

theoretical and practical importance, the state of knowledge to date;

- Mark the most important and interesting questions and indicate the

prospects offered by the solution of these issues.

- At the end of the entry must be defined: object, subject, purpose, objectives

and methods. The volume of this section shall not exceed, usually two pages

long.

The introduction should be:

The urgency of the problem, which led to selection of research themes,

summarized the background (degree of study subjects) in chronological or

conceptual principle.

Object of study: ...

Subject of research: ...

Objective: to study and research to substantiate ...

The hypothesis of the study (if any): ...

In accordance with the purpose and hypothesis of the study are to:

1) ...

2)...

3)...

Methods:

The scientific novelty of the research is ...

The practical significance of the study.

The logic of the study led to the structure of the course work: Introduction, ...

sections, conclusions, list of references from ... names, ... of applications.

The total volume of ... pages.

Review of the literature. This section describes the design theme of light in the

domestic and foreign literature. The presentation should be in the form of scientific

analysis of the processed sources on the subject carried out, comparing the views

of different authors and their opinions on a specific issue themes. In the literature

done by a student researcher must identify the main issues related to the objectives

of the work, and teach them only making a reference to the author. The

presentation of the relevant literature drawn from the information should not be a

simple translation or literal copying of entire paragraphs. The literature review

should be written in a logical, consistent and well from the scientific point of view,

using sources of direct relevance to the topic. If necessary, this section may be

separate units. From the contents of the literature review should be visible state of

knowledge on the whole topic or individual issues. Check out the review of the

literature preferably small (2-3 paragraphs) generalization of the data, which would

be summarized as degree of scrutiny of the issue and given the highest priority

areas for further research. By the volume of the literature review should not exceed

one third of the work.

When making a review of the literature should follow the rules of citation.

Citation may be direct (verbatim quote) and indirectly (in fact the presentation of

ideas of other authors). Since the indirect quotation is a major form of literature

review, it is necessary to state very precisely to the author, not allowing free

interpretations and distortions. Direct quotation is used in cases where extreme

accuracy is important to convey the author's thought. In this case, the quoted text in

quotes and given to the grammatical form in which it is given in the source. In a

direct quotation is allowed and is denoted by an ellipsis omission of words,

sentences, paragraphs, without distorting the meaning of the quoted text.

Each citation, both direct and indirect, should be accompanied by the source.

Bibliographic description of each cited source must be cited in the list of

references.

The literature references to the sources can be open or closed. Closed-

references in parentheses indicate the number that corresponds to a source quoted

in the bibliography.

However, the coursework should use open links t.yak it facilitates the

perception of the material. Open the link in brackets indicate the names of authors

and year of publication of the paper. Initials of the authors give only if the name of

the author (s) entered in the text and placed before the name. When cited work has

two co-authors, they point to a link with commas. If you have a source for more

than two co-authors indicate only the name of the former and adds, "and others" or

«et al.».

For example:

Induction of synthesis of bacteriocins may cause the action of antibiotics

(Hops, 1977).

Established control plasmid bakteriotsinogennosti and some other

microorganisms (Likhoded, Padalko, 1985).

The results obtained by other authors (Jacobson et al, 1986), indicate ...

Relatively recently revealed that ... (Echandi et al., 1985).

If the reference is to several sources of literature, they are separated by

semicolons in compliance with the chronology, and the first are all Russian-

language sources, and then foreign.

If the same year the publication has multiple sources, they are arranged in

alphabetical order. For example:

This question is for several years been actively discussed in the literature

(Turow, 1975; Ka-radiation, Prokasheva, 1976; Klipinin et al, 1994; Elton et al.,

1989;Cook, 1992).

The results obtained at the same time by different authors (Krasnitsky, 1996;

Kure-Pena, Vesnovets, 1996,. Jacobi et al, 1996) suggest ...

If the link is made to various works of the same author, his name is mentioned only

once, and if the work were published in the same year, after year, put marks:

Russian - in the Soviet literature (1999, 1999b, 1999v) and Latin - in the foreign

literature (1999a, 1999b,).

For example:

Some data (Popov et al, 1988b, 1990; Krotov, 1991a, 1991b) showed ...

If the author's name is entered in the text, it is with the initials. When referring to a

Russian-speaking authors in parentheses only year of publication, and the foreign -

the original spelling of surnames and the year. In a direct quotation shall also

contain the page from which the quotation is taken. For example:

VI Ivanov, EK Kolosov (1980) studied the methylation of DNA in bacterial cells,

and found that ...

This allowed the VG Tikotsky et al (1987) demonstrate experimentally ...

DI Ivanovo (1892, p.14) wrote: "The case of free passage through the beginning of

a contagious bacterial filters ... is quite exceptional in microbiology ... "

The concept of viroids originated in the early 70s, through the work of TA

Diener (Diener, 1971).

In rare cases, allowed indirect references to primary sources. If this link does

occur, then in the reference list after its bibliographic description in brackets

indicates that the work on which the citation was conducted.

Typically this is done when the source is not available for reading, for example,

published in Japanese or Arabic, or only in the 19th century and after that there

was republished.

For example:

MS Voronin (1866. Op. By: Popkov, 1989) first argued that not only fungi,

but bacteria can infect plants and cause them to disease.

In the "Statement of the main stages of biotechnological processes" describes

the main stages of biotechnological processes, strains of fungi, bacteria, or

bacteriophages, it is necessary to give a complete characterization.

Also provides a complete composition of all media and solutions used in a

quantitative indication of their components. The names or media numbers and

links to authors of works which are taken the prescription of the media. Indicate

the pH of media and solutions, as well as their modes of sterilization.

Concentration of solutions and substances usually denoted as follows:

- Normality is a solution - a small letter n. to the point, for example, p 0.01.

H2SO4;

- Pray solution - a capital letter M with no point, for example: 2M CaCl2;

- Molality of the solution - a lowercase m, for example: 1m CaCl2;

- Interest-concentration - the% sign, for example: 25% HCl.

In the text by specifying the percentage concentration of the solution is

recommended to add a% sign buildup with a hyphen. For example, to the solution

add 5 ml of 15% strength H2SO4.

If the standard is widely known methods, it provides a link to a literary

source, indicating the author's method of work and years of publication:

Determination of protein was carried out by the method of M. Bradford (Bradford,

1976).

This section covers factual information obtained by the author as a result of

the work on the literature and presented in both text and graphical form (in the

form of tables and figures). Each table or figure are accompanied by text.

Analyzing the table or figure in the text should not repeat their names or retell

content. It is important to state the main idea of a table or figure to draw attention

to some figures, bearing particularly important semantic load or require additional

explanation, and compare them with literature. An explanation of each form of

illustrations ending generalization, which shows the value of the results obtained

for solving the specific issue topic, or the rationale for further research, indicates

the direction in which they should be. It is not recommended to submit the same

material in the form of tables and figures.

The plan of exposition in this section and the number of units determined by the

volume and nature of the study.

Each table has a name that reveals its contents and the serial number

(Appendix 4). Serial number is needed for connection table with the text. The most

common form of numbering the tables - the word "Table" and the number in

Arabic numerals (unsigned number in front of them and without a point at the end),

which are located at the right border of the field. The numbering of the tables

should be sequentially (after all the work from first to last chapter.) The table name

is printed in large letters without a period at the end, is placed under the order

number and is centered relative to the table. The distance between the title and

frame tables should be 1.5 line spacing. At the end of its name in parentheses refer

to the source from which it was taken (on VE Kozlov, 1997). If all text is only one

table, then it does not assign a number, but we simply write the word "Table".

The table consists of columns and rows. The name of the main graph are written

with capital letters, the names of slave graph - with a lowercase letter. Typically,

the name of the graph is written in full (no abbreviations), except when they refer

to units of measurement or reduction made in the text. Nouns in the title Earl of

lead in the singular. In large tables, table when moving to another page, the cells

are numbered. For this graph, called frame is added, and it contains the serial

number of each column. When you transfer the table to the next page is printed

only frame numbers count. Above the frame in the upper right corner write

"Continuation of the table" and point out its serial number. The table can be data

(except for its description in the text), additional explanations in the footnotes

below the table contained in the following form: Note: * - obtained in field

experiments.

Table placed in the text as we proceed immediately after the reference to it.

Large tables are placed on a separate page, immediately after page, which provides

a link to the table. The link can be open or closed. In the first case the word "table"

is written entirely in the second cut and enclosed in parentheses. For example, in

the text write: "The data presented in Table 6 show ..." or "... difference is

statistically significant (Table 4). " Repeated references to tables are given in

parentheses abbreviation for the word "see" such as "(see Table 4)."

All illustrations (graphs, diagrams, photographs, drawings, diagrams, etc.)

refer to the word "Figure" (abbreviated as "Fig."). Each figure has its own serial

number that is referenced in the text. Number of images written in Arabic numerals

with no sign of №. The numbering of figures should be cross-cutting through all

the work. The order of references to illustrations similar to that for tables. For

example, "... results are shown graphically (Fig. 3) "or" ... as shown in Figure 7. "

All illustrations must be signed. Basic requirements for signature: accuracy and

clarity, conciseness and completeness, conformity to the text and illustrations. In

signing the serial number, name and image that reflects its content, due to notation.

Signature is placed below the figure (Appendix 6).

Formuli. Pry the formulas necessary to adhere to certain technical and spelling

rules.

The largest, as well as long and cumbersome formulas, which are composed

of signs of sums, products, differentiation, integration, place on separate lines. This

also applies to all numbered equations. To save space, some of the same type of

short formulas, separated from the text, you can apply the same line, but no one

under the other. Small and simple formulas that have no independent value, are

entered in lines of text.

Explanation of symbols and values of numerical coefficients should apply

directly under the formula in the order in which they are given in Eq. The value of

each character and the numerical coefficient should be submitted on a separate

line. The first line of explanation starts with the word "where" without a colon.

Equations and formulas should be allocated free of text strings. Above and below

each formula must leave at least one free line. If the equation does not fit on one

line, it should be moved after the equal sign (=) or after a plus sign (+), minus (-),

multiplication (x) and division (:).

Should be numbered only those formulas that are referenced in the following

text. Other number is not recommended. Sequence numbers indicate the Arabic

numerals in parentheses at the right bank of the page without a point from the

formula for her number.

Discussion of the results. This section provides an analysis of the results on

the topic: a comparison of them with those of other authors, it is noted that in

common between them and differences, an attempt to discover the causes of

differences and contradictions. In discussing the results of the author should

critically approach to assessing their own and published data in the literature.

Based on the results of our investigations and literature data the author should be

made certain assumptions and conclusions of the research question, and if

necessary referred to the promise and importance of further research in this area.

Findings represent a brief summary of all the work done so very carefully written

and should be understandable without reading the main text of work. Setting them

should be concise, clear and concise and, at the same time, they must be clearly

defined meaning and essence of the research, but a reflection of the theoretical and

practical significance of the results.

Desirable not only qualitative but also quantitative interpretation of the

results. For example, give an opinion "With increasing substrate concentration

increased the enzyme activity" has less value than the phrase "activity of the

enzyme depends on the substrate concentration and increases from 50 to 200 OA

when the concentration of 10-7 to 10-3M"

At the same time, the output should not be a mere repetition of previously

presented in the data, and should be a generalization, for example:

"Tsellyulolitichna activity of bacteria Erwinia carotovora ECC72 in the tissues of

the host plant depends on the density of the bacterial population, and reaches a

maximum level at a value of 109 cells / ml ".

Findings should be as given in evidence and may not include data from other

authors, drawn from the literature.

When writing abstract works, does not include the author obtained the

experimental material, the section "Conclusions" section is replaced by the

"Conclusion" in volume 1-2 pages. It outlines the opinions of the author's

exploration of the issues and outlines possible directions in the study of the

problem.

Conclusions are presented in separate paragraphs. They should be very small

(1-2) or very many (10-20), because in those cases they do not fulfill their purpose:

summing up succinctly. Findings are numbered in order of Arabic numerals (1,2,3,

etc.).

Findings are placed directly after the presentation of text on a new page.

The conclusions should include the synthesis of "across" the findings in sections

assess the completeness of the task.

References. (The list of literature sources). References include bibliographic

description of the work, the author used when writing a term paper, and referenced

in the text. Making a list of references must comply with state standards.

List is in alphabetical order. Recordings are listed alphabetically, the names of the

original authors. Authors namesakes are written in alphabetical order of their

initials (names). The work of one author put on years of publication, ie in

chronological order.

Sources, published in Russian and Ukrainian languages, placing first in the

list, and then, continuing the numbering of lead sources, typed in Latin letters in

accordance with the Latin alphabet.

Each work is printed with a red line.

Literary sources in the list drawn up by the generally accepted rules of

published descriptions. First, the surnames and initials of all authors, title of work

(fully specified), then the journal title (made cut), or other periodical publication,

which published the work, year of publication, volume, issue or number, and pages

on which the article stated. For books, the place of publication, publisher name and

the total number of pages.

Links to course work

The list of sources that are referenced in the main part of the course work,

result in the end of the text on the new page. It is placed in alphabetical order and

are respectively the current standards.

Example list of references

(according to GOST 7.1:2006 "System of standards on information, librarianship

and publishing. bibliographic record. bibliographic description. The general

requirements and rules of assembly")

Characteristics of the source sample of

books:

One author

1. Basil the Great. Homily / Basil the Great, [Lane. with davnohrets. L.

Zvonska]. - Lviv: Svichado, 2006. - 307 sec. - (Sources of the Christian East.

Patristic Golden Age IV-V centuries.; № 14).

2. Korenivskyy DG destabilizing effect of parametric white noise in continuous

and discrete dynamical systems / Korenivskyy DG - K.: Institute of Mathematics,

2006. - 111 sec. - (Mathematics and Its Applications) (Proceedings / Inst of

Mathematics of NAS of Ukraine, vol 59).

3. Matyuha ND What is more expensive silver-gold / Natalia D. Matyuha. - K.:

Assembly works. circles: Inst Soc. imidzhmeykinhu, 2006. - 311 sec. - (Jewellers

of Ukraine; t. 1).

4. Shklyar V. elementals: [a novel] / Basil Shklyar. - Lviv: Calvary, 2005. - 196,

[1] with. - (Pershotvir).

Two authors

1. Matias IB Activities Emergency UNR diplomatic mission in Hungary:

history, memory, Arch. docking. / I. Matias, Y. fly. - Kyiv: Kyiv Mohylyan. Acad.,

2005. - 397, [1] with. - (Library science yearbook "Ukraine is a diplomatic" no. 1).

2. Romovska ZV family legislation of Ukraine / ZV Romovska, V. Chernyak. - K.:

Precedent, 2006. - 93 sec. - (Law Library. Library Advocate) (Materials for a

qualification examination for Certificate of right to practice law; no. 11).

3. Suberlyak AV processing technology of polymeric and composite materials:

piMRuch. [for the studio. vysch. teach. bookmark.] / OV Suberlyak, PI

Bashtannyk. - Lviv: Rastr-7, 2007. - 375 sec.

Three authors

1. Akoff RL Ydealyzyrovannoe the design: how predotvratyt tomorrow's

crisis today. Create buduscheho organization / Akoff RL, Mahydson D., Эddyson

GD; lane. with English. FP Tarasenko. - Dnipropetrovsk: Balance Business Books,

2007. - XLIII, p. 265.

Four Posters

1. Methods of rationing resources for crop production / [Vitvitskyy VV,

Kyslyachenko MF, Lobastov IV, Nechyporuk AA]. - K.: Institute

"Ukrahropromproduktyvnist", 2006. - 106 sec. - (Library specialist APC.

Economic norms).

2. Mechanization of agriculture processing industry [piMRuch. for students,

Professor of Engineering. teach. bookmark.] / OV Hvozdyev, F. Y. Yalpachyk, Y.

Rogach, M. Serdyuk. - M.: Higher Education, 2006. - 478, [1] with. - (VET:

Vocational Education).

Five or more authors

1. Psychology of management / [PK Vlasov, AV Lypnytskyy, Luschyhyna IM

and MR.] Ed. GS Nikiforova. - [3rd ed.]. - H.: Humanytar. Center, 2007. - 510 sec.

2. A healthy lifestyle young people: navch. method. Manual. for social workers.

Services for Families, Children and Youth / [T. V. Bondar, O. Karpenko, DM

Dykova-Tabor et al.]. - K.: Eng. Inst Soc. Studies., 2005. - 115 sec. - (Series "of

healthy lifestyles of young people" in 14 kn., Vol. 13).

Without an author. History of St. Michael's Monastery / [auth. Mr. Kloss text]. - K. Grani-T, 2007. -

119 sec. - (Facets of the world).

2. Resurrection of the dead Ukrainian Baroque MRama: an anthology / [Organise.

Art., Pen. and ca. VA Shevchuk]. - K.: Charts, 2007. - 638, [1] with.

3. The body or personality? Women tilesnist in the selected small Ukrainian prose

and graphic late nineteenth - early twentieth century: [Anthology / Compilation.: L.

Taran, O. Lagutenko]. - K. Grani-T, 2007. - 190, [1] with.

4. Problems of typological and Quantitative Lexicology: [zb.nauk.prats / Science.

yet. Kaliuschenko V. et al.]. - Chernivtsi: Ruta, 2007. - 310 sec.

Voluminous document

1. History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1941-1945 /

[Compiled. LM Yaremenko et al.]. - K. Nations. Balka Ukraine. Vernadsky, 2007 -

.- (Sources on the history of science in Ukraine). Section 2: Applications - 2007. -

573, [1] c.

2. Interstate standards for: catalog of 6 t / [comp. Kovalev IV, E. Yu Rubtsova, Ed.

VL Ivanov]. - Lions: SEC "Leonorm-Standard", 2005 - .- (Series "Normatyvnaya

base enterprise").T. 1. - 2005. - 277 sec.

3. Gift, T. A. Neyspovedymы Puti Lord ... (Daughter vraha people): trylohyya /

AA gift,. - Odessa: Astroprint, 2006 - .- (Sochynenyya: 8 kn. / Gift, A.; book. 4).

4. Kucheryavenko NP Exchange Tax Law: Osobennaya frequently: 6 tons / NP

Kucheryavenko. - H. Law, 2002 - .T. 4: Kosvennыe taxes. - 2007. - 534 sec.

5. Rehabilitated by History. Zhytomyr region: [in 7 tons]. - Zhytomyr: Polesie,

2006 - .- (Scientific and Documentary Publications 'Rehabilitated by History': at 27

tons / head. Redkol.: Tronko PT (Chairman) [et al.]). Kn. 1 / [reg. redkol.:

Sinjavskaja IM (chairman) and others.]. - 2006. - 721, [2] s.

6. Bondarenko V. Probability and Mathematical Statistics. Part 1 / V. Bondarenko,

IY Kanevsky, S. Paramonov. - K.: "KPI", 2006. - 125 sec.

Materials of conferences, conventions

1. Economics, management, education system reform agriculture: All-Ukrainian

materials. conf. Young scientists agrarian ["Youth of Ukraine and agrarian

reform"], (Kiev, 11-13 Oct. 2000) / M-in Agrar. policy, and Kharkiv. gov. Agrar.

University of them. VV Dokuchaev. - Kharkov: Kharkov. gov. Agrar. University

of them. VV Dokuchaev, 2000. - 167 sec.

2. Cybernetics in the current economic processes: Coll. speeches to the republics.

mizhvuz. of scientific and practical. conf. / State Statistics Committee of Ukraine,

Inst statistics, accounting and auditing. - K.: ISOA, 2002. - 147 sec.

3. Proceedings IX Congress of the Association of Ukrainian Banks, June 30, 2000

Inf. Bul. - K.: Asots. Ukrainian. banks, 2000. - 117 sec. - (Spetsvyp.: 10 years

AUB).

4. Evaluation and justification of life extension of structural elements: labor

conference., 6-9 Jun. 2000, Kyiv. T. 2 / dep. Ed. VT Troshchenko. - C.: National

Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Inst problems. Strength, 2000. - S. 559-956,

XIII, [2] s. - (Resource 2000).

5. Problems of computational mechanics and strength of structures: Coll. of

Sciences. works / science. yet. VI Mossakovskyy. - Dnipropetrovsk: Teach. the

book., 1999. - 215 p..

6. Ryzykolohiya in economics and entrepreneurship in the collection. of Sciences.

works on materials Intern. of scientific and practical. conf., 27-28 birches. 2001 /

M-in Education and Science of Ukraine, State tax. Admin. Ukraine [et al.]. - K.:

MBK: Acad. STS of Ukraine, 2001. - 452 sec.

Dictionaries

1. Geography: Dictionary / [Avt.-way. Tsypin VL]. - H.: Halimon, 2006. - 175, [1]

with.

2. Tymoshenko ZI Bologna process in action: Dictionary basics. terms and

concepts of org. teach. process in vysch. teach. bookmark. / PS Timoshenko, AI

said. - K.: Europe. University Press, 2007. - 57 sec.

3. Ukrainian-German thematic dictionary [way. Yatsko N. et al.]. - K.: Karpenko,

2007. - 219 sec.

4. European Union: Dictionary / [ed.-Compiled. M. Marchenko]. - 2nd ed., Buzz. -

K.: Folio, 2006. - 138 sec.

Atlases

1. Ukraine: ekol.-Geography. Atlas: devoted. the universe. Science Day for Peace

and Development in accordance with the resolutions of the 31 session of the gene.

conf. UNESCO / [Science. redkol.: SS Kurulenko et al.] Council to study for. the

product. Forces of Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine [et al.]. - /

[Science. redkol.: SS Kurulenko et al.]. - K.: Guard, 2006. - 217, [1] with.

2. Anatomy of Memory: atlas diagrams and drawings pathways and structures of

the nervous system involved in memory processes: Manual. for students. and

physicians / OL MRozdov, LA Dzyak, V. Kozlov, V. Makovetsky. - 2nd ed.,

Widening. and fulfill. - Dnipropetrovsk: Thresholds, 2005. - 218 sec.

3. Kuerda H. Atlas of Botany / Jose Kuerda; [Lane. with the ISP. VY

SHOVKUN]. - H.: Morning, 2005. - 96 sec.

Legislative and regulatory documents

1. Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine: as of 1 Dec. 2005 / Parliament of Ukraine.

- Off. ed. - K.: Parla. type of house in 2006. - 207 sec. - (Library Official

Publications).

2. Medical Statistics: Coll. normative. docking. / Compiled. and head. yet. VM

Zabolotko. - K.: MNIATS honey. Statistics: Medinform, 2006. - 459 sec. -

(Statutory directive legal documents).

3. Operation, procedure and timing check safety devices vessels, vehicles and

pipelines of thermal power plants: JMA-H EE 39.501:2007. - Off. ed. - K.:

HRIFRE: M-in Fuel and Energy of Ukraine, 2007. - VI, 74 sec. - (Regulations and

Energy of Ukraine. Instructions).

Standards

1. Graphical symbols that are used on equipment. Index and Overview (ISO

7000:2004, IDT): BS ISO 7000:2004. - [Effective from 01.01.2006]. - Kyiv: State

Committee of Ukraine 2006. - IV, 231 pp.. - (National Standard of Ukraine).

2. Water quality. Glossary: BS ISO 6107-1:2004 - BS ISO 6107-9:2004. -

[Effective from 01.04.2005]. - Kyiv: State Committee of Ukraine, 2006. - 181 sec.

- (National Standards of Ukraine).

3. Requirements for safety of test and laboratory electrical equipment. Section 2-

020. Additional requirements for laboratory centrifuges (EN 61010-2-020:1994,

IDT): BS EN 61010-2-020:2005. - [Effective from 01.01.2007]. - Kyiv: State

Committee of Ukraine, 2007. - IV, 18 p.. - (National Standard of Ukraine).

Catalogs 1. Interstate standards for: Index: 6 t / [comp. Kovalev IV, Pavlyukova

VA, Ed. VL Ivanov]. - Lions: SEC "Leonorm-Standard, 2006 -. - (Series"

Normatyvnaya base enterprise ").

T. 5. - 2007. - 264 sec. T. 6. - 2007. - 277 sec.

2. Monuments of History and Art in Lviv oblast: Directory / [Avt.-Compiled.

Zobkiv M. et al.]. - Lviv: New Era, 2003. - 160 sec.

3. University Book: Fall, 2003: [link]. - [Amounts: Univ. the book., 2003]. - 11

sec.

4. Hornytskaya I. P. catalog plants for work on the fytodyzaynu / Hornytskaya I.

P., Tkachuk LP - Donetsk: Lebed, 2005. - 228 p..

Bibliographic indexes

1. Kuts OS bibliographic index and abstract master theses defended at Specialized

Academic Council of the Lviv State University of Physical Culture in 2006 / O.

Kutz, O. Vatseba. - Kiev: Ukr. Technology, 2007. - 74 sec.

2. Systematized index materials on criminal law, published in the Journal of the

Constitutional Court of Ukraine for the 1997-2005 / [way. Kyrys BO, Potlan OS]. -

Lviv: Lviv. gov. University of ext. Affairs, 2006. - 11 sec. - (Series: bibliography,

no. 2).

Theses

1. Petrov PP The activity of young stars of solar mass: dis. ... Dr. Sci. Sciences:

01.03.02 / Peter P. Smith. - K., 2005. - 276 sec.

Abstracts of theses 1. Novosad IY Technological support manufacturing sections

of working flexible screw conveyors: abstract. dis. for obtaining science. degree

candidate. of Engineering. Science: Spec. 2.5.08 "Engineering Technology" / I.

Novosad. - Ternopil, 2007. - 20, [1] with.

2. Nguyen Dang Chi. Modelling and forecasting of macroeconomic indicators in

decision support systems of public finance: abstract. dis. for obtaining science.

degree candidate. of Engineering. Science: Spec. 05.13.06 "automa. of Simp. and

progress. Inf. Technology "/ Chi Nguyen Dang. - K., 2007. - 20 p.

Copyright certificates

1. A. Village. 1007970 USSR, MKY3 B 25 J 15/00. Device to capture details of

untargeted type gross / VS Vaulyn, VG Kemaykyn (USSR). - № 3360585/25-08;

subm. 23.11.81, publ. 30.03.83, Bull. № 12.

Patents

1. Pat. 2187888 The Russian Federation, MPK7 H 04 B 1 / 38, H 04 J 13/00.

Pryemoperedayuschee a device / Chuhaeva VI; zayavytel patentoobladatel and

Voronezh. Zin.-yssled. IN-T connection. - № 2000131736/09; subm. 18.12.00,

publ. 20.08.02, Bull. Number 23 (II part).

Some books, periodicals, prodovzhuva aqueous edition

1. Kozin JL Theoretical basis and results of practical application of systems

analysis in research in the field of sports / JL Kozin / / Theory and Methods of

Physical Education. - 2007. - № 6. - S. 15-18, 35-38.

2. Hranchak T. Information-analytical structure of libraries in a democracy /

Tatiana Hranchak, Valery Gorovoy / / Library Journal. - 2006. - № 6. - S. 14-17.

3. Valkman JR Modeling NO-factors - the basis of computer technologies

yntellektualyzatsyy / JR Valkman, VS Bыkov, AJ Rыhalskyy / / System Research

and Information Technology. - 2007. - № 1. - S. 39-61.

4. Kozin JL Theoretical basis and results of practical application of systems

analysis in research in the field of sports / JL Kozin / / Theory and Methods of

Physical Education. - 2007. - № 6. - S. 15-18, 35-38.

5. Hranchak T. Information-analytical structure of libraries in a democracy /

Tatiana Hranchak, Valery Gorovoy / / Library Journal. - 2006. - № 6. - S. 14-17.

6. Valkman JR Modeling NO-factors - the basis of computer technologies

yntellektualyzatsyy / JR Valkman, VS Bыkov, AJ Rыhalskyy / / System Research

and Information Technology. - 2007. - № 1. - S. 39-61.

7. Ma Shuin Problems of psychological training in the system of physical

education / Ma Shuin / / Theory and Methods of Physical Education. - 2007. - № 5.

- S. 12-14.

8. Regional features of mortality in Ukraine / LA Chepelevska, R. A. Moiseenko,

GI Batorshyna [et al.] / / Herald of Social Hygiene and Organization of Health of

Ukraine. - 2007. - № 1. - S. 25-29.

9. Gross I. New principles agreement Basel II / I. Gross, Lane. from English. NM

Wednesday / / Banks and banking systems. - 2007. - T. 2, № 2. - S. 13-20.

10. Zerov M. poetic activity Kulish / / Ukrainian literature of the nineteenth

century. From Kulish to Vynnychenko: (essays on modern Eng., Letters): articles /

Nicholas Zerov. - MRohobych, 2007. - S. 245-291.

11. Tretiak V. Ability uses of knowledge bases to design technology vzrыvnoy

stamping / V. Tretiak, S. A. Stadnik, NV Kalaytan / / state of Sovremennoe uses of

pulse energy sources in the industry: Internat. Zin.-Engineering. conf., 3-5 oct.

2007: tezysы Proceedings. - H., 2007. - S. 33.

12. D. Black City government: burdens problems charms of civilization / DM

Black / / On the left side of the Dnieper: the problem of modernization of cities of

Ukraine: (late XIX-early XX century. / DM Black. - H., 2007. - sections. 3. - S.

137-202.

Electronic Resources

1. Bogomolny BR Medicine extreme situations [electronic resource]]: teach.

Manual. for students. honey. universities III-IV levels of accreditation / R. B.

Bogomolny, VV Kononenko, P. Chuyev. - 80 Min / 700 MB. - Odessa: Odessa.

honey. University Press, 2003. - (Library of medical students) - 1 electron.

wholesale. disk (CD-ROM); 12 cm - Systems. Requirements: Pentium; 32 Mb

RAM; Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP; MS Word 97-2000 .- The name of the

container.

2. The distribution of the population most numerous nationalities by sex and age,

marital status, language characteristics and level of education [electronic resource]:

according to All-Ukrainian. Census 2001 / State. com. Statistics of Ukraine, Ed.

OG Osaulenko. - K.: CD-kind-in "Infodysk", 2004. - 1 electron. wholesale. disk

(CD-ROM): color. , 12 cm - (Vseukr. census, 2001). - System. Requirements:

Pentium-266, 32 Mb RAM; CD-ROM Windows 98/2000/NT/XP. - The name of

the title. the screen.

3. Library and information availability in the modern world: electronic resources in

science, culture and education (up 10 th Intern. Conf. "Crimea-2003") [electronic

resource] / Joseph L. Kostenko, A. Chekmariov, A . G. Brovkin, IA Pavlusha / /

Library Journal - 2003. - № 4. - S. 43. - Mode of access log. :

http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/articles/2003/03klinko.htm.

Links in the text of the made in square brackets:

- Pointing to the names of the author (in the original transcription), year of

publication and page. For example: [Arutyunova 1999, sec. 342; Austin 1994, c.

89]

- In the presence of several works of one author of one year of publication, the date

is added a small Latin letter. For example: [Arutyunova 1999, sec. 342; Austin

1994th, c. 89]

- In reference to collective publications cite the full name of work. For

example [Discourse inozemnomovnoyi Communication 1996, c. 89]

- - In reference to periodicals (after example) give a full or abbreviated name,

but its explanation in that list. For example: [FM № 245 1994, c. 89]

- In the presence of 2.3 authors cite the first and corresponding tags. For

example [Lewicki and dr.1989, c. 89; Austin et all 1994, c. 89]

- Bibliographic descriptions of the references cited in the list in accordance

with applicable standards of the library and publishing (GOST 7.I -84.

Bibliographic description of the item. The general requirements and rules for

compilation).

Requirements for applications

Appendices contain material that:

- Is necessary to complete the course work, but its inclusion in the main part

of scientific work can change an orderly and logical presentation of the

study.

- Can not be placed in the body of course work due to the volume or how to

play.

The annex may include:

- Additional illustrations or tables;

Materials due to the volume, specific teaching or the way it can not be made to the

main part (original photographs, microfiches, formulas, calculations, description of

computer programs developed in the course of work, and others. Each application

should begin with a new sheet and have a title, made in capital letters. In the upper

right corner of the title written in capital letters, respectively: APPENDIX A,

APPENDIX B, etc.

Recommendation. In the course work based on the obtained findings can be listed

recommendations. Recommendations contain following conclusions from the new

page. The text of the recommendations can be divided into paragraphs.

4. Create a PowerPoint presentation means

Course work is performed as an electronic presentation that is developed by

means of software package MS PowerPoint. As the theme of the course work can

be chosen topic of the master or any other issue, which is directing research in the

field of biotechnology.

Structure of the course work requires a 10/12 show.

Mandatory requirements for design course work are:

• presentation begins with a title slide, which should be displayed title of the work

and its author;

• on the slides in content parts should be attended by various types of presentation

materials (structured text fragments, tables, diagrams or flowcharts, graphic

dependence, graphics);

• presentation of the material should be comprehensive, consistent and logical;

• Each slide should contain the title;

• must be set animation effects for the slideshow, and animations of key elements

of the slide;

• file with the course work must be saved as a *. ppt and have a volume of no more

than 4 Mb.

Preparing to fulfill course work, the first stage involves the coordination of

topics with the teacher, then this issue is fixed by the student.

The next stage involves the collection of source material research, which may be:

descriptive text elements of the research objects, methods and techniques of

research; arrays of numerical data of experimental research, the results of

mathematical and statistical calculations, experimental samples and more. All

output must be converted into digital form and process the relevant software, in

order to provide this data appropriate form that is acceptable to place them on

slides electronic presentation. Creating a presentation as a whole, and choose the

presentation of information in particular is a process of creative and individual. It

depends on many factors: focus on the presentation and the audience, content

background information, preferences of the author and his vision and so on.

However, there are some recommended approaches to forms filing and processing

of various types of information that can be applied to cover the content of

information by MS PowerPoint.

All text summaries should be provided in a structured material that provides

tezysne, logically built submission information. The most simple form submission

texts are numbered and bulleted lists. In this case points

list should contain only informative part with as fewer auxiliary words and phrases

that only contain keywords and phrases. In forming such lists at their attachments

should not exceed two.

In the case of text elements, which provides coverage bahatorivnevosti,

hierarchy, interconnection material, it is advisable to use a chart or a flowchart. In

particular, for displaying the structure of relationships between system components

and their hierarchy is advisable to apply the organizational chart.

Design presentation slides with various kinds of diagrams are usually two ways.

The first way is to use standard templates 6 types of charts that are common to

software package MS Office. The second way to create diagrams based on a

combination of random geometric shapes in the form of self-established links

between them. It uses tools Rysovanye panel, which is also common for software

package MS Office.

The first way is a priority in terms of speed and ease of charting. In the case of

its use deduce the structure of the window panel Rysovanye MS PowerPoint and

click the Add Graph .... In the Library of chart you want to choose a template and

using the toolbar buttons Chart form the desired structure and appearance of the

chart. This standard label text is replaced by a slide prepared text information. The

disadvantages to consider ways to include: limited varieties of structure in the

formation of some types of charts (especially institutional), inability to use as

structural elements and connecting arbitrary geometric shapes and lines, or those

that are available in the AutoShape panel Rysovanye. Using the second method

gives much more freedom in determining the structure and shape of components

and connecting elements of different types of charts. This method is implemented

consistent combination of structural elements of the diagram and connecting lines.

As structural elements of a chart can be used any geometric shape that is selected

from the panel section AutoShape Rysovanye, or created manually on the basis of

polyline. It is necessary to take into account the peculiarity of that organization,

radial and circular diagrams consist of a number of identical shape and size

elements. This means that for fast and efficient creation of such elements need to

copy them from a single sample and the subsequent movement of them according

to the selected structure chart. The development and installation of connecting

elements between the structural elements of a chart created using the best standard

sequence of actions: AutoShape Soedynytelnыe line. Then create the desired size

and shape of a connecting line. Thus, the figures are connected, highlights special

markers that can clearly form a connection between them based on the selected

line.

Themes of course works

1. Modern development of biotech industries in Ukraine.

2. Modern trends in biotechnology research and industrial biotechnology in

the world.

3. Using mutagenesis in the selection of industrial strains of microorganisms.

4. Biotech obtaining organic acids.

5. Chemistry, Enzymology and technological scheme of industrial production

glutamic acid, lysine, threonine, tryptophan.

6. Biotech get coenzymes and vitamins.

7. Practical application, selection and properties of α - amylase

microorganisms.

8. Biotechnological production bases of antibiotics.

9. Polysaccharides and lipids of microbial origin, properties, microbiological

synthesis and practical use.

10.Biotechnological aspects of a microbial protein.

11.The use of genetically modified strains of microorganisms in the production

of probiotics.

12.Biotechnology is a recombinant protein.

13.The use of immobilized enzymes and cells in the biotech industries.

14.Selection of microorganisms that are used for biotechnological processing

and xenobiotics.

15.Biotech wastewater treatment enterprises biotech industry.

16.Selection of microorganisms that are used for biodegradation hlorpohidnyh

hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, oil pollution, surface active substances.

17.Biotech a bacterial fertilizer nitrogen-fixing microorganisms based in

Ukraine.

18.Biotech a bacterial fertilizers based on phosphorous mobilizing bacteria in

Ukraine.

19.The use of genetically modified and traditional strains of microorganisms for

primary metabolites.

20.Biotech obtaining microbiological drugs based on bacteria to protect plants.

21. Biotech receiving microbes on the basis of fungus mycelium for plant

protection.

21.Construction of industrial microorganisms using techniques of cellular and

genetic engineering. Mergers protoplasts.

22. The use of micro-organisms, designed genetic engineering methods in

modern technological processes.

23. The use of genetically modified and traditional strains of microorganisms

for secondary metabolites.

24. Modern developments in industrial biotechnology in the biodegradation of

xenobiotics.

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF DISCIPLINE

Introduction

The object and purpose of general (industrial) biotechnology. Industrial

Biotechnology as a part of biotechnology. Traditional biotechnology (technical

microbiology, biochemical engineering and Enzymology). Modern biotechnology -

genetic and cell engineering. Modern trends of development of industrial

biotechnology. The main components of biotechnology and its relationship to other

sciences. Achieving industrial biotechnology in the chemical manufacturing

(polysaccharides, biokataliz, biodehradabelni polymers), food (yeast, alcohol,

glucose syrup, enzymes, amino acids), agriculture (fodder protein, amino acids,

pesticides and animal, bacterial fertilizers), medicine ( antibiotics, mountains

Mona, vaccines, enzymes, diagnostics), energy (bioethanol, biogas, biodiesel),

ecology (bioremediatsiya, biodiversity).

Trends in biotechnology research and industrial biotechnology developed

countries. Major biotech research centers. Modern biotechnology research and

development of biotechnological production in Ukraine.

The role of discipline in the formation of specialists in biotechnology. Types of

training activities and training sessions and individual tasks independent work of

students. Forms of control measures. Suggested teaching literature.

1. FERMENTATSIYNI PROCESSES IN THE BIOTECH INDUSTRY

1.1. History and achievements of industrial biotechnology.

Empirical period of development of industrial biotechnology. Using products of

microorganisms in bread, getting dairy products, beverages and vinegar, pickling

processes and silage.

Etiological period of development of industrial biotechnology. Investigation

of Louis Pasteur in the nature of microbiological fermentations, anaerobic

conditions for microorganisms, vaccine and vaccinotherapy, methods of

sterilization. Works by R. Koch, D. Tyndalya, E. Duclos, S. Shamberlana,

Mechnikov, D. Zabolotny and other researchers. Development of methods for

obtaining pure cultures of microorganisms, production of food pressed drizhdiv,

the beginning of industrial microorganisms obtain metabolic products (acetone,

butanol, citric and lactic acids).

Bio-industrial period of development of biotechnology. Design, development

and implementation in practice of engineering for industrial biotechnology,

including bioreactors.

Optimization of fermentation processes, cultivation of microorganisms for the

purpose of obtaining practically ¬ wetlands (antibiotics, amino acids, vitamins,

enzymes, etc.). The development of food industry ¬ Vost. Enzymatic catalysis. The

fundamental work of F. Crick and James Watson (1953) to establish the structure

of DNA.

Henotehnichnyy period of development of industrial biotechnology.

Formation of genetic engineering, creating the first recombinant DNA molecule.

Works OO Baev, A.M. Belozersky, A. Avery, G. Gamow, H.H. Quran, F. Jacob, J.

Mo ¬: but, YA Ovchinnikov, AS Spirin, RV Petrov, RG Butenko.

Industrial production of drugs created by genetic engineering: insulin, interferon,

human somatotropic hormone and others.

1.2. General characteristics of industrial strains of microorganisms

The main ways of getting new products and strains. Screening of new products that

are synthesized by industrial microorganisms. Selective allocation of industrial

important strains. Peculiarities of the metabolism of microorganisms. Primary and

secondary products of anabolism and catabolism. Physiological aspects of

regulation of metabolism strains-producers. Rate of population growth and product

synthesis. Physico-chemical factors and synthesis of metabolites. Regulation of

synthesis and enzymes.

Requirements for industrial strains of microorganisms. Selecting producers

from natural sources. The parameters for assessing the variability of cultures for

practically important features. Step Selection of Industrial Microorganisms. How

to use mutagens in plant breeding microorganisms. Use of mutants in plant

breeding (auksototrofnyh, prototrofnyh resistant to analogues of metabolites that

are resistant to antibiotics, with altered transport of metabolites). Principles of a

mutant microorganisms with impaired regulation of synthesis of metabolites.

Using genetic engineering to obtain practically valuable strains. Nadsyntez

metabolic products using genetic methods. Obtaining proteins of humans and

animals. Construction of strains-producers of primary and secondary metabolites.

Preparing for the manufacturing process, long-term storage and maintenance of

the active state of industrial microorganisms.

2. STANDARD PROCEDURES AND MAIN STAGE biotechnological

manufacture

2.1. Classification and description of fermentation processes

Classification of fermentation processes: the target product, the main phase, with

respect to oxygen and light, the degree of protection against extraneous microflora,

number of species of microorganisms, method of organization. Key parameters and

phase of the periodic fermentation.

Quantitative characteristics of growth and productivity: growth rate, doubling

time of biomass, economic and metabolic coefficients, the influence of substrate

concentration on the rate of growth, productivity and specific production rate.

Kinetics of growth of microorganisms. The curve of growth of cell population.

Quantitative indicators of enzymatic processes: formation of heat, oxygen and

carbon dioxide.

Types and modes fermentatsiy: periodic and continuous processes. Problems

aeration pinohasinnya, asepsis and sterility under different fermentatsiy. Open and

closed fermentatsiyni system. Hemostatni turbidostatni modes of cultivation and

producers. Basic requirements for bioreactors. Mixing systems used in fermenters.

The principles of scaling processes: laboratory, pilot and industrial fermenters.

Specialized fermentatsiyni technologies: anaerobic, gas phases and solid-phase

processes.

2.2.Harakterystyka main stage biotech industries

The main substrates and by-products used for microbiological synthesis. Sources

of carbon and nitrogen supply. Natural raw materials of plant origin. Waste various

industries as raw materials for biotechnological processes. Chemical and

petrochemical substrates that are used as raw material. Characterization of complex

environments. Requirements for growth media used in industrial biotechnology.

The preparatory stage. Preparation and sterilization of the environment, air,

bioreactors, preparation of seed for surface and deep cultivation, biokatalizatoriv,

pre-processing of raw materials. Biotech stage: fermentation, biotransformation,

biokataliz, biookysnennya, methanogenic fermentation biokompostuvannya,

biosorbtsiya and others. Separation of liquid and biomass sedimentation, filtration,

separation, centrifugation, coagulation, flotation. Selecting internally - and

zovnishnoklitynnyh metabolic products: precipitation, extraction, adsorption,

electrochemical methods, ion exchange chromatography. The destruction of cell

walls and extraction of target products. Preprocessing of culture fluid for more

complete phase separation. Acid coagulation. Thermal coagulation.

Purification, concentration, modification and stabilization of the target product.

Production of finished product form. Types of products for their place in a typical

technological scheme. Examples of drawing flowcharts biotech industries.

3. Biological active substances and individual components microbial synthesis

3.1. Biotechnology products of microbial synthesis.

Classification of products of microbiological synthesis. Preparations based on

biomass of bacteria: probiotics, bacterial fertilizers, biological products for plant

protection, bakers yeast, protein products. Bio-based live and inactivated vaccines,

metabolic products of microorganisms (primary metabolites - amino acids, organic

acids, vita ¬ mines; secondary metabolites - antibiotics ekzopolisaharydy, surface-

active substances, etc. ¬ sible positive; fermentation products - alcohols, organic

acids, ketous ; enzymes).

Immobilized cells of microorganisms and their application. Methods of

immobilization of cells of microorganisms. Adsorption. Covalent and cross

linking. Inclusion in the gel. Features of living cells immobilized microorganisms.

Biotechnology receiving amino acids: lysine receipt, glutamic acid, proline,

leucine, tryptophan. Chemistry, Enzymology and regulation of biosynthesis of

glutamic acid, lysine, threonine, tryptophan. Methods of selection of mutants -

nadsyntetykiv amino acids. Technological schemes of amino acids by

microbiological synthesis. Receipt of amino acids by immobilized cells and

enzymes.

Features of the enzymes of microorganisms. Enzymes of microorganisms used in

production. Biotechnology enzyme preparations: getting active producers, nutrient

medium for cultivation of microorganisms, especially the cultivation of

microorganisms-producers of enzymes. Selection and stabilization of enzymes.

Immobilized enzymes. Application of enzymes in food industry, agriculture and

medicine. Nomenclature of microbial enzyme preparations.

Biotechnological production of organic acids: citric, acetic, and hlyukonovoyi

itakonovoyi. The use of citric acid, producers. The choice of active producers.

Biosynthesis and its regulation. Terms fermentation Aspergillus niger. Getting

citric acid industry: cultivation shallow, deep, solid phase.

Biosynthesis of vitamins and regulation of these processes. Ways riboflavin,

vitamin B12, carotenoids, ergosterol.

Microbiological synthesis of polysaccharides and lipids. Polysaccharides

cytoplasm and membrane structures. Polysaccharides of cell walls.

Ekzopolisaharydy. Structure and content of lipids in microorganisms. Properties of

the main types of polysaccharides and lipids of microbial origin, and their practical

use. Producers of polysaccharides and lipids. Ways of their biosynthesis.

Technological schemes of microbial polysaccharides and lipids. Industrial

production of gum.

Microorganisms - producers of antibiotics. Ways biosynthesis and genetic

control of the formation of these compounds. The search for new antibiotics.

Formation of antibiotics in industrial conditions. Antibiotics are formed by

bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi mycelium. Ways of enhancing the biosynthesis of

antibiotics by microorganisms. Dvohfaznyy character of the development of

antibiotic producers. Technological foundations of antibiotics. Prepare

environment for cultivating producers of antibiotics and seeds. Stage biosynthesis

of antibiotics. Preprocessing of culture broth. Isolation and purification of

antibiotics. The industrial method for semi-synthetic antibiotics. Loss of the ability

of microorganisms to the formation of antibiotics in industrial conditions.

Using the processes of fermentation and other metabolic processes of

microorganisms. Biotechnology and food products of fermentation. Alcoholic

fermentation. Chemistry and physiology of yeast alcoholic fermentation.

Characteristics of strains of strains used in the industry. Using yeast in the

industry: Getting ethanol, production of bread. Biotechnology is a wine, beer and

strong alcoholic beverages. Lactic fermentation. Homo-and heterofermentatyvne

fermentation. Distribution and relationship with other microorganisms. Selection

and storage of lactic acid bacteria. Biotechnological use of lactic acid bacteria and

baker's yeast. Technological scheme of alcoholic and lactic fermentations. Use of

lactic acid bacteria in the process of ensiling forage, fermented vegetables, cheese,

cooking, and preventive medications. Biotechnology cheese. Propionovoacid

fermentation characteristics of the producers. Microorganisms used in fermentation

industry. Acetone-butyl fermentation characteristics, cultivation of

microorganisms-producers, technological scheme.

Getting biomass of microorganisms as a source of protein. The process and

principles of control growth of microorganisms. The main raw materials,

characterization of strains-producers.

3.2. Industrial biotechnology in agriculture.

Formulations and biological standardization. Bacterial, viral drugs and biological

products based on the fungi to protect plants. Characterization of microorganisms

that are the basis of biological products. Entomopathogenic bacterial agents:

characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), metabolites, mechanism of action of

crystalline δ-endotoxin. Biotech obtaining biological. Bio-based biologically active

substances of bacteria-antagonists. Characteristics of the main biological protection

of plants used in Ukraine.

Bacterial fertilizers and herbicides. Types of bacterial fertilizers and

micro-organisms used for obtaining them. Azotfiksuvalni bacterial agents,

properties nodulating bacteria. Technological schemes of Nitrahinu,

Azotobakterynu, Planryzu, Haupsynu and Tryhoderminu. Inoculation and storage

of drugs. Control of production. Effective inoculation. Prospects of use.

Intermediate control of knowledges of students is carried out regularly on

lecture and practical employments by their questioning from passed material. Form

of control of knowledges from the semantic module 1 is implementation of

calculation work from the calculation of ground will build on transformer

substation. Semantic module 2 estimated as a result of defence of reports from

laboratory works.

LIST OF LITERATURE

1. Satyanarayana, U. “Biotechnology” Books & Allied (P) Ltd., 2005.

2. Balasubramanian, D. etal., “Concepts in Biotechnology” Universities Press

Pvt.Ltd., 2004.

3. Ratledge, Colin and Bjorn Kristiansen “Basic Biotechnology” 2nd Edition

Cambridge University Press, 2001.

4. Dubey, R.C. “A Textbook of Biotechnology” S.Chand & Co. Ltd., 2006.

5. Presscott, S.C. and Cecil G. Dunn, “Industrial Microbiology”, Agrobios

(India), 2005.

6. Cruger,Wulf and Anneliese Crueger, “Biotechnology: A Textbook of

7. Industrial Microbiology”, 2nd Edition, Panima Publishing, 2000.

8. Russell, D.A., G.A. Byrne, E.P. O'Connell, C.A. Boland and W.G. Meijer.

2004. The LysR-type transcriptional regulator VirR is required for

expression of the virulence gene vapA of Rhodococcus equi ATCC 33701.

J. Bacteriol. 186: 5576-5584

9. Ward, P.G., G. De Roo, and K.E. O' Connor. 2005. Polyhydroxyalkanoate

accumulation from styrene and phenylacetic acid by Pseudomonas putida

CA-3. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:2046-2052.

10.Haq, I, Ali, S, Qadeer, MA, Iqbal, J. 2003. Stimulatory effect of alcohols

(methanol and ethanol) on citric acid productivity by a 2-deoxy D-glucose

resistant culture of Aspergillus niger GCB-47. Bioresource Technology 86:

227-233.

11.Hesse, SJA, Ruijter, GJG, Dijkema, C, Visser, J. 2002. Intracellular pH

homeostatis in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Eur. J. Biochem.

269: 3485-3494.

12.Karaffa, L, Kubicek, CP. 2003. Aspergillus niger citric acid accumulation:

do we understand this well working black box. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.

61: 189-196.

13.Kubicek, CP and M. Rohr 1977. Influence of Manganese on Enzyme

Synthesis and Citric Acid Accumulation in Aspergillus niger. Appl.

Microbiol. Biotechnol.4: 167-175. Journal previously called European J.

Appl. Microbiol.

14.Kubicek,C.P. Zehentgrubcr, O.E1-Kalak, Housam and M. Rohr 1980.

Regulation of Citric Acid Production by Oxygen:Effect of Dissolved

Oxygen Tension on Adenylate Levels and Respiration in Aspergillus niger.

Applied Microbiology and Technologyl. 9: 101-115.

15.Legisa, M., Gradisnik-Grapulin, M. 1995. Sudden substrate dilution induces

a higher rate of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. Appl. Env.

Micro. 61: 2732-2737.

16.Roukas, T. 2000. Citric and gluconic acid production from fig by

Aspergillus niger using solid-state fermentation. J. Ind. Micro. & Biotech.

25:298-304.

17.Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, and Blackwell M. (1996). Introductory

Mycology. 4th edition. John and Sons, Inc.

18.Atlas RM. (1997). Principles of Microbiology. 2nd edition. M.T.Brown

Publishers.

19.Cappucino J and Sherman N. (2010). Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual.

9th edition. Pearson Education limited.

20.Madigan MT, Martinko JM and Parker J. (2009). Brock Biology of

Microorganisms. 12th edition. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.

21.Pelczar MJ, Chan ECS and Krieg NR. (1993). Microbiology. 5th edition.

McGraw Hill Book Company.

22.Stanier RY, Ingraham JL, Wheelis ML, and Painter PR. (2005). General

Microbiology. 5th edition. McMillan.

23.Tortora GJ, Funke BR, and Case CL. (2008). Microbiology: An

Introduction. 9th edition. Pearson Education.

24.Willey JM, Sherwood LM, and Woolverton CJ. (2008). Prescott, Harley and

Klein’s Microbiology. 7th edition. McGraw Hill Higher Education.

Industry Research Links

Canadian Medical Association www.cma.ca

Canadian Society of Microbiologists www.csm-scm.org

American Society of Virology www.asv.org

Society for Industrial Microbiology www.simhq.org

The American Association for Immunologists www.aai.org

Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology www.csaci.ca

Other Resources

BIOTECanada www.biotech.ca

Microbe World www.microbeworld.org

Government of Canada — Bioportal http://bioportal.gc.ca

National Research Council of Canada www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca

The Microbiology Information Portal www.microbes.info

Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology www.cifst.ca

E-Journals Available through the University of Toronto Library

(www.library.utoronto.ca/utsc)

Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology Clinical Microbiology Reviews Molecular

Microbiology

Canadian Journal of Microbiology Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology

Nature Reviews Microbiology

Final control of knowledges is carried out on examination.

An estimation is "excellent proposed" to the student which during a

semester worked systematic, on examination rotined scalene and deep knowledges

of programmatic material, able freely to execute tasks which are foreseen by the

program, mastered basic arid acquainted with additional literature,

intercommunication of separate sections of discipline, their value feels for a future

profession, found out creative capabilities in understanding and use educational-

programmatic to material, showed a capacity for an independent update and

addition to knowledges.

An estimation is "Good proposed" to the student which found out complete

knowledge educational-programmatic to material, successfully executes the

foreseen program tasks, mastered basic literature which is recommended by the

program, proof character of knowledges rotined from discipline and apt at their

independent addition and renewal during subsequent studies and professional

activity.

An estimation is "Satisfactorily proposed" to the student which discovered

knowledge basic educational-programmatic to material in a volume, to the

necessity for subsequent studies and next work after a profession, produced with

implementation of tasks, foreseen by the program, assumed separate errors in an

answer on examination and at implementation of examination tasks, but owns

necessary knowledges for their overcoming under the direction of scientifically

pedagogical worker.

An estimation is "Unsatisfactorily proposed" to the student which did not

find out sufficient knowledges basic educational-programmatic to material,

assumed of principle errors in execution the tasks foreseen by the program, it does

not can unassisted scientifically pedagogical to use a worker knowledge at

subsequent studies, not able to lay hands on skills of independent work.

Betweens national and ESTs by estimations and rating from discipline

Estimationnational

ОцінкаECTS

Percent ofstudents which

arrive at theproper

estimation in theEuropean

universities

Determination of estimation ofECTS

Rating fromdiscipline, points

1 2 3 4 5

Excellent A 10

Excellent - excellentimplementation is only with thenegligible quantity of mistakes 90 -100

Good

В 25

VERY GOOD- higher middlelevel with a few errors

82-89

С 30

GOOD- in general correctwork with the certain amountof flagrant errors

75-81

Satisfactorily

D 25SATISFACTORILY - notbad, but with the far of failings 66-74

E 10

SUFFICIENTLY -implementation satisfiesminimum criteria

60-65

1 2 3 4 5

UnsatisfactorilyFX

UNSATISFACTORILY - it isneeded to work before to get atest (positive estimation)

35-59

F ■

UNSATISFACTORILY - thesubsequent thoughtful piece ofwork is needed

01-34

A national estimation is written down in the test book of student, and anestimation of ESTs a book of rating estimation of knowledges of student.

Appendix 1

CONTENT:

CONTENT…………………………………………………………...…...……...2

ABSTRACT…………………………………….……………………..….…....……….3MODERN DISCOVERING…………………………………………………....………4ENUMERATION OF THE CONDITIONAL SHORTENING……..………...……..…5

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….……..…....6

1. ARCHAEA DOMAIN………………………………………………...……...……..8

1.1. ARCHAEAL TAXONOMY…………………………………….…….…....,..8

1.2. FEATURES DISTINGUISHING ARCHAEA FROM BACTERIA

AND EUKARYA………………….……………….………………...………...11

1.3. THE HABITAT OF ARCHAEA…………………………………...…...…..13

2. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

IN THE ARCHAEAL DOMAIN…......................................................................…14

2.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL

USING OF ARCHAEA…………………………...……………………….......14

2.2. THE COMPONENT OF ARCHAEA’S

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS………………………...…….……..15

2.3. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF ARCHAEA DOMAIN……….21

2.4. PERSPECTIVES OF BIOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS……………..…..…...24

2.5. INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL OF ARCHAEAL ENZYMES AND

METABOLITES………………………..........................................................…26

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….…...31

LIST OF REFERENCES…………………………………………………..…..…...……....32

Appendix 2

ABSTRACT

Many archaea colonize extreme environments. They include

hyperthermophiles, sulfur-metabolizing thermo-philes, extreme halophiles and

methanogens. Because extrem-ophilic microorganisms have unusual properties,

they are a potentially valuable resource in the development of novel bio-

technological processes. Despite extensive research, however, there are few

existing industrial applications of either archaeal biomass or archaeal enzymes.

This paper summarizes current knowledge about the biotechnological uses of

archaea to potential applications that are the subject of current experimental

evaluation. Topics covered include cultivation methods, recent achievements,

which are of key importance for the development of new biotechnological tools,

and the application of biomasses, engineered microorganisms, enzymes and

specific metabolites in particular bioprocesses of industrial interest.

Key words: biotechnological processes, Archaea, industrial potential, small-subunit ribosomal.

Appendix 3

ENUMERATION OF THE CONDITIONAL SHORTENING

ADP-ribosylated - posttranslational modification of proteins that involves the

addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties;

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

BAC - bacterial artificial chromosomes

dGTP - deoxyguanosine triphosphate

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

MG - mannosylglycerate

PCR - polymerase chain reaction

PHB - polyhy-droxybutyrate

RNA - ribonucleic acid

SSU - small-subunit

Appendix 4

Figure 1. Arcgaeal taxonomy (Thorsten Allers, 2005)

Appendix 5Table 1. Industrial applications of archaeal products (Cardoso A.M., 2003)

Appendix 6

THE CABINET of MINISTRI of UKRAINE

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY of LIFE and ENVIROMENTAL SCIENCES ofUKRAINE

Biotechnology faculty

Ecobiotechnology and biodiversity department

Course work on discipline

GENERAL (INDUSTRIAL) BIOTECHNOLOGY

Course work on microbiologyof the student of the third group the second course Voznuk E.A.

KYIV - 2011

Appendix 7

The contents of course work

Course work should include such sections:

The CONTENTS (the Sample of the contents) Pages

INTRODUCTION (2-3 pages)……………………………………3

I. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE (10-15 pages)……………...5

1.1. A history of studying of a biological cycle of nitrogen……….5

1.2. Transformation of nitric connections in ground………………7

ІІ. EXPOSITION OF THE THEME (15-25 pages)……………….10

2.1. The biological cycle of nitrogen………………………………10

2.2. Nitrogen fixation, the biological characteristic of agents……..12

2.2.1. Separately living nitrogen fixing microorganisms………….14

2.2.2. Symbiotic nitrogen fixing microorganisms……………………17

2.3. Chemistry of nitrogen fixation…………………………………..19

2.4. The importance of nitrogen fixation for soil fertility and a plant

feeding…………………………………………………………..22

CONCLUSIONS (2-3 pages)…………………………………………24

THE LIST OF THE LITERATURE…………………………………..25