daftar pustaka - diponegoro university | institutional...

43

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. UNESCO. Intangible Cultural Heritage: UNESCO, 2009.

2. Indonesia KP. Kinerja Industri Indonesia Tahun 2010, 2010.

3. Hidayat K, Widjanarko P. Reinventing Indonesia: menemukan kembali

masa depan bangsa: Tidar Heritage Foundation, 2008:795.

4. Santoso. Gangguan Faal Paru pada Pekerja Batik Tradisional di Kotamadya

Surakarta dan Pekalongan (Hubungannya dengan asap malam batik dan gas-

gas alat pemanas). Program Pascasarjana Ilmu kesehatan Masyarakat.

Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Indonesia, 1993:355.

5. Hafidzah F. Pengaruh Paparan Polutan Udara Terhadap VO2max pada

Pekerja Batik di Lingkungan Pabrik Batik. Jurnal Kedokteran Indonesia

2009;1.

6. Zenz C, Dickerson OB, Horvath EP. Occupational Medicine: Mosby, 1994.

7. Klaassen C. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons,

Eighth Edition: McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.

8. Lionte C, Bologa C, Sorodoc L. Toxic and Drug-Induced Changes o the

Electrocardiogram, Advances in Electrocardiograms - Clinical Application.

Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2012:328.

9. Fotbolcu H, Incedere O, Bakal RB, Tanalp AC, Astarcioglu MA, Dindar I.

Reversible myocardial stunning due to carbon monoxide exposure.

Cardiovasc J Afr 2011;22:93-5.

10. Woerman AL, Mendelowitz D. Postnatal sulfur dioxide exposure reversibly

alters parasympathetic regulation of heart rate. Hypertension 2013;62:274-

280.

11. Tunnicliffe WS, Hilton MF, Harrison RM, Ayres JG. The effect of sulphur

dioxide exposure on indices of heart rate variability in normal and asthmatic

adults. Eur Respir J 2001;17:604-8.

12. Zhang Q, Tian J, Bai Y, Yang Z, Zhang H, Meng Z. Effects of Sulfur

Dioxide and Its Derivatives on the Functions of Rat Hearts and their

Mechanisms. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2013;18:43-50.

44

13. Min J-Y, Min K-B, Cho S-I, Paek D. Combined effect of cigarette smoking

and sulfur dioxide on heart rate variability. International Journal of

Cardiology 2009;133:119-121.

14. Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, 3rd, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-

Roux AV, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease:

An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

Circulation 2010;121:2331-78.

15. de Hartog JJ, Hoek G, Peters A, Timonen KL, Ibald-Mulli A, Brunekreef

B, et al. Effects of fine and ultrafine particles on cardiorespiratory symptoms

in elderly subjects with coronary heart disease: the ULTRA study. Am J

Epidemiol 2003;157:613-23.

16. Cheng T-J, Hwang J-S, Wang P-Y, Tsai C-F, Chen C-Y, Lin S-H, et al.

Effects of concentrated ambient particles on heart rate and blood pressure

in pulmonary hypertensive rats. Environmental Health Perspectives

2003;111:147-150.

17. Riediker M. Cardiovascular Effects of Fine Particulate Matter Components

in Highway Patrol Officers. Inhalation Toxicology 2007;19:99-105.

18. Anggraeni NIS. Pengaruh Lama Paparan Asap Knalpot Dengan Kadar CO

1800 Ppm Terhadap Gambaran Histopatologi Jantung Pada Tikus Wistar:

Medical Faculty, 2009.

19. Sørhaug S, Steinshamn S, Nilsen OG, Waldum HL. Chronic inhalation of

carbon monoxide: Effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular system at

doses corresponding to tobacco smoking. Toxicology 2006;228:280-290.

20. Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan JH, Anderson

GL, et al. Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of

Cardiovascular Events in Women. New England Journal of Medicine

2007;356:447-458.

21. Susilaning L, Suheryanto D. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Natrium Silika Pada

Proses Pelorodan Kain Batik Sutera. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik

Kimia “Kejuangan”. Yogyakarta, 2011:368-372.

45

22. Anindyajati EA. Pengaruh asap pelelehan lilin batik (malam) terhadap

struktur histologis trakea dan alveoli pulmo, jumlah eritrosit serta kadar

hemoglobin mencit (mus musculus l.). Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu

Pengetahuan Alam. Surakarta: Univesritas Sebelas Maret, 2007.

23. Nurdalia I. Kajian dan Analisis Peluang Penerapan Produksi Bersih pada

Usaha Kecil Batik Cap (Studi kasus pada tiga usaha industri kecil batik cap

di Pekalongan). Program Magister Ilmu Lingkungan Program Pasca

Sarjana. Semarang: Diponegoro University, 2006:143.

24. Sun Q, Hong X, Wold LE. Cardiovascular effects of ambient particulate air

pollution exposure. Circulation 2010;121:2755-65.

25. Dockery DW. Epidemiologic evidence of cardiovascular effects of

particulate air pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives 2001;109:483-

486.

26. Brook RD, Franklin B, Cascio W, Hong Y, Howard G, Lipsett M, et al. Air

pollution and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare

professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science

of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2004;109:2655-71.

27. Gold DR, Mittleman MA. New insights into pollution and the

cardiovascular system: 2010 to 2012. Circulation 2013;127:1903-13.

28. Repace JL, Jiang R-T, Acevedo-Bolton V, Cheng K-C, Klepeis NE, Ott

WR, et al. Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and

risks inside 66 US casinos. Environmental Research 2011;111:473-484.

29. Thapa B, Chaurasia N. Indoor Air Pollution due to Inadequate Ventilation

and its Impact on Health among Children of Less Than Five Years in

Eastern Nepal. 2014 2014;3.

30. Sudoyo AW, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, Simadibrata M, Setiati S. Buku Ajar

Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, 5 ed. Jakarta: Interna Publishing, 2009:930.

31. Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology: Elsevier Health

Sciences, 2010.

46

32. Venkatesh G. Electrocardiogram (ECG) as a diagnostic tool for the

assessment of Cardiovascular status in alcoholics. Biomedical Research

2011;22:333-337.

33. Heger JW, Niemann JT, Criley JM. Cardiology: Lippincott Williams &

Wilkins, 2004.

34. Ashley EA, Niebauer J. Cardiology Explained. London: Remedica,

2004:243.

35. Sumekar TA. Petunjuk Praktikum Fisiologi II. Semarang: Departemen

Fisiologi Fakultas Kedokteran UNDIP, 2012:41.

36. Dhar P, Sharma VK, Hota KB, Das SK, Hota SK, Srivastava RB, et al.

Autonomic Cardiovascular Responses in Acclimatized Lowlanders on

Prolonged Stay at High Altitude: A Longitudinal Follow Up Study. PLoS

ONE 2014;9.

37. Devi MR, Arvind T, Kumar PS. ECG Changes in Smokers and Non

Smokers-A Comparative Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2013;7:824-6.

38. Siddiqui SS, Hasan SN, Aggarwal T, Singh D. A Comparison of 12 Lead

ECG Status of Tobacco Smokers, Tobacco Chewers and Non Tobacco

Users. National Journal of Medical Research 2013;3:203-205.

39. Srivastava A, Poonia A, Shekhar S, Tewari R. A Comparative Study of

Electrocardiographic Changes between Non smokers and Smokers. IJCSET

2012;2:1231-1233.

40. Gepner AD, Piper ME, Leal MA, Asthana A, Fiore MC, Baker TB, et al.

Electrocardiographic changes associated with smoking and smoking

cessation: outcomes from a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One

2013;8:e62311.

41. Borini P, Terrazas JH, Ferreira Junior A, Guimaraes RC, Borini SB. Female

alcoholics: electrocardiographic changes and associated metabolic and

electrolytic disorders. Arq Bras Cardiol 2003;81:506-17.

42. Molander U, Kumar Dey D, Sundh V, Steen B. ECG abnormalities in the

elderly: Prevalence, time and generation trends and association with

mortality. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2003;15:488-493.

47

43. Reardon M, Malik M. QT interval change with age in an overtly healthy

older population. Clinical Cardiology 1996;19:949-952.

44. Yarnoz MJ, Curtis AB. More Reasons Why Men and Women Are Not the

Same (Gender Differences in Electrophysiology and Arrhythmias). The

American Journal of Cardiology 2008;101:1291-1296.

45. Cetin M, Ornek E, Murat SN, Cetin ZG, Oksuz F, Gokcen E. A case of

carbon monoxide poisoning presenting with supraventricular tachycardia.

Intern Med 2011;50:2607-9.

46. Blumenthal I. Carbon monoxide poisoning. J R Soc Med 2001;94:270-2.

47. Yelken B, Tanriverdi B, Cetinbas F, Memis D, Sut N. The assessment of

QT intervals in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg

2009;9:397-400.

48. Hanci V, Ayoglu H, Yurtlu S, Yildirim N, Okyay D, Erdogan G, et al.

Effects of acute carbon monoxide poisoning on the P-wave and QT interval

dispersions. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2011;11:48-52.

49. Ismail MM, El-Ghamry H, Shaker OG, Fawzi MM, Ibrahim SF. Some

Biomarkers in Carbon Monoxide-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Journal of

Environmental & Analytical Toxicology 2013;3.

50. Cevik Y, Tanriverdi F, Delice O, Kavalci C, Sezigen S. Reversible increases

in QT dispersion and P wave dispersion during carbon monoxide

intoxication. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 2010;17:441.

51. Satran D, Henry CR, Adkinson C, Nicholson CI, Bracha Y, Henry TD.

Cardiovascular manifestations of moderate to severe carbon monoxide

poisoning. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1513-6.

52. (ATSDR) AfTSaDR. Nitrogen Oxides (NO, NO2 , and others) CAS 10102-

43-9; UN 1660 (NO) CAS 10102-44-0; UN 1067 (NO2); UN 1975

(Mixture). Medical Management Guideines for Nitrogen Oxides. In: CDC,

editor: CDC, 2008.

53. Sari I, Zengin S, Ozer O, Davutoglu V, Yildirim C, Aksoy M. Chronic

Carbon Monoxide Exposure Increases Electrocardiographic P-wave and QT

Dispersion. Inhalation Toxicology 2008;20:879-884.

48

54. Aro AL, Anttonen O, Kerola T, Junttila MJ, Tikkanen JT, Rissanen HA, et

al. Prognostic significance of prolonged PR interval in the general

population. European heart journal 2014;35:123-129.

55. Ukena C, Mahfoud F, Spies A, Kindermann I, Linz D, Cremers B, et al.

Effects of renal sympathetic denervation on heart rate and atrioventricular

conduction in patients with resistant hypertension. International Journal of

Cardiology 2013;167:2846-2851.

56. Magnani JW, Wang N, Nelson KP, Connelly S, Deo R, Rodondi N, et al.

The electrocardiographic pr interval and adverse outcomes in older adults:

The health, aging and body composition study. Circulation: Arrhythmia and

Electrophysiology 2012:CIRCEP. 112.975342.

57. Reboul C, Thireau J, Meyer G, André L, Obert P, Cazorla O, et al. Carbon

monoxide exposure in the urban environment: An insidious foe for the

heart? Respiratory physiology & neurobiology 2012;184:204-212.

58. Onvlee-Dekker IM, De Vries AC, Ten Harkel ADJ. Carbon monoxide

poisoning mimicking long-QT induced syncope. Archives of disease in

childhood 2007;92:244-245.

59. Rückerl R, Schneider A, Breitner S, Cyrys J, Peters A. Health effects of

particulate air pollution: a review of epidemiological evidence. Inhalation

toxicology 2011;23:555-592.

60. Baja ES, Schwartz JD, Wellenius GA, Coull BA, Zanobetti A, Vokonas PS,

et al. Traffic-related air pollution and QT interval: modification by diabetes,

obesity, and oxidative stress gene polymorphisms in the normative aging

study. 2010.

61. Lodovici M, Bigagli E. Oxidative stress and air pollution exposure. Journal

of toxicology 2011;2011.

62. Henneberger A, Zareba W, Ibald-Mulli A, Rückerl R, Cyrys J, Couderc J-

P, et al. Repolarization changes induced by air pollution in ischemic heart

disease patients. Environmental health perspectives 2005:440-446.

49

63. Lippi G, Rastelli G, Meschi T, Borghi L, Cervellin G. Pathophysiology,

clinics, diagnosis and treatment of heart involvement in carbon monoxide

poisoning. Clinical biochemistry 2012;45:1278-1285.

64. Zareba W, Nomura A, Couderc JP. Cardiovascular effects of air pollution:

what to measure in ECG? Environmental health perspectives 2001;109:533.

65. Van Hee VC, Szpiro AA, Prineas R, Neyer J, Watson K, Siscovick D, et al.

Association of long-term air pollution with ventricular conduction and

repolarization abnormalities. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass)

2011;22:773.

66. Nautiyal J, Garg M, Kumar M, Khan A, Thakur J, Kumar R. Air Pollution

and Cardiovascular Health in Mandi-Gobindgarh, Punjab, India - A Pilot

Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2007;4:268-282.

67. Yamamoto S, Phalkey R, Malik A. A systematic review of air pollution as

a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in South Asia: Limited evidence

from India and Pakistan. International journal of hygiene and environmental

health 2014;217:133-144.

68. Zanobetti A, Baccarelli A, Schwartz J. Gene–Air Pollution Interaction and

Cardiovascular Disease: A Review. Progress in cardiovascular diseases

2011;53:344-352.

69. Ren C, Park SK, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D, Wilker E, Baccarelli A, et al. Air

pollution and homocysteine: more evidence that oxidative stress-related

genes modify effects of particulate air pollution. Epidemiology (Cambridge,

Mass) 2010;21:198.

70. Dockery DW, Luttmann-Gibson H, Rich DQ, Link MS, Mittleman MA,

Gold DR, et al. Association of air pollution with increased incidence of

ventricular tachyarrhythmias recorded by implanted cardioverter

defibrillators. Environmental health perspectives 2005:670-674.

71. Koskela RS, Mutanen P, Sorsa JA, Klockars M. Factors predictive of

ischemic heart disease mortality in foundry workers exposed to carbon

monoxide. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:628-32.

50

72. Mills NL, Törnqvist H, Gonzalez MC, Vink E, Robinson SD, Söderberg S,

et al. Ischemic and thrombotic effects of dilute diesel-exhaust inhalation in

men with coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine

2007;357:1075-1082.

73. Krzyzanowski M, Kuna-Dibbert B, Schneider J. Health effects of transport-

related air pollution: World Health Organization Copenhagen, Denmark,

2005.

51

LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Ethical Clearance

52

Lampiran 2. Persetujuan Setelah Penjelasan/Informed Consent.

JUDUL PENELITIAN :

HUBUNGAN ANTARA PAPARAN ASAP PEMBAKARAN LILIN BATIK

DENGAN GAMBARAN EKG PENGRAJIN BATIK TULIS

PELAKSANA : SEKAR ARUM N. K. (MAHASISWA FK UNDIP)

INFORMED CONSENT

Yth. Ibu/Saudari : ……………………

Nama saya Sekar Arum N. K. , saya mahasiswa Program Studi S1 Pendidikan

Dokter Fakultas Kedokteran UNDIP. Saya melakukan penelitian berjudul

Hubungan antara Paparan Asap Pembakaran Lilin Batik dengan Gambaran EKG

Pengrajin Batik Tulis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan

antara paparan asap pembakaran lilin batik dengan gambaran EKG pengrajin batik

tulis yang dilihat dari perbedaan gambaran EKG antara kelompok pengrajin batik

tulis dengan kelompok kontrol serta hubungan antara lama paparan dengan

perubahan gambaran EKG. Apabila Ibu/Saudari setuju menjadi peserta penelitian

maka ada beberapa hal yang akan peneliti lakukan, yaitu:

- Pengambilan data mengenai pekerjaan, riwayat dan gejala penyakit jantung

dan pembuluh darah, kebiasaan merokok, mengonsumsi alkohol dan obat-

obatan dengan menggunakan kuesioner

- Pemeriksaan tekanan darah, denyut nadi, dan EKG

- Pengambilan data akan dilakukan dalam satu kali tatap muka

Keuntungan bagi Ibu/Saudari ikut dalam penelitian ini adalah dapat

mengevaluasi fungsi jantung dan mendapat edukasi mengenai pencegahan penyakit

akibat kerja. Saya menjamin bahwa penelitian ini tidak akan menimbulkan efek

yang merugikan pada Ibu/Saudari. Dalam penelitian ini tidak ada intervensi dalam

bentuk apapun terhadap Ibu/Saudari. Setiap data pemeriksaan dan penelitian

dijamin kerahasiaannya dengan tidak mencantumkan identitas subjek pada laporan

hasil penelitan. Sebagai peserta penelitian keikutsertaan ini bersifat sukarela dan

tidak dikenakan biaya penelitian. Apabila ada informasi yang belum jelas atau

pertanyaan mengenai penelitian ini Ibu/Saudari bisa menghubungi saya Sekar,

53

mahasiswa Program Studi S1 Pendidikan Dokter FK UNDIP (HP 082137284614).

Terima kasih atas kerjasama Ibu/Saudari.

Setelah mendengar dan memahami penjelasan tentang penelitian, dengan ini

saya menyatakan:

Nama : ..........................................................................................................

Usia : ..........................................................................................................

Jenis kelamin : Laki-laki / Perempuan*

Pekerjaan : ..........................................................................................................

Alamat : ..........................................................................................................

Menyatakan : SETUJU / TIDAK SETUJU*

Semarang, ……………….2015

Yang memberikan penjelasan Yang membuat pernyataan persetujuan

( ) ( )

*coret salah satu

Contact Person: Sekar Arum Nuring Kurnia (Sekar) 082137284614

54

Lampiran 3. Kuesioner Penelitian

Kuesioner Penelitian

Tanggal :

Nama Pewawancara :

PENELITIAN HUBUNGAN ANTARA PAPARAN ASAP PEMBAKARAN

LILIN BATIK DENGAN GAMBARAN EKG PENGRAJIN BATIK TULIS

(Isi atau lingkari nomor jawaban)

1. No responden :

2. Nama :

3. Jenis kelamin : 1. Laki-laki

2. Perempuan

4. Usia : ..........tahun

5. Alamat : ............................................................................

............................................................................

............................................................................

............................................................................

6. Pengrajin batik tulis : 1. Ya

2. Tidak

7. Lama menjadi

pengrajin batik tulis

: ..........tahun

8. Durasi kerja : ..........jam per hari

..........hari per minggu

9. Tempat membatik : 1. Ruangan terbuka (tidak berdinding)

2. Ruangan tertutup (berdinding)

10. Apakah memiliki

pekerjaan lain yang

menyebabkan

terpapar asap secara

kronik?

: 1. Ya, sebutkan:

2. Tidak

11. Adakah riwayat

penyakit

kardiovaskuler?

: 1. Ya, sebutkan:

2. Tidak

12. Adakah gejala penyakit

kardiovaskuler?

: 1. Ya, sebutkan: 2. Tidak

13. Adakah kebiasaan

merokok atau

menghisap

tembakau?

: 1. Ya

2. Tidak

55

14. Adakah kebiasaan

mengonsumsi

alkohol?

: 1. Ya

2. Tidak

15. Apakah

mengonsumsi obat

berikut (bisa lebih

dari satu jawaban)

: 1. Ciprofloxacin

2. Chloroquine

3. Diphenhidramin

4. Digoxin

5. Teofilin

6. Propanolol

7. Procainamide

8. Ephedrine

9. Pseudoephedrine

10. Lainnya.........................................................

Hasil Pengukuran

BB : kg

TB : cm

TD : / mmHg

Denyut nadi : kali/menit

Gambaran EKG

a. Gelombang P

a1. Durasi : detik

a2. Amplitudo : mm

b. Kompleks QRS : detik

c. Interval PR : detik

d. Interval QT : detik

e. Segmen ST : normal/tidak normal

f. Gelombang T : normal/tidak normal

g. Denyut jantung : kali/menit

(normal/takikardi/bradikardi)

h. Aksis QRS : °

(normal/deviasi ke kiri/deviasi ke

kanan/indeterminate)

56

Lampiran 4. Data EKG

57

Lampiran 5. Hasil analisis

Means

Report

Usia

Pekerjaan Mean Std. Deviation Median Min Max

Pengrajin batik 44,40 7,356 42,00 32 58

Bukan pengrajin

batik

43,00 6,425 43,00 31 52

Total 43,70 6,824 42,50 31 58

Report

IMT

Pekerjaan Mean Std. Deviation Median Range Min Max

Pengrajin batik 24,565 4,6183 23,111 15,6 17,2 32,7

Bukan pengrajin

batik

27,671 5,8236 25,970 23,8 20,8 44,6

Total 26,118 5,4004 25,813 27,4 17,2 44,6

Descriptives

Statistic Std. Error

Usia

Mean 43,70 1,246

95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 41,15

Upper Bound 46,25

5% Trimmed Mean 43,61

Median 42,50

Variance 46,562

Std. Deviation 6,824

Minimum 31

Maximum 58

Range 27

Interquartile Range 8

Skewness ,052 ,427

Kurtosis -,078 ,833

IMT

Mean 26,118 ,9860


Upper Bound 28,134


58

Median 25,813

Variance 29,164


Minimum 17,2

Maximum 44,6

Range 27,4

Interquartile Range 5,9

Skewness 1,445 ,427

Kurtosis 3,701 ,833

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Usia ,127 30 ,200* ,965 30 ,418

IMT ,146 30 ,100 ,903 30 ,010

*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

T-Test

Group Statistics

Pekerjaan N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Usia Pengrajin batik 15 44,40 7,356 1,899

Bukan pengrajin batik 15 43,00 6,425 1,659

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of

Variances

t-test for Equality of

Means

F Sig. t df

Usia

Equal variances assumed ,393 ,536 ,555 28

Equal variances not assumed

,555 27,5

03

59


t-test for Equality of Means

Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error

Difference

Usia Equal variances assumed ,583 1,400 2,522

Equal variances not assumed ,583 1,400 2,522



95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Lower Upper

Usia Equal variances assumed -3,766 6,566

Equal variances not assumed -3,770 6,570

NPar Tests

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

Pekerjaan N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

IMT

Bukan pengrajin batik 15 17,80 267,00

Pengrajin batik 15 13,20 198,00

Total 30

Test Statisticsa

IMT

Mann-Whitney U 78,000

Wilcoxon W 198,000

Z -1,432

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,152

Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] ,161b

a. Grouping Variable: Pekerjaan

b. Not corrected for ties.

60

PR and QT interval

Descriptives

Statistic Std. Error

PR

Mean 155,00 2,903


Upper Bound 160,94


Median 152,50

Variance 252,897


Minimum 127

Maximum 186

Range 59


Skewness ,323 ,427

Kurtosis -,693 ,833

QT

Mean 385,43 4,090


Upper Bound 393,80


Median 387,00

Variance 501,771


Minimum 351

Maximum 438

Range 87


Skewness ,390 ,427

Kurtosis -,393 ,833

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

PR ,108 30 ,200* ,963 30 ,372

QT ,107 30 ,200* ,968 30 ,487

61

*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

T-Test

Group Statistics

Pekerjaan N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

PR Pengrajin batik 15 153,13 13,783 3,559


QT Pengrajin batik 15 393,87 22,427 5,791



Levene's Test for Equality

of Variances


F Sig. t df

PR Equal variances assumed 1,762 ,195 -,636 28

Equal variances not assumed -,636 26,173

QT Equal variances assumed ,232 ,634 2,193 28

Equal variances not assumed 2,193 27,505



Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error

Difference

PR Equal variances assumed ,530 -3,733 5,867

Equal variances not assumed ,530 -3,733 5,867

QT Equal variances assumed ,037 16,867 7,690

Equal variances not assumed ,037 16,867 7,690



95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Lower Upper

PR Equal variances assumed -15,752 8,285

Equal variances not assumed -15,790 8,323

QT Equal variances assumed 1,115 32,618

Equal variances not assumed 1,102 32,631

62

PR

QT

63

Crosstabs

Pekerjaan * Interpretasi Crosstabulation

Interpretasi Total

Tidak normal Normal

Pek

erja

an

Pengrajin batik

Count 8 7 15

% within

Pekerjaan

53,3% 46,7% 100,0%

Bukan pengrajin batik

Count 1 14 15

% within

Pekerjaan

6,7% 93,3% 100,0%

Total

Count 9 21 30

% within

Pekerjaan

30,0% 70,0% 100,0%

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Exact

Sig. (2-

sided)

Exact Sig. (1-

sided)

Pearson Chi-

Square

7,778a 1 ,005

Continuity

Correctionb

5,714 1 ,017

Likelihood Ratio 8,576 1 ,003

Fisher's Exact Test ,014 ,007

Linear-by-Linear

Association

7,519 1 ,006

N of Valid Cases 30

a. 2 cells (50,0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4,50.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

Risk Estimate

Value 95% Confidence

Interval

Lower Upper

Odds Ratio for Pekerjaan (Pengrajin batik / Bukan

pengrajin batik)

16,000 1,656 154,59

5

For cohort Interpretasi = Tidak normal 8,000 1,136 56,330

For cohort Interpretasi = Normal ,500 ,286 ,873

N of Valid Cases 30

65

Lampiran 6. Dokumentasi penelitian

66

Lampiran 7. Biodata mahasiswa

Identitas

Nama : Sekar Arum Nuring Kurnia

NIM : 22010111130124

Tempat, tanggal lahir : Semarang, 17 April 1994

Jenis kelamin : Perempuan

Alamat : Jl. Tembalang Selatan III, Villa Mutiara E3

Nomor HP : 082137284614

Email : [email protected]

Riwayat Pendidikan

SD : SDN 03 Purwodadi Lulus tahun 2005

SMP : SMPN 1 Purwodadi Lulus tahun 2008

SMA : SMA Semesta Semarang Lulus tahun 2011

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro Masuk tahun 2011

mailto:[email protected]

daftar pustaka - diponegoro university | institutional...

Documents