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Darwin’s Bright Idea
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
• Born 12 February 1809
• Named after his uncle (Charles) and his father (Robert). Referred to as “Bobby” by his family during his childhood
• Grandson of Erasmus Darwin – English physician, natural
philosopher, physiologist, inventor, and poet
Click HERE for more pictures of Darwin’s home and birthplace
Charles as a child Grandpa Erasmus
Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)
• 27 December 1831: joined HMS Beagle voyage as the ship’s naturalist
• 5-yr cruise around the world to chart unknown territory, especially along the S. Am. Coastline; visited the Galapagos islands
Click HERE for an interactive voyage of the Beagle
Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)
• Galapagos Islands
– Group of small islands 1,000 km west of Ecuador
– Influenced Darwin’s thinking the most
• Characteristics of organisms varied noticeably (Click below to watch videos of the Galapagos fauna)
Marine iguanas Blue-footed boobies Tortoises
Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)
• Galapagos Islands
– Darwin’s finches • 13 specimens collected
• Brought home to England and studied by ornithologist John Gould
Are these finches
variants of the same species,
or are they different species?
Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)
• Galapagos Islands
– Darwin’s finches • 13 specimens collected
• Brought home to England and studied by ornithologist John Gould
Despite many superficial
resemblances, these birds are from distinct
species.
John Gould Zoological Society of London
Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)
• Galapagos Islands
– Darwin’s finches • 13 specimens collected
• Brought home to England and studied by ornithologist John Gould
If they are from different species, why do they have
similar appearances? Are they related to each other? Could it be that they were once part of
the same species?
Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)
• What Darwin noticed during the Beagle’s journey: – The diversity of life
– Fitness of organisms
Animals of Australian grasslands
1. Feral pig (wild boar; Sus scrofa)
2. Eastern grey kangaroo(Macropus giganteus)
3. Dingo (Canis lupus dingo)
4. European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
1 2
3 4
Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)
• What Darwin noticed:
– The diversity of life
– Fitness of organisms
Animals of Argentinian grasslands 1. Pampas cat (Leopardus pajeros) 2. Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) 3. Pampas finch (Embernagra platensis) 4. Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)
1 2 3
4
Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)
Where did all these life forms come from?
Why did different species live in certain
places?
Did you know…?
Scientists estimate that around 3 to 20 million
species exist today, and that 99.9% of all species that ever lived are now
extinct.
Why have so many of them disappeared, and
how were they related to living species?
Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)
• What Darwin noticed:
– The diversity of life
– Fitness of organisms • Ability of an individual
to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
Insectivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes attenboroughii)
Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) Philippine flying lemur
(Cynocephalus volans)
Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)
• What Darwin noticed:
– The diversity of life
– Fitness of organisms • Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific
environment
– Due to physical traits and behaviors that help it adapt to environmental conditions
How did all these organisms develop the
structures that give them their fitness?
Why are there so many different techniques for
survival?
On the Origin of Species (1859)
• 1858 June 18 Darwin received a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace, who was still at the Malay Archipelago.
On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from
the Original Type
On the Origin of Species (1859)
• 1858 June 18 Darwin received a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace, who was still at the Malay Archipelago.
Wallace had come up with a theory of natural selection that is very similar to my
own! :O
On the Origin of Species (1859)
• 1858 June 18 Darwin received a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace, who was still at the Malay Archipelago.
The struggle for existence…the
transmutation of the species…
On the Origin of Species (1859)
• 1858 July 1 Charles Darwin first went public about his views on the evolution of species. The papers of Darwin and Wallace were read at a meeting of the Linnean Society in London. The reaction to this meeting was a mixture of shock, excitement, and stunned silence.
AboutDarwin.com
On the Origin of Species (1859)
• Published 24 November 1859
• Two main concepts:
– Evolution • Common descent
– Natural selection
On the Origin of Species (1859)
• Evolution: descent with modification
– Process of change in species through time
– Common descent
• Natural selection: mechanism for evolution
– Adaptations
– Struggle for existence
On the Origin of Species (1859)
• 1860 January
The repercussions of Origin of Species were mixed. Thomas Huxley and Joseph Hooker thought very highly of it and soon became stronger allies with Darwin. Huxley soon became a ruthless defender of evolution, even going so far as to suggest that mankind was a transmuted ape! Richard Owen was outraged by the Origin. He saw the ideas expressed in the book as being dangerous to society. He also though the book left too many unanswered questions, and worst of all it leaned natural science away from its respectable position as an investigator of God’s creation. Most readers, however, simply did not understand how natural selection worked. They could not see who or what was doing the selecting. Many assumed God was the selector.
Thomas Huxley Joseph Hooker Richard Owen
AboutDarwin.com
On the Origin of Species (1859)
• 1866
The phrase, “Survival of the fittest,” was coined by Herbert Spencer in his two volume book: “Principles of Biology”. It became a substitute for the phrase, “natural selection”, which led people to think selection required a selector (i.e., God).
AboutDarwin.com
Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory
EVOLUTION
Economics
Plant & Animal Breeding
Geology
Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory
• ECONOMICS
Woodstock 1969
Competition for limited resources
Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory
• PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING
– Artificial selection
The intervention of humans ensures that
only individuals with the most desirable traits produce offspring.
Variants of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familaris)
Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory
• GEOLOGY
– The Earth is more than just a few thousand years old
Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution
• Overproduction Each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity
• Variation There is variation among offspring
• Competition Organisms compete with one another for limited resources
• Survival to reproduce Individuals that possess the most favorable combination of characteristics are the most likely to survive
Survival of the fittest
Struggle for existence
Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution
• Overproduction Each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity
• Variation There is variation among offspring
• Competition Organisms compete with one another for limited resources
• Survival to reproduce Individuals that possess the most favorable combination of characteristics are the most likely to survive
The differential success in reproduction resulting from the organisms’ interaction with their environment
Lycaon pictus Canis latrans Vulpes spp. Canis lupus Canis spp.
Natural vs. Artificial Selection
• Operates in similar manners
• Natural selection occurs over much longer periods of time, w/o any goal or purpose
Lycaon pictus Canis latrans Vulpes spp. Canis lupus Canis spp.
Variants of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familaris)
Natural Selection in Populations
• Natural selection involves interactions between individual organisms and their environment, but individuals do NOT evolve
• A population is the smallest unit that can evolve
Click the pic to view a simulation of natural selection in a population of fictitious blue organisms.
Evolution Lamarckian vs. Darwinian
Desire to change, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits
Overproduction, variation,
competition, survival to reproduce
Evolution Lamarckian vs. Darwinian
Desire to change, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits
Overproduction, variation,
competition, survival to reproduce
• Desire to change Inborn urge to better themselves; innate tendency toward complexity and perfection
• Use and disuse Change occurred because organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in new ways
• Inheritance of acquired traits If an animal acquired a body structure during its lifetime, it could pass that change to its offpsring
Evolution Lamarckian vs. Darwinian
Desire to change, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits
Overproduction, variation,
competition, survival to reproduce
Click to learn more about
Darwin’s Bright Idea
Understanding Evolution PBS.org – Evolution
AboutDarwin.com Nature – Darwin 200 DarwinLive.com
LiveScience.com - Evolution NY Times – Evolution NY Times – Charles Darwin
References
• Main reference
Miller, K.R. and Levine, J. (1995). Biology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
• Other references – Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B. (2004). Biology (7th ed.). Menlo
Park, California: Benjamin Cummings.
– Miller, K.R. and Levine, J. (2002). Biology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
– Solomon, E.P., Berg, L.R., Martin, D.W., and Villee, C. (1993). Biology (3rd ed.). Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing.
Image Sources
• Slide 2 Shrewsbury: http://www.voa.gov.uk/where/images/shrewesbury.gif Charles: http://www.darwinday.org/learn/darwin.html Erasmus: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2004/wallis/a%20fool%20you%20know.htm
• Slide 3 Interactive voyage of the Beagle: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/expeditions-collecting/beagle-voyage/
• Slide 4 Galapagos: http://www.galapagoskreuzfahrten.com/photo/news/200709_05.gif
• Slide 5, 6, 7 Finches: http://campus.digication.com/darwin/finches
• Slide 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 21 Darwin: http://www.arps.org/USERS/ms/KepplerC/Charles-Darwin-31.jpg
Image Sources
• Slide 6 Gould: http://www.nla.gov.au/collect/treasures/images/gouldport.jpg
• Slide 8 Feral pig: http://simplebrowser.blogspot.com/2007/10/feral-pigs-biggest-problem-in-australia.html Kangaroo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Grey_Kangaroo Dingo: http://kritterkorner.wordpress.com/2008/07/15/dingo-wild-dog-of-australia/ Rabbit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania.jpg
• Slide 9 Pampas cat - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampas_Cat Pampas deer - http://lh5.ggpht.com/_rotqvPRmbtU/SQEarZPe2AI/AAAAAAAAH5Q/RgBebPPBLqE/DSC_5229.JPG Pampas finch - http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_DPCSd1DIHig/SJRQ2g2N0wI/AAAAAAAAAgY/7fz3Khq1Fks/s400/GreatPampafinch.jpg Greater Rhea - http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/451883177_c9b2ddfbb6_o.jpg
Image Sources
• Slide 11 Pitcher plant - http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/08/18/meat.eating.plant/index.html Tarsier - http://scienceguy288.wordpress.com/2009/07/29/wildlife-wednesday-tarsier/ Philippine flying lemur - http://dailymammal.blogspot.com/2008/05/philippine-flying-lemur-colugo.html
• Slide 13, 15 Wallace: http://stewartsstruggles.blogspot.com/2008/08/wallace.html
• Slide 14, 16, 19 Yahoo Emoticons: http://messenger.yahoo.com/features/emoticons/
• Slide 17 Origin: http://spencer.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/darwin/originb.jpg
Image Sources
• Slide 19 Huxley: http://www2.scc-fl.edu/asalmon/chronology_complete_version.htm Hooker: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Hooker.html Owen: http://evolvingwithdarwin.blogspot.com/2008/07/sir-richard-owen.html
• Slide 20 Herbert Spencer: http://www.amazon.com/Principles-Biology-v-1/dp/0898757940
• Slide 21, 22 Malthus: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/courses/v1001/evol.html
• Slide 22 Woodstock: http://sparkncinder.wordpress.com/2009/08/12/woodstock-1969/ Crops: http://marincountyfreelibrary.blogspot.com/2004_06_01_marincountyfreelibrary_archive.html#108785724111160085
• Slide 21, 23, 31 Concepts and Connections by Campbell and Reece
Image Sources
• Slide 21, 24 Lyell: http://historiadaciencia.blogspot.com/2009/03/o-impacto-do-manuscrito-de-wallace-de.html
• Slide 24 Principles: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/02/4/image_pop/l_024_01.html
• Slides 25 to 29 Puppies nursing: http://www.snopes.com/photos/animals/finnegan.asp
• Slide 30, 31 Concepts and Connections by Campbell and Reece
• Slide 32 Natural Selection Simulation: http://www.biologyinmotion.com/evol/index.html
Image Sources
• Slides 33 to 36 Lamarck: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Lamarck.html Darwin: http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/darwin.jpg
• Slides 33 to 35 Giraffe: http://www.betterphoto.com/uploads/processed/0026/0601291522231ms-588.jpg
• Slide 36 Giraffe: http://illustrationboard.blogspot.com/2009/06/evolution-wiped-out-short-stumpy.html
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