dams in pakistan history and details
TRANSCRIPT
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Salamat datang kePakistan
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DAMS IN PAKISTAN
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What is a dam?
A barrier, either natural or artificially
constructed, that impounds or diverts theflow of water, especially in a water
course. Also, the body of water confined
by a dam.
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Purpose of
dams
Dams are built to provide water for: Irrigated agriculture
Domestic or industrial use
To generate hydropower
Help control flood
Recharge of ground water
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In last century over45,000 times
people took decision to built adam.
Today around 3,800 km3 offreshwater is withdrawnannually from worlds lakes,
rivers and aquifers. This is twicethe volume extracted 50 yearsago
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Brief history of dams
River basin are renowned as cradles of civilization and culturalheritage
The earliest evidence of river engineering is ruins of irrigationcanals overeight thosand years old in Mesopotamia
Remains of water storage dams found in Jordan, Egypt, Yemenand other parts of the Middle-east date back 3000 B.C.
First use of dams for hydropower generation was around 1890
By 1949 about 5,000 large dams were constructed (out of which75% were in industrialized countries)
By end of 20th century there were over45,000 large dams over140 countries
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CONSTRUCTION OF WORLD DAMS
BY DECADE (1900-20000)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Before
1900
1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s after 1990
Numberofdams
Excluding over 90% of large dams in China for which chronological information is not available
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Regional distribution of world large
dams at the end of the 20th century
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
China Asia North and
Central
America
Western
Europe
Africa Eastern
Europe
South
America
Austral Asia
Numberofdams
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PARTIAL LIST OF SELECTED PROJECTS CARRIEDOUT/ BEING CARRIED OUT BY REGIONAL OFFICE(NORTH) IN RECENT YEARS
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Major Dams/Barrages and Hydropower Projects
Undertaken by ACE RO(N)
Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project
Kalabagh Dam Project
Mangla Raising Project
Chashma Hydropower Project
Basha Diamer Project Mirani Dam Project
Greater Thal Canal Project
Gulpur Hydrpower Project
Rawal Dam Project
Khan Pur Dam Project
Kurram Tangi Multipurpose Dam Project Warsak Dam Project
Jinnah & Rasul Barrage Project
Very recently ACE has been awarded Punjab Barrages
Rehabilitation Project Phase-I (Jinnah & Islam & Balloki Package)
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Irrigation, Drainage, Groundwater, Flood Control and River
Basin Projects
Sector Policy Studies Project NDP
Pakistan Water Sector Investment Planning Study
Assessment of Water Resources and Development of Irrigation
Potential in entire AJK under NRMP
Irrigation System Management I & II
Pakistan Command Water Management Project
Siren River Basin Development Project Pakistan
Dajal Branch Extension Project
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Power Projects
Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project
Chashma Hydropower Project
Kalabagh Dam Project
Basha Dam Hydroelectric Project
Pehur Hydropower Project
Matiltan Hydropower
Muzaffargarh Thermal Power Station Extension Project
Natural Gas fired Combine Cycle Thermal Power Plant, Que
Chashma Nuclear Power Project
500 KV Tarbela Lahore Transmission Line
220 KV Transmission Line Project between Multan and Vehari, Vehari
and Sahiwal, Kala Shah Kaku and Ravi (Lahore)
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Kalabagh Dam Lay Out Plan
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1450 MW Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project
View of Tail of the Power Channel. Static loading of the Channel has been Completed.
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Chashma Hydropower Project
ACE in association with other consultants successfully completed Chashma
Hydropower Project of 184 MW capacity.
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Basha Diamer Dam, Pakistan
ACE is a part of the consortium for preparation of an upgraded Feasibility Study of the
proposed dam envisaged to conserve 9 BCM (7.3 MAF) of water having power production
potential of 3,360 MW.
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Mangla Dam Raising Project
Detailed engineering and tender documentation for raising of Mangla dam by about 10 m is
currently in progress. There will be augmentation of water and hydropower benefits from the
project. At a cost of about 62 billion rupees, the raising project is planned to be completed
by mid 2007. ACE in association with other local and expatriate firms, is providingconsultancy services for the project.
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Mirani DamProject - 43 km South-West of Turbat on Dasht River in Baluchistan. The main
objective of the project is to irrigate about 34,000 acres of land through an irrigation canal
system based on a 410 mile network, including main canals, minor canals and water courses.ACE is a part of the consortium carrying out the project.
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Greater Thal Canal Project
The project comprises a Feasibility Study, Detailed Design Works, Construction Supervision andpreparation of Tender Documents. ACE is providing consultancy services along with other local
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Gulpur Hydropower Project is located on Poonch River near Kotli, in AJK.
This project will generate 60 MW Hydropower.
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Development of Dam Construction in Pakistan
Developments of Dam Construction in Pakistan
is related to the development of irrigationsystem and geopolitical challenges by Indus
Water Treaty of 1960.
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Ancient Irrigation Practice
About 5,000 ago Two ancient civilizations of the world
Moiengo-Daro on lower Indus, and
Harappa on the Raviflourished on irrigation.
The system was called Inundation Irrigation and required lot ofmaintenance
By end of 19th century inundation on irrigation system comprised:
Punjab: Length of Canals = 4,000 kmsArea irrigated = more than 40,000 hectares
Lower Indus: Area irrigated = 1.21 million hectares.
First perennial canal is known to be build by Mughal EmperorJahangir reigned (1605-27) taken from Ravi Riker
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Mid 19th Century to Mid 20th Century
During British period modern irrigation system
evolved by construction of weir, barrages,headworks and canal system.
In 1947, at the Independence of Pakistan
average annual river diversion were 8.27 billion
cubic meters
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Post Independence to 1962
Irrigation System was expanded to increase
culturable command area to 12.6 millionhectares.
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Indus Basin Replacement Plan
Prior to partition water of Indus river system were primarily used in thearea of Pakistan, however the head of the water of major tributaries ofIndus River, I.e, Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Jhelum and Chenab lie in India.
Talking advantage India started diverting water of these river to its ownarea.
The dispute was revolved through a treaty in 1960 called Indus BasinTreaty.
According to treaty
India Obtained exclusive rights over 3 eastern river: Sunlaj, Beas andRavi reducing flows to Indus from 215.8 Bill. m3 to 175 Bill m3.
Pakistan was provided necessary funds for transferring water fromwestern rivers, the Chenab, Jhelum, and Indus main stem to make uploss of water from eastern rivers through
Indus Basin Replacement Plan.
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Main Component of Basin Replacement Plan
Construction of two storage dams:
Mangla da on Jhelum River Tarbela dam on Indus River
Six new barrages or diversion dams
Eight new inter-river link canals
Remodeling of a barrage at Baloki on river Indus
and three existing link canal and several irrigation
system.
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History of Dam in Pakistan
If we exclude barrages from dams, then history of damconstruction in Pakistan in short.
At the time of Independence (1947) there were only 3 dams inwhole country.
Khushdil Khan Dam, Balochistan 1890
Spin Kariz Balochistan 1945
Namal Dam Mianwali, Punjab 1945
Construction of dams in Pakistan was initiated in 1955 byConstruction of Warsak Dam on Kabul river for hydroelectricpurposes.
During last ____ years ____ dam have been constructed forirrigation or irrigation cum hydroelectric purpose.
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Problem of Dam Engineering in Pakistan
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Unsuitable topography
Due to wide rivers dams are large in size.
Hub dam length 8.007 km.
Chotiari Reservoir 46 kms.
Detail Mangla
Dam
Tarbela
DamMax. live storage B.Cu.m 6.6 11.5
Length of reservoir (km) 64 80
Site excavation (M. cu.m) 42 73
Total earth and rockfill (M. Cu.m) 107 136
Max. height (m) 116 143Crest length (kms) 3.14 2.74
Saddle Embankment length (km) 9.5 1.00
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High Floods
Increase in cost due to costly diversion during
construction and large size spillways
Discharge (m3/sec) ManglaJhelum
TarbelaIndus
Max. recoded Flood (Aug. 1929) 28,320 27,780
Design Flood 73,630 60,230Spillway Capacity 31,148 42,475
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Sedimentation
Average annual sediment load of Indus at Tarbelais estimated at 350 million tons
Warsak dam reservoir is completely silted up withfirst few years.
Impacts: - Reduction in useful life
- Abrasion of spillways, tunnels and
turbine blades.
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Difficult Foundations
Gap graded river alluvium at Tarbela with open
works Soft Siwalik rocks
Presence of Sheared zones.
Highly disturbed rocks due to tectonic activity
Potential for liquification.
Swelling clays at Sukian dam (Mangla)
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Seismicity
Geographical position of Pakistan is within
Syntaxial bends of Himalayan Organic belt.The belt is well known for its Seismic instabilityhaving been locus of four earthquakesexceeding magnitude 8.3 in past century
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Devastating Earthquakes of Known History
Running of history i.e city of Taxila is about 25
AD. 1935 earthquake of Quetta resulted in loss of
30,000 lives.
1947 earthquake of Pattan killing 5,000 people.
Dams are designed for a = 0.5 to 0.6 g.
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Pakistan General Information
Total area of Country 1,050,000 sq. km.
662,000 sq. km
Rugged mountains,narrow valleys and foothills
388,000 sq. km Sandy desert and flatalluvial of plains
303,030 sq. km Arable202,500 sq. km Indus Plains
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Massive Glaciers Emerging the Snow Clad
Himalayas have developed one of the most
fascinating river system comprising. Mighty Indus, and its six tributaries
Kabul
Jhelum
Chenab
Ravi
Sutlej and
Beas
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Challenges to Development of Irrigated Agriculture
Pakistan lies in semi-arid zone mean annual
rainfall 250 mm. River flows are variable within a years and
from year to year.
Control of three contributing rivers taken by
India
T i l l t f
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Typical layout ofbarrages