INTRODUCTION

Goats are well-admired and documented worldwide for providing food in terms of milk and

meat and their products. They are playing a key role in supporting millions of people who are

poor, landless and living in the rural areas. Goats are not only well-embedded in the culture

but socially acceptable too for reducing global poverty in particularly for the developing

nations. Goat is universally called as "Poor man's cow". About 90 % of world's goat

population is found in the developing countries, while continent-wise Asia leads, where 80 %

of goat milk is being produced. In this regard main countries include India, China,

Bangladesh, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey (Khan et al, 2003). Goat is ideally suited for the

poorest of the poor, because of low risk capital investment, low cost of maintenance & short

gestation period. Goat and sheep are important animals in the semiarid regions of Chittagong

as well as Bangladesh.

Goat is perhaps the most misunderstood and neglected but important species of livestock in

the third world countries. Among the Asiatic countries Bangladesh is a tropical agro-based

developing country possesses the third largest repository of goats with a population more

than 34 million heads according to the FAO. Among the ruminant only goats are distributed

worldwide geographically. Goat was first domesticated among all the domestic ruminants but

like other animals such as poultry and duck they didn’t want to loss tolerance power and

cannot survive in the desert area without any stress but in the progress of human civilization

people shift to the fertile area with other domesticated animals like goat, cattle & buffalo. In

most of the countries of the world goats are reared for the milking purpose. Meat and skin

come as the byproducts. The development of dairy goats has made positive contribution to

supply fresh milk to urban areas and improving people's nutritional condition. In Bangladesh,

cow’s milk is more commonly accepted, hence, the slow development of dairy goats.

The Jamunapari is the best dairy goat in India (Rout 1999). They are the tallest breed and

commonly known as the Pari (Angel) in its area of origin - Uttar Pradesh - because of its

majestic appearance. The number of this breed in Bangladesh is not known, but most are

found in Chuadanga, Meherpur, Kushtia, Jhenidah, Pabna, Chittagong & Jessore districts

(Faruque and Khandoker, 2007). Bucks of exotic breeds are being imported by the private

sector from India and used for cross-breeding, especially in western Bangladesh. The

Jamunapari is well adapted to the unique ravines of this area with its dense bush.

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Table 1: Breeds name, origin & productive characteristics of some goat

Production Breeds Name Origin

Highly  Milk Productive

Goat Breeds

Alpine Switzerland

Anglo Nubian Switzerland

Saanen Switzerland

Toggenburg Switzerland

Medium Milk Productive

Goat Breeds

Barbari India

Beetal India

Malabari India

Marwari India

Damascus Syria, Lebanon

Black Bedouin Israel

Jamunapari India

Kamori Pakistan, Sudan

Sudanese Nubian Sudan

Jannei Sudan

Source: www.thegreengoats.net.

According to the FAO, the top producers of goat milk in 2008 were India (4 million metric

tons), Bangladesh (2.16 million metric tons) and the Sudan (1.47 million metric tons). About

85% of the population lives in the rural area. Many of these people resort to goat production

to assist in reaching self-sufficiency. Therefore, more than 98% of goats are owned by the

small, marginal and landless farmers in the villages.

The objectives of the study are as follows-

1. To know about the present status and prospects of dairy goat rearing in Chittagong

region.

2. To know the management practices and performance of the dairy goat in my study

area.

3. To find out the major constraints of goat rearing and how to overcome these in that

region.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Hassan et al. (2010) reported that production of Jamunapari goats was comparable with that

of the Bengal goats. The mean body weight at birth and at 12 months was 1.6 and 21.4 kg,

respectively. Highest milk yield was in second month and lowest in the fifth month after

kidding. Lactation length was 135.4 ± 14.9 and 143.9 ± 13.2 days for does suckling one and

two kids, respectively.

Dubeuf et al. (2009) reported that marketing of goat milk and its products is still in its

infancy. So far, there have been no marketing efforts attempted on a broad scale. Less than

5% of the total milk produced by goats is marketed.

Carnicella et al. (2008) reported that goat’s milk is highly nutritious. Goats that produced

twins yielded more milk and had longer lactation. The characteristics, growth rate, milk yield

and reproductive efficiency of Jamunapari goats are still scanty in Bangladesh, so this study

was undertaken to measure these.

Faruque et al. 2007 mentioned that the number of Jamunapari goats in Bangladesh is not

known, but most are found in Chuadanga, Meherpur, Kushtia, Jhenidah, Pabna, Chittagong &

Jessore districts.

Dubeuf et al. (2004) reported that dairy goat sector in developing countries is less developed;

hardly less than 5 % of the milk is traded. Most of the milk produced by the goats is either

fed to kids by the does or used for some domestic needs.

Baker and Gray (2004) reported that adaptability is a trait with low heritability and therefore

difficult to improve by selection. It includes a range of adaptive traits which enable goats to

survive and be productive, including disease resistance, heat resistance, water tolerance,

ability to cope with poor feed quality.

Tziboula-Clarke (2003) found that average diameter of individual fat globules in goat milk is

2.76 μm, smaller than the mean diameter of 3.51 μm in cow milk. Ninety percent of the fat

particles in goat milk were less than 5.21 μm compared to cow milk fat particles, 90% of

which were less than 6.42 μm.

Rout et al. (1999) mentioned that in Jamunapari goats 56.2, 43.1 and 0.7% of litters was

single, twin and triplets, respectively under farming conditions. Jamunapari can produce 4.9

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litres of milk daily with average lactation yields 1.5 litres/day. Milk yields increased up to the

end of two months and then started to decline with an average lactation length of 260 days.

Does with multiple kids produced more milk than those with single kids, as in the present

findings.

Sayed Sakhawat Hossain et al. (1997) found that within the season, litter size and sex

survival rates of kids were the highest in rainy season, single born kids and male kids. It was

evident from the analysis that survival rates were affected by birth weight of kids and milk

yield of dams. It was also observed that there is large within individual variation in birth

weight of kids and milk yield of dams. This revealed that selection of bucks and does for the

improvement of birth weight, dam’s milk yield and growth rate could help to improve

survivability of kids.

Peacock (1996) found that goats provide their owners with a broad range of products and

socio-economic services and have played an important role in the social life of many people

being used as gifts, dowry, in religious rituals and rites of passage.

Gall (1996) study that a limited number of selected and well characterized breeds for

producing milk, meat or fiber have been developed, while the majority is not genetically

exploited as a result of the lack of selection schemes and breeding organizations.

Pal et al. (1994) reported that goat milk produced during winter was found to contain more

fat, Total Solids (TS) and solids-not-fat (SNF) than the milk produced during summer.

Haenlein (1993) reported that total solids, fat, crude protein, lactose and ash contents of goat

milk are almost similar to cow milk but there are important differences in the individual fatty

acids and casein fractions and fat globule sizes. Three medium chain fatty acids named after

goat: caproic (C6), caprylic (C8) and capric (C10) contribute to 15% of total fatty acids

content in goat milk in comparison to 5% in cow milk.

Lejaouen and Toussaint (1993) reported that in Europe, goat breeding is strongly oriented

towards milk production, with only 3% of the world goat population producing about 15% of

the world’s goat milk, which is mostly used for cheese production.

Huq et al. (1990) study found that more than three fourth of goat rearing households keep 3-8

goats, 27% between 9-11 goats and 7% between 15-29 goats.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area:

The data were collected from eleven areas under three Upazilla of Chittagong region namely

Pahartoli Upazilla (Station road, Jhautola Bazar, A K Khan, Akborshah, Munsurabad), Khulsi

Upazilla (Bihari Colony, Wireless Colony, Jalalabad Housing Society, Foyes Lake, khulshi

Gate) & Potia Upazilla (Shikol Bahar).

Time of study:

The necessary data were collected from 12 August 2012 to 31 December 2012.

Procedure of data collection:

A large number of owners in Chittagong region who rearing the Jamunapari goat were

examined individually using the close inspection method. Individually asking the particular

owner about problems and prospect of their Jamunapari goat rearing system are collected.

The main consideration in selecting the area was Jamunapari goat rearing system in

Chittagong as well as Bangladesh and their problems and prospect .The people of study area

were well communicated which would help the collecting data easily.

Statistical analysis:

All the data obtained from the three locations were organized, structured and analyzed with

the help of Microsoft Corporation, 2007 windows package. The obtained information was

loaded and stored on to the Excel spread sheet & analysis.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Rearing system of Jamunapari goat:

Most of people are landless farmers and they have not enough capital to rear goat in farming

condition. So they specially the women rear one or two goats in their houses with them.

Jamunapari goats are reared in three Upazilla under following systems:

1. Extensive system.

2. Tethering system.

3. Semi-intensive system.

A number of factors including culture, tradition, land size and number of goats determine the

system practiced.

Extensive grazing/browsing system:

Most of the people of Potia Upazilla living in rural areas rear goat by this method. In this

method Goats graze on natural vegetation and/or browse on shrubs or feed on crop residues

during the day. But at night, night pad docking is provided. In this method no shelter house is

built for the goat. The goats are kept with cattle or in the owner’s house.

Tethering system:

This is the most common system used by smallholders (with less than one acre of land) in

Bangladesh who own less than 10 goats per family. In this system, the goats are tied to a peg,

tree or shrub. The Jamunapari goats are rearing in Pahartoli & Khulsi Upazilla in this system.

Semi-intensive system:

It is the system where the rearing of goats is carried out by releasing the goats during daytime

and confining them in barns at night. This system is recommended for breeders who own big

areas as on the fringes. Places where less grazing lands, goats can be fed intensively with

green fodders and concentrates after grazing. Some people of three Upazilla follow this

system.

Feeding and management practices:

Generally, the majority of the goats of Potia Upazilla are grazed on the grazing land. They are

allowed for grazing during the day on land such as roadsides & homesteads. Sometimes,

mother does with small kids are kept tethered besides the house. In terms of feeding most

farmers practice mixed feeding systems i.e. cut and carry, some grazing, and some also give

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rice bran, rice gruel and kitchen wastes as supplements. Goats are mostly herded by children

and women and graze approximately 5-7 hours a day. Some grasses and cut twigs are

provided during night. Feeding systems practiced by the women are grazing on the public

land, bunds, tethering, tree leaves, shrubs and weed. Ninety percent of the goats of the contact

women are housed in the living room or kitchens in Potia Upazilla.

Table 2: Feeding guide for Jamunapari goat

Age and stage of production Feed ingredients Daily amount to be fed

Birth to 3 day Colostrum Adlibitum

3 days to 3 weeks. Whole milk or milk

replacer

450 cc

Water and salt Adlibitum

3 weeks to 4 months (start

minimizing milk and

completely stop it when kids

attain 4 months)

Whole milk 450 cc up to 8 weeks

Creep feed 450 gm daily

Lucerne hay Adlibitum

Water and salt Adlibitum

4 months to freshening dry

pregnant

Concentrate mixture 450 gm With 15-16 % CP

Concentrate mixture 400-500 gm With 15% CP

Lucerne hay Adlibitum

Water & salt Adlibitum

Milking doe Concentrate mixture 350 gm For each litre milk

Trace mineral salt 1%

Molasses 5-7% of concentrate mixture

Buck Only pasture Non breeding season

Concentrate mixture 400 gm daily at breeding

season

Source: G.C. Banerjee, 2004. A Textbook of Animal Husbandry, page 964.

Housing:

Very few farmers of three Upazilla provide separate houses for Jamunapari goat. They are

housed on the verandah, corridor, cow shed, and kitchen and in the open yard of the

homestead. The floor can be made of rough concrete or more commonly rammed clay or

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earth. It has been found that 47% of the goats are housed in an open shed and 30 % in the

cow shed, while the remainder is kept in the house (Saadullah, 1991).

Breeds and breeding management:

There are small and large Jamunapari goats and they make up the majority of the country’s

goat population. The Jamunapari goat is well adapted, prolific and known for its good quality

milk, skin & meat. There are large numbers of pure Jamunapari goats in Chittagong regions

of Bangladesh.

Practically all does are naturally mated. In most of the cases, availability of fully matured

breeding bucks in the villages is rare since most of them are castrated at an early age as

people prefer meat from castrated goat.

Fig: Data collection about Jamunapari goat in Pahartoli, Khulsi & Potia Upazilla.

Production performances of Jamunapari goat:

The production performance in term of adult body weight, growth rate & milk yield

production of Jamunapari goat. It is believed that the perfect genetic expression of the

production potential in Jamunapari breeds remains un-exploited due to in- adequate nutrition

and sub-optimal environment.

Table 3: Comparative production performances of Jamunapari goat in selected three Upazilla

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Parameters

Upazilla (Mean ± SD)

Average Pahartoli Khulsi Potia

Adult weight of female (kg) 28.75 ± 4.21 26.88 ± 4.03 28.12 ± 3.20 27.92 ± 0.76

Milk yield (ml/day) 492.18 ± 76.77 481.25 ± 70.74 506.25 ± 62.32 493.23 ± 5.93

Lactation length (days) 140.63 ± 21.12 134.06 ± 14.97 136.88 ± 16.89 137.19 ± 3.14

Fig: Comparative production performances of Jamunapari goat in selected three Upazilla

Fig: Dairy (Jamunapari) Goat.

Body weight:

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The body weight of adult male & female Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi

Upazilla & Potia Upazilla were 40.12 ± 2.65, 28.75 ± 4.21; 37.45 ± 3.23, 26.88 ± 4.03 and

34.36 ± 4.60, 28.12 ± 3.20 kg respectively. The average body weight of goats was highest in

Pahartoli Upazilla. The body weight of adult male and female ranged from 45-60 kg and 35-

40kg respectively. In this study, the body weight was relatively high which indicates that the

selected goats in those selected regions having high genetic potentialities.

Hassan et al. (2010) reported that the mean body weight at birth and at 12 months was 1.6

and 21.4 kg, respectively. Rout et al. (1999) reported that female Jamunapari weighed about

3.7 kg at birth, 18.6 kg at six months, and 39.7 kg at 12 months. Patnaik and Nayak (1988)

found that weight at birth and after three month was 2.3 ± 0.1 and 9.4 ± 0.6 kg, respectively.

Table 4: Weight of Jamunapari goats

Growth

stages

Weight (kg)

Male Female Mean ± SD

Birth 1.7 1.5 1.6 ± 0.6

3 month 8.7 7.1 7.9 ± 2.3

6 month 13.1 11.3 12.2 ± 3.5

9 month 17.1 16.6 16.8 ± 3.9

12 month 21.2 21.6 21.4 ± 3.8

Source: BLRI, Savar, Dhaka, 2010.

Milk yield:

The milk yield of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi Upazilla & Potia Upazilla

were 492.18 ± 76.77, 481.25 ± 70.74 and 506.25 ± 62.32 ml/day respectively. This result

indicates that the highest milk yield was observed in Potia Upazilla and lowest in Khulsi

Upazilla. The per day milk yield of three Upazilla are relatively lower than the report of

Hassan et al. (2010). They reported that the milk yield was 524.3 ± 138.3 and 535.5 ± 146.3

ml/day for does suckling one and two kids, respectively. Khan and Salni (1982) reported

overall means for lactation yield and daily yield in Jamunapari goats as 70.30 kg, and 0.686

kg respectively. Superior Jamunapari does are, however, capable of producing 150-200 kg

milk in 90 days.

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Hassan et al. (2010) reported that milk yield of Jamunapari does in the first to fifth months

are shown in Table 7, where highest yield of milk was in the second month and lowest in fifth

month of lactation & does with twins produced more milk than those with a single kid. Kala

and Prakash (1990) found peak yield in the third two-week period in Jamunapari goats. Rout

et al. (1999) reported that Jamunapari can produce 4.9 litres of milk daily with average

lactation yields 1.5 litres/day.

Table 5: Milk yield of Jamunapari goats

Parameters Litter size (Mean ± SD)

Milk yield (ml/day) 1 2

1st month 578.6 ± 271.6 650.5 ± 168.6

2nd month 616.6 ± 219.1 678.6 ± 249.7

3rd month 581.3 ± 214.3 595.0 ± 181.1

4th month 485.3 ± 117.6 462.1 ± 136.0

5th month 304.4 ± 193.2 217.4 ± 79.0

Average 524.3 ± 138.3 535.5 ± 146.3

Lactation Yield (litres) 68.5 ± 35.9 72.8 ± 25.5

Lactation length (days) 135.4 ± 16.5 143.8 ± 12.4

Source: BLRI, Savar, Dhaka, 2010.

Lactation Length:

The lactation length of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi Upazilla & Potia

Upazilla was found to be 140.63 ± 21.12, 134.06 ± 14.97 and 136.88 ± 16.89 days

respectively. The lactation length of goats was lowest (136.88 ± 16.89 day) in Potia Upazilla

than the result of Hassan et al. (2010). They reported that the lactation length was 135.4 ±

14.9 and 143.9 ± 13.2 days for does suckling one and two kids, respectively. Average

lactation length of milch breeds varies considerably 150-243 days. Khan and Salni (1982)

reported overall means for lactation length in Jamunapari goats as 106.27 days respectively.

Reproductive performances of Jamunapari goat:

The reproduction performance in term of age at puberty, age at 1st pregnancy, age at 1st

kidding, gestation length, kidding interval, litter size, post partum period, service per

conception, & parity order of Jamunapari goat. Means along with standard deviation of

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different reproductive traits of female goats of the selected three Upazilla are follows-

Table 6: Comparative reproductive performances of Jamunapari goat in selected three

Upazilla

Parameters Upazilla (Mean ± SD)Overall

Pahartoli Khulsi Potia

Age at puberty (days) 340.31 ± 28.84 333.75 ± 27.66 341.25 ± 26.29 338.44 ± 1.28

Age at 1st pregnancy (days) 391.22 ± 21.32 385.34 ± 24.62 382.12 ± 29.18 386.23 ± 3.94

Age at 1st kidding (days) 540.6 1 ± 32.14536.45 ± 38.34 545.71 ± 47.23 540.92 ± 7.58

Gestation length (days) 151.71 ± 15.52 142.83 ± 21.43 145.52 ± 12.41 146.69 ± 4.58

Kidding interval (days) 212.51 ± 28.42 205.43 ± 32.12 201.23 ± 21.27 206.39 ± 5.53

Litter size (number) 1.72 ± 0.62 1.57 ± 0.45 1.23 ± 0.71 1.51 ± 0.13

Single kidding (%) 36.2 31.5 34.3 34

Twining (%)  41.3 47.1 45.5 44.63

Triplicate kidding (%) 22.5 21.4 20.2 21.37

Post partum period (days) 53.08 ± 0.33 59.92 ± 0.50 65.67 ± 0.40 59.56 ± 0.09

Service per conception (No.) 1.2 ± 0.5 1.1 ± 0.7 1.9 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.25

Parity order (No.) 4.75±0.99 5.00±0.82 4.50±0.68 4.75 ± 0.16

Fig: Comparative reproductive performances of Jamunapari goat in selected three Upazilla.

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Fig: Dairy (Jamunapari) goat.

Reproductive behaviour in female:

Jamunapari does come in oestrus throughout the year and there was no seasonality in

breeding. The incidence of the oestrus did not differ between seasons. The duration of oestrus

was 31.9 ± 1.4 (Range 24-48) hours. The mean oestrous cycle length was 18.8 ± 3.1 (17-21)

days. The intensity of oestrus was strong and the oestrual discharge from external genitalia in

oestrus was pronounced. The average interval from parturition to first oestrus was 50.9 days

and interval from parturition to pregnancy 69.3 days.

Age & weight at puberty:

The age at puberty in female of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi Upazilla &

Potia Upazilla were found to be 340.31 ± 28.84, 333.75 ± 27.66 and 341.25 ± 26.29 days

respectively. The average age at puberty of goats was lowest in Khulsi Upazilla, but there

were no significant differences for age at puberty of the selected goats in different three

Upazilla. Hassan et al. (2010) reported that first oestrus (puberty) occurred at 354.7 ± 17.1

days and 16.8 ± 3.9 kg body weight. About 85% of the nannies attained sexual maturity

within 11 to 12 months of age.

Age & weight at first pregnancy:

The age at first pregnancy of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi Upazilla & Potia

Upazilla were found to be 391.22 ± 21.32, 385.34 ± 24.62 & 382.12 ± 29.18 days

respectively. The average age at pregnancy of goats was lowest in Potia Upazilla. Hassan et

al. (2010) reported that the mean age at first pregnancy was 395.4 ± 29.6 days with a range of

12-13 months and the number of services per pregnancy was 1.3. The average body weight

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was 21.4 ± 3.8 kg with a range of 19 to 23 kg. About 85% of goats were served by 13

months.

Gestation length:

The gestation length of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi Upazilla & Potia

Upazilla was found to be 151.71 ± 15.52, 142.83 ± 21.43 & 145.52 ± 12.41 days respectively.

The gestation length of goats was highest in Pahartoli Upazilla. Hassan et al. (2010) reported

that the range of gestation was narrow, varying from 141 to 164 days with an average of

152.8 ± 17.5 days. The length of gestation was not affected by the parity and age of the does.

Kidding rate:

The kidding rate of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi Upazilla & Potia Upazilla

were found to be single (36.2, 31.5, 34.3%); twins (41.3, 47.1, 45.5%); & triplets (22.5, 21.4,

20.2%) respectively. Hassan et al. (2010) study that kidding produced single, twins and

triplets in 32.9, 58.2 and 8.8% of cases, respectively. The sex ratio was 53.2 males: 46.8

females. Under farming conditions, Rout et al. (1999) mentioned that in Jamunapari goats

56.2, 43.1 and 0.7% of litters were single, twin and triplets, respectively. In the present

findings, Jamunapari does kid more twins and triplets.

Age and weight at first kidding of dam:

The age at first kidding of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi Upazilla & Potia

Upazilla were found to be 540.6 1 ± 32.14, 536.45 ± 38.34 & 545.71 ± 47.23 days

respectively. Hassan et al. (2010) study that the average age and weight at first kidding was

548.6 ± 68.1 days and 26.7 ± 5.8 kg, respectively. About 89% of the nannies kidded up to the

age of 17-18 months. Under farming conditions in India, Rout et al. (1999) reported that the

age at first kidding was 737.0 ± 21.3 days. The Jamunapari goats attained sexual maturity

earlier in Bangladesh.

Kidding interval:

The Kidding interval of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi Upazilla & Potia

Upazilla was found to be 212.51 ± 28.42, 205.43 ± 32.12, & 201.23 ± 21.27 days

respectively. Rout et al. (1999) reported kidding interval was 229.3 ± 26.7 days, which is

higher than the present findings. Due to long lactation, the kidding interval (210.6 ± 29.4

days) was longer than in Black Bengal goats (179 ± 20 days) as reported by Hassan et al.

(2007).

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Kidding behavior:

As in other does, signs of approaching parturition were lying down on the side, sitting down

and getting up frequently, restlessness, nervousness, arching of the body, switching of tail,

redness and swelling of the vulva, and development of udder to twice normal size. The total

time recorded for entire process of parturition was higher in primiparous (117.3 ± 13.9 min)

than in multiparous (102.4 ± 9.6 min) does. In normal cases, triplet kids were delivered at 8-

10 minute intervals. The average weight of fetal membranes was 342.4 ± 81.6g. Tiwari et al.

(1969); Prasad and Pandey (1981) found that the total weight of placenta was significantly

higher in twin kidding in both Jamunapari and Barbari goats. The mean time of expulsion of

placenta was 2.4 ± 0.4 hour with a range of 1.7 to 3.4 hour.

Post partum heat period:

The post partum heat period of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi Upazilla &

Potia Upazilla regions were 53.08 ± 0.33, 59.92 ± 0.50 and 65.67 ± 0.40 days respectively.

The post partum heat period of goats was lowest in Pahartoli Upazilla among the three

regions. The post partum heat period of goats of the selected three regions was not

statistically significant. The result was in agreement with the result of Hassan et al. (2010)

who reported that the average post partum heat period of Jamunapari goats was 50.9 days and

interval from parturition to pregnancy 69.3 days respectively. According to Hassan et al.

(2007), lower the post partum heat period and higher the reproductive performance. The

reproductive performance of the goat of Pahartoli Upazilla was better than Potia Upazilla.

Service per conception:

The average number of service per conception of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla,

Khulsi Upazilla & Potia Upazilla were found to be 1.2 ± 0.5, 1.1 ± 0.7 & 1.9 ± 0.2

respectively. The average number of service per conception of goats of the selected three

Upazilla was not statistically significant. This result indicates that the reproductive health of

the goats of the three selected Upazilla is relatively good. Hassan et al. (2010) found that the

average number of service per conception was 1.3 ± 0.6.

Parity order:

The parity order of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi Upazilla & Potia Upazilla

was found to be 4.75±0.99, 5.00±0.82 & 4.50±0.68 respectively. The average parity order of

goats was highest Khulsi Upazilla in among the three Upazilla.

Age at maturity in male:

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The Age at maturity in male of Jamunapari goats in Pahartoli Upazilla, Khulsi Upazilla &

Potia Upazilla regions were 334.08±12.53, 339.92±15.50 and 41.67±8.40 days respectively.

Hassan et al. (2010) reported that the age at sexual maturity in male varied from 9 to 12

months with an average value of 11.8 ± 0.6 months. Birth weight of 33 kids were recorded

continue fortnightly and found that kids with higher body weights attained sexual maturity

earlier.

Sexual behaviour and seminal characteristics in male:

The number of ejaculations was 3.3 ± 0.2 in 37 minutes and the time taken for mount 0.4 ±

0.02 minutes. The average volume of semen was 0.9 ± 0.2 ml, percentage of motile sperm

76.3 ± 2.2, sperm concentration 3.3 ± 0.3 × 109/ml, viability of sperm 90.3 ± 2.2% and

percentage of normal sperm 94.3 ± 3.5 reported by Hassan et al. (2010). These values did not

differ significantly between seasons of the year.

Mortality:

In farming conditions, mortality rate of Jamunapari goats was 7.7%. Rout et al. (1999)

reported the mortality rate 5.8 % in young and 4.21% in adult goats. Kids having higher birth

weights had a better chance of survival. Female kids had higher survival rate than males.

Most casualties occurred at 1 – 3 months. The lowest survival rate was in winter. Roy et al.

(2010) found that the overall mortality of the flock during the year 2010-11 was computed as

4.22%. The mortality percentage of the animals in age group of 0-3, 3-6, 6-12, 12-18 months

age groups and in adults were 2.77, 1.30, 2.00, 0.00 and 4.61%, respectively. Kid was higher

(12%) than adult (4%) mortality. Higher mortality in kids is mainly due to predators and

pneumonia. Housing is considered to be the major problem to increase the number of

diseases & mortality.

Vaccination of Jamunapari goat:

Vaccinations are an integral part of a flock health management program. They provide cheap

insurance against diseases that commonly affect goats. Probably, the only universally

recommended vaccine for goats is Pesti des Petis Ruminant (PPR) & tetanus (lockjaw).  Pesti

des Petis Ruminant (PPR) vaccine provides protection against Pesti des Petis Ruminant virus

c and tetanus (lockjaw) vaccine against Clostridium tetani.  

16

Table 7: Disease occurrence of Jamunapari goats in selected three Upazilla

Name of diseases Prevalence (%) of diseases in relation to age Total

0-3 months 3-8 months >8 months

Diarrhoea 25 21 23 69

Pneumonia 6 4 3 13

Hypothermia 2 - - 2

Contagious ecthyma 4 1 1 6

Tympany/Bloat 2 2 6 10

Fever 2 3 5 10

Mange 10 1 3 14

Dysentery 2 2 3 7

Anoestrus - 1 3 4

Retained placenta - - 2 2

Abortion - - 3 3

Total 53 35 52 140

17

Fig: Prevalence (%) of diseases in relation to age in Jamunapari Goat

Socio-economic status of the owners in Jamunapari goat rearing:

Socio-economic characteristics analyze is important to get a complete picture of goat rearing

in Chittagong region. It includes the family size & composition, literacy level, occupational

status, land ownership patterns, yearly cost & return of the owners. These are described here.

Information of the owners:

The whole family members were classified into 4 age groups. These were 1-15 years, 16-30

years, 31-45 years & above 45. Table 15 indicated that 30.16% were 1-15 years, 44.44%

were 16-30 years, 14.28% were 31-45 years & 11.11% were above 45 years age groups.

Table 8: Information of the family members of the owners

Age groups Upazilla

Pahartoli Khulsi Potia Total

1-15 16 13 9 38 (30.16%)

16-30 18 21 17 56 (44.44%)

18

31-45 6 5 7 18 (14.28%)

Above 45 3 5 6 14 (11.11%)

Total 43 44 39 126 (100)

Literacy level:

To examine the literacy level of the respondents & classified into 5 categories. These were

illiterate, primary, secondary, higher secondary & honers & above. Table 16 revealed that in

Pahartoli Upazilla about 20.93% of the members were illiterate, 32.56%, 30.23%, 6.98% &

9.30% have completed primary, secondary, higher secondary & honers & above; Khulsi

Upazilla about 15.91% of the members were illiterate, 27.28%, 34.09%, 18.18% & 4.54%

have completed primary, secondary, higher secondary & Honers & above; Potia Upazilla

about 38.46% of the members were illiterate, 33.34%, 25.64% & 2.56%, have completed

primary, secondary & higher secondary respectively.

Table 9: Literacy level of family members

Literacy level Upazilla

Pahartoli Khulsi Potia

Illiterate 9 (20.93%) 7 (15.91%) 15 (38.46%)

Primary 14 (32.56%) 12 (27.28%) 13 (33.34%)

Secondary 13 (30.23%) 15 (34.09%) 10 (25.64%)

Higher secondary 3 (6.98%) 8 (18.18%) 1 (2.56%)

Honers & above 4 (9.30%) 2 (4.54%) -

Total 43 (100) 44 (100) 39 (100)

Occupational status:

Occupation of the goat owners were classified into categories. These were goat rearing with

service, goat rearing with business, goat rearing with cattle & goat rearing with others. Table

19

17 showed that goat rearing with service was about 26.66%, goat rearing with business was

about 6.66%, goat rearing with cattle was about 56.66% & goat rearing with other was about

10% respectively.

Table 10: Occupational status of goat owners

Occupational

status

Number of owners

Pahartoli Upazilla Khulsi Upazilla Potia Upazilla Average

Goat rearing

with service

4 3 1 8 (26.66%)

Goat rearing

with business

1 1 - 2 (6.66%)

Goat rearing

with cattle

5 4 8 17 (56.66%)

Goat rearing

with other

1 2 - 3 (10.00%)

Total 11 10 9 30 (100)

Land ownership pattern:

The land of the goat owners were classified into 4 groups namely landless, small & marginal,

medium & large. The land holding assumed to the range from 0- 0.50 acres, 0.51-1.50 acres,

1.51-2.50 acres & above 2.50 acres respectively. Table 18 showed that about 36.67%

landless, 30.00% small & marginal, 20.00% medium & 13.33% large sizes respectively.

Table 11: Land ownership pattern

Land holding sizes Number of goat owners Percentage (%)

Landless (0-0.50 acres) 11 36.67

Small & marginal (0.50-1.50 acres) 9 30.00

Medium (1.51-2.50 acres) 6 20.00

Large (above 2.5 acres) 4 13.33

Total 30 100

Economic importances of goat rearing in Bangladesh

20

There are about 39.80 millions goats in Bangladesh. Among them the majority portion is

Black Bengal & Jamunapari goat. Jamunapari goat is the only one dairy goat breed of our

country. It is very popular and famous in our country. The breed is dual-purpose animal,

which is useful for milk and meat and has exported to neighboring countries for the same

purposes. The reasons for its famousness are discussed under the following Points.

1. Prolificacy

2. Meat

3. Milk

4. Skin

5. Hair

6. Toxin resistancy

7. Resistance to local parasites

8. Resistance to local diseases

9. Adaptability to the environment

10. Easy in rearing

11. Feedback capacity

12. Manure.

1. Prolificacy:

Jamunapari goat is a very prolific breed. Their kid production is very high. They give 2 to

maximum 3 kids.

2. Meat:

It is very famous for its meat. About 20% of our total consumable meat comes from this

breed. Their meat is very tender and has a good taste. The intramuscular fat distribution is

very high in this goat meat. Dressing percentage is about 45%.It's meat is very soft, palatable

and easily digestible.

3. Milk:

Through its milk production is poor under balance diet and high management condition it can

produce 0.5-1 liters of milk daily. Its globules are very fine and easily digestible. It can

recover peptic ulcer, if it is taken for a long period of time. Its fat percentage is higher than

other breed. Its PH is 7.0-7.2 which is slight basic. It is free from TB organism. The milk of

Jamunapari goat has some anti-allergic properties. Phosphorus content is high in this milk.

21

4. Skin:

The skin of Jamunapari goat is of high quality, because of its hair follicle is loosely attached

with the skin. Its skin is not spongy. The skin of this breed is soft, thick and elastic. It can

remain its previous condition after wrapping. It has a high demand in our country.

5. Hair:

The hair of goat is used locally for the making of warse bag and rope but Mohair and Kasmiri

are speciality fibre commanding a premium price of world markets. A limited amount of hair

is collected and processed locally into natural colored rugs, floor mats, bags and various other

items for home use or for sale or other nearby peoples lacking processing skills. In India

yearly 40-mt Kasmiri is produced.

5. Toxin resistancy:

Jamunapari goat is less prone to toxic effects of toxic shrubs like lantana, Lithonia and

acanthus as judged by clinical symptoms.

6. Resistance to local parasites:

The breed is normally resistant to local flukes worms. This breed gained this resistancy

through hereditary.

7. Resistance to local diseases:

They usually grow immunity against local diseases like mastitis, gid disease, PPR etc.

8. Adaptability to the environment:

They are very hardy and restless like African small goat. Jamunapari goat is highly adaptable.

In the environment to our country, this breed is adapted to our summer and winter weather

condition.

9. Easy in rearing:

This breed is easy to rearing in small place. They collect about 70-80% of their feed from the

grazing land and they are to be supplied only 20-30% concentrates feed. Their management

procedure is easy. They are easily reared at houses in rural Bangladesh.

10. Feedback capacity:

Their feedback capacity is excellent. They can convert 55-65% of feed into meat in a short

duration. A Jamunapari goat can be marketed at 10-12months.

22

11. Manure:

A Jamunapari goat produces around 130 kg dry manure per year which improve the soil

fertility through its nutrients (more than cow and buffalo manure) and also by its residual

effect on reducing soil PH.

Problems of goat rearing:

With a view to improve goat husbandry without any threat to the environment it was

observed that in spite of the hardiness of goats, the profitability is low due to poor

management practices. The major problems encountered by goat keepers are presented

below:

1. Severe genetic erosion:

Due to indiscriminate breeding and absence of elite bucks of good breeds, there has been

severe genetic erosion, resulting in low weight at birth, poor growth and susceptibility to

various diseases.

2. Poor health care:

In the absence of timely vaccination, over 30-40% of the goats die due to diseases like PPR,

Enterotoxaemia and Goat Pox. These diseases further affect the growth of the surviving

goats. This has shaken the confidence of the goat keepers to depend on goat rearing as a

reliable source of livelihood.

3. Malnutrition:

With the depleting natural resources, there is severe shortage of fodder, leading to poor

growth. Goat rearing on free grazing land being an age old practice, the owners do not feed

them with cultivated fodder concentrate and mineral mixture. In the absence of deworming,

their growth is further stunted.

4. Marketing:

There has been heavy exploitation as the goat keepers often sell their animals to local

middlemen in distress. In the absence of information on market price and demand, the owners

get very low returns. As a result, the goat keepers tend to increase their herd size to enhance

their income and face fodder shortage, thereby posing a serious threat to the bio-diversity and

environment.

23

5. Diseases:

Infectious diseases (PPR, FMD, Enterotoxaemia, diarrhea, pneumonia etc.) are common in

kids and adults. From on-farm studies it has been observed that predators are also major

cause of mortality in kids.

6. Lack of capital:

Our rural peoples are unable to buy goats initially due to lack of capital.

7. Environment:

Availability of feeds and fodder can be a serious constraint during periods with lack of rain.

During the monsoon proper housing is considered a great problem especially for kids.

Suggestions and Recommendations:

1. Dairy goats need an important consideration in respect of research and their development.

2. Provincial governments should establish independent small ruminants research institutes

addressing separately the goat as a dairy and meat animal. This will help solve food security

issues.

3. Distribution of improved bucks (at subsidized rates) of various goat breeds for improving

the performance of goats.

4. Conservation of milk and meat goat breeds separately in their respective home tracts is

required in the larger interest of conservation of genetic resources of the country.

24

5. Establishment of dairy goats improvement association, which can play a vital role to

improve their milk production.

6. Nutritional aspects of the goat in terms of quality and quantity need special attention for

optimizing their productivity.

7. Ranges being the major and the most important source in small ruminant feeding need

improvement.

8. A strong link between farmers, extension workers and researchers still does not exist. This

needs to be established and strengthened.

9. Proper health cover and strengthening of extension services.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

In our country different kinds of livestock are reared. Jamunapari goat is an important

livestock for rearing in contrast of our country. Jamunapari goat is of economic importance

for small holder farmers, but achieving maximum income is not their primary objective. The

total income share of small ruminant tends to be inversely related to size of land holding,

suggesting that small ruminants are of particular importance for land less people. Jamunapari

goat rearing is a very effective means of poverty alleviation in Chittagong region of

Bangladesh. It has been observed that 7-8 goats given to a poverty stricken farm family under

a combined grazing and cut and carry feeding system can easily alleviate poverty. Rearing

goats requires less capital and is appropriate where capital is scarce. It may provide part time

self employment without affecting the main occupation. Further, this type of enterprise will

25

not demand very special skills compared to other agricultural enterprises. Credit facilities for

poor women and widows might help to encourage them to rear goats. Jamunapari goats play

an important role in small holder farming systems. These roles include liquidity aspects (cash

to meet short term needs), income generation, supply of manure for crops and insurance

against risk. Research and development can increases its contribution by attending to points

like the roles of components of integrated farming in poverty alleviation and employment and

by applying a gender analysis to its problem identification. For rural area in Chittagong

region of Bangladesh goat rearing requires simple and small shed. It is profitable under stall

fed condition and it is highly prolific. Goat milk is finer than cow’s milk. The fat and protein

are present in goat milk are more easily digestible. The goat meat is lean & has low fats and

is liked by all people. It can be sold and encashed anytime. So considering above discussions

it is clear that goat rearing in rural area of our country helps in self employment and income

generation. It also helps in research and development directed towards human resources.

Jamunapari goats are prolific animal. They produce twice or triplets at a time. Average milk

yield is 0.5 Liter & maximum 1 Liter per day which is sufficient nourishing their kids. So

supply of milk replacer is not essential for proper growth and development of kids. It also

prevents kids mortality.

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APPENDIX

Abbreviation Elaboration

BLRI Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute

CP Crude Protein

DCP Digestible Crude Protein

DM Dry matter

et al And others

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

FMD Foot and Mouth Diseases

28

Kg Kilogram

mg Miligram

NO Number

PPR Pesti des Petis Ruminant

SD Standard Deviation

SE Starch Equivalent

SNF Solids Not Fat

TB Tuberculosis

TS Total Solids

Sample of Questionnaire

1. Name of owner:

2. Address:

3. Educational background:

Illiterate Primary Secondary S.S.C H.S.C Graduate

Types of Breed

No. of Goat- Adult Female-

Adult Male-

Male kid-

Female Kid-

Weight of adult male (Kg)

29

Weight of Adult female (Kg)

Weight of Kids at birth (Kg)

Age at puberty (Month) Male-

Female-

Age at 1st pregnancy (Month)

Gestation length (Month)

Age at first kidding (Month)

Litter size (Number)

Kidding Interval (Month)

Kid mortality

Milk yield (ml/day)

Lactation length (Month)

Housing system

Feeding Concentrate-

Roughage-

Source of feed

Breeding System

Source of buck

Vaccination

Name of diseases

30