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7/28/2019 D1-Building-Resilience-Vulnerable-Coastal-Communities-Innovative-Adaptation-Options-Water-Supply by Arif M. Faisal

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Arif M. FaisalBangladesh Resident Mission Asian Development Bank

01 July 2013, Khulna

Building Resilience in Vulnerable Coastal Communities

Through Innovative Adaptation Options in Water Supply(Experience sharing from RETA6422 Pilot Project)

Action Planning Workshop for Improving Water Supply & Sanitation Conditions in Khulna (1-2 July at Khulna)



Climate Impacts and Vulnerability on Water Supply

• Too much water flooding, water logging, health issue

• Too l it tle water drought, increased salinity, food & water insecurity,

decreased sanitation coverage

• Wrong type of water • saline water due to SLR, salinity intrusion in agriculture,

aquifer, water source, health problems, etc.

• Wrong timing of water

erratic rainfall pattern, water scarcity

All these are affecting 3 basic security

• Food Security, Water Security & Livelihood Security



Overtopping of Coastal

polder under Climate

Change 2050 (storm surge)

Climate Change

Impacts on Water

Logging

Source: IWM, 2010



Source: IWM, 2010



Fresh Water- A Precious Resource in Vulnerable Areas

Increased fresh water demand for

• Agriculture, domestic, industrial and other purposes due toincreased temperature & SLR;

• Ecosystem functioning;Decrease of fresh water source due to

• Salinity Intrusion in fresh water sources

• Lowering of ground water table• Drying of ponds & other water sources• Contamination of surface water sources• Increased frequency & intensity of cyclone, storm surge &

other extreme events impacting on availability of freshwater sources

Deterioration of Water Quality

Salinity ingress towards inlandDue to cyclone, storm surge, floods, etc. saline and pollutedwater comes to land areas and contaminate freshwater source



Overview of Pilot Subproject under RETA6422

Subproject: Community Based Adaptation in Vulnerable Coastal Areas of

Bangladesh

Duration: 26 Months(March 2011 to April 2013)

Implementing Agency: Practical Action with support from ADB

Pilot Sites: 4 villages of two unions of Shyamnagar and Kaliganj Upazilla

under Satkhira district

Approach: The subproject piloted a model with adopting innovative

participatory approach and simple implementation arrangement to reducethe climate and disaster risk through CBA and diversified the livelihood of the climate vulnerable coastal poor

Activities: The subproject has demonstrated:

• Adaptive agriculture, aquaculture, livestock and off-farm livelihoodoptions for selected poor and vulnerable families,

• Low cost service for safe drinking water in salinity intruded areas,• Innovative climate resilient home to the vulnerable people,• Low cost energy provisions with selected poor families to meet basic

energy needs for lighting and cooking, and• Enhance coping capacity of the coastal communities through

capacity building initiative



Traditional Water Supply Source in Coastal Areas



Innovative Adaptive Options on Water Supply for

Climate Vulnerable Areas

Artificial aquifer tube well

Piped water supply system

Rain water harvesting system (above & under ground)

Arsenic-iron removal plants




• Suitable for saline-prone coast,arsenic & iron contaminatedcommunity;

• Free from suspended impuritiesincluding microorganisms;

• ‘Recharge zone’ is installed within fivefeet off the pond;

• The recharge zone needs to be at

least 10 feet deeper than the pondbed for good recharging




Advantages of the intervention Challenges for wider

dissemination

Unit

Cost(Approx.) • Feasible and low costs options and by

exerting less effort. This could savetime, energy and money for the localcommunities.

• Suitable for those areas where hand

pump tube wells is not alwayspossible due to adverse hydrogeological and stony or clay soilconditions and contaminated withsalinity, iron and arsenic.

• It does not require power to operate• It requires minimum supervision and

maintenance costs• It facilities the surface water utilization

and does not require to reserve thesurface water source

• Risk of failure of thesystem due totechnical faults andmay put thedependent

communities inproblem.

BDT 50,000(approx.)(Excludingpondexcavation,

protection andoperationalcoast)




• Need pipeline, bigger capacity water storage tank, pump machine• Regular operation and maintenance is required;

• Reserve capacity 5000 L• Length: 3500 meter• Water supply point 6 (2 time water supply a day)• HH coverage: 2000 of two villages• Electric and generator pump operated & managed by Union

Council.



Advantages of the

intervention

Challenges for wider

dissemination

Unit Cost(Approx.)

• Could covers a large

number people

• Unit cost of water is

comparatively low

• Less chances of contamination of waters

• Very useful for remote

people.

• Requires proper

maintenance and

management from Union

Council and close

supervision• Risk of misuse

• Social conflict

• Depends on

length. BDT

1,45,000 for per

Kilometer

(Excluding boringand deep tube

well, overhead

reservoir,

Engines, pump

and powersystem (approx.)




Rain water harvesting (underground)

Rain water harvesting (above ground)

• Requires suitable catchmentareas

• Not available round the air• Need hygienic maintenance• Suitable for household need• Suitable for vulnerable coastal,

arsenic, & iron prone areas

• Two chamber with hand pump,catchment system

• 2000 liter reserve capacityplastic tank

• Raised at plinth level and easyaccess from house

• Two family can be benefited



Option Advantages of the

intervention

Challenges for wider

dissemination

Unit

Cost(Approx.)

Rain waterharvesting(Aboveground)

• Water is free from salinity andarsenic

• Doesn’t require power operatedsystem

• Many government and NGOs haveshown interest to promote/facilitatethis system in the areas of acutewater scarcity

• Requires efficient waterstorage mechanism whichis difficult to develop anddeploy

• Pattern of rainfall isinconsistent therefore lessreliable

• Long term storage maycause biologicalcontamination/defection

• Initial investment is high,which is difficult to bear forthe community.

• 2000 lit dependingon the materialswould be usedand the design.

• Depends onlocality andavailability of

mason. BDT40,000 (approx.)• Catchment would

be also a factor.

Rain waterharvesting

(Underground)

• Water is stored at dark andanaerobic condition to avoid

growth of insects.• Water is free from salinity and

arsenic• Doesn’t require power operated

system• Many government and NGOs have

shown interest to promote/facilitatethis system in the areas of acutewater scarcity

• Pattern of rainfall isinconsistent therefore less

reliable• Suitable catchments are

prerequisite.• Long term storage can

developing biologicalcontamination

• 4500 lit Dependson locality and

availability of mason. BDT25,000 (approx.)

• Catchment wouldbe also a factor.

Rainwater Harvesting System



Arsenic-iron removal plants

Advantages of the intervent ion Challenges for wider

dissemination

Unit Cost(Approx.)

• Could covers a large number people• Unit cost of water is comparatively low• Less chances of contamination of

waters• Very useful in arsenic and iron

contaminated areas

• Requires proper

maintenance and closesupervision

• Risk of failure of bore

• Depends on size.

BDT 55,000

• Including installingtub well

• relatively inexpensive way of removing arsenic fromgroundwater

• Effluent faecal coliform counts isgenerally low

• considerable promise for use inareas with high natural iron andarsenic

• Covers water supply for 30 HHregularly



Other possible innovative technology for salinity intruded

coastal areas

Small desalination plant

• BDT 3000,000• Use reverse osmosis process for desalinating saline

water & consume limited energy• Suitable in salinity intruded areas whether no options

are feasible• Costly• Capacity 200ltr/Hr

Managed aquifer recharge• Piloted by DPHE in 9 upazila• Rain/surface water stored in ground water aquifer• Water is filtered & poured through recharge well• Water is retained during monsoon & used in dry season



• CBA activities are still evolving and still at the stage of ‘learning by doing’.Hence the lessons learnt from the previously implemented projects arecrucial for development practitioner;

• Indigenous adaptive knowledge could be refined through gradualdevelopment of scientific understanding and further improvement of thedesigning of CBA options;

• Involvement of NGOs/CBOs has proved to be good options forimplementing such pilot CBA;

• Suitability of adaptive water supply options is area specific;• Social acceptability of adaptive water supply options depends on water

quality, water availability throughout the year, costs of installation, ease of operation and maintenance, distance & location of water source, etc.

• Training and community participation is essential for sustainability of thewater supply options in coastal areas;

• Pond sand filter, rainwater harvesting system, etc. is not a sustainable andappropriate options for larger community;

• Piped water supply is promising & feasible options for supplying drinkingwater to larger community with optimum cost;

• There is limited knowledge on the impacts of CC on groundwater and

surface water resources, their recharge and sustainable yields.

Lessons



• Set up of a ‘mini WASA’ type of organization in climatevulnerable and salinity intruded coastal areas could be asustainable option in the long run for ensuring water security

• Market based tools could be useful for promoting watersupply provision in salinity intruded coastal areas wherepeople are willing to pay for drinking water

• There is a potential for large scale replication of innovativeand adaptive water supply options in similar climatevulnerable areas/towns/geographical areas with similar socio-economic setting

A Way Foreword

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