darfur destroyed

8/12/2019 Darfur Destroyed

1/86

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc Khy 1??5 Tgi. 84, Bg. 4(H)

EHQD]Q EMZUQGPME

MUCB@J JIMHBZ@BN AP NGTMQBKMBU HBE K@I@U@H

DGQJMZ @B ^MZUMQB Z]EHB

Z]KKHQP.................................................................................................................................... 8Z]KKHQP QMJGKKMBEHU@GBZ.................................................................................... :AHJFNQG]BE......................................................................................................................... =HA]ZMZ AP UCM NGTMQBKMBU-LHBLH^MME @B ^MZU EHQD]Q.................... >

Khss Fìi`bns Ay tcm Ngvmrbkmbt hbe Lhblhwmme............................................................... 3Htthjfs hbe khsshjrms `b Ehr Khshi t ............................................................................... 3Khss Mxmjut`gbs gd jhpturme Dur kmb `b ^he` Zhi`c< 85= fìime................................ 18Gtcmr Khss Fìi`bns gd Dur j`vì`hbs b he` Zhi`c........................................................ 1:

Hmr`hi agkahrekmbt gd j`v i`hbs .......................................................................................... 15Zystmkht`j Uhrnmt`bn gd Khrshi` hbe Dur, Aurb`bns gd Khrshi`t Tìihnms hbe

Emstrujt`gb gd Dgge Ztgjfs hbe Gtcmr Mssmbt`hi @tmks ..................................................14Emstrujt`gb gd Kgsqums hbe @sihk`j Qmi`n`gus Hrt`jims............................................... 1>Fìi`bns hbe hsshuit hjjgkphby`bn iggt`bn gd prgpmrty....................................................13Qhpm hbe gtcmr dgrks gd smxuhi v`gimbjm............................................................................::Mddgrts tg _rmvmbt Qmturb gd E`spihjme Khshi`t hbe Dur .................................................:5

Gjjupht`gb hbe Qmsmttimkmbt gd Khshi`t Tìihnms ay Lhblhwmme................................. :4@kpme`bn tcm drmm kgvmkmbt gd j`vì`hbs ....................................................................... :>

MUCB@J JIMHBZ@BN @B ^MZU EHQD]Q ................................................................ :0HEE@U@GBHI MT@EMBJM GD NGTMQBKMBU ^GQF@BN CHBE @B

NIGTM ^@UC LHBLH^MME ............................................................................................... 51Ngvmrbkmbt hek`ss`gbs gd ts Lhblhwmme rmiht`gbsc`p.....................................................5:Zuehbmsm ngvmrbkmbt usm gd mtcb`j kì`t`hs dgr jgubtmr`bsurnmbjy...............................55Qmjru`tkmbt gd jr`k`bhis tg imhe tcm Lhblhwmme.................................................................5>@kpub`ty dgr tcm Lhblhwmme< _gi`jm Dgraèemb tg _ub`sc ................................................50

UGG I@UUIM, UGG IHUM< Z]EHBMZM HBE @BUMQBHU@GBHI

QMZ_GBZM 1??5 ....................................................................................................................... =?Qmspgbsm gd tcm Zuehbmsm ngvmrbkmbt hbe tcm rmami nrgups< Ucm jmhsmd`rm hnrmmkmbt

...................................................................................................................................................=?Ucm ]b`tme Bht`gbs< strgbn sthtmkmbts drgk ].B. sthdd..................................................=1Ucm ].B. Jgkk`ss`gb gb Cukhb Q`ncts< kgrm cmht tchb i`nct ....................................=5Ucm Murgpmhb ]b`gb hbe Murgpmhb kmkamr sthtms ........................................................=4Ucm Hdr`jhb ]b`gb hbe Hdr`jhb kmkamr sthtms.................................................................=>Ucm ]b`tme Zthtms.................................................................................................................... =3Ucm cukhb thr`hb rmspgbsm...................................................................................................=3

D]II QMJGKKMBEHU@GBZ.............................................................................................=0


2/86

H__MBE@S H< _G_]IHU@GB GD Z]EHB< MUCB@J JMBZ]Z GD 80=4............... 4:H__MBE@S A< _G_]IHU@GB GD ^MZU EHQD]Q......................................................45H__MBE@S J< ZGKM KGZX]MZ A]QBME @B EHQ KHZHI@U.............................. 44H___MBE@S E< KHZZHJQM HBE KHZZ F@II@BN T@JU@KZ, ................................ 4>KMUCGEGIGNP ...................................................................................................................>=HJFBG^IMENMKMBUZ ....................................................................................................>=


3/86


4/86


5/86

8 C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

Z]KKHQP

Ucm ngvmrbkmbt gd Zuehb `s rmspgbsàim dgr mtcb`j jimhbs`bn hbe jr`kms hnh bst

cukhb`ty b Ehrdur, gbm gd tcm wgries pggrmst hbe kgst bhjjmssàim rmn`gbs, gb

Zuehbs wmstmrb agremr w`tc Jche. Ucm Zuehbmsm ngvmrbkmbt hbe tcm HrhaLhblhwmme kì`t`hs t hrks hbe suppgrts chvm jgkk`ttme bukmrgus htthjfs gb tcm

j`vì`hb pgpuiht`gbs gd tcm Hdr`jhb Dur, Khshi`t hbe \hnchwh mtcb`j nrgups.

Ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms gvmrshw hbe e`rmjtiy phrt`j`phtme b khsshjrms, sukkhry mxmjut`gbs

gd j`vì`hbs-`bjiue`bn wgkmb hbe jcìermbaurb`bns gd tgwbs hbe vìihnms, hbe tcm

dgrjàim empgpuiht`gb gd wèm swhtcms gd ihbe igbn `bcha`tme ay tcm Dur, Khshi`t hbe

\hnchwh. Ucm Lhblhwmme kì`t hs, Kusi`k i`fm tcm Hdr`jhb nrgups tcmy htthjf, chvm

emstrgyme kgsqums, fìime Kusi`k rmi`n`gus imhemrs, hbe emsmjrhtme Xgrhbs amigbn`bn tg

tcm`r mbmk`ms.

Ucm ngvmrbkmbt hbe `ts Lhblhwmme hii`ms chvm fìime tcgushbes gd Dur, Khshi t, hbe\hnchwh-- gdtmb `b jgie aigge, rhpme wgkmb, hbe emstrgyme vìihnms, dgge stgjfs hbe

gtcmr suppi`ms mssmbt`hi tg tcm j`vì`hb pgpuiht`gb. Ucmy chvm er`vmb kgrm tchb gbm

kìi`gb j`vì`hbs, kgstiy dhrkmrs, btg jhkps hbe smttimkmbts b Ehrdur wcmrm tcmy i`vm

gb tcm vmry menm gd surv`vhi, cgsthnm tg Lhblhwmme hausms. Kgrm tchb 88?,??? gtcmrs

chvm dime tg bm`ncagur`bn Jche aut tcm vhst khlgr`ty gd whr v`jt`ks rmkh`b trhppme b

Ehrdur.

Uc`s jgbdi jt chs c`stgr`jhi rggts aut msjhihtme `b Dmaruhry 1??:, wcmb twg rmami nrgups,

tcm Zuehb Iàmrht`gb Hrky/Kgvmkmbt (ZIH/K) hbe tcm Lust`jm hbe Mquhi`ty

Kgvmkmbt (LMK) erhwb drgk kmkamrs gd tcm Dur, Khshi`t, hbe \hnchwh mtcb`j nrgups,emkhbeme hb mbe tg jcrgb`j mjgbgk`j khrn`bhi`zht`gb hbe sgunct pgwmr-schr`bn w`tc`b

tcm Hrha-ruime Zuehbmsm sthtm. Ucmy hisg sgunct ngvmrbkmbt hjt`gb tg mbe tcm hausms gd

tcm`r r`vhis, Hrha phstgrhi`sts wcg wmrm er`vmb gbtg Hdr`jhb dhrkihbes ay ergunct hbe

emsmrt`d`jht`gbhbe wcg che h bgkhe`j trhe`t`gb gd hrkme kì`t`hs.

Ucm ngvmrbkmbt chs rmspgbeme tg tc`s hrkme hbe pgi`t`jhi tcrmht ay thrnmt`bn tcm j`vì`hb

pgpuiht`gbs drgk wc`jc tcm rmamis wmrm erhwb. @t arhzmbiy mbnhnme b mtcb`j

khb`puiht`gb ay grnhb`z`bn h kì`thry hbe pgi`t`jhi phrtbmrsc`p w`tc sgkm Hrha bgkhes

jgkpr`s`bn tcm Lhblhwmme6 hrkme, trh`bme, hbe grnhb`zme tcmk6 hbe prgvème mddmjt`vm

`kpub`ty dgr hii jr`kms jgkk`ttme.

Ucm ngvmrbkmbt-Lhblhwmme phrtbmrsc`p `s jchrhjtmr`zme ay lg`bt htthjfs gb j vì`hbs

rhtcmr tchb gb tcm rmami dgrjms. Ucmsm htthjfs hrm jhrr`me gut ay kmkamrs gd tcm


6/86

C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H) 1

Zuehbmsm kì`thry hbe ay Lhblhwmme wmhr`bn ub`dgrks tcht hrm v`rtuhiiy be`st`bnu schaim

drgk tcgsm gd tcm hrky.

Hitcgunc Lhblhwmme hiwhys gutbukamr rmnuihr sgie`mrs, eur`bn htthjfs tcm ngvmrbkmbt

dgrjms usuhiiy hrr`vm d`rst hbe imhvm ihst. @b tcm wgres gd gbm e`spihjme vìihnmr, Ucmy

Vtcm sgie`mrs[ smm mvmrytc`bn tcht tcm Lhblhwmme hrm eg`bn. Ucmy jgkm w`tc tcmk, tcmy

d`nct w`tc tcmk hbe tcmy imhvm w`tc tcmk.

Ucm ngvmrbkmbt-Lhblhwmme htthjfs hrm drmqumbtiy suppgrtme ay tcm Zuehbmsm h`r dgrjm.

Khby hsshuits chvm emj`khtme skhii dhrk`bn jgkkub`t`ms, w`tc emhtc tgiis sgkmt`kms

hpprghjc`bn gbm cuberme pmgpim. Kgst hrm ubrmjgreme.

Cukhb Q`ncts htjc spmbt twmbty-d`vm ehys b hbe gb tcm menms gd mst Ehrdur,

egjukmbt`bn hausms `b rurhi hrmhs tcht wmrm prmv`gusiy wmii-pgpuihtme w`tc Khshi`t hbe

Dur dhrkmrs. Z`bjm Hunust 1??:, wèm swhtcms gd tcm`r cgkmihbes, hkgbn tcm kgstdmrtìm `b tcm rmn`gb, chvm ammb aurbme hbe empgpuihtme. ^`tc rhrm mxjmpt`gbs, tcm

jgubtrysèm `s bgw mkpt`me gd `ts gr`n`bhi Khshi t hbe Dur `bcha`thbts. Mvmrytc`bn tcht

jhb susth`b hbe sujjgur i`dm i`vmstgjf, dgge stgrms, wmiis hbe pukps, aihbfmts hbe

jigtc`bn chs ammb iggtme gr emstrgyme. Tìihnms chvm ammb tgrjcme bgt rhbegkiy, aut

systmkht`jhiiy gdtmb bgt gbjm, aut tw`jm.

Ucm ubjgbtrgiime prmsmbjm gd Lhblhwmme `b tcm aurbme jgubtrysèm, hbe `b aurbme hbe

hahbegbme vìihnms, chs er`vmb j`vì`hbs btg jhkps hbe smttimkmbts gutsèm tcm ihrnmr

tgwbs, wcmrm tcm Lhblhwmme fìi, rhpm, hbe pìihnmmvmb stmhi`bn mkmrnmbjy rmi`md `tmks--

w`tc `kpub`ty.

Emsp`tm btmrbht`gbhi jhiis dgr bvmst`nht`gbs btg hiimnht`gbs gd nrgss cukhb r`ncts

hausms, tcm ngvmrbkmbt chs rmspgbeme ay emby`bn hby hausms wcìm httmkpt`bn tg

khb`puihtm hbe stmk `bdgrkht`gb imhfs. @t chs i`k`tme rmpgrts drgk Ehrdur `b tcm

bht`gbhi prmss, rmstr`jtme btmrbht`gbhi kme`h hjjmss, hbe chs tr`me tg gastrujt tcm digw gd

rmdunmms `btg Jche. Gbiy hdtmr s`nb`d`jhbt emihys hbe `btmrbht`gbhi prmssurm, wmrm twg

c`nc-imvmi ]B hssmsskmbt tmhks pmrk`ttme tg mbtmr Ehrdur. Ucm ngvmrbkmbt chs

prgk`sme ubc`bemrme cukhb`thr hb hjjmss, aut chs dhìme tg emi`vmr. @bstmhe, rmjmbt

rmpgrts gd ngvmrbkmbt thkpmr`bn w`tc khss nrhvms hbe gtcmr mvèmbjm sunnmst tcm

ngvmrbkmbt s duiiy hwhrm gd tcm `kkmbs`ty gd ts jr`kms hbe s bgw httmkpt`bn tg jgvmrup hby rmjgre.


7/86

: C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

^`tc tcm rh`by smhsgb sthrt`bn `b ihtm Khy hbe tcm mbsu`bn ign`st`jhi e`dd`juit`ms

mxhjmrahtme ay Ehrdurs pggr rghes hbe bdrhstrujturm, hby btmrbht`gbhi kgb`tgr`bn gd

tcm schfy Hprì jmhsmd`rm hbe jgbt`bu`bn cukhb r`ncts hausms, hs wmii hs hjjmss tg

cukhb`thr`hb hss`sthbjm, wìi amjgkm kgrm e`dd`juit. Ucm ]b`tme Zthtms Hnmbjy dgr

@btmrbht`gbhi Emvmigpkmbt chs whrbme tcht ubimss tcm Zuehbmsm ngvmrbkmbt armhfs

w`tc phst prhjt jm hbe nrhbts duii hbe `kkme`htm cukhb`thr`hb hjjmss, ht imhst 8??,???whr-hddmjtme j vì`hbs jguie e`m `b Ehrdur drgk ihjf gd dgge hbe drgk e`smhsm w`tc`b tcm

bmxt twmivm kgbtcs.

Ucm `btmrbht`gbhi jgkkub`ty, wc`jc sg dhr chs ammb sigw tg mxmrt hii pgssàim prmssurm

gb tcm Zuehbmsm ngvmrbkmbt tg rmvmrsm tcm mtcb`j jimhbs`bn hbe mbe tcm hssgj`htme

jr`kms hnh`bst cukhb`ty `t chs jhrr`me gut, kust hjt bgw. Ucm ]B Zmjur`ty Jgubjì, `b

phrt`juihr, scguie thfm urnmbt kmhsurms tg mbsurm tcm prgtmjt`gb gd j`vì`hbs, prgvèm dgr

tcm ubrmstr`jtme emi`vmry gd cukhb`thr`hb hss`sthbjm hbe rmvmrsm mtcb`j jimhbs`bn b

Ehrdur. @t wìi sggb am tgg ihtm.

Z]KKHQP QMJGKKMBEHU@GBZ

Ug tcm Ngvmrbkmbt gd Zuehb

Ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms hbe ngvmrbkmbt-suppgrtme Lhblhwmme kì`t`hs kust

`kkme`htmiy jmhsm tcm`r jhkph`nb gd mtcb`j jimhbs`bn hbe htthjfs gb j`vì`hbs hbe

j`vì`hb prgpmrty `b Ehrdur.

@kkme`htmiy e`shrk hbe e`sahbe tcm Lhblhwmme kì`t`hs `b Ehrdur hbe w`tcerhw

tcmk drgk tcgsm phrts gd Ehrdur tcmychvmgjjup`me drgk 1??: tg tcm prmsmbt. Jgbeujt prgkpt, `kphrt`hi hbe `bempmbembt `bvmst`nht`gbs gd hausms ay tcm

Lhblhwmme k i`t`h dgrjms hbe tcm Zuehbmsm hrkme dgrjms `b Ehrdur, prgsmjutm

hiimnme pmrpmtrhtgrs b hjjgrehbjm w`tc btmrbht`gbhi dh`r tr`hi sthbehres, hbe

prgvèm rmphrht`gbs dgr tcm v`jt`ks gd sujc hausms, bjiue`bn ay rmjgvmr`bn hbe

rmturb`bn hii iggtme prgpmrty.

Ug tcm Ngvmrbkmbt gd Zuehb hbe tcm gppgs`t`gb ZuehbmsmIàmrht`gb Hrky/Kgvmkmbt (ZIH/K) hbe tcm Lust`jm hbe Mquhi`tyKgvmkmbt (LMK)

Dhjì`thtm tcm duii, shdm hbe ub`kpmeme hjjmss gd cukhb`thr`hb pmrsgbbmi hbe tcm

urnmbt emi`vmry gd cukhb`thr`hb hss`sthbjm tg hii pgpuiht`gbs `b bmme `b Ehrdur.

Uhfm `kkme htm hbe mddmjt`vm kmhsurms tg mbhaim tcm vgiubthry rmturb gd

rmdunmms hbe e`spihjme pmrsgbs tg tcm`r cgkms b shdmty hbe e`nb`ty.


8/86


Dhjì`thtm tcm msthai`sckmbt gd, hbe jggpmrhtm w`tc, h ].B. cukhb r`ncts

kgb`tgr`bn k`ss`gb, hbe hb btmrbht`gbhi Jgkk`ss`gb gd Mxpmrts tg `bvmst`nhtm

hbe rmhjc jgbjius`gbs gb tcm mvèmbjm jgbjmrb`bn jr`kms hnh`bst cukhb`ty, whr

jr`kms, hbe gtcmr v`giht`gbs gd `btmrbht`gbhi cukhb`thr`hb ihw jgkk`ttme ay hii

phrt`ms b Ehrdur b 1??:-1??5.

Ug tcm kmkamrs gd tcm ]. B. Zmjur`ty Jgubjì

Uhfm kmhsurms, bjiue`bn tcrgunc tcm hegpt`gb gd h rmsgiut`gb, tcht smmf tg mbe

hbe rmvmrsm mtcb`j jimhbs`bn b Ehrdur, mbsurm tcm prgtmjt`gb gd j`vì`hbs ht

r`sf, jrmhtm hb mbv`rgbkmbt jgbeuj`vm tg tcm vgiubthry rmturb b shdmty hbe

e`nb`ty gd hii rmdunmms hbe e`spihjme pmrsgbs, hbe prgvèm dgr tcm mddmjt`vm hbe

ubrmstr`jtme emi`vmry gd cukhb`thr`hb hss`sthbjm.

Msthai`sc hb kphrt`hi Jgkk`ss`gb gd Mxpmrts tg bvmst`nhtm hbe rmhjc

jgbjius`gbs gb tcm mvèmbjm jgbjmrb`bn jr`kms hnh`bst cukhb`ty, whr jr`kms

hbe gtcmr v`giht`gbs gd `btmrbht`gbhi cukhb`thr`hb ihw jgkk`ttme ay hii phrt`ms`b Ehrdur b 1??:-1??5.

Msthai`sc hb `btmrbht`gbhi cukhb r`ncts kgb`tgr`bn k`ss`gb w`tc d`mie gdd`jms `b

Ehrdur hbe Fchrtguk khbehtme tg pmr`ge`jhiiy puai`jiy rmpgrt gb cukhb r`ncts

hbe cukhb`thr`hb ihw v`giht`gbs.

Ug tcm Hdr`jhb ]b`gb

Qhpèiy empigy tcm Jmhsmd`rm Jgkk`ss`gb hbe jmhsmd`rm gasmrvmrs tg Ehrdur hbe

mbsurm tcht hemquhtm bukamrs gd gasmrvmrs hrm empigyme amdgrm tcm sthrt gd tcm

rh`by smhsgb. Mbsurm tcht jmhsmd`rm gasmrvmrs pmr`ge`jhiiy puai`jiy rmpgrt gb hii v`giht`gbs gd

tcm jmhsmd`rm hnrmmkmbt `bjiue`bn tcm phrt`ms jgkpi`hbjm w`tc `btmrbht`gbhi

cukhb`thr`hb ihw.

Kgb`tgr hjjmss tg, hbe tcm prgv`s`gb gd, cukhb`thr`hb hss`sthbjm tg whr-hddmjtme

j`vì`hbs.

Ug ].B. kmkamr sthtms

Jgbtràutm pmrsgbbmi, mqu`pkmbt, gtcmr rmsgurjms hbe dube`bn tg tcm Hdr`jhb

]b`gb jmhsmd`rm kgb`tgr`bn k`ss`gb.

Jgbtràutm tg tcm mjgbgk`j hbe sgj`hi rmjgbstrujt`gb gd Ehrdur hbe suppgrt

`btmrbht`gbhi cukhb`thr`hb hss`sthbjm hbe cukhb r`ncts kgb`tgr`bn hbe

`bvmst`nht`gbs b Ehrdur.


9/86

= C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

Ug ].B. cukhb`thr`hb hnmbj`ms hbe cukhb`thr`hb bgbngvmrbkmbthigrnhb`zht`gbs

_rgkgtm tcm prgtmjt`gb gd j`vì`hbs s`kuithbmgus w`tc tcm e`stràut`gb gd

cukhb`thr`hb hss`sthbjm6 emjmbtrhi`zm hè e`stràut`gb rhtcmr tchb jgbjmbtrhtm `t

`b e`spihjme jhkps hbe smttimkmbts, tg tcm nrmhtmst mxtmbt pgssàim w`tc`b

smjur`ty i`k`ts.

Khfm mddgrts tg prmvmbt tcm jrmht`gb gd pmrkhbmbt e`spihjme pmrsgbs jhkps tcht

rm`bdgrjm tcm mtcb`j jimhbs`bn hbe dgrjme e`spihjmkmbt tcht chs gjjurrme.

Jgkpimtm rmjgkkmbeht gbs hppmhr bmhr tcm mbe gd tcm rmpgrt.

AHJFNQG]BE

Ehrdur s Zuehbs ihrnmst rmn`gb, gb ts wmstmrb agremr w`tc Iàyh, Jche, hbe tcm Jmbtrhi

Hdr`jhb Qmpuai`j. Ehrdur chs ammb e`vème `btg Zgutc, ^mst, hbe Bgrtc s`bjm 8005. Ucm

prmegk`bhbt mtcb`j nrgups gd mst Ehrdur hrm tcm Khshi`t hbe Dur, wcg chvm gdtmb

ub`tme b khrr`hnm w`tc Hrhas hbe gtcmr Hdr`jhbs.8

^mst Ehrdur, w`tc h pgpuiht`gb gd kgrm tchb 8.> kìi`gb,1`s mtcb`jhiiy k`xme hitcgunc

Hdr`jhb nrgups prmegk`bhtm< `b Nmbm`bh hbe Chaìh prgv`bjms tcm Khshi`t hrm tcm

khlgr`ty (4? pmrjmbt), dgiigwme ay tcm Hrhas hbe gtcmr Hdr`jhbs, bhkmiy, \hnchwh,

Mrmbnh, N`kr, Ehlg, Agrng hbe Dur. @b \hi`bnm`, Lmami Khrrh, hbe he` Zhi`c prgv`bjms

tcm Dur prmegk`bhtm. @b Fuiaus prgv`bjm hpprgx`khtmiy =? pmrjmbt s N`kr, :? pmrjmbtMrmbnh, 8= pmrjmbt \hnchwh, hbe = pmrjmbt Hrha. Ugnmtcmr tcm Dur hbe tcm Khshi`t

jgkpr`sm tcm khlgr`ty gd tcm pgpuiht`gb gd mst Ehrdur. Ehr Khshi`t, gr cgkmihbe gd

8Ucm tmrks Hdr`jhb hbe Hrha chvm ammb usme tg emsjràm tcm jgbdi`jt `b Ehrdur ymt dhì tg jhpturm tcm

mtcb`jhiiy e`vmrsm sgj`mty gd Ehrdur hbe tcm buhbjme rmiht`gbsc`ps hkgbn mtcb`j nrgups. Mspmj`hiiy s`bjm tcm

amn`bb`bn gd tcm jgbdi`jt `b 1??:, kmkamrs gd tcm \hnchwh, Dur, hbe Khshi`t jgkkub`t`ms chvm usme tcmsm

tmrks tg emsjràm tcm nrgw`bn rhj`hi hbe mtcb`j pgihr`zht`gb `b Ehrdur, pmrjm`vme tg rmsuit drgk e`sjr`k`bht`gb

hbe a`hs mkhbht`bn drgk tcm jmbtrhi ngvmrbkmbt.

@b tc`s rmpgrt, Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc usms tcm tmrk Hdr`jhb kh`biy tg emsjràm tcm \hnchwh, Dur, hbe Khshi`t,

tcm pr`bj`phi v`jt`ks gd tcm ngvmrbkmbts kì`thry jhkph`nb hnh`bst tcm rmami `bsurnmbjy `b Ehrdur `b 1??:-1??5.Ucm tmrk Hrha `s usme tg emsjràm tcm Hrha`zme, Hrha`j-spmhf`bn nrgups gd bgkhe`j hbe smk`-bgkhe`j

pmgpim wcg chvm ammb rmjru`tme hbe empigyme hs Lhblhwmme kì`t`h. Ucm usm gd tcmsm tmrks `s bgt `btmbeme tg

nigss gvmr tcm jgkpimx`ty gd tcm mtcb`j p`jturm `b Ehrdur. Khby gd tcm skhiimr Hdr`jhb hbe Hrha mtcb`j nrgups hrm

bgt e`rmjt phrt`j`phbts `b tcm jgbdi`jt. Zmm Hppmbe`x H dgr h sukkhry gd tcm gbiy mtcb`j jmbsus `b Zuehb, thfmb

`b 80=4.1Zmm Hppmbe`x A dgr h nmgnrhpc`jhi armhfegwb gd tcm pgpuiht`gb gd ^mst Ehrdur `b 8000.


10/86


tcm Khshi`t,:`s igjhtme hrgube Nmbm`bhtcm sthtm jhp`thihbe bgrtc hbe sgutc higbn

tcm agremr.

Ucm Khshi`t, Dur, hbe gtcmr smembthry Hdr`jhb dhrkmrs `b Ehrdur chvm h c`stgry gd jihscms

gvmr ihbe w`tc phstgrhi`sts drgk Hrha tràms, pr`khrìy tcm jhkmi- hbe jhttim-cmre`bn Amb`

Cussm`b drgk tcm Fhafha`yh hrmh gd Bgrtc Ehrdur hbe tcm Amb` Chiah gd Zgutc Ehrdur.

]btì tcm 80>?s, tcmsm tmbs`gbs wmrm fmpt ubemr jgbtrgi ay trhe`t`gbhi jgbdi`jt rmsgiut`gb

kmjchb`sks ubemrp`bbme ay ihws `bcmr`tme drgk tcm Hbnig-Mnypt`hb Jgbegk`bùk

(8303-80=4). ^cìm jihscms gvmr rmsgurjms tggf pihjm, tcmy wmrm usuhiiy rmsgivme

tcrgunc bmngt`ht`gbs amtwmmb jgkkub`ty imhemrs.5 @t `s bgt tcm jhsm, hs tcm Zuehbmsm

ngvmrbkmbt kh`bth`bs, tcht tcm jurrmbt v`gimbjm s kmrmiy h prgigbnht`gb gd tcm

prmegk`bhbtiy mjgbgk`j tràhi jgbdi`jts tcht chvm hiwhys mx`stme `b tcm rmn`gb.

@b rmjmbt emjhems, h jgka`bht`gb gd mxtmbeme pmr`ges gd ergunct6 jgkpmt`t`gb dgr

ew`bei`bn rmsgurjms6 tcm ihjf gd ngge ngvmrbhbjm hbe emkgjrhjy6 hbe mhsy hvhìhaì`ty gd

nubs chvm khem igjhi jihscms `bjrmhs`bniy aiggey hbe pgi`t`j`zme. = H wèm-rmhjc`bn

8005 hek`b`strht`vm rmgrnhb`zht`gb ay tcm ngvmrbkmbt gd _rmsèmbt Gkhr Mi Ahsc`r b

Ehrdur nhvm kmkamrs gd Hrha mtcb`j nrgups bmw pgs`t`gbs gd pgwmr, wc`jc tcm Khshi`t,

i`fm tcm`r Dur hbe \hnchwh bm`ncagrs, shw hs hb httmkpt tg ubemrk`bm tcm`r trhe`t`gbhi

imhemrsc`p rgim hbe tcm pgwmr gd tcm`r jgkkub`t`ms `b tcm`r cgkmihbe. 4

Jgkkubhi cgstì`t`ms argfm gut b ^mst Ehrdur hkgbn gtcmr pihjms b 8003 hbe 8000

wcmb Hrha bgkhes amnhb kgv`bn sgutc w`tc tcm`r digjfs mhri`mr tchb usuhi.>Eur`bn tcm

8003 jihscms, kgrm tchb s`xty Khshi`t vìihnms wmrm aurbme, gbm Hrha vìihnm whs aurbme,

:Ehrrgunciy jgrrmspgbes tg cgkmihbe gr cgkm tmrr`tgry.

5Uc`s rmpgrt dgjusms gb tcm rmjmbt jgbdi`jt hbe hausms `b tcm Khshi`t hrmh gd ^mst Ehrdur. Dgr durtcmr

ahjfnrgube gb tcm jgbdi`jt `b tcm Ehrdur rmn`gb, `bjiue`bn Bgrtc hbe Zgutc Ehrdur, smm Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc,

Ehrdur b Dihkms< Htrgj`t`ms b mstmrb Zuehb, Tgi. 84, Bg.= (H), Hprì 1??5.=Ucm ihrnmst Hdr`jhb mtcb`j nrgup `b Ehrdur `s tcm Dur, wcìm tcm Khshi`t hbe \hnchwh hrm hkgbn tcm ihrnmst.

4Zmm Ehwue @arhc`k Zhi`c, Kuchkkhe Hehk Phcyh, Haeui Chd`z Gkhr Zchr`md hbe Gskhb Haahfgrhc,

Qmprmsmbtht`vms gd Ucm Khsshim`t Jgkkub`ty `b Mxìm, Ucm Cèemb Zihunctmr hbe Mtcb`j Jimhbs`bn `b ^mstmrb

Zuehb. Jh`rg, Mnypt, Hprì 3, 8000, cttp@b Lhbuhry 8000, eur`bn h jgbdrgbtht`gb gvmr hb`khis trhkpi`bn jrgps, hbnry Khshi`t dhrkmrs scgt ht Khshi`t

hbe Hrha tràhi cmhes wcg jhkm tg rmstgrm jhik, fìi`bn hb Hrha jc`md. Ucm Zuehbmsm ngvmrbkmbt jih`kme tcht

tcm Khshi`t wmrm h d`dtc jgiukb gd tcm Zuehb _mgpims Iàmrht`gb Hrky (Z_IH, sgutcmrb-ahsme Hdr`jhb rmamis),

hbe smhime gdd Ehr Khshi`t. Qmpgrtmeiy tcm Hrha kì`t`hs tcmb fìime kgrm tchb 8,??? Khshi`t. Ucm ngvmrbkmbtsmt up spmj`hi jgurts tg try imhemrs gd tcm jihscms, smbtmbj`bn dgurtmmb pmgpim tg emhtc, hbe spgbsgrme h tràhi

rmjgbjì`ht`gb jgbdmrmbjm. @t jgbjiueme tcht 101 Khshi`t hbe smvmb Hrhas wmrm emhe6 1,4>: cgusms aurbme

egwb6 hbe ihrnm bukamrs gd i`vmstgjf iggtme, w`tc tcm Khshi`t suddmr`bn kgst. Ucm Hrha tràms rmdusme tg phy

jgkpmbsht`gb. Hagut 10,=?? dmhrdui Khshi`t rmdunmms rmkh`bme `b Jche, wcmrm tcm Hrha kì`t`hs rmpgrtmeiy

jhkm tg fìi m`ncty Khshi`t rmdunmms `b kè-8000. Zmm Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc, Zuehb, Jchptmr drgk ^grie

Qmpgrt 1??? (Mvmbts gd 8000) (Bmw Pgrf< Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc, 1???).


11/86

> C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

hpprgx`khtmiy s`xty-b`bm Khshi`t hbe mimvmb Hrhas wmrm fìime, hbe kgrm tchb =,???

Khshi`t wmrm e`spihjme, kgst dimm`bn m`tcmr btg Nmbm`bh tgwb gr tg Jche. Emsp`tm hb

hnrmmkmbt dgr jgkpmbsht`gb dgr agtc sèms bmngt`htme ay igjhi tràhi imhemrs,3jihscms

rmsukme `b 8000 wcmb bgkhe`j cmreskmb hnh`b kgvme sgutc mhri`mr tchb usuhi.

Ucmsm 8000 jihscms wmrm mvmb aigge`mr, w`tc kgrm tchb 81= Khshi t vìihnms phrt hiiy gr

tgthiiy aurbme gr mvhjuhtme hbe khby cuberme pmgpim fìime, `bjiue`bn h bukamr gd

Hrha tràhi jc mds. Ucm ngvmrbkmbt argunct `b kì`thry dgrjms `b hb httmkpt tg qumii tcm

v`gimbjm hbe hppg`btme h kì`thry khb rmspgbsàim dgr smjur`ty gvmrhii, w`tc tcm pgwmr tg

gvmrruim mvmb tcm mst Ehrdur sthtm ngvmrbgr. H rmjgbjì`ht`gb jgbdmrmbjm cmie b 8000

hnrmme gb jgkpmbsht`gb dgr Khshi`t hbe Hrha igssms.0Khby Khshi`t `btmiimjtuhis hbe

bgthaims wmrm hrrmstme, kpr`sgbme, hbe tgrturme `b tcm tgwbs hs ngvmrbkmbt-suppgrtme

Hrha kì`t`hs amnhb tg htthjf Khshi`t vìihnms6 h bukamr gd Hrha jc`mds hbe j`vì`hbs wmrm

hisg fìime `b tcmsm jihscms. Ucm ahrgkmtmr gd v`gimbjm jrmpt stmheìy upwhre.

HA]ZMZ AP UCM NGTMQBKMBU-LHBLH^MME @B ^MZU EHQD]Q

Z`bjm tcm ZIH htthjf gb Dhscmr b Hprì 1??:, hbe phrt`juihriy s`bjm tcm msjhiht`gb gd tcm

jgbdi`jt `b kè-1??:, tcm ngvmrbkmbt gd Zuehb chs pursume h kì`thry strhtmny tcht chs

emiàmrhtmiy thrnmtme j`vì`hbs drgk tcm shkm mtcb`j nrgups hs tcm rmamis.

Ugnmtcmr tcm ngvmrbkmbt hbe Hrha Lhblhwmme k i`t`hs thrnmtme tcm Dur, Khshi`t, hbe

\hnchwh tcrgunc h jgka`bht`gb gd `be`sjr`k`bhtm hbe emiàmrhtm hmr`hi agkahrekmbt,

emb`hi gd hjjmss tg cukhb`thr`hb hss`sthbjm, hbe sjgrjcme-mhrtc thjt`js tcht e`spihjme

cubermes gd tcgushbes gd j`vì`hbs.8? Ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms hisg rmnuihriy hra trhrìy

emth`bme hbe sgkmt`kms tgrturme Dur, \hnchwh, hbe Khshi`t stuembts, pgi`t`jhi hjt`v`sts,

hbe gtcmr `be`vèuhis `b Ehrdur hbe Fchrtguk suspmjtme gd chv`bn hby hiimn`hbjm tg tcm

rmami kgvmkmbts.

3Ucm 8003 hnrmmkmbt `bjiueme aigge phykmbts gd >? kìi`gb Zuehbmsm pgubes hbe 0 kìi`gb Zuehbmsm pgubes

drgk tcm rmspmjt`vm Hrha hbe Khshi`t jgkkub`t`ms. ]bpuai`scme rmpgrt gb dìm w`tc Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc.0Uc`s hnrmmkmbt prgvème tcht bgkhe`j tràms wguie bgt jgkkmbjm kgvmkmbt sgutcwhre ubtì Dmaruhry 13 gd

mhjc ymhr, tcht mvmrygbm wguie am hiigwme hjjmss tg whtmr sgurjms, hbe tcht sthtm hutcgr`t`ms wguie prgvèm

smjur`ty hbe gath`b rmsgurjms dgr igbnmr tmrk emvmigpkmbt gd whtmr prglmjts. @aè.8?Ucm rmami nrgups `b Ehrdur eg bgt chvm h`rjrhdt, sg `t jhb am hssukme tcht tcm Hbtgbgv hbe K`N pihbms hbe

htthjf cmi`jgptmrs usme tg agka vìihnms amigbn tg tcm Zuehbmsm hrkme dgrjms. @b hee`t`gb, mymw`tbmssms chvm

smmb tcm Hbtgbgvs, K`Ns, hbe cmi`jgptmrs ht ngvmrbkmbt h`rpgrts `b Ehrdur.


12/86


Khss Fìi`bns Ay tcm Ngvmrbkmbt hbe Lhblhwmme

Cukhb Q`ncts htjcs Khrjc-Hprì bvmst`nht`gbs ubjgvmrme ihrnm-sjhim fìi`bns b

dgurtmmb bjèmbts b Ehr Khshi`t higbm b wc`jc kgrm tchb >>? j`vì`hbs pmr`scme

amtwmmb Zmptmkamr 1??: hbe ihtm-Dmaruhry 1??5. Ucmsm hrm bgt tcm gbiy bjèmbts tcht

gjjurrme b Ehr Khshi`t eur`bn tcgsm s`x kgbtcs, aut rhtcmr tcgsm wc`jc Cukhb Q`ncts

^htjc whs haim tg jgrrgagrhtm w`tc tmst`kgby drgk w`tbmssms hbe gtcmr jrmeàim

sgurjms. Cukhb Q`ncts htjc gath`bme durtcmr bdgrkht`gb drgk w`tbmssms tg khss

mxmjut`gbs `b tcm Dur hrmhs gd ^he` Zhi`c prgv`bjm `b tcm pmr`ge drgk Bgvmkamr 1??:

tcrgunc Hprì 1??5. Hitcgunc tc`s `bdgrkht`gb `s hisg dhr drgk jgkpimtm n`vmb tcm

e`dd`juity gd hjjmss tg v`jt`ks i`v`bn `b ngvmrbkmbt-jgbtrgiime tgwbs hbe jhkps dgr tcm

e`spihjme, `t `be`jhtms tcht tcm htthjfs gb Khshi`t hbe Dur vìihnms gdtmb dgiigw h s`kìhr

phttmrb.

Htthjfs hbe khsshjrms `b Ehr Khshi`t

Hii dgurtmmb `bjèmbts `b Ehr Khshi`t `bvgivme jggre`bhtme htthjfs ay tcm hrky hbe

Lhblhwmme. Dgur wmrm jgbeujtme w`tc pr`gr h`r htthjfssthrt`bn `b ihtm Emjmkamr 1??:.

@b twg `bjèmbts pr`gr tg ihtm Emjmkamr, cmi`jgptmrs i`dtme suppi`ms hbe/gr trggps `btg

tcm hrmh amdgrm tcm htthjfs. @b d`vm gd tcm bjèmbts, h igjht`gb whs sualmjtme tg htthjf

kgrm tchb gbjm. Ht imhst s`x gd tcm dgurtmmb bjèmbts bvgivme jiustmrs gd vìihnms, up tg

tc`rty `b gbm mxhkpim.

Drgk kè-1??:, htthjfs gb vìihnms rhtcmr tchb rmami pgs`t`gbs chvm ammb tcm bgrk

rhtcmr tchb tcm mxjmpt`gb. ^cìm khby gd tcm a`nnmr vìihnms chvm smid-emdmbsm ub`ts

d`rst smt up `b tcm 800?s tg n`vm h kmhsurm gd prgtmjt`gb hnh`bst Hrha rhèmrs - khby chvm

che i`ttim gr bg hrkme prmsmbjm ht hii. Ucm ZIH `b Ehr Khshi`t, ht imhst wcmb Cukhb

Q`ncts ^htjc v`s`tme, eè bgt ahsm hrkme kmb `b vìihnms6 tcmy wmrm cèemb ubemr

gutjrgpp`bns gd rgjfs hbe b rhv`bms. @b smvmrhi bsthbjms wcmb tcm rmamis httmkptme tg

`btmrvmbm b htthjfs gb Khshi`t dhrk`bn jgkkub`t`ms, tcmy hrr`vme tgg ihtm tg prmvmbt

emstrujt`gb hbe emhtc. Gb gtcmr gjjhs`gbs, tcm rmpgrtme prmsmbjm gd rmamis b h khrfmt

chs ammb sudd`j`mbt tg tr`nnmr hb htthjf.

Ucm khlgr`ty gd tcm v`jt`ks `b tcm Khshi`t htthjfs egjukmbtme ay Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc

chvm ammb kmb. Uc`s wguie smmk tg am amjhusm vìihnms `b tcm phtc gd kgaì`zme

ngvmrbkmbt hbe Lhblhwmme dgrjms chvm ammb himrtme ay dr`mbes, rmiht`vms, hbe tràhi

f`bdgif, wcg chvm smbt rubbmrs tg n`vm whrb`bn. gkmb hbe jcìermb chvm ammb smbt


13/86


hwhy ay egbfmy tg Jche gr tcm bmhrmst tgwb, wcmb t`km whs gb tcm`r sèm6 ay dggt, tg

bmhray vhiimys wcmrm trmms hbe rgjfs k`nct prgvèm jgvmr, wcmb t whs bgt.

@b kgst gd tcmsm htthjfs, scggt`bn ay ngvmrbkmbt hbe Lhblhwmme hppmhrme tg am thrnmtme

ht tcm j`vì`hb pgpuiht`gb. Dhthi`t`ms `b hii aut tcm skhiimst vìihnms hrm hikgst hiwhys `b

eguaim d`nurms r`s`bn hs c`nc hs m`ncty `b tcm kgst mxtrmkm jhsms. Ucm bukamr gd

emhtcs s hihrk`bn hs tcm vìihnms htthjfme smiegk chvm kgrm tchb h dmw cuberme

`bcha`thbts. @t `s i`fmiy, kgrmgvmr, tcht tcm emhtc tgii rmsuit`bn drgk tcmsm htthjfs chs

r`smb, ubrmjgreme, b tcm ehys hbe wmmfs hdtmr tcm htthjfs hs wgubes, e`smhsm, hbe tcm

chresc`ps gd e`spihjmkmbt tggf tcm`r bmv`thaim tgii.

Khsshjrms gr khss fìi`bns gd j`vì`hbs b Dur, Khshi`t, hbe \hnchwh hrmhs chvm thfmb

tcrmm dgrks< mxtrhlue`j`hi mxmjut`gbs gd kmb, ay hrky hbe Lhblhwmme6 htthjfs b wc`jc

ngvmrbkmbt sgie`mrs hbe Lhblhwmme chvm pihyme hb mquhi rgim, d`nct`bn sèm ay sèm6 hbe

htthjfs b wc`jc ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms chvm pihyme h suppgrt`bn rgim tg Lhblhwmme --

sgdtmb`bn up vìihnms w`tc cmhv`mr wmhpgbs tchb tcgsm jhrr`me ay tcm Lhblhwmme,

prgvè`bn ign`st`jhi suppgrt hbe, b tcm gp`b`gb gd khby vìihnmrs btmrv`mwme, n`v`bn

tcm Lhblhwmme prgtmjt`gb hs tcmy imhvm.88

Lhblhwmme hiwhys gutbukamr ngvmrbkmbt sgie`mrs, aut hrr`vm w`tc tcmk hbe imhvm w`tc

tcmk. @t `s bgt jimhr wc jc dgrjm `s tcm jgkkhbe`bn dgrjm. @t `s jimhr tcht tcm Lhblhwmme

hrm bgt rmstrh`bme, b hby why, ay tcm ub`dgrkme ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms wcg hjjgkphby

tcmk `b hrky jhrs hbe trujfs.

Ucm dgiigw`bn rmpgrts gd khss f ii`bns hrm ahsme gb tcm tmst`kgb`ms gd j`vì hbs wcg wmrme`spihjme drgk tcm vìihnms jgbjmrbme hbe wcg spgfm tg Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `b Khrjc

hbe Hprì 1??5.81 Ucmsm rmpgrts hrm bmjmsshrìy `bjgkpimtm. Ucm e`spmrshi gd

jgkkub`t`ms, hbe tcm e`dd`juity gd nmtt`bn emthìme `bdgrkht`gb drgk ngvmrbkmbt-

jgbtrgiime tgwbs hbe e`spihjme jhkps, khfms `bvmst`nht`gb e`dd`juit.

8. Kgrgrg vìihnm, jigsm tg tcm Khshi`t-Dur agremr< dgrty emhe

Gb Hunust :?, 1??:, sgie`mrs hbe Lhblhwmme htthjfme hbe aurbme Kgrgrg, stmhi`bn jhttim

hbe fìi`bn s`xtmmb pmgpim. Ucmy rmturbme tcm dgiigw`bn ehy hbe fìime twmbty-dgur kgrm

88Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mws, Jche, Khrjc-Hprì 1??5.81Khby che hb gbiy hpprgx`khtm èmh gd t`km h dmw kgbtcs hng `b Khrjc hbe ehtms khy bgt hiwhys

am mxhjt hs kgst ihjf jhimbehrs hbe whtjcms hbe khby i`vme gbiy `b rurhi hrmhs.


14/86

C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H) 8?

pmgpim, hii ygubn kmb s`bjm wgkmb hbe jcìermb che hirmhey rub hwhy. Gbm gd tcm

htthjfmrs imhemrs rmpgrtmeiy scgutme< ^m kust nmt tcmsm pmgpim gut gd tc`s pihjm!

Ucm vìihnms smid-emdmbjm nrgup whs rmpgrtmeiy vmry skhii hbe jguie gddmr bg rms`sthbjm.

@b tcm dgiigw`bn wmmfs, h dmw vìihnmrs rmturbme hbe au it rgunc scmitmrs. Aut `b

Bgvmkamr h ihrnm dgrjm gd Lhblhwmme hbe hrky rmturbme hbe aurbme tcm vìihnm dgr h

smjgbe t`km, fìi`bn h ai`be khb. Ucm vìihnm whs hnh`b hahbegbme. 8:

1. Ucm Kurbm` hrmh, twmivm vìihnms< m`ncty-twg emhe

Gb Gjtgamr 0, 1??:, sgie`mrs hbe Lhblhwmme htthjfme twmivm vìihnms b tcm Kurbm` hrmh

E`bng, Fgrgkh, hrh`, Cyerh, Hberu, \haub`, Uhrhbfh, Zurtubu, Bhrlàh, Eurmysh,

Ihbnh hbe Dglg - fìi`bn m`ncty-twg pmgpim `bjiue`bn wgkmb, jcìermb, hbe wgrsc`ppmrs

`b h kgsqum, hjjgre`bn tg rmpgrts jgiimjtme ay igjhi imhemrs. Lukhh, h twmbty-twg-ymhr-

gie dhrkmr drgk tcm vìihnm gd Ngfur, v`s`t`bn rmiht`vms `b tcm hrmh ht tcm t`km, shè `t whs

rh`b`bn chre hbe mvmb tcm sgie`mrs wmrm gb cgrsmahjf.

Ucmy mbj rjime tcm vìihnm. @ cè `b tcm nrhss hbe cmhre tcm jgkkhbemr

shy`bn gvmr c`s Ucurhyh Vshtmii`tm pcgbm[< ^m hrm bmhr tcm vìihnm bg.

8=58. ^m dgube tcm smid-emdmbsm nrgups hbe fìime tcmk. Ucmy aurbme

mvmrytc`bn, iggtme mvmrytc`bn. Ucmy aurbme hii tcm kgsqums tcht wmrm

bgt khem gd ar`jfs. Ucm Lhblhwmme tggf n`ris `btg tcm nrhss hbe rhpme

tcmk tcmrm `b E`bng hbe Fgrgkh. Ucmy rhpme tc`rtmmb `bjiue`bn

m`nctmmb-ymhr-gie Fche`lh.85

Lukhh shè sgkm gd tcm vìihnms che smid-emdmbjm ub`ts, aut tcmy wmrm `bempmbembt gd tcm

ZIH hbe wmrm purmiy emdmbs`vm. Ucm ZIH whs bgwcmrm bmhr, cm shè. Ucmy wmrm `b

tcm kgubth`bs. Ucm ngvmrbkmbt `s bgt hdtmr tcm ZIH. Ucmy whbt tg put Hrhas `b tcm

vìihnms.8=

Lukhh shè tcm hrmh whs aurbme dgr h smjgbe t`km `b Emjmkamr.

8:Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Kgchkkme, Hprì 1, 1??5. Hii bhkms gd w`tbmssms hbe sgkm gtcmr èmbt`dy`bn

emthìs chvm ammb jchbnme tg prgtmjt tcm èmbt`t`ms gd tcm w`tbmssms.85Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Jche, Khrjc 13, 1??5.8=

@aè.


15/86


:. Khbng, b tcm Umramah-Hrhrh hrmh< ht imhst twmbty fìime

@b Bgvmkamr 1??:, Lhblhwmme htthjfme ht imhst dgur vìihnms jigsm tg Khbng - Hbnhr,

Ahyeh, Bygrgbnth hbe Zcuscth hbe rmkh`bme `b tcm vìihnms hdtmr aurb`bn tcmk. @zchq,

h dgrty-twg-ymhr-gie dhrkmr drgk Khbng Ngam, shè cmi`jgptmr nubsc`ps hisg ihbeme b

tcm hrmh. Bg gbm whs hiigwme hbywcmrm bmhr tcm hrmh amdgrm tcm cmi`jgptmrs jhkm, cm

shè. ^m tc`bf tcmy wmrm ar`bn`bn wmhpgbs. Uwg gr tcrmm ehys ihtmr tcmy htthjfme

Khbng.84

@b lust gbm vìihnm b tcm Khbng jiustmr, Khbng Aurhtth, sgie`mrs hbe Lhblhwmme fìime

twmbty pmgpim.8> Hehk , h dgrty-gbm-ymhr-gie dhrkmr, shè tcmy stgim hii tcm jhttim `b tcm

vìihnm hbe aurbme tcm mbt`rm v iihnm. Gb tcht shkm ehy, tcmy htthjfme mimvmb vìihnms,

cm shè. Bgt h s`bnim cgkm whs imdt. Hbtgbgvs hbe cmi`jgptmrs jhkm tcm bmxt ehy.

^cy7 Cgw jhb wm fbgw7 Ug smm `d hbygbm whs imdt, @ suppgsm. Ucmy eèbt agka. 83

Zcmr`d, h tc`rty-d`vm-ymhr-gie dhrkmr, shè vìihnmrs khbhnme tg aury tcm emhe b tcm b`nct,

amdgrm tcm h`rpihbms jhkm. Ucmy tcmb wmbt tg Jche, w`tc bg pgssmss`gbs, d`bhiiy er`vmb

gut ay tcm jgka`bht`gb gd ngvmrbkmbt hbe Lhblhwmme dgrjms.

@t tggf tmb cgurs whif`bn. ^m igst hii gur jhttim. ^m chvm bg nrh`b gr

smshkm gr nrgubebuts. Ucm prgaimk amnhb hrgube 800> w`tc tcm Hrha

bgkhes. @t whsbt Lhblhwmme hbe ngvmrbkmbt sgie mrs Vtcmb[, i`fm tc`s V`s

bgw[. Bgw tcm ngvmrbkmbt chs khby cmi`jgptmrs.80

5. ]ruk, bmhr Chaìh< 881 fìime b twg htthjfs

]ruk, wc`jc amjhkm h jmbtrm dgr Khshi`t j`vì`hbs e`spihjme drgk bmhray vìihnms, whs

htthjfme tw`jm. ^cy eè tcmy fìi sg khby pmgpim `b ]ruk 811 `b twg htthjfs gvmr h

kgbtc7 @ egbt fbgw. Aut khby vìihnms wmrm aurbme amdgrm ]ruk hbe tcm j`vì`hbs

wmrm `b ]ruk. Ucm vìihnms aurbme `bjiueme Ngrgrn, Eurmysh, U`rlh, Khi hk, Kgrgrg,

Ngrrh hbe Fgrfglgf, shè tc`rty-smvmb-ymhr-gie Hckhe, h dgrkmr ]ruk rmsèmbt.1?

84Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, @zchq Khrjc 14,1??5.

83Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Hehk, Jche, Khrjc 14, 1??5.

80Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Zcmr`d, Jche, Khrjc 14, 1??5.

1?Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Hckhe, Jche, Hprì 4, 1??5.


16/86


Gb tcm d`rst gjjhs`gb, `b Bgvmkamr 1??:, mymw`tbmssms rmpgrtme tcht Lhblhwmme jhkm

w`tcgut tcm hrky hbe aurbt m`ncty gd :?? cuts. Ucmy tggf :,??? cmhe gd jhttim hbe fìime

dgrty-twg kmb, kgst gd tcmk ygubn kmb.

Ucmrm whs h dubmrhi tcht ehy dgr hb m`ncty-ymhr-gie khb, Phcyh Haeui Fhr`k, hbe

pmgpim wmrm `b tcm kgsqum rmhe`bn dubmrhi prhymrs dgr c`k, shè mymw`tbmss Hckhe.

Z`xtmmb gd tcm dgrty-twg wmrm fìime b tcm kgsqum. 18Ucm `khk hbe c`s tcrmm-ymhr-gie

nrhbesgb wmrm fìime, tcmb tcm htthjfmrs jchsme hdtmr gtcmrs dimm`bn hbe scgt tcmk egwb

hs wmii.

Ucm `khk, Phcyh ^hrschi, rhb drgk tcm kgsqum tg c`s cgkm tg nmt c`s

tcrmm-ymhr-gie nrhbesgb, wcg whs hb grpchb. Ucm Lhblhwmme dgiigwme

c`k hbe fìime c`k hbe tcm jcìe. Ucm ygutc gd tcm vìihnm eèbt d`nct.

Ucmy wmrm rubb`bn tg shvm tcmksmivms. Ucm Lhblhwmme nhiigpme hdtmr

tcmk hbe fìime tcmk. Kgrm tchb :,??? jgws wmrm stgimb hbe nghts hbe

scmmp, cgrsms hbe egbfmys. Ucm Lhblhwmme wgrm fchf` tcm shkm hs tcm

hrky.11

H smjgbe, lg`bt htthjf ay hrky hbe Lhblhwmme dgiigwme `b tcm d`rst wmmf gd Emjmkamr

vhr`gusiy rmpgrtme hs Emjmkamr, 4 gr >, 1??:. Ucm Lhblhwmme rmturbme, tc`s t`km w`tc tcm

hrky, ht 4


17/86

8: C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

@b tcrmm vìihnms b tcm Ahrmc hrmh Hrmy, Chsfhb`th hbe Umrjchbh Lhblhwmme

hjjgkphb`me ay tcrmm jhr-ighes gd sgie`mrs fìime 888 pmgpim b gbm ehy, Emjmkamr 88,

1??:, hjjgre`bn tg surv`vgrs. Tìihnm imhemrs shè tcm vìihnms che 53= cuts `b hii - 3?,

1??, hbe 1?= rmspmjt`vmiy hbe suddmrme twmbty-tcrmm, tc`rty-d`vm hbe d`dty-tcrmm emhe

rmspmjt`vmiy. Ucm emhe `bjiueme twmbty-tcrmm wgkmb hbe h gbm cuberme-ymhr-gie khb,

Ahrrh Pgub`s, drgk Umrjchbh.

Ahrrh Pgub`s jguiebt whif hbe tcm Lhblhwmme aurbme c`k hi`vm b c`s cut, shè h dgrty-

twg-ymhr-gie Umrjchbh khb, Hehk. Ucmy shw c`k tcmrm hbe tcmy aurbme c`k.15

Hehk shè tcm htthjf amnhb ht 0


18/86


tcm vìihnm hbe sgie`mrs ngt gut. Ucmb tcm sgie`mrs hbe Lhblhwmme wcg che ammb wh`t`bn

gutsèm tcm vìihnm jhkm `b. Ucmy wmrm wmhr`bn èmbt`jhi ub`dgrks aut dgr tcm dhjt tcht

tcm sgie`mrs wmrm h ehrfmr schem gd nrmmb. Ucm htthjf imdt hpprgx`khtmiy d`dty pmgpim

emhe - `bjiue`bn d`dtmmb wgkmb, tmb jcìermb hbe h Khshi`t pgi`jmkhb `b h pgpuiht`gb

mst`khtme hpprgx`khtmiy =?? (smvmbty-tcrmm cuts). Zgkm wmrm fìime hs tcmy wmrm

rubb`bn hwhy6 sgkm wmrm scgt emhe `bsèm tcm`r cuts. Ucm htthjfmrs tggf hii tcm nubsdrgk tcm pgi`jm stht`gb hbe hisg `ts z`bj rggd. Ucm Lhblhwmme tggf tcm jhttim hbe imdt.

Ucm sgie`mrs tcmb aurbme tcm v iihnm.1>

>. Fgbegi`, b tcm K`stmrm` hrmh< twmbty-dgur fìime

Tìihnmrs drgk tcm K`stmrm` hrmh shè Lhblhwmme kgvme `btg K`stmrm` ht tcm mbe gd 1??:.

Gbm w`tbmss, Burmee`bm, h twmbty-m`nct-ymhr-gie dgrkmr pgi`jmkhb, shè tcmy jhkm drgk

Nmbm`bh, `b b`bm hrky jhrs, hbe argunct tcm`r gwb dgge. Ucmy jhkm `b twg nrgups,

cm shè. Gbm nrgup lg`bme tcm hrky pgst hbe tcm gtcmr tcm pgi`jm pgst. Ucmy phtrgiime

ay tcmksmivms `b tcm ausc dgr h wmmf. 13

Zggb hdtmr tc`s, gb Emjmkamr 13, 1??:, sgie`mrs hbe Lhblhwmme fìime twmbty-dgur pmgpim

`bjiue`bn d`vm wgkmb `bjiue`bn Fchk`sh Chrgub, dgrty-smvmb6 Zchkh Hehk, tc`rty-

tcrmm, Khr`hk Fchk`s, twmbty-d`vm, hbe @lmih Kgchkkme, tc`rty-m`nct - `b tcm vìihnm gd

Fgbegi`, h dmw kìms gutsèm K`stmrm`. Fgbegi`, w`tc 8=? cuts, che h pgpuiht`gb gd

hagut 8,??? pmgpim. Phych, h tc`rty-twg-ymhr-gie dhrkmr, shè hrky hbe Lhblhwmme che

kgvme `btg tcm vìihnm tcm prmv`gus ehy, Emjmkamr 1>.

^m wmrm hdrhè hbe whbtme tg rub hwhy, cm shè, aut tcmy shè< Bg, bg. ^m egbtwhbt tg curt ygu. m hrm tcm ngvmrbkmbt. Egbt am hdrh e. ^m hrm jgk`bn tg shvm

ygu. Ucm 5?? Lhblhwmme prgtmjtgrs khem h pihjm dgr tcmksmivms gb tcm mhstmrb sèm

gd tcm vìihnm. Ucm bmxt ehy tcmy htthjfme Fgbegi`, scggt`bn h tcrmm-ymhr-gie jcìe ht

pg`bt aihbf rhbnm, wcìm khf`bn rhj`hi mp`tcmtsCukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Jche, Hprì 4, 1??513

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Burmee`bm, Hprì =, 1??5.


19/86

8= C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

shè< Nmt up sg wm jhb smm ygu. Aut cm whs hdrhè. Zg tcmy scgt c`k.

Cm whs jhiime Khl` Nukr \hcfhr`hc hbe cm whs tcrmm ymhrs gie.10

Ucm surv`vgrs dime tg Jche, dgur cgurs hwhy. Ucmy tggf mvmrytc`bn hbe aurbme tcm

mbt`rm vìihnm. . . . m jhbt ng ahjf ht b`nct tg nmt dgge amjhusm Lhblhwmme hrm gb tcm

rghe. :?

3. Bgur`, bmhr Kurbm`< 8:4 fìime

Bgur`, h ihrnm hrmh gd smvmrhi vìihnms jgkpr`s`bn 0??-8,??? cuts, gr hagut >,??? pmgpim,

whs htthjfme ay Lhblhwmme hbe hrky gb Emjmkamr 10, 1??:. Tìihnmrs `btmrv mwme

smphrhtmiy shè hagut 8>? vìihnmrs wmrm fìime `b twmbty-dgur cgurs. Ucmy shè twg

cmi`jgptmr nubsc`ps rgjfmtme tcm hrmh amdgrm nrgube dgrjms hrr`vme. Ucmy wmrm diy`bn sg

igw tcht pmgpim b tcm ihrnmst vìihnm, Bgur` Lhiig, jguie smm tcm pìgt.

_mgpim wmrm vmry hdrhè amjhusm tcmy che bmvmr smmb tcmk Vcmi`jgptmrs[ amdgrm, shè h

dgrkmr pgi`jm gdd`jmr, Hi`. Ucmy shè tcmy wmrm diy`bn sg igw tcht `d ygu tcrmw

sgkmtc`bn, ygu jguie c`t tcmk.:8

Kgchkkme, h tc`rty-ymhr-gie egjtgr drgk tcm hrmh, shè tcrmm Ihbe Jru`smrs jhrry`bn

sgie`mrs hbe khby Lhblhwmme jhkm tg tcm pgi`jm stht`gb `b Bgur` Lhiig amdgrm tcm htthjf

hbe hsfme hagut tcm ZIH. Ucm pgi`jm rmpi`me< ^m egbt chvm hby. Qmhiiy wm egbt.

Ucmb, Er. Kgchkkme shè, tcm htthjfmrs aurbme tcm vìihnm hbe fìime smvmbty-d`vm

pmgpim `bjiue`bn d`vm wgkmb. Kgst gd tcm emhe wmrm kmb amjhusm wgkmb hbe

jcìermb sthyme Vcèemb[ `b tcm cuts.:1

@b tcm ihrnmst vìihnm, Bgur` Lmami, dgrty-s`x age`ms wmrm jgubtme bjiue`bn smvmb gr m`nct

jcìermb. Ucm htthjfmrs khem gdd w`tc tcm z`bj rggd gdd tcm vìihnm sjcggi.

@b Bgur` Cmni`n, wcmrm tcmrm wmrm s`xty-dgur cuts, tcm htthjf amnhb ht >


20/86


Ucm hrky whs `b Ihbe Jru`smrs hbe tcm Lhblhwmme gb cgrsms hbe jhkmis.

. . . . Ucm Lhblhwmme mbtmrme tcm vìihnm d`rst, dgiigwme ay tcm jhrs. Ucmy

wmrm scggt`bn `be`sjr`k`bhtmiy. Ucmy wmbt `btg tufisVcuts[ hbe fìime

pmgpim wcg wmrm cè`bn ubemr tcm`r ames.::

Dm`shi shè smvmb vìihnmrs wmrm fìime. _mgpim wmbt tg aury tcmk, cm shè, aut tcm

Lhblhwmme hbe hrky jhkm ahjf tg aurb tcm vìihnm. Ucmy aurbme mvmrytc`bn. Bgt h

s`bnim tufi whs imdt. Ucm pmgpim gbiy che t`km tg jgvmr tcm age`ms w`tc nrhss amjhusm gd

tcm cmht. Ucm sgie`mrs hbe tcm Lhblhwmme aurbme tcm age`ms:5

Ucm Bgur` hrmh whs htthjfme h smjgbe t`km, gb Dmaruhry 8?, 1??5. _mgpim che rmturbme

tg tcm hrmh amjhusm tcmy che ammb tgie ay igjhi ngvmrbkmbt gdd`j`his `b Kurbm` hbe Z`ss`

tcht tcmy scguie.

Ht 8?


21/86

8> C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

_mgpim rhb w`tcgut tcm`r jcìermb amjhusm tcmrm wmrm sg khby auiimts, shè twmbty-

twg-ymhr-gie Hehk, wcg suasmqumbtiy lg`bme tcm ZIH.:4Ucmy jguie bgt stgp tg p`jf

tcmk hii up. Zg khby jcìermb wmrm fìime. Mvmrytc`bn whs aurbme. Gb tcm shkm ehy

tcmy aurbme Aurhbnh. Ucmy iggtme aut eè bgt aurb Zulu.:>

8?. Zìe`, sgutc-mhst gd Nmbm`bh< twmivm fìime

Zìe` whs htthjfme, d`rst ay h r hbe tcmb ay ihbe, gb Dmaruhry >, 1??5. Haeui, h dgrty-twg-

ymhr-gie dhrkmr, shè twg Hbtgbgvs agkame d`rst, emstrgy`bn twg cuts hbe smbe`bn

wgkmb hbe jcìermb rubb`bn dgr scmitmr `b tcm cìis.

Ucmb tcm Lhblhwmme hbe tcm ngvmrbkmbt jhkm, cm shè. Uwmivm wmrm fìime `b tcm

vìihnm, tcmb t whs aurbme. Zgkm wmrm fìime pg`bt-aihbf.

Ucmy fìime twmivm pmgpim `bjiue`bn twg wgkmb. Ucm wgkmb wmrm

Hsch Hehk, s`xty, wcg whs fìime `b cmr cgkm, hbe Hrah Kgchkkme,

dgrty. Zcm whs tgie tg ar`bn tcm whtmr dgr tcm sgie`mrs, aut rmdusme. Ucm

Lhblhwmme fìime cmr. Ucmy aurbme hii tcm vìihnm hbe wm jhkm tg Jche.:3

Agtc tcm Lhblhwmme hbe tcm ngvmrbkmbt jhkm btg tcm vìihnm hbe scgt tcm vìihnmrs.

Uc`s w`tbmss jguie tmii tcm e ddmrmbjm amtwmmb tcm Lhblhwmme hbe tcm hrky sgie`mrs gbiy

amjhusm gd bs`nb`h gb tcm ub`dgrks.

Ucm Lhblhwmme chvm h cgrsm gb tcm`r pgjfmts hbe tcm sgie mrs egbt. Ucmimhemr gd tcm Lhblhwmme chs str`pms gb c`s scguiemrs, lust hs tcmy eg b

tcm hrky. :0

Hbgtcmr dhrkmr, dgrty-ymhr-gie Hckhe, shè cm shw gbiy gbm Hbtgbgv ht 3


22/86


88. Uubdufh, sgutc gd Kurbm`< twmbty-s`x fìime

Uubdufh whs htthjfme, ay h`r hbe ihbe, gb Dmaruhry >, 1??5, fìi`bn ht imhst twmbty-s`x

pmgpim, hjjgre`bn tg vìihnmrs bgw `b Jche. @zchq, h twmbty-dgur-ymhr-gie dhrkmr, shè

twg Hbtgbgvs agkame dgr hb cgur hbe fìime m`nct pmgpim - `bjiue`bn tcrmm kmb, tcrmm

jcìermb hbe twg gie wgkmb. Cm shè smvmb jhkmis hbe tc`rtmmb jgws wmrm fìime, hbe

tcm vìihnm amnhb tg aurb.58

Ucm hrky hrr`vme `b vmc`jims hbe tcm Lhblhwmme dgiigwme hb cgur ihtmr, scgut`bn rhj`hi

hausm, scggt`bn m`nctmmb pmgpim emhe hbe iggt`bn tcm jhttim, hjjgre`bn tg tc`s w`tbmss, 1??5, hjjgre`bn tg tcm igjhi tràhi imhemr gr gkeh, tc`rty-smvmb-ymhr-gie

Kush, ngvmrbkmbt sgie`mrs w`tc a`n nubs egsfcfhs hbe rgjfmt-prgpmiime nrmbhems

htthjfme Kìimammeh vìihnm tgnmtcmr w`tc Lhblhwmme.=: Kush che imdt tcm vìihnm d`dtmmb

k`butms amdgrm tcm htthjf hbe eè bgt w`tbmss `t. Aut cm qugtme vìihnmrs hs shy`bn tcmy

hii wgrm gbm ub`dgrk. Cm shè tc`rty-gbm vìihnmrs wmrm fìime `bjiue`bn dgur wgkmb,

tcrmm jcìermb hbe h Khshi`t rmami d`nctmr, twmbty-smvmb-ymhr-gie @arhc`k @skhmi.=5

Hjjgre`bn tg h v iihnmr, sgkmgbm drgk bmhray K stmrm` smbt whrb`bn gd tcm htthjf,

shy`bn< Ucm Lhblhwmme khy htthjf `b tcm bmxt dmw ehys amjhusm tcmy shy tcm ZIH `s `b

tcm vìihnm.==

Ucm jggre`bhtme htthjf whs jgbeujtme ay cubermes gd hrky sgie`mrs hbe Lhblhwmme wcg

emsjmbeme gb tcm vìihnm drgk tcrmm e`rmjt`gbs. H vìihnmr wcg w`tbmssme tcm htthjf,

tc`rty-ymhr-gie Aufchr`., shècubermes gd Lhblhwmme hbe ngvmrbkmbt sgie`mrs jhkm `b

tcrmm nrgups drgk tcm bgrtc, sgutc hbe mhst w`tc jhkmis hbe cgrsms. =4

^cmb tcmy jhkm `btg tcm vìihnm, Aufchr` shè, tcmy amnhb scggt`bn pmgpim. @ shw ky

ubjim Hrahr, dgrty-d`vm, imhvm c`s cgusm, ubhrkme, hbe rub hwhy. Ucmy scgt c`k drgk

1?? yhres. Cm che dgur jcìermb. Ucmb tcm pgi`jm amnhb tg rms`st - tcmrm wmrm gbiy smvmb

gr m`nct gd tcmk, aut tcmy wmrm hii Hdr`jhbs - hbe @ sujjmmeme `b msjhp`bn w`tc ky w`dm

hbe twg-ymhr-gie sgb.=>

Khss Mxmjut`gbs gd jhpturme Dur kmb `b ^he` Zhi`c< 85= fìime

Gb Khrjc =, 1??5, ngvmrbkmbt hbe Lhblhwmme dgrjms mxmjutme ht imhst 85= kmb

amigbn`bn tg tcm Dur tràm `b ^he` Zhi`c, gbm gd ^mst Ehrdur sthtms s`x prgv`bjms. Ucm

kmb wmrm fìime gb tcm shkm ehy b e`ddmrmbt pihjms b`bm Dur jc`mds b pr`sgbs b

=:Egscfhs hrm hbt`-h`rjrhdt nubs hbe Q_Ns hrm rgjfmt-prgpmiime nrmbhems.=5Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Kush, Jche, Hprì 83, 1??5.==Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Aufchr` , Jche, Khrjc :8, 1??5.=4@aè.=>

@aè.


26/86


Kunl`r hbe Nhrsìh, wcmrm tcmy che ammb thfmb h wmmf mhri`mr,=3smvmbty-gbm jhpturme Dur

kmb `b h vhiimy sgutc gd Emim`n, hbe hbgtcmr s`xty-d`vm jhpturme kmb `b h vhiimy `b tcm

Kunl`r hrmh wmst gd Emim`n. =0

Ucm kmb mxmjutme `b tcm vhiimy sgutc gd Emim`n wmrm phrt gd h ihrnmr nrgup rgubeme up

`b h bukamr gd vìihnms mhri`mr b tcm ehy, hdtmr am`bn hsfme tcm`r vìihnms gd gr`n`b.

^`tbmssms shè tcm ngvmrbkmbt hbe Lhblhwmme wmrm s`bni`bn gut kmb e`spihjme drgk

vìihnms tcht che ammb prmv`gusiy aurbme w tc spmj`hi mkpchs`s gb tcm \hkmy hrmh

sgutc gd Emim`n.

Ucm khss mxmjut gbs `b ^he` Zhi`c, gbm gd tcm nhtmwhys tg tcm ZIHs cmhequhrtmrs `b tcm

Lmami Khrrh kgubth`bs, khy chvm ammb `b rmthi ht`gb dgr hb ZIH htthjf gb ngvmrbkmbt

trggps `b tcm Kunl`r hrmh gd tcm prgv`bjm h kgbtc mhri`mr, gb Dmaruhry 8, `b wc`jc tcm

ZIH shys `t fìime kgrm tchb gbm cuberme ngvmrbkmbt sgie`mrs.

H surv`vgr gd gbm gd tcm khss fìi`bns, h dhrkmr wcg whs scgt `b tcm ahjf rhtcmr tchb tcm

bmjf, tgie h bm`ncagr tcht tcm hrrmstme kmb wmrm thfmb, `b hrky trujfs hbe jhrs, tg h

vhiimy h dmw k ims sgutc gd Emim`n. Ucmb tcmy i bme us up, khem us fbmmi egwb hbe

ambe gur cmhes hbe scgt us drgk amc`be, cm tgie h bm`ncagr. @ whs imdt dgr emhe

Ucm mxmjut`gbmrs wmrm hrky sgie`mrs hbe Lhblhwmme, gpmrht`bn tgnmtcmr.4?

Ucm bm`ncagr, wcg jhb am èmbt`d`me gbiy hs Haeui,48shè pmgpim `b tcm cmhrt gd tcm

^he` Zhi`c hrmh wgfm up gb Khrjc = tg d`be tcm wcgim hrmh surrgubeme ay ngvmrbkmbt

sgie`mrs hbe Lhblhwmme jgkkhbeme ay Hi` Fwgscà. Fwgscà rmpgrtmeiy msthai`scme h

Lhblhwmme ahsm `b Nhrsìh `b Luiy 1??: hbe, hdtmr am`bn n`vmb 8,=?? hutgkht`j r`dims ay tcmhrky, aurbme h ihrnm hrmh gd ^he` Zhi`c. Egzmbs gd vìihnms hrgube Emim`n chvm ammb

aurbme ay tcm ngvmrbkmbt hbe khby pmgpim che dime tg ^he` Zhi`c, cm shè. 41

H s`kìhr cubt dgr kmb e`spihjme drgk tcm aurbme vìihnms tggf pihjm `b gtcmr hrmhs gd

^he` Zhi`c. Ucm ngvmrbkmbt hbe Lhblhwmme jhkm hbe hsfme kmb hnme amtwmmb twmbty

=3Ucmy `bjiueme Hehk Hehk E`nbmyms` gd Dumng vìihnm, Kgchkkme Zuim`khb Haeui Zchd` gd Fhbhrg vìihnm

hbe Hehk Hckhe gd Hrwhih vìihnm.

=0Zmm Hppmbe`x E gd khsshjrm v`jt`ks4?H Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc prmss rmimhsm k`sthfmbiy gk`ttme tcm hrky sgie`mrs drgk tcm mxmjut`gbmrs. Zuehb, 1??5, fìi`bn m`nct pmgpim

`bjiue`bn Haeg Kgchkkme, Hb-Bur Kgchkkme \m`b, Hehk Kgchkkme @er`ss,Fche`lh Kgchkkme hbe Hsch Phhjgua. H twmbty-m`nct-ymhr-gie vìihnmr, wcg

w`tbmssme tcm agkahrekmbt, @zchq, shè tcm Hbtgbgvs rmturbme tcm dgiigw`bn ehy, aut

eè bgt agka. Cm surk`sme tc`s whs amjhusm tcm vìihnm che ammb jgkpimtmiy

emstrgyme.4>

Aut tcm kgst imtchi jgbd`rkme jhsm gd hmr`hi agkahrekmbt gjjurrme `b tcm tgwb gb

Chaìh gb Hunust 1>, 1??:. Chaìh whs ht tcm t`km phjfme w`tc j`vì`hbs e`spihjme drgk

vìihnms tcht che hirmhey ammb jimhrme hkgbn tcmk, ]ruk, Uubdufh, Uuiius, Hbehbnh

hbe Chllhr Ahyeh.

4=@aè.44ZmmEhrdur `b Dihkmsdgr durtcmr `bdgrkht`gb gb `be`sjr`k`bhtm hmr`hi agkahrekmbt gd \hnchwh j`vì`hbs `b

Bgrtc Ehrdur.4>

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, @zchq, Jche, Hprì 85, 1??5.


29/86


Lhkhi, h tc`rty-ymhr-gie ihwymr, whs `b Chaìh ht tcm t`km v`s`t`bn dhkìy. Cm shè twmbty-

dgur pmgpim hii j`vì`hbs e`me `b tcm agkahrekmbts, `bjiue`bn dgur gd c`s gwb

rmiht`vms< c`s argtcmr Kusthdh, twmbty-smvmb6 s`stmr Zhe yh, twmbty-d`vm6 hbe twg

bmpcmws, Zhdh, smvmb, hbe Kheh, dgur. D`vm gtcmr rmiht vms wmrm wgubeme - c`s kgtcmr

L`kc`h, twg argtcmrs hbe twg bmpcmws.43

Hbtgbgvs agkame Chaìh s`x t`kms tcht ehy, cm shè. Uwmbty-dgur pmgpim wmrm

fìime. Hii wmrm j`vì`hbs. Ucm rmsèmbts surk`sme tcht Chaìh whs sg mxtmbs`vmiy

agkame emsp`tm tcm prmsmbjm gd pgi`jm hbe hrky amjhusm `t whs duii gd e`spihjme pmgpim.

Ucmrm hrm khby qumst`gbs hagut tc`s agka`bn< tcmrm wmrm pgi`jm `b

Chaìh, hbe hrky. Ucm pgi`jm wmrm Khshi`t, aut tcm hrky whs k`xme

Khshi`t hbe Hrhas. Chaìh whs duii gd e`spihjme. ^m tc`bf tcm agka`bn

whs amjhusm gd tcm e`spihjme.40

Nubsc`ps chvm ammb usme tg rmjgbbg`trm vìihnms `b hevhbjm gd nrgube htthjfs. Gb

Lhbuhry =, 1??5, h s`bnim cmi`jgptmr nubsc`p dimw gvmr Fgrfgr`h vìihnm, bmhr Nmbm bh.

Gkhr, h tc`rty-gbm-ymhr-gie dhrkmr, shè tcm nubsc`p whs diy`bn ht cut-imvmi sunnmst`bn

`t whs bgt mxpmjt`bn hby nrgube d rm. Cm shè `t eè bgt agka. Ucm bmxt ehy, cgwmvmr, h

nrgup gd hpprgx`khtmiy 8=? Lhblhwmme htthjfme Fgrfgr`h, fìi`bn dgur pmgpim hbe imhv`bn

gbiy gbm cut ubaurbme.>?

Nubsc`ps chvm hisg ammb usme tg rmjgbbg`trm vìihnms `kkme`htmiy hdtmr tcmy chvm ammb

aurbme hbe htthjfme hrr`v`bn w`tc`b gbm tg tcrmm ehys gd tcm `b`t`hi htthjfs, hjjgre`bn

tg vìihnmrs. Zcm`fc Haeuiihc gd Umramah shè nubsc`ps hbe Hbtgbgvs dimw gvmr Umramah

tcrmm gr dgur ehys hdtmr tcm vìihnm whs emstrgyme. Ucmy eè bgt agka, cm shè. ^m

tc`bf tcmy wmrm iggf`bn tg smm wcht whs tcmrm hbe tg khfm surm tcm vìihnm whs

mkpty. @t whs tcm shkm `b Kìimammeh, jigsm tg tcm agremr w`tc Jche< Hbtgbgvs dimw

gvmr tcrmm ehys hdtmr tcm htthjf, hjjgre`bn tg Gkeh Kush. Kìimammeh, tgg, whs

emsmrtme.>8

43Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Lhkhi, Jche, Khrjc 14, 1??5.40@aè.>?Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Gkhr, Jche, Khrjc 14, 1??5.>8

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Haeuiihc, Jche, Khrjc 15, 1??5.


30/86


Zystmkht`j Uhrnmt`bn gd Khrshi` hbe Dur, Aurb`bns gd Khrshi`t

Tìihnms hbe Emstrujt`gb gd Dgge Ztgjfs hbe Gtcmr Mssmbt`hi @tmks

Cukhb Q`ncts htjc rmsmhrjc b Ehrdur b Khrjc hbe Hprì 1??5 jgbd`rkme rmpgrts

drgk rmdunmms b Jche hbe gtcmr sgurjms tcht Zuehbmsm ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms hbeLhblhwmme chvm systmkht`jhiiy htthjfme hbe emstrgyme vìihnms, dgge stgjfs, whtmr sgurjms

hbe gtcmr `tmks mssmbt`hi dgr tcm surv`vhi gd Dur hbe Khshi`t vìihnmrs `b ihrnm phrts gd

^mst Ehrdur.>1

Tìihnms wmrm bgt htthjfme ht rhbegk, aut wmrm mkpt`me hjrgss wèm hrmhs `b gpmrht`gbs

tcht rmpgrtmeiy ihstme dgr smvmrhi ehys gr wmrm rmpmhtme smvmrhi t`kms ubtì tcm pgpuiht`gb

whs d`bhiiy er`vmb hwhy. Khby j`vì hbs wmrm fìime `b tcm jgursm gd tcmsm htthjfs hs

emsjràme `b kgrm emthì hagvm hbe amigw. @b gbm gd tcm hrmhs systmkht`jhiiy survmyme ay

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `b Hprì, hii vìihnms wmrm phrt`hiiy gr tgthiiy aurbme. Dgge stgrhnm

jgbth`bmrs hbe gtcmr `tmks bmjmsshry dgr tcm stgrhnm hbe prmphrht`gb gd dgge wmrm hiiemstrgyme.

Ucm s`tuht`gb whs tcm shkm `b hbgtcmr hrmh survmyme - imss systmkht`jhiiy, amjhusm gd tcm

prmsmbjm gd Lhblhwmme b khby gd tcm vìihnms aurbme - amtwmmb tcm vìihnms gd K`stmrm`

hbe Ahyeh. Ucm gbiy j`vì`hb i`dm mbjgubtmrme whs h tmrr`d`me nrgup gd sgkm d`dtmmb

pmgpim kmb hbe wgkmb, hii p`t`duiiy tc`bwcg wmrm httmkpt`bn tg rmhjc tcm`r dgrkmr

vìihnm tg e`n up aur`me dgge stgrms. Khby vìihnmrs rmpgrtme chv`bn sthrtme aury`bn tcm r

nrh`b `b p`ts hikgst tmb dmmt emmp `b rmjmbt kgbtcs `b hbt`j`pht`gb gd htthjfs gb tcm`r

vìihnms. ^m amnhb aury bn nrh`b hagut dgur kgbtcs hng, shè tc`rty-d`vm-ymhr-gie

Gkhr, gd Ngfhr vìihnm. Aut tcmrm `s bg why tg ng ahjf tg nmt `t. @d tcmy smm ygu, tcmyfìi ygu.>:

@b sgkm phrts gd Ehrdur, Cukhb Q`ncts htjc rmjm`vme rmpgrts tcht Lhblhwmme dgrjms

emiàmrhtmiy eun up hbe emstrgyme aur`me nrh`b b sgkm vìihnms gr amht pmgpim tcmy

dgube try`bn tg rmturb hbe shivhnm tcmsm dgge stgjfs.>5

Cubermes gd vìihnms chvm ammb thrnmtme ay tcm ngvmrbkmbts jhkph nb gd emiàmrhtm

emstrujt`gb. Gb Dmaruhry >, 1??5, Zìe`, sgutc-mhst gd Nmbm`bh, whs htthjfme, d`rst ay h`r

hbe tcmb ay ihbe. Mymw`tbmssms shè tc`rty vìihnms wmrm htthjfme, b h khttmr gd ehys, `b

>1Zmm hisg Ehrdur b Dihkms,pp. ::-:4.>:Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Gkhr, Hprì 1, 1??5.>5

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mws `b Ehrdur hbe Jche, Dmaruhry Hprì, 1??5. Zmm hisg Ehrdur b Dihkms.


31/86

1> C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

tcm swmmp tcht emstrgyme, Zìe`-- Bgur`, By`r`bgb, Jchfgfm, ]ram, Lhaub, Auim,

Ehbnhlurg, Nubeg, Lmeèh, Hrhrh, Fhstmrm, Nhihih, Byhr`yh, mrlmf, Zìe`, Hrhzh, Bgrg,

Qgl`, Ztuhrmy, Fgbe`, Hremah, Jcmrfgie`, ]sthb`, Uhfhth, Ayggt Umimth, F`fìg, Cgngbmy,

Hka`fì`, K`scmemrh. @b gtcmr `bjèmbts egjukmbtme ay Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc, up tg

d`dtmmb vìihnms wmrm htthjfme hbe emstrgyme b h s`bnim ehy hs rmjmbtiy hs Khrjc 1??5.

Gbm dhrkmr drgk Zìe`, 5?-ymhr-gie Hckhe, shè tcm Lhblhwmme jhkm w`tc cgrsms hbe

jhkmis hbe amc`be tcmk tcm hrky w`tc jhrs. Lhblhwmme gb cgrsms fìime tcm kmb hbe

tggf tcm jgws. Lhblhwmme gb jhkmis tggf tcm sgrncuk, jigtcms hbe ames. Zgie`mrs `b

dgur jhrs wmrm scggt`bn. Ucmy fìime 8: pmgpim `bjiue`bn twg wgkmb, aut kgrm e`me

ihtmr drgk tcm`r wgubes. Mvmrygbm wgrm ub`dgrks. ^m shw bgtc`bn aut ub`dgrks.

Ucmy shè< m hrmbt ng`bn tg imhvm hby gd ygu cmrm. ^m hrm ng`bn tg aurb hii tcmsm

vìihnms.

Ucm ngvmrbkmbt hbe tcm Hrhas jhkm tgnmtcmr ht 3


32/86


sgutcmrb Zuehb, hrm Kusi`ks. Hikgst hii Ehrdur`hbs amigbn tg tcm U`lhb`yh smjt gd Zud`

@sihk tcht mxtmbes drgk Zmbmnhi tg Zuehb.

@b tcm phst ymhr, ngvmrbkmbt hbe Lhbhlwmme dgrjms chvm fìime `khks, emstrgyme

kgsqums hbe prhymr khts. @b sgkm vìihnms, tcmy chvm tgrb up hbe emdmjhtme gb Xgrhbs.

^m eg bgt fbgw wcy tcm ngvmrbkmbt aurbs gur kgsqums hbe fìis gur `khks, shè

@khk Haeuiihc, s`xty-d`vm, gd Lhihbnh Fueuk`. Gur @sihk `s ngge. ^m prhy hii tcm

t`km. ^m rmhe tcm Xgrhb hii tcm t`km.

Pmt ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms hbe Lhblhwmme chvm aurbme ht imhst s`xty-d`vm kgsqums `b Ehr

Khshi`t>>hbe chvm fìime sjgrms gd pmgpim `b kgsqums. Lhblhwmme wcg htthjfme ]ruk `b

Bgvmkamr 1??: fìime s`xtmmb kmb hs tcmy kgurbme m`ncty-ymhr-gie Phcyh Haeui

Fhr`k, hbe tcm `khk hbe c`s grpchbme tcrmm-ymhr-gie nrhbesgb. Lhblhwmme hisg rgem

`btg tcm kgsqum `b Kuii` hbe scgt emhe tmb pmgpim `bjiue`bn tcm `khk, Phcyh Nhaht.

@b Zhbe`fgrg, h lg`bt hrky-Lhblhwmme dgrjm tgrm Xgrhbs hbe emdmjhtme gb tcmk. @b

Fgbegi`, tcmy fìime tcm `khk, @arhc`k Eurrh, tcm smjgbe `khk, hbe tcm kumzz`b eur`bn

prhymrs.

Ucm ngvmrbkmbt whbts tg fìi hii Hdr`jhb pmgpim, Kusi`k gr bgt Kusi`k, sg hs tg put

Hrhas `b tcm`r pihjms, shè @khk Haeuiihc. Ucmy hrm bgt ngge Kusi`ks.>3

Fìi`bns hbe hsshuit hjjgkphby`bn iggt`bn gd prgpmrty

^cìm kgst htthjfs gb vìihnms hrm jhrr`me gut ay h jgka`bht`gb gd Lhblhwmme hbe

ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms, `t `s tcm Lhblhwmme wcgk vìihnmrs aihkm dgr tcm i`gbs schrm gd tcm

iggt`bn tcht chs str`ppme tcm Khshi`t hbe Dur gd kujc gd tcm`r wmhitc pr`khrìy jhttim,

aut hisg cgrsms, nghts hbe scmmp.

Ucm e`ddmrmbjm amtwmmb tcm Lhblhwmme hbe ngvmrbkmbt iggt`bn gd rmjmbt ymhrs hbe tcm

iggt`bn gd Hrha bgkhes `b tcm phst `s tcht kujc gd tcm iggt`bn tgehy `s phrt hbe phrjmi

gd h emiàmrhtm pgi`jy gd dgrjàim e`spihjmkmbt hbe `s usuhiiy hjjgkphb`me ay wèmsprmhe

fìi`bn. Ucm tcmdt gd jgws smmb ay khby Khshi`t hs h rmwhre tg tcm Lhblhwmme dgr

>>Zmm Hppmbe`x J.>3

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, @khk Haeuiihc, Jche, Hprì :. 1??5.


33/86


Hrha`zht`gb smrv`jms rmbemrme tg tcm ngvmrbkmbt - bgw ngms chbe b chbe w`tc tcm

emiàmrhtm hbe wèmsprmhe fìi`bn gd tcgsm gd Khshi`thbe Dur mtcb`j`ty.

@b tcm wgres gd Hsch, h s`xty-twg-ymhr-gie wgkhb drgk Fueukuim vìihnm< Ucm

prgaimk amnhb tmb ymhrs hng. @t amnhb w`tc tcm stmhi`bn gd jgws. Uwg ymhrs hng tcmy

sthrtme fìi`bn gur kmb.>0

Gb Hprì 1:, 1??:, Lhblhwmme htthjfme tcm wmmfiy khrfmt b Kuii`, mhst gd Nmbm`bh gb

tcm Chaìh rghe, hbe fìime dgrty-tcrmm pmgpim khby gd tcmk `b tcm kgsqum.3?

Bmhr tg tcm khrfmt tcmrm s h pihjm dgr prhymrs, shè Hi`, h twmbty-m`nct-ymhr-gie

dhrkmr. Cm emsjràme cgw tcm htthjfmrs fìime tcm `khk hbe tmb pmgpim prhy`bn, tcmb

scgutme rhj`hiiy emrgnhtgry bvmjt`vms hs tcmy turbme gb gtcmrs

Gb Dmaruhry 8:, 1??5, Lhblhwmme mbtmrme tcm vìihnm gd Haub tg iggf dgr jhttim. Bmhray

vìihnms che hirmhey ammb agkame ay Hbtgbgvs hbe aurbme, hbe Haub whs mkpty aut

dgr kmb wcg che sthyme amc`be tg try tg aury dgge stgjfs hbe gtcmr bgb-pmr`schaim

`tmks `b hbt`j`pht`gb gd am`bn haim tg rmturb gbm ehy. Lhkhi, h bht`vm gd Haub,shè tcm

Lhblhwmme fìime gbm khb twmbty-dgur-ymhr-gie Hehk Ahfc`t hbe jhpturme hbe amht

tmb gtcmrs, hsf`bn tcmk< ^cmrm hrm tcm jgws hbe tcm jhkmis733

3:

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Kush, Jche, Hprì 4, 1??5.35Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Hi`, Jche, Hprì 4, 1??5.3=Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Dutr, Jche, Hprì 4, 1??5.34Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, @er`ss, Jche, Hprì 8:, 1??5.3>@aè.33

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Lhkhi, Jche, Khrjc 14, 1??5.


35/86

:8 C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

Ucmy amht tcmk vmry chre. Ucmy shè< ^m fbgw tcm jgws hbe jhkmis hrm

`b Jche hbe kust nmt tcmk. Ucmy hsfme dgr nubs. Ucmy smhrjcme aut

eèbt d`be hby. Ucmy aurbme hii tcm cgusms tcht wmrmbt v`sàim drgk

tcm kh`b Nmbm`bh-Chaìh rghe. Ucmy tggf aihbfmts, kgbmy hbe jigtcms.

Ucmy tggf hb`khis. 30

Ucm Lhblhwmme wmrm e`vème gvmr wcmtcmr tg fìi tcm pr`sgbmrs gr bgt. Ucmy d`bhiiy

rmimhsme tcmk hbe gremrme tcmk hwhy drgk tcm vìihnm dgr ngge< ^m egbt whbt tg smm

ygu hnh`b b tc`s pihjm. @t `s dgr us, gur jhkmis hbe jgws. Imhvm `t sggb.0?

Kujc gd tgehys jhttim rusti`bn `s grnhb`sme gb hb hikgst `beustr`hi sjhim. Egzmbs gd

e`spihjme vìihnmrs tgie Cukhb Q`ncts htjc tcht stgimb jgws hrm nhtcmrme b Lhblhwmme

jhttim jhkps gr jgiimjt`gb pg`bts tcm ihrnmst gd tcmk rmpgrtmeiy ht ]k Zchihyh

drgk wcmrm tcmy hrm er`vmb tg tcm ngvmrbkmbt sihunctmrcgusm b Byhih dgr mxpgrt drgkByhih, ay h`r, tg Hrha jgubtr`ms i`fm Iàyh, Zyr`h hbe Lgrehb. 08

@ts vmry, vmry a`n aus`bmss hbe ar`bns tcm ngvmrbkmbt h igt gd kgbmy, gbm w`tbmss

shè. Uchts wcy tcm ngvmrbkmbt i`fms tcm Hrhas. Ucmy egbt nmt kujc rmturb drgk

pggr dhrkmrs.01

Fìi`bns eur`bn iggt`bn mxpme`t`gbs hrm bgt i`k`tme tg kmb, hbe `bjiuem wgkmb hbe

jcìermb. Fueukuim, gutsèm K`stmrm`, whs htthjfme, gb Dmaruhry 15, 1??5.

Ucm Lhblhwmme jhkm hbe htthjfme tcm vìihnm hbe stgim tcm jhttim, shè s`xty-twg -ymhr-

gie Hsch. Hahfhr Kgchkkme whs emdmbe`bn tcm vìihnm. Cm whs tc rty ymhrs gie.

^cmb cm wmbt tg nmt tcm jhttim, tcmy fìime c`k. Ucmy hisg fìime c`s smvmb-ymhr-gie

b`mjm, Khr`hk Hckhe.0:

30@aè.

0?@aè.08Ucm i`vmstgjf `beustry `b Ehrdur chs igbn ammb gbm gd tcm sthtms kh`b rmvmbum sgurjms. Dgrarhbnh

VDgrgarhbnh gb sgkm khps[, h tgwb gb tcm agremr gd ^mst Ehrdur sthtm hbe Jche, `s gbm gd tcm ihrnmst i`vmstgjf

khrfmts `b tcm rmn`gb, w`tc smiimrs hbe purjchsmrs erhwb drgk smvmrhi jgubtr`ms.01Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mws, Jche, Khrjc hbe Hprì, 1??5.0:

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Hsch, Jche, Hprì 8:, 1??5.


36/86

C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H) :1

Tìihnmrs smiegk prgtmst Lhblhwmme hjt`gbs tg hrky gr pgi`jm, ami`mv`bn tcm hrky tg am

gbm w`tc tcm Lhblhwmme hbe tcm pgi`jm tg am `bmddmjtuhi hbe pgwmrimss. Gb tcm rhrm

gjjhs`gbs tcht tcmy chvm prgtmstme, tcmy chvm bgt che sht`sdhjt`gb.

Hisg gb Dmaruhry 15, 1??5, Lhblhwmme drgk gutsèm K`stmrm` iggtme ihrnm bukamrs gd

jgws drgk `bsèm tcm tgwb. Kgst gd tcmsm jgws amigbnme tg e`spihjme pmgpim wcg che

ngbm tg K`stmrm` dgr shdmty drgk tcm lg`bt ngvmrbkmbt-Lhblhwmme htthjfs gb vìihnms.

Ucm pmgpim hppmhime dgr cmip tg tcm igjhi hrky jc`md h E`bfh drgk sgutcmrb Zuehb,

fbgwb tg tcm Khshi`t rmsèmbts gbiy hs Hbng.

Hbng wmbt hbe argunct hagut chid gd tcm nghts hbe scmmp tcht che ammb thfmb, aut bg

jgws, shè twmbty-d`vm-ymhr-gie Kgc`mee`bm. Ht tc`s pg`bt, sgkm pmgpim imdt dgr Jche.

Khby gtcmrs dgiigwme hdtmr tcm bmxt ihrnm-sjhim iggt`bn h kgbtc ihtmr.

Gb Khrjc 11, tcm Lhblhwmme khem h smjgbe rhè hbe stgim 5?? jgws.Ucmy wgrm tcm shkm ub`dgrk hs tcm ngvmrbkmbt. Hbng dgiigwme hnh`b

hbe hnh`b argunct chid gd tcm nghts hbe scmmp aut bg jgws. ^m

emjème tg ng tg Jche hbe imdt `b tcm b`nct. 05

@t `s bgt lust tcm tcmdt gd hssmts i`fm i`vmstgjf tcht smbe Khshi`t dimm`bn tg Jche. Dgr pggr

pmgpim wcg chvm dmw hssmts, skhii igssms c`t chre. Gkhr, h tc`rty-smvmb-ymhr-gie dhrkmr

drgk Ngfhr Hk`bth, imdt dgr Jche hdtmr Lhblhwmme stgim c`s whtjc `b tcm strmmt. Ucm

Lhblhwmme hausme hbe pmrsmjutme tcgsm wcgk tcmy eè bgt mxpmi

@b h jhsm gd tgrturm rmpgrtme drgk tcm Nhrsìh hrmh `b Hprì, h Dur khb whs emth`bme hbewc`ppme ubt i hii tcm sf`b whs dihyme drgk c`s ahjf. Ucm wc`p chbeim whs tcmb usme tg

ngunm cgims `b c`s dimsc. Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc hisg rmjm`vme rmpgrts gd kmb am bn

aur`me hi`vm hrgube Nhrsìh hbe Emim`n ay lhblhwmme kmkamrs.03

E`spihjme pmgpim jgbt`bume tg rmpgrt tcht Lhblhwmme jgkk`ttme jr`kms hnh`bst tcmk

`bjiue`bn v`gimbt htthjfs, e`shppmhrhbjms, hbe iggt`bn gd tcm`r rmkh`b`bn i`vmstgjf. Ucmsm

jr`kms chvm ammb jgkk`ttme `b bukmrgus e`spihjme jhkps hrgube Nmbm`bh, Byhih, hbe

gtcmr ihrnm tgwbs ubemr ngvmrbkmbt jgbtrgi.00Mvmb rmi`md suppi`ms e`stràutme tg tcmk

chvm ammb iggtme.

Qhpm hbe gtcmr dgrks gd smxuhi v`gimbjm

Qhpm hppmhrs tg am h dmhturm gd kgst htthjfs `b Dur, Khshi`t, hbe \hnchwh hrmhs gd

Ehrdur. Ucm mxtmbt gd tcm rhpm s e`dd`juit tg emtmrk`bm s`bjm wgkmb hrm rmiujthbt tg thif

hagut t hbe kmb, hitcgunc wìi`bn tg rmpgrt t, spmhf gbiy b nmbmrhi`t`ms. Cukhb Q`ncts

^htjc rmjm`vme rmpgrts gd rhpm `b rgunciy chid tcm vìihnms `t jgbd`rkme wmrm aurbme.

Ucm rmhi d`nurm s jmrth`biy c`ncmr.

04Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Chwh, Jche, Hprì 1, 1??5.0>Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Ehrdur, Hprì 1??5.03

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mws, Ehrdur, Hprì 1??5.00Ehrdur Jr`s`s, Zuehb< ]B ^mmfiy Cukhb`thr`hb Qgubeup 1= Hpr - 1 Khy 1??5, ].B. Qmsèmbt Jggre`bhtgr, ht

cttp:4a33aaj:j81=45d4??5j3he=/jm4d0:aa50:4a:?ej81=4m30??1da3m87

GpmbEgjukmbt (hjjmssme Khy 5, 1??5).


38/86


@b tcm vìihnms gd E`bng hbe Fgrgkh b Ehr Khshi`t, dgr mxhkpim, kmb shè tcm

Lhblhwmme tggf n`ris `btg tcm nrhss hbe rhpme tcmk tcmrm. Gbm gd tcm n ris rhpme whs

gbiy tc`rtmmb ymhrs gie. Bmhr Z`ss`, tcrmm wgkmb, hnme tc`ry-twg, twmbty-twg hbe

twmbty-d`vm, wmrm haeujtme ht h whtmr cgim hbe thfmb tg Bgur` sjcggi, wc`jc whs

hahbegbme, hbe wmrm rhpme. 8?? @b tcm vìihnm gd Eurmysh, gb tcm Khshi`t-Dur agremr, hsmvmbtmmb-ymhr-gie n`ri wcg rms`stme rhpm whs fìime hbe cmr bhfme agey imdt gb tcm

strmmt.

Qhpm jgbt`bums tg thfm pihjm b hbe hrgube tcm e`spihjme smttimkmbts hbe tgwbs ubemr

ngvmrbkmbt jgbtrgi, mvmb hdtmr j`vì`hbs chvm dime tcm`r vìihnms. @b Hprì, h e`spihjme Dur

wgkhb jgiimjt`bn d`rmwgge gutsèm Nhrsìh tgwb whs htthjfme ay Lhblhwmme wcg tr`me tg

rhpm cmr. Zcm whs amhtmb sg aheiy scm ihtmr e`me.8?8

Mddgrts tg _rmvmbt Qmturb gd E`spihjme Khshi`t hbe Dur

Lhblhwmme hrm bgw jhkpme `b sgkm gd tcm vìihnms tcmy chvm aurbme `b Ehr Khshi`t,

nuhrhbtmm`bn tcht bg Khshi`t j`vì`hbs wìi rmturb tg tcm hrmh. Hb ZIH jgkkhbemr,

Haeui Xhss`k Ugah, tgie Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc tcht h str`bn gd v iihnms gb tcm mhstmrb

sèm gd Ehr Khshi`t wmrm gjjup`me ay Lhblhwmme b rmjmbt kgbtcs hkgbn tcmk Uuiius,

]ruk hbe Eurmyshc. Drgk cmrm, cm shè, tcmy hrm ng`bn `btg tcm kgubth`bs mvmry ehy

iggf`bn dgr tcm ZIH.

Cukhb Q`ncts htjc hisg shw Lhblhwmme jhkpme b vìihnms dhr drgk tcm ZIHs ahsms `b

tcm kgubth`bs jigsm tg tcm agremr w`tc Jche gb tcm wmstmrb menm gd tcm Khshi`t hrmh.Drgk tcmsm vìihnms, tcm Lhblhwmme kgubtme rhès hjrgss tcm agremr btg Jche hbe

mxmrtme sgkm jgbtrgi gvmr tcm kgvmkmbt gd e`spihjme pmrsgbs. Ucm`r kmrm prmsmbjm

jigsm tg tcm agremr mbsurme tcht rmdunmms `b Jche eè bgt httmkpt tg jrgss ahjf `btg

Ehrdur tg shivhnm aur`me nrh`b gr gtcmr amigbn`bns.

Gb Khrjc 1=, H`sch, h :=-ymhr-gie wgkhb drgk Haub, imdt Jche `b tcm b`nct tg httmkpt

tg ar`bn dgge drgk cmr vìihnm. Zcm hbe gbm gtcmr wgkhb whifme dgr twg ehys. ^m

dgube tcm Lhblhwmme `b gur cgusms, simmp`bn gb gur ames, scm shè. Gbiy Lhblhwmme,

w`tc jgws. Ucmy wgrm ub`dgrks i`fm tcm hrky. @d tcmy shw km, tcmy wguie chvm f iime

km.8?1

8??Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Dm`shi, Ehrdur, Hprì =, 1??5.8?8Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Ehrdur, Hprì 1??5.8?1

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, H`sch, Jche, Khrjc 14, 1??5.


39/86

:= C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

Zgkm Dur vìihnms hrgube he` Zhi`c rmkh`b bthjt, aut gbiy amjhusm rmsèmbts chvm phè

ihrnm suks gd prgtmjt`gb kgbmy tg Lhblhwmme wcg jgbtrgi tcm`r kgvmkmbts hbe

j`rjuiht`gb `b tcm hrmh. ^`tbmssms tgie Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc tcht mvmb smvmrmiy ìi gr

wgubeme vìihnmrs wmrm dgrjme tg rmkh`b `b tcm r cgkm vìihnms hbe emb`me hjjmss tg

ihrnmr tgwbs w`tc cgsp`this hbe cmhitc jhrm ubimss tcmy che lhblhwmme msjgrts. E`spihjme`b ngvmrbkmbt hbe Lhblhwmme-jgbtrgiime tgwbs jgbt`bum tg suddmr systmkht`j htthjfs.

Mvmb gie wgkmb try`bn tg jgiimjt d`rmwgge gutsèm tcm tgwbs r`sf amht`bns hbe rhpm `d

tcmy imhvm tcm tgwbs.

Ucm `bsmjur`ty jgupime w`tc tcm jgkpimtm emstrujt`gb gd dgge stgjfs hbe gtcmr mssmbt his

sujc hs whtmr sgurjms durtcmr nuhrhbtmms tcht e`spihjme Khshi`t wìi bgt rmturb tg tcm`r

cgkm vìihnms. Ucm rmpmhtme htthjfs ay Lhblhwmme hbe ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms, aurb`bn gd

vìihnms hbe emstrujt`gb gd i`vmi`cgges chs imdt e`spihjme Khshi`t hbe Dur emst`tutm hbe

empmbembt gb rmi`md hè.

H rmjmbt ]B cukhb`thr`hb k ss`gb tg Ehrdur dgube tcht pmgpim whbt tg rmturb cgkm

aut hrm ubwìi`bn tg eg sg ubtì tcmy hrm rmhssurme tcht smjur`ty chs ammb rmstgrme.8?:

Zgkm chvm httmkptme tg rmturb, aut gdtmb tcmy mbe up dimm`bn hnh`b hs h rmsuit gd

rmbmwme htthjfs. @b sgkm Dur hrmhs gd ^mst Ehrdur, j`vì hbs chvm phè suks gd kgbmy

tg tcm Lhblhwmme b gremr tg rmturb tg tcm`r vìihnms, gbiy tg dhjm durtcmr htthjfs gbjm tcmy

rmturbme. Ucmsm mxhkpims jimhriy `be`jhtm tcm `kpgssàì`ty gd rmturb wcìm tcm lhblhwmme

rmkh`b mbjhkpme `b hbe hrgube tcm vìihnms gd tcm e`spihjme.

Qmjmbt ].B. rmpgrts be`jhtm tcht b sgkm pihjms tcm ngvmrbkmbt s bgw try`bn tg dgrjmpmgpim tg rmturb tg tcm`r vìihnms emsp`tm tcm`r ihjf gd hjt`gb tg e`shrk hbe e`sahbe tcm

Lhblhwmme, gr rmkgvm tcmk drgk tcm hrmhs tcmy gjjupy.8?5 Ucmsm mddgrts hrm vmry i`fmiy

eum tg `bjrmhsme btmrbht`gbhi prmssurm hbe hwhrmbmss gd tcm khss`vm cukhb`thr`hb jr`s`s

tcrmhtmb`bn tcm rmn`gb, aut bg rmturbs scguie thfm pihjm ubtì hemquhtm smjur`ty s b pihjm

`bjiue`bn e`skhbti`bn hbe rmkgvhi gd tcm Lhblhwmme dgrjms.

8?:]B Bmws Zmrv`jm, Zuehb< Jgbd`rk`bn Khss`vm Cukhb`thr`hb Jr`s`s `b Ehrdur, ]B Emkhbes Amttmr Zmjur`ty,

Khy 8, 1??5, ht cttp


40/86


Gjjupht`gb hbe Qmsmttimkmbt gd Khshi`t Tìihnms ay Lhblhwmme

Khshi`t pmrsgbs b Nmbm`bh rmpgrtme smm`bn wgkmb hbe jcìermb tcmy shè wmrm tcm

dhkì`ms gd Lhblhwmme d`nctmrs kgv`bn sgutc tcrgunc Nmbm`bh, amn`bb`bn ht tcm mbe gd

Khrjc 1??5. Ucm kgvmkmbt jg`bjème w`tc h arghejhst gb sthtm-rub Nmbm`bh rhe`g

jhii`bn gbm gd tcm kgst dmhrme Lhblhwmme imhemrs, Chkè Ehwh`, tcm mk`r gd tcm mk`rhtm

gd Ehr Khshi`t. Gbm Khshi`t jc`md rmpgrtme tcht tcmsm wgkhb hbe jcìermb wmrm

trhvmii`bn w`tc hb hrky msjgrt.

H twmbty-smvmb-ymhr-gie dhrkmr jhiime Dm`shi shè cm shw Lhblhwmme dhkì ms jgk`bn

drgk tcm bgrtc w`tc tcm`r tmbts hbe ahnnhnm `b tcm d`rst wmmf gd Hprì. Ucmy hrr`vme `b

Nmbm`bh `b jhrs w`tc ngvmrbkmbt jhrs amc`be, cm shè. Drgk Nmbm`bh, tcmy tggf jhrs

sgutc tg Chaìh hbe Dgrarhbnh. A`n jhrs, w`tc tc`rty tg dgrty `b mhjc jhr. @ jgubtme

hagut tc`rtmmb dhkì`ms. Ehr Khshi`t `s amjgk`bn hb Hrha hrmh. Ucmy hrm ng`bn tg ar`bn

tcm`r dhkì`ms. Hsfme cgw cm rmjgnb`zme tcm trhvmiimrs hs Hrhas, cm shè< ^cy eg yguhsf tc`s7 Eg ygu tc`bf wm eg bgt fbgw7 @t `s tcm`r jgigr, tcm`r ihbnuhnm hbe tcm`r

jigtcms. Ucmy hrm bgt hs wm hrm.8?=

Hitcgunc tcm kgvmkmbt gd dhkì`ms hppmhrs tg am skhii ht tc`s t`km, h bukamr gd

e`spihjme kmb chvm rmpgrtme smm`bn Hrha wgkmb hbe jcìermb `b pihjms wcmrm

prmv`gusiy tcmrm wmrm gbiy hrkme kmb. Chsshb, h twmbty-twg-ymhr-gie dhrkmr drgk

Ngfhr, rmpgrtme smm`bn Hrhas w`tc tcm`r w`vms hbe jcìermb hbe khby jgws b tcm

vìihnms gd Uur, ]ruk hbe Uuiius.8?4

Hb miemriy khb drgk Uubdufh sh e cm dgube h chbedui gd Hrha dhkì`ms `b Uubdufh wcmbcm wmbt ahjf gbm b`nct rmjmbtiy tg try tg shivhnm amigbn`bns. Cm shè gbm dhkìy che

auìt h bmw ewmii`bn, bgt b tcm trhe`t`gbhi Khshi`t styim, wcìm hbgtcmr whs i`v`bn b hb

ubaurbme cut tcht che amigbnme tg h khb jhiime Haeui Khnè Dhecmi. Ucm Hrhas che

auìt h bmw kgsqum `b tcm vìihnm, cm shè. Hsfme wcht tcm wgkmb wmrm eg`bn, cm shè

8?=Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Jche, Hprì 85, 1??5.8?4Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Jche, Hprì 1, 1??5.8?>

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Jche, Hprì :, 1??5.


41/86

:> C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

@kpme`bn tcm drmm kgvmkmbt gd j`vì`hbs

@b rmjmbt kgbtcs, w`tc nrmhtmr btmrbht`gbhi httmbt`gb gb tcm htrgj`t`ms b Ehrdur, tcmrm

chvm ammb bjrmhs`bn rmpgrts gd tcm Lhblhwmme hbe ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms gastrujt`bn

e`spihjme j`vì`hbs drgk smmf`bn rmdunm `btg Jche gr kgv`bn tg ihrnm urahb jmbtmrs i`fm

Byhih. Khshi`t hbe Dur imhemrs ami`mvm tc`s `s tg prmvmbt `bdgrkht`gb hagut tcm mtcb`j

jimhbs`bn gd Ehrdur rmhjc`bn tcm gutsèm wgrie. Zusp`j`gbs tcht tcmsm mddgrts hrm

mbjgurhnme ay tcm ngvmrbkmbt hrm strmbntcmbme ay tcm gdd`j`hi imttmr tg tcm gbiy Khshi`t

gkeh wcgsm vìihnms chvm bgt ammb aurbme, hpphrmbtiy amjhusm gd tcm`r prgx`k`ty tg

Jche, urn`bn c`k tg jgkm ahjf tg Zuehb w`tc hii ygur pmgpim.8?3

Gbm ehy amdgrm tc`s igjhi imhemr rmjm`vme tcm imttmr, smbt ay igjhi ngvmrbkmbt gdd`j`his,

Lhblhwmme imhemr Chkè Ehwh jhiime h kmmt`bn w`tc Khshi t imhemrs argunct tg K`stmrm`

`b hrky trujfs hbe hsfme tcmk tg grnhb`sm smjur`ty tg stgp tcm`r pmgpim jrgss`bn btg

Jche. Cm prgk`sme ihrnm phykmbts `d tcmy eè. Uwg pmgpim wcg httmbeme tcm kmmt`bnshè tcm Khshi`t tgie Ehwh`< ^m egbt i`fm ygur kgbmy. ^m egbt ami`mvm `b ygur

smjur`ty. ^m hrm suddmr`bn drgk Hrha kì`t hs. Ehkh` rmspgbeme< @d ygu egbt khfm

smjur`ty, @ wìi fìi hii ygur j`vì`hbs.8?0

H kgbtc mhri`mr, Lhblhwmme wcg che kgvme `btg tcm hrky ahsm b K`stmrm` jigsme tcm

rghe tg Jche hdtmr pmgpim amnhb imhv`bn b emsph`r ht wèmsprmhe iggt`bn.

Ucm Lhblhwmme shè< ^cy hrm ygu ng`bn7 ^m hrm cmrm tg shvm ygu - hbe jigsme tcm

rghe, shè twmbty-d`vm-ymhr-gie Kgl`mee`bm. Ucm Lhblhwmme hrm ht tcm cmhrt gd tcm

wcgim hek`b`strht`gb.

Ay Khrjc 1??5 tcmrm wmrm tmb Lhblhwmme jcmjfpg`bts amtwmmb Herm (lust bsèm tcm

Jche agremr) hbe Nmbm`bh. Qmdunmms emsjràme tcm j`rju`tgus rgutms tcmy che tg thfm tg

hvgè tcm jcmjfpg`bts, bjrmhs`bn ay smvmrhi ehys tcm`r lgurbmys tg shdmty b Jche.

@b hee`t`gb tg try`bn tg prmvmbt pmgpim drgk imhv`bn Ehrdur hbe jrgss`bn btg Jche,

ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms chvm urnme Jche`hb hutcgr`t`ms tg prmssurm tcm Zuehbmsm rmdunmms tg

rmturb tg Ehrdur, emsp`tm tcm vgihtì`ty gd tcm s`tuht`gb, tcm dhjt tcht smjur`ty rmkh`bs

hasmbt b tcm tgwbs hbe rurhi hrmhs gd Ehrdur, hbe ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms hbe Lhblhwmmejgbt`bum tg mblgy duii kpub`ty dgr tcm`r htthjfs gb j`vì`hbs.

8?3Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Kush, Jche, Hprì 83, 1??5.8?0

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc @btmrv`mw, Hprì :, 1??5.


42/86


Gb Hprì 85, 1??5 h Zuehbmsm ngvmrbkmbt emimnht`gb hjjgkphb`me ay Jche`hb gdd`j`his

hbe kì`thry jgbvmbme h kmmt`bn w`tc Zuehbmsm rmdunmm imhemrs `b Dgrjchbh rmdunmm

jhkp `b Jche, cgkm tg tcgushbes gd Khshi`t hbe gtcmr Zuehbmsm rmdunmms. Kgst

rmdunmm imhemrs rmdusme tg phrt`j`phtm. H dmw `be`vèuhis mvmbtuhiiy turbme up hbe tcm

Zuehbmsm emimnht`gb emkhbeme tcht tcm rmdunmms rmturb tg Ehrdur.

Ucm kmmt`bn emtmr`grhtme hs tcm rmdunmms amnhb tcrgw`bn stgbms ht tcm Zuehbmsm

emimnht`gb hbe tcm Jche`hb kì`thry d`rme scgts `b tcm h`r. Uwg rmdunmms wmrm hpphrmbtiy

hrrmstme hbe emth`bme hbe smvmrhi wmrm hiimnmeiy amhtmb ay Jche`hb sgie`mrs.88? Ucm

Zuehbmsm ngvmrbkmbt ssume h sthtmkmbt tcht rmdunmms wmrm rmturb`bn tg Zuehb scgrtiy

tcmrmhdtmr, emsp`tm drmsc mvèmbjm tcht j`vì`hbs jgbt`bum tg dimm Ehrdur btg Jche.888

Lhblhwmme khbb`bn jcmjfpg`bts emth`b, rhpm hbe fìi Khshi`t hbe Dur j`vì`hbs hbe thx

vmc`jims kgv`bn higbn rghes, e`sjgurhn`bn khby drgk httmkpt`bn tg trhvmi amtwmmbtgwbs gr drgk tgwbs tg tcm ausc. Ucmy `kpgsm thxht`gb gb jhrs kgv`bn amtwmmb

tgwbs, hbe tcrmhtmb emhtc gr `kpr`sgbkmbt `d phykmbt `s bgt kmt. Ucmy tcrmhtmb tcm

er`vmrs w`tc hjjusht`gbs< Pgu hiwhys jhrry rmamis drgk tcm ausc tg tcm tgwbs.

Dm`shi drgk Bgur` whs stgppme ht h Lhblhwmme jcmjfpg`bt ht Kmjckh`rmy, gb tcm rghe tg

Nmbm`bh, mhriy `b 1??5. Ucm Lhblhwmme, wcg che h Ucurhyh tmimpcgbm, emkhbeme tcht cm

hbe c`s dmiigw trhvmiimrs phy 1??,??? Zuehbmsm gr wm wìi f ii smvmb pmgpim. @b tcm

mbe tcmy smttime dgr =?,??? hbe tcm jhr jgbt`bume gb tg Nmbm`bh. Ht tcm d`rst

Lhblhwmme jcmjfpg`bt guts em Nmbm`bh tcmy wmrm stgppme hnh`b hbe h Lhblhwmme w tc h

Ucgrhyh tmimpcgbm hsfme< cy eèbt ygu phy tcm duii hkgubt `b Kmjckh`rmy7881

E`spihjme Dur j`vì`hbs b Nhrsìh, Emim`n, Kunl`r hbe gtcmr tgwbs jgbtrgiime ay

ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms hbe Lhblhwmme hrm rmnuihriy dgrjme tg phy aràms hbe sualmjtme tg

v`gimbjm ay Lhblhwmme gdd`j`his wcmb httmkpt`bn tg kgvm gutsèm tcm e`spihjme

smttimkmbts hbe jhkps hrgube tcmsm tgwbs. ^gkmb wcg httmkpt tg imhvm tcm tgwbs tg

jgiimjt d`rmwgge rub h smr`gus r`sf gd hsshuit hbe rhpm.

J`vì`hbs hrm hisg prmvmbtme drgk trhvmii`bn drgk skhiimr vìihnms tg tcmsm ihrnmr tgwbs

w`tcgut ngvmrbkmbt hutcgr`zht`gb. Ucm ihrnmr tgwbs hrm jurrmbtiy tcm gbiy pihjms w`tc

88?Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc tmimpcgbm `btmrv`mw, Hprì 1?, 1??5.888Bmw Ehrdur hrr`vhis rmpgrtme `b Jche hs whtmr, dgge rub igw, ]BCJQ prmss rmimhsm, Hprì 1>, 1??5.881

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Dm`shi, Jche, Hprì =, 1??5.


43/86

:0 C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

hby dubjt`gb`bn sgj`hi smrv`jms bjiue`bn cmhitc jhrm. Gbm w`tbmss drgk h vìihnm

hpprgx`khtmiy 8= fk drgk Nhrsìh tgie Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc tcht c`s jcìe e`me hdtmr cm

whs dgrjme tg wh t s`x ehys dgr h Lhblhwmme msjgrt amdgrm thf`bn tcm jcìe tg h cmhitc

jmbtmr b Nhrsìh.88:

Eum tg tcm rmstr`jt`gbs gb kgvmkmbt hbe jgbt`bu`bn htthjfs ay Lhblhwmme kì`t`hs, khby

e`spihjme j`vì`hbs ihjf mssmbt`hi tmks sujc hs scmitmr khtmr`his, hemquhtm whtmr, dgge hbe

dumi dgr jggf`bn. Mvmb wcmrm dgge `s hvh ihaim `b igjhi khrfmts, e`spihjme Dur hbe

Khshi`t j`vì`hbs hrm gdtmb ubhaim tg trhvmi tg tcgsm khrfmts tg purjchsm t.

MUCB@J JIMHBZ@BN @B ^MZU EHQD]Q

@b tc`s rmpgrt, Cukhb Q`ncts htjc chs egjukmbtme h phttmrb gd cukhb r`ncts

v`giht`gbs `b mst Ehrdur tcht hkgubt tg h ngvmrbkmbt pgi`jy gd mtcb`j jimhbs`bn gd

jmrth`b mtcb`j nrgups, bhkmiy tcm Dur hbe tcm Khshi`t, drgk tcm`r hrmhs gd rmsèmbjm.885Gtcmr jrmeàim sgurjms, b phrt`juihr tcm Mkmrnmbjy Qmi`md Jg-gre`bhtgr gd tcm ].B.

systmk hbe tcm dgrkmr Qmsèmbt Jg-gre`bhtgr gd tcm ].B. systmk b Zuehb, Kufmsc

Fhpìh, chvm khem s`kìhr jih`ks.88=

Hitcgunc mtcb`j jimhbs`bn `s bgt dgrkhiiy emd`bme ubemr `btmrbht`gbhi ihw, h ].B.

Jgkk`ss`gb gd Mxpmrts chs emd`bme tcm tmrk hs h purpgsmdui pgi`jy ems`nbme ay gbm

mtcb`j gr rmi`n`gus nrgup tg rmkgvm ay v`gimbt hbe tmrrgr-`bsp`r`bn kmhbs tcm j`vì`hb

pgpuiht`gb gd hbgtcmr mtcb`j gr rmi`n`gus nrgup drgk jmrth`b nmgnrhpc`j hrmhs. . . . Uc`s

purpgsm hppmhrs tg am tcm gjjupht`gb gd tmrr`tgry tg tcm mxjius`gb gd tcm purnme nrgup

gr nrgups.884

88:Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc `btmrv`mw, Ehrdur, Hprì 1??5.885^cìm h s`kìhr phttmrb khy am `b mddmjt `b Bgrtc Ehrdur, `b tcm \hnchwh cgkmihbe, tcm sjgpm gd tc`s rmpgrt `s

i`k`tme tg ^mst Ehrdur. Dgr durtcmr `bdgrkht`gb gb hausms `b tcm \hnchwh cgkmihbe `b Bgrtc Ehrdur, pimhsm smm

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc rmpgrt Ehrdur b Dihkms.88=ZmmH Ar`md`bn _hpmr gb tcm Ehrdur Jr`s`s< Mtcb`j Jimhbs`bn, Gdd`jm gd tcm ]B Qmsèmbt hbe Cukhb`thr`hb

Jg-gre`bhtgr dgr tcm Zuehb ehtme Khrjc 1=, 1??5 gb dìm w`tc Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc6 ].B. prmss rmimhsm, Zuehb3? (8001), 1> Khy 8005, smjt`gb @@@.A ht cttp


44/86

C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H) 5?

Ucm Jgkk`ss`gb gd Mxpmrts miujèhtme tcm kmhb`bn gd mtcb`j jimhbs`bn hs `tgjjurrme `b

tcm dgrkmr Pungsihv`h

Ucm ]b`tme Bht`gbs chs rmpmhtmeiy jchrhjtmr`zme tcm prhjt`jm gd mtcb`j jimhbs`bn hs h

v`giht`gb gd btmrbht`gbhi cukhb`thr hb ihw, hbe chs emkhbeme tcht pmrpmtrhtgrs gd

mtcb`j jimhbs`bn am argunct tg lust`jm.883Ucm `be`vèuhi cukhb r`ncts hausms tcht

jchrhjtmr`zm mtcb`j jimhbs`bn hrm jr`kms hnh`bst cukhb`ty hbe whr jr`kms.

Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc chs dgube jrmeàim mvèmbjm tcht tcm ngvmrbkmbt gd Zuehb chs

purpgsmduiiy sgunct tg rmkgvm ay v`gimbt kmhbs tcm Khshi`t hbe Dur pgpuiht`gbs drgk

ihrnm phrts gd Ehrdur `b gpmrht`gbs tcht hkgubt tg mtcb`j jimhbs`bn. Ucm htthjfs e`rmjtme

hnh`bst j`vì`hbs, tcm aurb`bn gd tcm`r vìihnms, tcm khss fìi`bns gd pmrsgbs ubemr tcm`r

jgbtrgi, tcm dgrjme e`spihjmkmbt gd pgpuiht`gbs, tcm emstrujt`gb gd tcm`r dgge stgjfs,

i`vmi`cgges hbe tcm iggt`bn gd tcm`r i`vmstgjf ay ngvmrbkmbt hbe kì`t`h dgrjms hrm bgt

kmrmiy h sjgrjcme mhrtc thjt`j gr hb mimkmbt gd h jgubtmr`bsurnmbjy strhtmny. Ucm`r h`k

hppmhrs tg am tg rmkgvm tcgsm mtcb`j nrgups drgk ihrnm hrmhs gd tcm rmn`gb hbe

rme`stràutm tc`s pgpuiht`gb, kh`biy `btg tcm v`j`b`ty gd ngvmrbkmbt-jgbtrgiime tgwbs

wcmrm tcmy jhb am jgbjmbtrhtme, jgbd`bme hbe jgbtrgiime.

Ucm suasmqumbt emb`hi gd cukhb`thr`hb hss`sthbjm tg tc s pgpuiht`gb ay tcm ngvmrbkmbt

gd Zuehb, `b jgbe`t`gbs wcmrm tcm pgpuiht`gb chs ammb rmbemrme mbt`rmiy empmbembt gb

rmi`md, jhb hisg am jgbsèmrme hs phrt gd h strhtmny tg wmhfmb hbe pmrchps emstrgy h ihrnm

prgpgrt`gb gd tcm e`spihjme pgpuiht`gb hbe prmvmbt tcm`r rmturb tg tcm`r cgkm vìihnms.

Ucm s`tuht`gb chs ammb mxhjmrahtme ay tcm gjjupht`gb hbe hpphrmbt rmsmttimkmbt gd

sgkm Khshi`t hbe Dur hrmhs ay Lhblhwmme hbe rmihtme Hrha mtcb`j nrgups. Ucm mtcb`j

j`vì`hbs. Ihstiy, tcm Jgkk`ss`gb bgtms tcht tcmsm ubihwdui hjts hrm gdtmb cmrhieme ay tcm pmrpmtrhtgrs hs

pgs`t`vm, phtr`gt`j hjjgkpi`sckmbts.88>@aè.883ZmmZmjur`ty Jgubjì rmsgiut`gbs >>8 (8001), >3? (8001), 3?3 (800:), 31? (800:), hbe 058 (8005), hbe ].B.

Nmbmrhi Hssmkaiy rmsgiut`gbs 54/151 hbe 5>/3?.


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khfm-up gd tcm rmn`gb wìi am pmrkhbmbtiy hitmrme d tcm ihrnm-sjhim e`spihjmkmbt tcht chs

gjjurrme s bgt urnmbtiy heermssme hbe rmvmrsme.

Cukhb Q`ncts htjcs nmbmrhi d`be`bns gd mtcb`j jimhbs`bn hrm smt gut amigw.

@bempmbembt hbe kphrt`hi bvmst`nht`gbs, sujc hs ay h ].B. Jgkk`ss`gb gd Mxpmrts, hrm

bmjmsshry tg p`bpg`bt `be`vèuhi jr`k`bhi rmspgbsàì`ty dgr mtcb`j jimhbs`bn, `bjiue`bn

rmihtme jr`kms hnh`bst cukhb`ty hbe whr jr`kms.

D`rst, tcm ngvmrbkmbt gd Zuehb s rmspgbsàim dgr rmjru`t`bn, hrk`bn, hbe phrt`j`pht`bn b

lg`bt htthjfs w`tc kì`t`h dgrjms tcht chvm amjgkm tcm kh`b `bstrukmbt dgr htthjfs gb hbe

tcm e`spihjmkmbt gd tcm j`vì`hb pgpuiht`gb. Hs egjukmbtme cmrm hbe mismwcmrm,

Zuehbmsm hrky hbe kì`t`h dgrjms chvm ammb rmspgbsàim dgr jr`kms hnh`bst cukhb`ty, whr

jr`kms hbe gtcmr v`giht`gbs gd `btmrbht`gbhi cukhb`thr`hb ihw.

Zmjgbe, tcm htthjfs gb Khshi`t hbe Dur vìihnms ay Zuehbmsm ngvmrbkmbt hbe kì`t`hdgrjms dgiigw jimhr phttmrbs hbe wmrm jhrr`me gut `b wcht hppmhrme tg am jggre`bhtme hbe

pihbbme gpmrht`gbs. Tìihnms wmrm bgt htthjfme ht rhbegk, aut wmrm mkpt`me hjrgss wèm

hrmhs b gpmrht`gbs tcht ihstme dgr smvmrhi ehys gr wmrm rmpmhtme smvmrhi t`kms ubtì tcm

pgpuiht`gb whs d`bhiiy er`vmb hwhy. ^cìm Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc whs `b Ehrdur, dgurtmmb

vìihnms sgutc-wmst gd Nmbm`bh wmrm htthjfme hbe aurbme `b h s`bnim ehy, Khrjc 1>,

1??5. Ucm shkm kgbtc, ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms hbe Lhblhwmme jimhrme hbe aurbme egzmbs gd

vìihnms `b tcm Kìimammeh hrmh, jigsm tg tcm Jche agremr, aurb`bn m`nct vìihnms `b h s`bnim

ehy b mhriy Khrjc. Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc survmyme hb hrmh gd hpprgx`khtmiy s`xty squhrm

fìgkmtrms gr twmbty-d`vm squhrm kìms, hbe dgube tcm hrmh, gbjm wmii-pgpuihtme hbe

`btmbsmiy dhrkme, tg am jgkpimtmiy emsmrtme.

Uc`re, khby gd tcm htthjfs wmrm jhrr`me gut `b h s`kìhr khbbmr< hmr`hi suppgrt `b

agka`bn hbe rmjgbbh`sshbjm ay tcm Zuehbmsm h`r dgrjm dgiigwme ay nrgube htthjfs ay

ngvmrbkmbt dgrjms hbe Lhblhwmme. Lhblhwmme chvm ammb n`vmb mxpi`j`t hbe `kpi`j`t

hutcgr`ty gvmr hrmhs vhjhtme ay tcgsm tcmy chvm dgrjme gut. Ucm Lhblhwmme khb

jcmjfpg`bts gb kh`b rghes hbe rmnuihtm tcm kgvmkmbt gd ngges hbe pmgpim.

Dgurtc, tcm ngvmrbkmbt hbe kì`t`h htthjfs gb tcm Khshi`t hbe Dur vìihnms hppmhr

`btmbeme tg e`sjgurhnm jgbt`bume cha`tht`gb ay tcm pgpuiht`gb. Gd dgurtmmb vìihnms `b

tcm hrmh mxhk`bme ay Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc, mimvmb che ammb jgkpimtmiy aurbt `bjiue`bn Chllhr Zuim`khb, Umramah, Zhbyhamy, U`rt`, Byhit`th (twg smphrhtm vìihnms),

Haglmy, Fch r ^hlè hbe Fmby`kmlm. Ucrmm wmrm hahbegbme amjhusm gd tcm aurb`bnUcm Zuehbmsm ngvmrbkmbt amnhb tg hrk Hdr`jhb Bumr kì`t`hs, fbgwb hs Hbyh-Byh 1, hs sggb hs tcmsm

nrgups igst pgwmr w`tc`b tcm bhsjmbt Z_IH rmamis `b Mtc`gp`h hbe dime ahjf tg Zuehb `b 803:.813Hrks jgbt`bume tg digw tg tcm kurhcmimmb tcrgunc tcm Ehrdur sthtm hek`b`strht`gb hbe ]kkh _hrtyngvmrbkmbt gd Zhe`q hi Khce` (mimjtme ngvmrbkmbt 8034-30). Ucm ]kkh _hrty trhe` t`gbhiiy ermw suppgrt drgk

tcm Hbshr Zubb` Zud` @sihk`j smjt, dgubeme ay _r`km K`b`stmr hi Khce`s hbjmstgr wcgsm Ahnnhrh Ehrdur`hb

dgiigwmrs ergvm tcm Mnypt`hbs drgk Zuehb `b 8338.810Dgr hee`t`gbhi `bdgrkht`gb gb tcm Ahnnhrh kì`t`hs usme tg d`nct tcm j`vì`hbs hssgj`htme w`tc tcm rmami dgrjms

`b Ahcr Mi Nchzhi, smm Dhk`bm b Zuehb, 8003< Ucm Cukhb Q`ncts Jhusms(Bmw Pgrf< Cukhb Q`ncts ^htjc,

8000).8:?Zihvm-thf`bn `s h pcmbgkmbgb gjjurr`bn `b htthjfs gb sgutcmrb Zuehbmsm aut hitcgunc tcmrm chvm ammb

bukmrgus haeujt`gbs gd jcìermb hbe wgkmb `b Ehrdur, sg dhr `t `s bgt jimhr wcmtcmr hby sujc phttmrb `s

mkmrn`bn.


49/86


Khby gr kgst gd tcm Lhblhwmme imhemrs wmrm mk`rs gr gkehsdrgk Hrha tràms, hbe smvmrhi

wmrm hppg`btme ay tcm ngvmrbkmbt `b tcm hek`b`strht`vm rmgrnhb`zht`gb gd tcm kè-

800?s. Ucm phrt`j`pht`gb ay mtcb`j-pgi`t`jhi imhemrs imhes tg `bjrmhs`bn mtcb`j pgihr`zht`gb

hs kmkamrs gd gbm mtcb`j nrgup hrm sukkgbme hbe rmjru`tme ay tcm`r imhemrs tg lg`b b h

drmm-dgr-hii whr hnh`bst hbgtcmr mtcb`j nrgup.

Ucm Lhblhwmme hrm bgt s`kpiy h dmw sèm-i`bme gstrhj`zme gutihws, hs tcm ngvmrbkmbt

sunnmsts. Hkgbn tcm imhemrs phrt`j`pht`bn b tcm whr `b Ehrdur hnh`bst tcm Dur, Khshi`t,

hbe \hnchwh hrm hs gd kè-1??:) dgr h khb

w`tc h cgrsm gr jhkmi, hbe 1??,??? h kgbtc (].Z. $ >0) dgr h khb w`tcgut rgunciytw`jm hs kujc hs h sgie`mr gd s`kìhr rhbf.8:1

@er`ss, dgrty-tcrmm-ymhr-gie imhemr gd h igjhi Khshi`t smid-emdmbsm nrgup b Ngzamee`bm

bmhr Chaìh, shè phykmbts tg Lhblhwmme b c`s hrmh jhkm drgk tcm ngvmrbkmbt C]KHB Q@NCUZ ^HUJC TGI. 84, BG. 4(H)

khchi`yhs8:4gbm gd Byhih hbe tcm gtcmr gd Fhs, tcm jhp`thi hbe h ihrnm tgwb `b Zgutc

Ehrdur, rmspmjt`vmiy.

@t tchbfs tcm jgkk`ss`gbmrs gb amchid gd tcm sthtm k`b`stmr gd tcm btmr`gr hbe tcm

ngvmrbgr dgr tcm`r mddgrts hnh`bst tcm rmamis, wc`jc wmrm c`nciy hpprmj`htme. @t

rmhdd`rks h jgkk`tkmbt tg hb hnrmmkmbt khem amtwmmb tcm k`b`stmr hbe tcm

jgkk`ss`gbmrs gb hii hjt`gbs hnh`bst tcm rmamis hbe hsfs tcm jgkk`ss`gbmrs tg

`kpimkmbt t. Ucm imttmr bmxt i`sts prgk`sme egbht`gbs hbe prglmjts, hpphrmbtiy tg ambmd`t

tcm lhblhwmme jgkkub`ty, wc`jc `bjiuem h jhkph`nb tg vhjj`bhtm jhkmis hbe cgrsms6

auìe`bn gd tcrmm jihssrggks hbe egbht`gb gd aggfs, emsf, hbe jigtcms dgr stuembts6

jgbstrujt`gb gd h cmhitc ub`t hbe egbht`gb gd twmbty-dgur chbe pukps dgr m`nct

vìihnms.8:>

Qmjru`tkmbt gd jr`k`bhis tg imhe tcm Lhblhwmme

@b Ehrdur, tcm ngvmrbkmbt s hisg rmjru`t`bn jr`k`bhis tg spmhrcmhe tc`sjgubtmr`bsurnmbjy gpmrht`gb, w`tc prme`jthaim rmsuits. Ucm kgst prgk`bmbt Lhblhwmme

imhemr b mst Ehrdur sthtm `s Haeui Qhc`k Hckhe Kgchkkme, h dgrkmr hrky gdd`jmr

fbgwb ub`vmrshiiy ay c`s b`jfbhkm gd Zcufurthiihc.8:3Cm mkmrnme ht tcm cmhe gd tcm

Lhblhwmme `b Ehr Khshi`t hdtmr cm whs hrrmstme gb jchrnms gd fìi`bn j`vì`hbs.

Zcufurthiihc `s h kmkamr gd tcm Khchr`yh mtcb`j nrgupdrgk Hraufb` vìihnm lust gutsèm

Nmbm`bh. Cm rmpgrtmeiy smrvme b tcm Zuehbmsm hrky b Luah dgr smvmrhi ymhrs b tcm ihtm

800?s amdgrm am`bn trhbsdmrrme ahjf tg Nmbm`bh. @b 8000, hjjgre`bn tg Khshi t rmsèmbts

gd Nmbm`bh, cm whs thfmb tg jgurt ay rmiht`vms gd kmb cm whs hjjusme gd fìi`bn. Cm whs

smbtmbjme tg tmb ymhrs kpr`sgbkmbt, aut whs rmimhsme hbe sggb hdtmr hppmhrme ht tcmcmhe gd tcm Lhblhwmme dgrjms b Ehr Khshi`t.

Hckhe, h Khshi t dhrkmr drgk tcm Nmb

darfur destroyed

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