data colection types

8/14/2019 Data Colection Types

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DATA COLLECTION

Dimensions of Data CollectionApproaches

2. Structure3. Quantifiability

4. Researcher Obtrusiveness

5. Objectivity


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Major Types of DataMajor Types of Data

CollectionCollectionSelf ReportsObservation

Biophysiologic Measures


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en y ng a aNeeds: Quantitative

StudyData Requirements for the following:2.Testing hypotheses or addressing the research

questions

3.Describing sample characteristics4.Controlling extraneous variables

5.Analyzing potential biases

6.Understanding subgroup effects7.Interpreting results

8.Checking the manipulation

9.Obtaining administrative information


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Types of Data Collection: Qualitative

Unstructured Interviews An oral self-report in which the

researcher asks a respondent questions

without having a predetermined planregarding the content or flow of

information to be gathered

Conversational and interactive Mode of choice when researchers do

not have a clear idea of what it is they

do not know


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Types of Data Collection:

Qualitative Researchcontd

Semistructured InterviewsAn interview in which the researcher has listed topics

to cover rather than specific question to ask

Interviewers are guided by a topic guides thediscussion according to a written set of questions ortopics to be covered

Joint InterviewsAn interview where two or more people are

interviewed simultaneously, typically usingstructured or unstructured interview


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Life HistoriesAre narrative self-disclosures about individual life

experiencesEncourage respondents to narrate, in chronological

sequence, their life experiencesOral HistoriesFocus on describing important themes rather than

individualsUsed in order to gather personal recollections of events

and perceived causes and consequencesCritical IncidentsMethod of gathering information about peoples

behaviors by examining specific incidents relating to thebehavior under investigation

Types of Data Collection:Types of Data Collection:

Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research contd.contd.


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Types of Qualitative Reportscontd.

Diaries and JournalsRespondents are asked to maintain daily records about some

aspects of their lives

Think-Aloud MethodUsed to collect data about cognitive processes such as

thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making Photo Elicitation InterviewsInvolves an interview stimulated and guided by photographicimages.Self-Report Narratives on the InternetInvolves narrative self-reports from a potentially rich data

source, where data is directly solicited from a large audienceof Internet users


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Gathering Qualitative Self-Report Data

Purpose:To enable researchers to construct

reality in ways that are consistent with theconstruction of the people being studied.

Goal:

Requires researchers to take steps toovercome communication barriers and toenhance the flow of meaning.


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Gathering Qualitative Self-Report Data

Steps:Preparing for the Interview

Conversational but purposefulwhich requires thought andpreparationResearcher + respondent =

common vocabularyTIP: 1. Memorize the centralquestions to maintain eyecontact

2. Use high-quality tape


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Conducting the InterviewPrepare the respondents by putting them

at ease

Close rapport with respondentsprovides access to richerinformation and to

personal,intimate details of their

stories Be a good listener

Be prepared for strong emotions

Potential interview crises


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Conducting the Interviewcontd

Post interview Procedures

Tape recording interviews are

listened and checked foraudibility and completeness soonafter the interview is over


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Evaluation of QualitativeApproaches

1. Qualitative interviews are of greatest utility when anew era of research is being explored

3. An unstructured approach may allow investigatorsto ascertain what the basic issues or problems are,how sensitive or controversial the topic is, howeasy it is to secure respondents cooperation in

discussing issues, how individuals conceptualizeand talk about the problems , and what range ofopinions or behaviors exist relevant to the topic.


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va ua on oQualitative

Approaches Qualitative interviews are extremely time-

consuming and demanding of researchers

skills in analyzing and interpreting theresulting data.

They do not lend themselves to the rigorous

testing of hypotheses about cause-and-effect

relationships.


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Quantitative Self-Report

InstrumentsOpen-ended QuestionAllow respondent to answer in their

own words, in narrative fashion

Closed-ended QuestionOr fixed-alternativeOffer respondents alternative replies,

from which subjects must choose theone that most closely matches theappropriate answer


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Quantitative Self-

Report InstrumentsQuestionnairesSelf-administered questionnaires

can be distributed in person, bymail, or over the internetAdvantages: less costly and require

less time and energy to administer,offer the possibility of completeanonymity, and absence ofinterviewer ensures no interviewerbias


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Quantitative Self-Report Instruments

Interviews

Advantages outweigh those ofquestionnaires in terms of responserates, audience, clarity, depth ofquestioning, missing information,order of questions, sample control,supplementary data


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Using and Preparing StructuredUsing and Preparing Structured

Self-Report InstrumentsSelf-Report Instruments

Dichotomous questionsRequire respondents to make achoice between alternatives.

Multiple-choice questions

This offer more than two responsealternatives.


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Cafeteria questionsThese are a special type of multiple

question that asks respondents toselect a response that mostcorresponds to their view.

Rank-order questionsThese questions ask respondents torank target concepts along acontinuum, such as the most to

least important.


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Forced-choice questionsRequire respondents to choose between twostatements that represent polar positions orcharacteristics.

Rating questionsAsk respondents to evaluate something along

anordered dimension.

ChecklistsEncompass several questions that have the

sameresponse format.


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Calendar questions

These questions are used to obtain

retrospective information about thechronology of different events and

activities in peoples lives.

Visual analogue scalesThese are used to measuresubjective

experiences, such as pain.


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LIKERT SCALES/SUMMATED RATING

SCALES Named after Rensis Likert Most widely used scaling technique Steps in Constructing Likert-typeScale: Develop a large pool of items

that state different position onan issue.

Total score is computed bysumming the item scores


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COMPOSITE SCALES

SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE

Technique for measuring psychosocialtrait

Respondents are asked to rate a concepton a series of bipolar adjectives

2 Considerations to Guide Selection:

Adjective pairs should beappropriated for the concept beingused and for the information beingsought.

The extent to which the adjectivemeasure the same dimension of the


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Existing Self-Report Scalesand Psychological Measures

CINAHL database includes

information on the scales usedin research studies


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ResponseBiases

Tendency of respondents todistort their responses

Response setsExtreme responseAcquiescence response set


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Development of structuredself report instrument

Once data needs have been identified cluster them intoseparate modules or areas of questioningSequence modules to an order that is psychologicallymeaningful and encourages candor and cooperation

The schedule should begin with questions that areinteresting and non sensitive,Before questioning you must read about the introductorycomments but most often incorporated into an informedconsent form

Introduction should be pleasant and tastefully structuredsince it is the first contact with the potential participantsWhen first instrument draft is already in order criticallydiscuss with experts or peer reviewers in your area ofinterest

It should also be reviewed with individuals who have thetechnical expertise to detect problems

Development of


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Development ofstructured self report

instrument contd

Introduction should be pleasant and tastefullystructured since it is the first contact with the

potential participantsWhen first instrument draft is already in ordercritically discuss with experts or peerreviewers in your area of interestIt should also be reviewed with individualswho have the technical expertise to detectproblemsRevision based on feedbackPretesting


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Tips for DevelopingStructured Self-Report

Instruments

Tips for Wording Questions:Clarity

Ability of Respondents to Give InformationBiasSensitive Information


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Tips for Developing StructuredSelf-Report Instruments

State the question in the affirmative Avoid long sentences or phrases, and avoid

technical terms

Avoid double-barreled question thatcontain two distinct ideas.

Do not assume that respondents will beaware of, or informed about, issues orquestions in which you are interested.

Avoid leading questions that suggest aparticular kind of answer


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Tips for Developing StructuredSelf-Report Instruments contd

State a range of alternatives within thequestion itself when possible

For questions that deal withcontroversial opinion or sociallyunacceptable behavior close-endedquestion may be preferred.

Impersonal wording of a question is

sometimes useful in minimizingembarrassment and encouraginghonesty.


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Tips for PreparingResponse Alternatives

Alternatives should be mutuallyexclusive

There should be an underlyingrationale for ordering alternatives

Response alternatives should notbe too lengthy


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Tips for Formattingan Instrument

Set off the response options from the question

or stem itself

Give special care to formatting filter questionsAvoid forcing all respondents to go through

inapplicable questions in SAQ

data colection types

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