Dannelly's Short History of Computing CSCI327 Social Implications of Computing In the beginning Pascal created a calculator in 1652 able to add and subtract A = A + B photos from en.wikipedia.org Charles Babbage ( ) Math Tables Problem Difference Engine and Analytical Engines Abilities add subtract loop conditional branch etc instructions on punched cards data cards and instructions were separated Harvard Mark 1 mechanical completed in 1943 used to compute artillery tables instructions on paper tape storage = 72 registers Digital Electronics 101 circuits are a series of "gates" gates can perform AND, OR, NOT, etc Example - Half Adder: AND XOR Apple's iPad uses the A4 system chip with 177 million transistors First Generation based on vacuum tubes ENIAC Univ of Pennsylvania base 10, not binary programmed via wires EDVAC based on ENIAC program stored in memory UNIVAC 1951 first commercial machine 46 were made Rear Admiral Grace Hopper Harvard Mark II "bug in the program" UNIVAC wrote first compiler influenced COBOL programming languages should be closer to English than machine code Second Generation based on transistors FORTRAN and COBOL IO Processors overlapping the fetch and execute cycles Bell Labs Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley Noble Prize in 1956 Second Generation This IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit held 2.8 MB of data. Lease = $2100 per month The IBM 1401 Mainframe leased for about $2500 per month in 1960. Third Generation based on Integrated Circuits mainframes and minicomputers IBM equally suited for business or science 3 ALUs - fixed-point, decimal, floating-point bit general registers from 8K to 8M of memory Fourth Generation based on VLSI hundreds of thousands of semiconductors per chip microcomputers IBM PC released in Fifth Generation massively parallel computers supercomputers still not in everyone's home Possible Revision of "5 th Generation" maybe it was the internet-ization of every device maybe it was mobile-ization of every device, thanks to Lithium-Ion batteries allowing smaller devices Moore's Lawcomputing power doubles every two years Possible Future : Quantum Computing Classical Mechanics an object in motion stays in motion blah blah Quantum Mechanics a particle can be in two places at once two particles can be "entangled" regardless of distance or time there are parallel universes Quantum Computer based on Qubits can be 1, or 0, or 1 and 0 at the same time computational complexity is no longer relevant data transfer would be instant very good at decoding encrypted messages Stages of a New Technology becoming Viable 1.Critical Price 2.Critical Mass 3.Displacement of Another Technology 4.Nearly Free Example : Voice Over IP 1.high speed internet connection cost less $ 2.over 20% of households get high speed 3.international calls made over internet 4.talking to someone in India nearly free via Skype The Internet ARPANET started in 1967 fault tolerant packet-switched TCP/IP enables a network of networks application DNS introduced with 1000 nodes first web server birth of Google Inc. E-Commerce Third quarter 2015 retail e-commerce was $87.5 Billion. 7.4% of total retail sales. Q retail e-commerce was 15.1% higher than Q Total retail sales increased 1.6% in same period. Google Revenue by Source Past Trends and the Future Next Class... Intro to Ethics "morality" / "ethics" relativism / utilitarianism