dace akule - labour migration to latvia: policy and reality
DESCRIPTION
Expertseminar LABOUR MIGRATION IN THE BALTIC SEA COUNTRIES: TRENDS AND PROSPECTS 25 April 2013 Constitutional Hall, Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania, Gedimino av. 53, VilniusTRANSCRIPT
5
Labour migration to Latvia:Policy and reality
Dace Akule, policy researcher,
Centre for Public Policy PROVIDUS
Latvia’s population
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Foreigners, %
Non-citizens, %
Citizens, %
Source: Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs
Migration balance
-60000
-40000
-20000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Immigration
Emigration
Migration ballance
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics
Immigration stock
Source: Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs
2352
7
2451
6
2546
6
2697
6
2948
7
3082
0
3305
5
3435
4
3624
9 4205
4
4432
8
4739
1
6676
6886
7547
7429
8003 96
56 1281
5
1471
5
1378
5
1355
7
1595
7
1871
60
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013
Permanent Residence Permits
Temporary Residence Permits
1821
1846
2631
2437
2212
2154
1896
2061 23
96 2928
4831
4609
2388
2495
4824
6171
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
First-time issued temporary residence permits
Source: Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs
Number of issued permits by reason of entry98
1
3048
460
342
907
2836
529
33758
6 908
472
34257
4 854
534
533
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2007 2008 2009 2010
FamilyreunificationEmployment
Studies
Other
Source: Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs
Origin of immigrants in 2012
2534
605
277
197
191
102
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Russia Ukraine Belarus Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Turkey
Source: Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs
Stock of foreigners in 2013
Russia 44586
Lithuania 4031
Ukraine 3735
Belarus 2318
Germany 1536
Estonia 1025
Bulgaria 698
Sweden 564
Poland 527
United Kingdom 518
United States of America 505
Kazakhstan 466
Uzbekistan 444Source: Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs
Labour immigration
• Employment becomes more popular reason for residence in Latvia: 40-45% of residents with temporary permits in 2008-2010.
• If only 2000 foreigners acquired a work permit in 2005, the number exceeded 4000 in 2007.
• Top countries: Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Top sectors: manufacturing, transport and logistics, trade and repair. Most dramatic drop in demand for migrant workers was in construction sector – 36% work permit in 2007, and only 3% in 2010.
• Pull factors – labour or skills shortages in specific sectors (also due to emigration), cultural and linguistic, geographic proximity. More important than comparatively low income levels (compared to EU average).
Labour immigration: sectors
374 380
163
283 331
555631
1734
719
360449
10541085
628
1081
295
426
962
625
82
503
234312
684
271220
144 151
1406
13
20
664
11145
234
158
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Manufacturingindustry
Construc-tion service
Transportation IT, science Trade Other
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs
Labour immigration
2695 work permits issued in 2012.
Top countries where labour migrants came from:• Belarus - 954 work permits • Russia - 620• Ukraine - 611• Turkmenistan - 111• India -71• Uzbekistan - 37• China - 32
Top sectors: Transportation (approx. 1000 work permits), manufacturing, IT, food and catering.
Labour immigration
• Access to labour market depends on purpose of immigration and type or residence permit (e.g. free access to family reunification migrants who joined a citizen, non-citizen or permanent resident; restricted to labour immigrants), knowledge of Latvian language.
• Third country nationals recruited by employers to work in Latvia are linked to the employer who invited them, with no option to freely change employers or their employment position within the company (new work permit needed).
• If migrant worker with a temporary residence permit become unemployed, his/ her residence permit is cancelled and the persons needs to leave the country.
• These persons are also not entitled to unemployment benefits and services.
Labour immigration
• Legislation stipulates that migrant workers must receive at least the average national gross monthly salary of the previous year – 481 LVL (685 EUR) in 2012. Minimum wage in 2013 set at 200 LVL (285 EUR). Plan to increase to 225 LVL (320 EUR) in 2014. Protection of low-skilled local labour, but also leaving the low-skilled jobs to the locals.
• No formal work permit quotas, but the procedure and costs related to recruiting third country nationals were higher than in Estonia and Lithuania, and possessed a serious obstacle.
• Changes in July 2008 – decreasing costs, establishing ‘one-stop agency’ for work permits. Employer had to pay a monthly fee of 35 LVL (50 EUR) for recruiting a third country national. In 2008 this became an annual fee, and in 2010 it was waived altogether.
Policy?
In 2007 government attempted to adopt a migration policy document, with 3 scenarios: • not changing the strict immigration policy, long and expensive procedure to recruit migrants, • decreasing state fees and easing the bureaucratic procedure for inviting migrant workers, • in addition to easier procedure and smaller fees, laying out criteria for ‘emergency’ situations when quotas of specific professions could be filled on easier conditions. But migrants would be able to stay for a short term, no family reunification rights.
The document was not adopted, but part of these proposals were put in place in 2008 and 2010 via legislative changes (easier procedures and decreased costs to recruit third country nationals).
Policy?
• One of the reasons why the policy was not adopted – nationalistic party among coalition parties.
• The same situation in the present, when government’s action plan includes a goal of adopting a migration policy paper by July 2013.
• The action plan says that the aim is to establish a balanced system for the entry of foreigners that is in line with Latvia’s interests and facilitates economic growth.
• Based on this paper, new immigration legislation should also be adopted by the end of 2013.
Policy?
• Ministry of Economy has estimated that approximately 120 thousand jobs would be created by 2030 as a result of economic growth. Additional 100 thousand jobs would become vacant due to the elder generation leaving the labour market.
• Who will fill these vacancies?
• Working on the return of Latvians having emigrated. A plan to facilitate return migration adopted in the government in January 2013. But return migration mostly depends on the general socio-economic situation of Latvia.
• Surveys show that 65% of emigrants don’t plan to return in the near future (5 years).
What is your attitude towards the willingness of people from other countries to come to work and live in Latvia?
Source: DnB Nord Latvijas barometrs, survey conducted on February 2011, N= 1005 Latvia’s inhabitants, respondents could agree to multiple statements
38
32
22
22
22
21
17
11
7
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Migrants create problems by taking over jobs from the locals
I don't think that migrants would be interested to live in Latvia - live in other countries would be more beneficial for them
I think that every person has the right to go to live and work in another country, including Latvia
Migration was, is and will always be, it is an inevitable process
Migrants create problems by increasing the burden on the social budget
I would personally not like it if people from difference races come to live in Latvia
Migrants endanger the existance of Latvian culture
Only inhabitants of other EU countries should be allowed to live and work in Latvia
Migration would solve the problems that have been caused by the decreasing number of inhabitants of Latvia like e.g. shortages of …
Migration would bring benefits to Latvian culture and life by increasing diversity e.g. cousine, fashion
%
From which countries or groups of countries would it be desirable to let in immigrants from? %
Source: Market research centre SKDS. ‘Nacionālo ideju popularitāte sabiedrībā, Latvijas iedzīvotāju aptauja’ (Popularity of nationalistic ideas among the population. A survey of Latvia’s inhabitants), July 2012, commissioned by the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Difficult to say/ no answer
Immigration should not be allowed under nocircumstances
Other countries
African countries
India
China
Countries of Middle East
Other countries of NIS
Russia, Belarus, Ukraine
EU countries
Attitudes towards migrants’ impact on social and economic processes
47.7
21.1
33.4
65.6
28.9
40.7
49.3
54.9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Migrants increase crime rates
Migrants bring beneftis to country's economy
Migrants make Latvia more open to new ideas and cultures
Migrants take away jobs from people born in Latvia
Latvians Russians
Source: NI: Dimensijas. Vēsturiskā atmiņa. LU SZF. Survey conducted in 2010, N= 1004 Latvia’s inhabitants, % of respondents according to ethnic origin (identification), “absolutely agree” and “rather agree” answers were summed up. Quoted in: Human Development report of Latvia 2010/2011
How large threats do the following aspects cause to Latvia?
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Latvia's inhabitants emigrate
Latvia loses its economic independence since largeforeign companies take over and force locals out of
People from other countries come to Latvia to look fora better life
Traditional moral standards change due to standardsthat come from other countries and regions
The arrival of different (untraditional to Latvia)religion
The arrival of different cultures and traditions
Mixed marriages between Latvia's inhabitants andpeople of different etchnicities and skin color
very large threat
small threat
no threat at all
difficult to say/ noanswer
Source: Market research centre SKDS. ‘Nacionālo ideju popularitāte sabiedrībā, Latvijas iedzīvotāju aptauja’ (Popularity of nationalistic ideas among the population. A survey of Latvia’s inhabitants), July 2012, commissioned by the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists.
Conclusion
• Question about people: who will live in Latvia? Whom do we want to live in Latvia? How do we manage public services with limited resources – weaker provision of services, higher taxes, or more people contributing their resources?
• To enhance the return of Latvians, the society needs to realize and be ready to increasing diversity of Latvia’s population, with spouses from other countries and more ‘mixed’ children living in Latvia.
• Immigration is inevitable, a reality. Need to manage risks, mainly due to lack of policies and negative public attitudes thanks to the Soviet migration experience, integration of Russian-speaking population, especially as the majority of migrants come from Russia, Ukraine and Belarus able to survive without learning Latvian language.