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45 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 1. WHO | Road traffic injuries. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/en/. Accessed November 29, 2015. 2. Penelitian B, Pengembangan DAN. RISET KESEHATAN DASAR. 2013. 3. Health Q. Fracture Guidelines for Conservative Treatment | A GP Guide | Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cairns_hinterland/html/ortho_fracture.asp. Accessed November 29, 2015. 4. Katzung BG, Trevor AJ. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 13th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2015. 5. BPJ 49: Strong opioids for pain management in adults in palliative care. http://www.bpac.org.nz/bpj/2012/december/opioids.aspx. Accessed January 31, 2016. 6. Permata VA, Nurcahyo WI, Supatmo Y. PENGGUNAAN ANALGESIK PASCA OPERASI ORTHOPEDIDI RSUP DR. KARIADI SEMARANG. December 2014. http://eprints.undip.ac.id/44897/9/Veryne_Ayu_Permata_22010110130182 _Bab8KTI.pdf. Accessed November 25, 2015. 7. Ollé Fortuny G, Opisso Julia L, Oferil Riera F, Sánchez Pallarés M, Calatayud Montesa R, Cabré Roca I. [Ketorolac versus tramadol: comparative study of analgesic efficacy in the postoperative pain in abdominal hysterectomy]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2000;47(4):162- 167. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10846913. Accessed November 25, 2015. 8. Di Massa A, Scardigli M, Bruni L, Valentino L. Ketorolac for paediatric postoperative pain. A review. Minerva Anestesiol. 2000;66(10):749-756. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11194983. Accessed November 25, 2015. 9. Benyamin R, Trescot AM, Datta S, et al. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. 2008;11(2 Suppl):S105-S120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18443635. Accessed November 14,

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. WHO | Road traffic injuries.

http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/en/. Accessed

November 29, 2015.

2. Penelitian B, Pengembangan DAN. RISET KESEHATAN DASAR. 2013.

3. Health Q. Fracture Guidelines for Conservative Treatment | A GP Guide |

Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service.

https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cairns_hinterland/html/ortho_fracture.asp.

Accessed November 29, 2015.

4. Katzung BG, Trevor AJ. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 13th ed. United

States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2015.

5. BPJ 49: Strong opioids for pain management in adults in palliative care.

http://www.bpac.org.nz/bpj/2012/december/opioids.aspx. Accessed

January 31, 2016.

6. Permata VA, Nurcahyo WI, Supatmo Y. PENGGUNAAN ANALGESIK

PASCA OPERASI ORTHOPEDIDI RSUP DR. KARIADI SEMARANG.

December 2014.

http://eprints.undip.ac.id/44897/9/Veryne_Ayu_Permata_22010110130182

_Bab8KTI.pdf. Accessed November 25, 2015.

7. Ollé Fortuny G, Opisso Julia L, Oferil Riera F, Sánchez Pallarés M,

Calatayud Montesa R, Cabré Roca I. [Ketorolac versus tramadol:

comparative study of analgesic efficacy in the postoperative pain in

abdominal hysterectomy]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2000;47(4):162-

167. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10846913. Accessed November

25, 2015.

8. Di Massa A, Scardigli M, Bruni L, Valentino L. Ketorolac for paediatric

postoperative pain. A review. Minerva Anestesiol. 2000;66(10):749-756.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11194983. Accessed November 25,

2015.

9. Benyamin R, Trescot AM, Datta S, et al. Opioid complications and side

effects. Pain Physician. 2008;11(2 Suppl):S105-S120.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18443635. Accessed November 14,

46

2015.

10. Goldstein JL, Cryer B. Gastrointestinal injury associated with NSAID use:

a case study and review of risk factors and preventative strategies. Drug

Healthc Patient Saf. 2015;7:31-41. doi:10.2147/DHPS.S71976.

11. Aalykke C, Lauritsen K. Epidemiology of NSAID-related gastroduodenal

mucosal injury. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;15(5):705-722.

doi:10.1053/bega.2001.0230.

12. Lichtenberger LM, Zhou Y, Dial EJ, Raphael RM. NSAID injury to the

gastrointestinal tract: evidence that NSAIDs interact with phospholipids to

weaken the hydrophobic surface barrier and induce the formation of

unstable pores in membranes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2006;58:1421-1428.

doi:10.1211/jpp.58.10.0001.

13. Matsui H, Shimokawa O, Kaneko T, Nagano Y, Rai K, Hyodo I. The

pathophysiology of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced

mucosal injuries in stomach and small intestine. J Clin Biochem Nutr.

2011;48(2):107-111. doi:10.3164/jcbn.10-79.

14. Fromm D. How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect gastric

mucosal defenses? Clin Invest Med. 1987;10(3):251-258.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3304754. Accessed November 29,

2015.

15. Chung KW, Chung HM, Halliday NL. BRS Gross Anatomy. 8th ed.

English: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015.

16. Guyton A, Hall JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th ed. Singapore:

Saunders Elsevier; 2011.

17. Adamu MA, Weck MN, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Incidence and risk

factors for the development of chronic atrophic gastritis : five year follow-

up of a population-based cohort study. 2011;1658:1652-1658.

doi:10.1002/ijc.25476.

18. Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam Indonesia. Buku Ajar Ilmu

Penyakit Dalam. Ed 4. Jakarta: Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia; 2006.

19. Price A, Wilson M. Patofisiologi Konsep Klinis Proses-Proses Penyakit.

47

Ed 6. (Hartanto H, Susi N, eds.). Jakarta: EGC; 2005.

20. Luo JC, Shin VY, Liu ESL, et al. Non-ulcerogenic dose of dexamethasone

delays gastric ulcer healing in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.

2003;307(2):692-698. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.055202.

21. Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy.

7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.

22. Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Hunt RH. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic-ulcer disease: a meta-

analysis.[see comment]. Lancet. 2002;359(9300):14.

23. Eroschenko VP. diFiore’s Altas Of Histology with Functional Correlations.

12th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.

24. Syam AF, Miftahussurur M, Makmun D, et al. Risk Factors and Prevalence

of Helicobacter pylori in Five Largest Islands of Indonesia: A Preliminary

Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0140186.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140186.

25. Soll AH, McCarthy D. NSAID-related gastrointestinal complications. Clin

Cornerstone. 1999;1(5):42-56. doi:10.1016/S1098-3597(99)90088-1.

26. Tapia-pancardo DC, Jesús-sandoval R, Valera-mota MM, Cadena-anguiano

JL, Murguía-romero M, Villalobos-molina R. Identification of life habits

factors as risk for gastritis and colitis occurrence in a mestizo population of

Chabeklumil ,. 2012;2012(June):67-71.

27. Ko JK, Cho CH. Alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking: a “partner” for

gastric ulceration. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2000;63(12):845-854.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11195134. Accessed January 31,

2016.

28. Norman PH, Daley MD, Lindsey RW. Preemptive analgesic effects of

ketorolac in ankle fracture surgery. Anesthesiology. 2001;94(4):599-603.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11379679. Accessed November 25,

2015.

29. Cassinelli EH, Dean CL, Garcia RM, Furey CG, Bohlman HH. Ketorolac

use for postoperative pain management following lumbar decompression

surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled

48

trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(12):1313-1317.

doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817329bd.

Lampiran 1. Metode Baku Histologis Pemeriksaan Jaringan (TjartaAchmad,

1992)

A. Cara pengambilan jaringan dan fiksasi

1) Mengambil jaringan sesegera mungkin setelah tikus Wistar dewasa

diterminasi dengan cara pemberian Choloroform dosis sangat tinggi.

2) Kemudian memasukkan ke dalam larutan fiksasi dengan urutan

sebagai berikut :

a) Fiksasi dalam larutan formalin 10%

b) Dehidrasi dengan alkohol 30% selama 20 menit I, 20 menit II,

dan 20 menit III.

Lalu lanjutkan dengan alkohol 40% 1 jam

alkohol 50% 1 jam

alkohol 60% 1 jam

alkohol 70% 1 jam

alkohol 80% 1 jam

alkohol 90% 1 jam (alkohol 70%-80% dapat ditunda

sampai keesokan harinya)

c) Larutan xylol alkohol 1 : 1 dengan waktu kurang lebih 24 jam.

d) Clearing dengan larutan xylol 1, 2, 3 dengan waktu masing-

masing 20 menit, sehingga jaringan terlihat tembus pandang.

e) Xylol paraffin 1:1 selama 20 menit/24 jam dengan dipanaskan

dalam oven 600C.

f) Embedding dan blocking : paraffin 1, 2, 3 selama 20 menit, lalu

jaringan dicetak blok paraffin kemudian didinginkan, sehingga

cetakan dapat dibuka.

g) Trimming : memotong balok-balok paraffin sehingga jaringan

mudah dipotong dengan mikrotom.

B. Cara pemotongan blok (sectioning)

1) Menyiapkan kaca objek bersih.

2) Kaca objek diberi albumin ditengahnya dan direkatkan.

3) Blok yang sudah disiapkan dipotong dengan ketebalan 5

mikron, lalu dimasukkan dalam air panas kurang lebih 600C.

Setelah jaringan mengembang jaringan diambil dengan kaca

objek yang sudah diberi albumin.

4) Kemudian dikeringkan.

5) Paraffin yang ada pada kaca objek atau jaringan dihilangkan

dengan dipanaskan dalam oven 600C atau dengan tungku.

B. Pewarnaan HE

Slide jaringan dimasukkan dalam :

1) Xylol 1, 2, 3 masing-masing 10 menit.

2) Rehidrasi dengan alkohol xylol selama 5 menit.

3) Bilas alkohol 30-96% masing-masing kurang lebih 30 menit.

4) Bilas aquades 1 kali kurang lebih 10 menit.

5) Rendam dalam hematoksilin kurang lebih 10 menit.

6) Bilas dengan air mengalir sampai bersih.

7) Bilas aquades, lalu acid alcohol (alkohol+NaCl 0,9%).

8) Bilas alkohol 50-96%.

9) Eosin kurang lebih 2-5%.

10) Bilas alkohol 96% sebanyak 2 kali.

11) Bilas alkohol xylol.

12) Keringkan dengan kertas saring langsung dibersihkan kotoran-

kotoran yang ada di sekitar jaringan.

13) Xylol 1 (5 menit), xylol 2 (5 menit) tetesi asam canada, langsung

ditutup kaca penutup.

14) Preparat sudah siap untuk diamati di atas mikroskop.

Lampiran 2. Ethical Clearance

Lampiran 3. Surat Ijin Laboratorium

Lampiran 4. Hasil Pembacaan Slide Penelitian

Lampiran 5. Analisis Data Menggunakan Program SPSS

Explore

Kelompok

Mikroskopis Gaster

Case Summaries

Mikroskopis Gaster

10 .500 .1700 .500 .2 .8

10 1.240 .1578 1.200 1.0 1.4

20 .870 .4118 .900 .2 1.4

Kelompok

Kontrol

Perlakuan

Total

N Mean Std. Deviation Median Minimum Maximum

Tests of Normality

.906 10 .258

.820 10 .025

Kelompok

Kontrol

Perlakuan

Mikroskopis Gaster

Statistic df Sig.

Shapiro-Wilk

Lilliefors Significance Correctiona.

NPar Tests

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

10 5.50 55.00

10 15.50 155.00

20

Kelompok

Kontrol

Perlakuan

Total

Mikroskopis Gaster

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Test Statisticsb

.000

55.000

-3.839

.000

.000a

Mann-Whitney U

Wilcoxon W

Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed

Sig.)]

Mikroskopis

Gaster

Not corrected for ties.a.

Grouping Variable: Kelompokb.

Lampiran 6. Gambaran Mikroskopis Gaster Tikus Wistar

Mikroskopis Epitel Gaster Pengecatan HE Perbesaran 400x Skor 0

Mikroskopis Epitel Gaster Pengecatan HE Perbesaran 400x Skor 1

Mikroskopis Epitel Gaster Pengecatan HE Perbesaran 400x Skor 1

Mikroskopis Epitel Gaster Pengecatan HE Perbesaran 100x Skor 2

Mikroskopis Epitel Gaster Pengecatan HE Perbesaran 400x Skor 2

Lampiran 7. Dokumentasi Penelitian

PERENCANAAN

FRAKTURISASI

INJEKSI KETOROLAC

TROMETHAMINE

INTRAPERITONEAL

SAMPEL PENELITIAN INJEKSI KETAMINE I.M.

TERMINASI DENGAN

CHLOROFORM OVERDOSE

PROSEDUR PENGAMBILAN

ORGAN GASTER

GASTER TIKUS WISTAR PEMOTONGAN

MAKROSKOPIS

BLOK PARAFIN PENGECATAN HE