data collection unit 3
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COLLECTION OF DATA
STEP- 5
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DATA COLLECTION
The facts expressed in quantitative form can be termed
as data.
The task of data collection begins after the researchproblem has been defined and research design has been
developed.
While deciding the method of data collection to be used
for the study, the researcher should keep in mind two
types of data viz., primary and secondary.
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PrimaryDataPrimaryData
The primary data are those which are collected afresh
and for the first time and thus happen to be original in
character.
The data used in a statistical study is collected under the
control and supervision of the investigation is referred
to as primary data.
Information that is developed or gathered by theresearcher specifically for the research project at hand.
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SecondaryDataSecondaryData
The secondary data are those which have already been
collected by someone else and which have already been
passed through the statistical process.
orWhen the data are not collected by the investigator but is
derived from other sources then such data is referred to
as secondary data.
information that has previously been gathered bysomeone other than the researcher and/or for some other
purpose than the research project at hand.
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DIFFERENCESBETWEEN PRIMARYDIFFERENCESBETWEEN PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY DATAAND SECONDARY DATA
1. Difference in originality
2. Difference in the suitability of
objectives
3. Difference in the cost of collection
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METHODSOF COLLECTING
PRIMARY DATA
1. Observation2. Interview
3. Questionnaire
4. Schedule
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METHODSOF COLLECTING
SECONDARY DATA
Sources of unpublished data
1. Diaries
2. Letters3. Unpublished biographies
4. Autobiographies
Secondary data may either be published or
unpublished data.
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METHODSOF COLLECTING
SECONDARY DATA
Sources of published data
1. Publications of central, state and local govt.
2. Publications of foreign govt. or international bodies and
their subsidiary organizations.3. Technical and trade journals
4. Books, magazines and newspapers
5. Reports and publications of various associations connected
with business and industry, banks, stock exchanges etc.
6. Reports prepared by research scholars, universities,
economists etc.
7. Public records and statistics
8. Historical documents
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1. OBSERVATION METHOD
In the Observation method the investigator asks no questions
but he simply observe or watch the participants or activities
in action and records the necessary data.
The information obtained under this method relates to what
is currently happening, which is collected by way of
investigators own direct observation without asking fromthe respondent.
METHODSOF COLLECTINGPRIMARY
DATA
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OBSERVATION METHOD
Types of observations
1. Structured vs Unstructured observation
2. Participant vs Non-participant observation
3. Controlled vs Uncontrolled observation
4. Disguised vs Non-disguised observation
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OBSERVATION METHOD
Advantages of observation method
1. Data is more reliable and free from respondent bias
2. Easy to note the effects of environmental influences
on specific outcomes
3. Easy to observe certain groups of individuals-veryyoung children, busy executives etc
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OBSERVATION METHOD
Disadvantages of observation method
1. Physical presence is a must
2. Tedious and expensive
3. Due to long periods of observation, observer
exhaustion could easily set in
4. Moods, feelings and attitude may affect the observation
5. Training is necessary
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2. INTERVIEW METHOD
Interview is a face-to-face interaction between two or
more persons for a particular purpose.
According to Scott, Interview is a purposeful
exchange of ideas, answering of questions and
communication between two or more persons.
METHODSOF COLLECTINGPRIMARY DATA
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TypesofInterviewTypesofInterview
1.1. StructuredStructured andand UnstructuredUnstructured InterviewInterview:: StructuredStructured inin
casecase ofof descriptivedescriptive andand causalcausal studystudy andand UnstructuredUnstructured inin
casecase ofof exploratoryexploratory studystudy
2. Focused Interview: It is mean to focus attention on thegiven experience of the respondent and its effects.
3. Clinical interview: It is concerned with the broad
underline feelings or motivation or with the course of
individuals life experience.
4. Non-directive interview: Its function is simply to
encourage the respondent to talk about the given topic
with a bare minimum of direct questioning.
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AdvantagesofInterviewMethod
1. Faster and Cheaper method
2. Easy and Flexible
3. Replies can be recorded
4. No field staff is required
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3. QuestionnaireMethod
It consists of number of question printed or
typed in a definite order on a form.
Used in case of big enquiries.
Free from bias of the interviewer.
Generally sent through mail.
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Tipsfor Designing thequestionnaireWhat are you trying to find out?
1. A good questionnaire is designed so that your results will
tell you what you want to find out.
2. Start by writing down what you are trying to do in a few
clear sentences, and design your questionnaire around
this.
How are you going to use the information?
1. There is no point conducting research if the results arent
going to be used make sure you know why you are
asking the questions in the first place. Make sure you
cover everything you will need when it come to analyzing
the answers.
e.g. Maybe you want to compare answers given by men and
women. You can only do this if youve remembered to record
the gender of each respondent on each questionnaire.
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Keep it short. In fact, quite often the shorter the better.
1. We are all busy, and as a general rule people are lesslikely to answer a long questionnaire than a short one.
2. If you are going to be asking your customers to answer
your questionnaire in-store, make sure the interview is
no longer than 10 minutes maximum (this will be about
10 to 15 questions).3. If your questionnaire is too long, try to remove some
questions. Read each question and ask, "How am I going
to use this information?" If you dont know, dont
include it!Use simple and direct language:
1. The questions must be clearly understood by the
respondent. The wording of a question should be simple
and to the point. Do not use uncommon words or long
sentences.
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Start with something general.
Respondents will be put-off and may even refuse to complete
your questionnaire if you ask questions that are too personal
at the start (e.g. questions about financial matters, age, even
whether or not they are married).
Do locate personal or confidential questions at the end of the
questionnaire. The early appearance of unsettling questionsmay result in respondents discontinuing the questionnaire.
Place the most important questions in the first half of the
questionnaire.
Respondents sometimes only complete part of aquestionnaire. By putting the most important items near the
beginning, the partially completed questionnaires will still
contain important information.
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Leave enough space to record the answers.
If you are going to include questions which may require along answer e.g. ask someone why they do a particular
thing, then make sure you leave enough room to write in
the possible answers. It sounds obvious, but its so often
overlooked!
Test your questionnaire on your colleagues (Pilot Study).
No matter how much time and effort you put into
designing your questionnaire, there is no substitute for
testing it. Complete some interviews with your colleaguesBEFORE you ask the real respondents. This will allow
you to time your questionnaire, make any final changes,
and get feedback from your colleagues.
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Do order categories. When response categories represent aprogression between a lower level of response and a higher
one, it is usually better to list them from the lower level to
the higher in left-to-right order, for example,
1) Never 2) Seldom 3) Occasionally 4) Frequently
Do ask responders to rate both positive and negative stimuli.
There is sometimes a difficulty when responders are asked
to rate items for which the general level of approval is high
(the "apple pie" problem). There is a tendency for
responders to mark every item at the same end of the scale.
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Avoid category increase. A typical question is the following:
Marital Status: 1) Single (Never married) 2) Married 3)
Widowed 4) Divorced 5) Separated
Avoid responses at the scale mid-point and neutral responses.
The use of neutral response positions had a basis in the pastwhen crude computational methods were unable to cope with
missing data. In such cases, non-responses were actually
replaced with neutral response values to avoid this problem.
The need for such a makeshift solution has long been
supplanted by improved computational methods. Consider thefollowing questionnaire item:
The instructor grades fairly. 1) Agree 4) Tend to disagree 2) Tend
to agree 5) Disagree 3) Undecided
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4.Schedules4.Schedules
It is like a questionnaire.
Performa containing a questionnaire being filled
by enumerators.
Enumerators ask question from respondent andrecord it in given space of the Performa.
Example: Population census
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DifferencebetweenQuestionnaireandDifferencebetweenQuestionnaireand
ScheduleSchedule1. Questionnaire can be sent via mail but schedule is doneonly personally
2. Questionnaire is cheaper method than schedule (for
schedule you have to move everywhere)
3. Questionnaire can be returned without answering all thequestions but, in schedule, enumerator ensures the filling
all the questions.
4. Questionnaire can be filled by anyone but schedule is
always filled by enumerator.
5. Respondent should be literate & co-operative in
Questionnaire but schedule can be filled by illiterate.
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6. Risk of incomplete & wrong information is more in
Questionnaire.7. Physical appearance of Questionnaire has to be attractive
but not such case is necessary with schedule.
8. Success of Questionnaire depends on its design but in
case of Schedule it depends on honesty & competency ofEnumerator.
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MeasurementMeasurement
Measurement in research consist of assigning
numbers to empirical events, objects or properties or
activities in fulfillment with a set of rules.
ScaleofMeasurementScaleofMeasurement
ScaleScale ofof measurementmeasurement refersrefers toto thethe unitsunits inin whichwhich aavariablevariable isis measuredmeasured..
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TypesofScaleTypesofScale
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio
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1. NominalScale1. NominalScale
Lowest level of measurment
Scale values are only used as labels they just classify
sample units into categories
The coding may be assigned to the categories but they do
not reveal logical ordering.
e.g. sex: Male = 1, Female = 2
Type: Qualitative
Statistics: Frequencies/Percentage and Mode
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2. Ordinalscale2. Ordinalscale
Scale values indicate an order of magnitude (ranking) with
respect to the variable of interest
e.g. How do you evaluate class rooms at HHA
poor = 1, no opinion = 2, good = 3
Type: Qualitative
Statistics: Median and Range
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3. Intervalscale3. Intervalscale
Scale values indicate orders of magnitude as well as distance
(for most behavioral research, Interval scales are the highest
form of measurement) e.g. Average grade when entering
HHA
Type: Quantitative
Statistics: Mean and Standard Deviation/variance
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4. Ratioscale4. Ratioscale
Ratio scales have absolute quantities. Money and weight
are ratio scales, as they have an absolute zero as well as
interval properties.
e.g. Sales revenue in a sample of companies
Type: Quantitative
Statistics: Geometric Mean, Coefficient of Variation
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Likert Scales: Versatile format for measuring attitudes.
Please check the box that best represents your level of agreement ordisagreement with each of the following statements about downhill skiing:
Strongly Strongly
Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Disagree
Downhill skiing is...
exciting
dangerous
expensive
Can replace agree with importance satisfaction, interest
preference and other descriptors to fit the attitude you wish to measure.
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6. Rank Ordering: To measure preferences or priorities. Limit to short
lists.
Rank the following states in terms of your interest as possible traveldestinations for a summer vacation trip. (Place a 1 beside the stateyou would most like to visit, place a 2 besides your second choice, and a 3
beside your third choice.)
______ Michigan
______Wisconsin
______ Minnesota
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7. Filter Question. To screen for eligibility or knowledge prior to
asking other questions.
Did you stay overnight on your most recent trip?
NO YES
If Yes, How many nights did you spend away
from home? ________
To next question
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exciting ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ dull
expensive ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ inexpensive
safe ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ dangerous
8. Semantic Differential scale. Measure perception or image of something
using a set of polar adjectives.
For each of the characteristics listed below, mark an X on the line where you feel
downhill skiing falls with respect to that characteristic.
(Could repeat with cross country ski and snowmobiling and compare
perceptions; or Coke and Pepsi.