data communications and
Post on 13-Sep-2014
3.540 views
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Chapter 7
Local Area Networks : The Basics
Data Communications andComputer Networks: A Business User’s Approach
![Page 2: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Last time
• Types of errors and their prevention
• Error detection– Parity – 50%– CRC – can detect nearly all errors
• Error correction– 1. Do nothing
– 2. Return an error message to the transmitter
– 3. Fix the error with no further help from the transmitter
![Page 3: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Three Major Types of Networks Local Area Network (LAN)
Serves users within a confined geographical area (usually within a mile).
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Covers a geographic area the size of a city or
suburb. The purpose of a MAN is often to bypass local telephone companies when accessing long-distance service.
Wide Area Network (WAN) Covers a wide geographical area, such as a state or
a country. Examples: Tyment, Telenet, Uninet, and Accunet.
![Page 4: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Emphasis
Definition of a Local Area Network (LAN)
• Physical and Logical LAN Topologies
• Different Medium Access Control Protocols
• Common LAN Systems– Ethernet (1st commercially available LAN)
– Token ring
– FDDI (fiber data distributed interface) ring
![Page 5: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
IntroductionA local area network is a communication network that interconnects a variety of data communicating devices within a small geographic area and broadcasts data at
•high data transfer rates
•very low error rates.
(WANs now do this too)
Since the local area network first appeared in the 1970s, its use has become widespread in commercial and academic environments.
![Page 6: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Functions of a Local Area NetworkFile server - A large storage disk drive that acts as a central storage repository.
Print server - Provides the authorization to access a particular printer, accept and queue print jobs, and provides a user access to the print queue to perform administrative duties.
Interconnection - A LAN can provide an interconnection to other LANs and to wide area networks.
![Page 7: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Functions of a Local Area NetworkVideo transfers - High speed LANs are capable of supporting video image and live video transfers.
Manufacturing support - LANs can support manufacturing and industrial environments.
Distributed processing - LANs can support network operating systems which perform the operations of distributed processing.
![Page 8: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Advantages of Local Area NetworksAbility to share hardware and software resources.
Individual workstation might survive network failure.
Component and system evolution are possible.
Support for heterogeneous forms of hardware and software.
Access to other LANs and WANs (Figure 7-1).
Private ownership.
Secure transfers at high speeds with low error rates.
![Page 9: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
![Page 10: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Disadvantages of Local Area NetworksEquipment and support can be costly.
Level of maintenance continues to grow.
Private ownership?
Some types of hardware may not interoperate.
Just because a LAN can support two different kinds of packages does not mean their data can interchange easily.
A LAN is only as strong as it weakest link, and there are many links.
![Page 11: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Basic Network Topologies
Topology: the geometric configuration
Separate from protocols!
Local area networks are interconnected using one of four basic configurations:
1. Bus/tree
2. Star-wired bus
3. Star-wired ring
4. Wireless
![Page 12: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Basic Network Topologies
Logical vs physical design (topologies)
1. Logical design: how the data moves around the network from workstation to workstation
2. Physical design: how the network physically appears if drawn on a sheet of paper (laid out)
Names of topologies usually refer to the physical design.
![Page 13: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Bus/Tree TopologyThe original topology – 1970’s
Workstation has a network interface card (NIC) provides a physical connection to a network
Data can be transferred using either
1. baseband digital signals
2. broadband analog signals.
![Page 14: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Bus/Tree TopologyWorkstation has a network interface card (NIC) provides a physical connection to a network
Attaches to the bus (a coaxial cable) via a tap.
NIC is an electronic device that performs the necessary signal conversions and protocols operations so that the workstation can send and receive data on the network.
Tap is a passive device
Does not alter the signal
Does not require electricity to operate
![Page 15: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
![Page 16: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
17
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
![Page 17: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
18
Bus/Tree TopologyBaseband signals
Digital signals – 10 Mbps
Bidirectional and more outward in both directions from the workstation transmitting.
Easy to install and maintain
Fewer than 100 workstations
Buses can be split and joined, creating trees.
![Page 18: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
19
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
![Page 19: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
20
Bus/Tree TopologyBroadband signals
Usually uni-directional and transmit in only one direction.
Analogy and FDM for multiple channels (amplification necessary). Because of this, special wiring considerations are necessary.
100 to 1000 workstations over larger distances due to easy amplification
Buses can be split and joined, creating trees.
![Page 20: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
21
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Twice the propagationdelay of baseband
![Page 21: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
22
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
![Page 22: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
23
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Advantages/disadvantages of a busDifficult to add new devices if no tap exists.
No tap existing means cutting into the line
As such, this topology is loosing popularity
Plenty still around; Ethernet uses this.
![Page 23: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
24
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Star-wired Topologies
Stars versus a single line
Two types:
1. Star-wired bus
(often call the star topology)
2. Star-wired ring
![Page 24: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
25
Star-wired Bus TopologyLogically operates as a bus, but physically looks like a star.
Star design is based on hub. All workstations attach to hub.
Hub is an unintelligent device that immediately transmits whatever data it receives to all connections
Unshielded twisted pair usually used to connect workstation to hub.
Hub takes incoming signal and immediately broadcasts it out all connected links.
Hubs can be interconnected to extend size of network.
Very popular!
![Page 25: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
26
Star-wired bus physical topology for a LAN
![Page 26: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
27
Interconnection of two hubs in a star-wired bus LAN
![Page 27: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
28
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Star-wired Bus TopologyModular connectors and twisted pair make installation and maintenance of star-wired bus better than standard bus.
Hubs can be interconnected with twisted pair, coaxial cable, or fiber optic cable.
Biggest disadvantage: when one station talks, everyone hears it. This is called a shared network. All devices are sharing the network medium.
![Page 28: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
29
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Star-wired Ring TopologyLogically operates as a ring but physically appears as a star.
Star-wired ring topology is based on MAU (multi-station access unit) which functions similarly to a hub.
Where a hub immediately broadcasts all incoming signals onto all connected links, the MAU passes the signal around in a ring fashion in one direction.
Like hubs, MAUs can be interconnected to increase network size.
![Page 29: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
30
Ring topology viewed logically
![Page 30: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
31
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
NIC Repeaters for Star-wired RingAll data must pass through a NIC repeater
Performs basic functions:
Bypass: data does not copy to the workstation, used for inactive devices
Copy: data from ring copied to workstation
Write: data from the workstation copied to the ring
Regenerates: recopies data back onto ring
![Page 31: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
32
Three possible operations of the workstation repeater on a ring topology
![Page 32: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
33
Physical organization of a ring topologyLooks like a star!
![Page 33: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
34
Multi-station access unit on a ring topology
The MAU replaces the hub for this topology
![Page 34: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
35
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Wireless TopologyNot really a specific topology since a workstation in a wireless LAN can be anywhere as long as it is within transmitting distance to an access point.
Range varies from 50 to 800 ft with speeds of 2 to 11 Mbps
Most wireless LANs include a wired LAN backbone
Usually requires a wireless NIC
![Page 35: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
36
Stanford’s wireless network
![Page 36: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
37
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Wireless Topology – different formsNewer IEEE 802.11 and 802.11b (Wi-Fi) standard defines various forms of wireless LAN connections.
Speeds up to 11 Mbps with 802.11b standard.
Workstations reside within a basic service set, while multiple basic service sets create an extended service set.
![Page 37: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
38
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Wireless TopologyAcceptable transmission ranges broken up into areas:
1. Basic service set – that surrounding an access point
2. Extended service set – collection of basic service sets
Workstations reside within a basic service set, while multiple basic service sets create an extended service set.
![Page 38: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
39
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Wireless TopologyTwo basic components necessary: the client radio, usually a PC card with an integrated antenna, and the access point (AP), which is an Ethernet port plus a transceiver.
The AP acts as a bridge between the wired and wireless networks and can perform basic routing functions.
Workstations with client radio cards reside within a basic service set, while multiple basic service sets create an extended service set.
![Page 39: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
40
Single-cell wireless LAN configuration
![Page 40: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
41
Multiple-cell wireless LAN configuration
![Page 41: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
42
Ad-hoc configuration for a wireless LAN
![Page 42: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
43
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Wireless TopologyWith directional antennae designed for point-to-point transmission (rare), 802.11b can work for more than 10 miles.
With an omni-directional antenna on a typical AP, range may drop to as little as 100 feet.
Distance is inversely proportional to transmission speed - as speed goes up, distance goes down.
![Page 43: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
44
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Wireless TopologyIn actual tests, 11 Mbps 802.11b devices managed 5.5 Mbps
To provide security, most systems use Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), which provides either 40- or 128-bit key protection. (how good?)
What will Bluetooth’s impact be on 802.11b (Wi-Fi)?
![Page 44: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
45
Other Wireless Standards•IEEE 802.11 (older 2 Mbps)
•IEEE 802.11b (11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz)Also called Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
•IEEE 802.11a (54 Mbps, 5 GHz, in 2002)
•IEEE 802.11g (54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz, in 2002)
•HiperLAN/2 (European standard, 54 Mbps in 5 GHz band)
![Page 45: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
46
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
![Page 46: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
47
Summary of topologies
• Logical vs physical topologies
• Bus and star-rings - old technologies– Still some around
• You’ll probably use 1. Star-wired bus (star)
With bus or routers (now much easier to use)
2. Wireless network (Wi-fi)
![Page 47: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
48
Protocols
• Last time topologies
• Now how the data actually flows
![Page 48: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
49
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Medium Access Control (MAC) ProtocolsHow does a workstation get its data onto the LAN medium?
A medium access control protocol is the software that allows workstations to “take turns” at transmitting data.
Since a LAN is a broadcast network, it’s imperative that only oneone workstation at a time be allowed to transmit data onto the network. (for multiple channels, one channel per workstation)
Switches have changed that, but we’ll take about that in Ch8.
![Page 49: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
50
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Medium Access Control ProtocolsThree basic categories:
1. Contention-based protocols (1st come; 1st serve)
2. Round robin protocols (take your turn!!)
3. Reservation protocols (requests please!)
![Page 50: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
51
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Contention-Based ProtocolsEssentially first come first served.
Most common example is Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).
If no one is transmitting, a workstation can transmit.
If someone else is transmitting, the workstation “backs off” and waits.
Half duplex protocol.
![Page 51: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
52
Contention-Based ProtocolsIf two workstations transmit at the same time, a collision occurs.
When the two workstations hear the collision, they stop transmitting immediately.
Each workstation backs off a random amount of time and tries again. Workstations use a persistence algorithm to decide when to resubmit.
Hopefully, both workstations do not try again at the exact same time.
CSMA/CD is an example of a non-deterministic protocol (cannot calculate time at which a workstation will transmit)
![Page 52: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
53
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
CollisionsCollision window is the interval during which a workstation’s signal can propagate down the bus and back. During this period a workstation might falsely hear no one transmitting and retransmit a signal.
Changes for collisions go up when every workstation wants to send something – heavy traffic!
![Page 53: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
54
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
![Page 54: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
55
Collisions
• Busy CSMA/CD networks can waste over half their time dealing with collisions.
![Page 55: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
56
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Round Robin ProtocolsEach workstation takes a turn transmitting and the turn is passed around the network from workstation to workstation.
Most common example is token ring LAN in which a software token is passed from workstation to workstation.
Token ring is an example of a deterministic protocol.
Token ring more complex than CSMA/CD. What happens if token is lost? Duplicated? Hogged?
Token ring LANs are losing the battle with CSMA/CD LANs.
![Page 56: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
57
Token Passing Protocols
• Before workstation can transmit it must possess the one and only token
• Two types:– Token ring– Token bus
![Page 57: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
58
Data Transmission on a token ring LAN
Station A has just released the token
Station M copies the data meant for it from BB removes the data it sent and releases the token
![Page 58: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
59
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Why CSMA/CD more popular than Token Ring1st LAN MAC method, more installations and equipment.
Token rings have almost always lagged behind in transmission speed.
CSMA/CD less expensive to implement because of widespread marketing and acceptance.
CSMA/CD is a simpler protocol.
Wireless CSMA/CD now exists
![Page 59: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
60
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Token BusJust like the token ring, but a bus instead
Each workstation maintains a list of neighbors that one passes the token to (logical not physical) neighbor
Designed primarily for manufacturing plants since a non-deterministic protocol is not acceptable there. Why?
![Page 60: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
61
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Reservation ProtocolsWorkstation places a reservation with central server.
Workstation cannot transmit until reservation comes up.
Under light loads, this acts similar to CSMA/CD.
Under heavy loads, this acts similar to token ring.
Powerful access method but again losing out to CSMA/CD.
Most common example of reservation protocol is demand priority protocol.
![Page 61: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
62
Problems with the OSI model for LANs
Problems with broadcast networks!
• Routing (no decisions have to be made)
• Data link and physical link tightly coupled– Need to specify hardware! Ugh!
• Broadcast networks need to be have a medium access control to decide who talks
![Page 62: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
63
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Medium Access Control SublayerTo better support local area networks, the data link layer of the OSI model was broken into two sublayers:
1. Logical link control sublayer
2. Medium access control (MAC) sublayer
Medium access control sublayer defines the frame layout and is more closely tied to a specific medium at the physical layer.
Thus, when people refer to LANs they often refer to its MAC sublayer name, such as 10BaseT.
![Page 63: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
64
Modification of OSI model to split data link layer intotwo sublayers
![Page 64: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
65
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
IEEE 802 Frame FormatsThe IEEE 802 suite of protocols defines the frame formats for CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3) and token ring (IEEE 802.5).
Each frame format describes how the data package is formed.
Note how the two frames are different. If a CSMA/CD network connects to a token ring network, the frames have to be converted from one to another.
![Page 65: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
66
Frame format for IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD Protocol
![Page 66: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
67
Frame Format for IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Protocol
![Page 67: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
68
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Local Area Network SystemsThe entire system with protocol and topology
![Page 68: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
69
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Local Area Network SystemsEthernet or CSMA/CD
Most common form of LAN today.
Star-wired bus is most common topology but bus topology also around.
Ethernet comes in many forms depending upon medium used and transmission speed and technology.
![Page 69: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
70
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
EthernetOriginally, CSMA/CD was 10 Mbps.
Then 100 Mbps was introduced. Most NICs sold today are 10/100 Mbps.
Then 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) was introduced.
10 Gbps is now available.
![Page 70: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
71
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Ethernet1000 Mbps introduces a few interesting wrinkles:
Transmission is full duplex (separate transmit and receive), thus no collisions.
Prioritization is possible using 802.1p protocol.
Topology can be star or mesh (for trunks).
![Page 71: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
72
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
EthernetCabling can be either UTP (unshielded twisted pair) or optical (but 10 Gbps Ethernet may not work over UTP due to radio frequency interference).
Where 10 Mbps Ethernet has less than 30% utilization due to collisions, 1000 Mbps is limited only by traffic queueing.
Distance with 10 Mbps is limited by CSMA/CD propagation time, whereas 1000 Mbps limited only by media.
![Page 72: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
73
![Page 73: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
74
Ethernet StandardsKey
• XXXBase or XXX Broad
• XXX 10 means 10Mbps
![Page 74: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
75
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Local Area Network SystemsIBM Token Ring
Deterministic LAN offered at speeds of 4, 16 and 100 Mbps using star-ring topology.
Very good throughput under heavy loads.
More expensive components than CSMA/CD.
Losing ground quickly to CSMA/CD. May be extinct soon.
![Page 75: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
76
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Local Area Network SystemsFDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
Based on the token ring design using 100 Mbps fiber connections.
Allows for two concentric rings - inner ring can support data travel in opposite direction or work as backup.
Token is attached to the outgoing packet, rather than waiting for the outgoing packet to circle the entire ring.
![Page 76: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
77
FDDI dual ring topology
![Page 77: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
78
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
Local Area Network Systems100VG-AnyLAN
Deterministic LAN based on demand priority access method.
Similar to hub topology (star design).
Two levels of priority - normal and high.
Supports a wide-variety of media types.
Losing ground quickly to CSMA/CD. Will be extinct soon?
![Page 78: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
79
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
![Page 79: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
80
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
LANs In Action : A Small Office SolutionWhat type of system will interconnect twenty workstations in one room and 15 workstations in another room to a central server, which offers:
• Internal e-mail
• A database that contains all customer information
• High quality printer access
![Page 80: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
81
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
![Page 81: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
82
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
![Page 82: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
83
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
LANs In Action : A Home Office Local Area Network SolutionWhat if you have two computers at home and want both to share a printer and a connection to the Internet.
Some type of “network-in-a-box” solution might solve this problem.
Essentially a LAN with a 2- or 3-port hub, connecting cables, and software.
In some models the hub also acts as a router to the Internet.
![Page 83: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
84
Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 7
![Page 84: Data Communications And](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5413b8e18d7f7294698b46d2/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
85
What we covered
• Topologies– Star-bus– Wireless
• Protocols– CSMA/CD
• Systems– Ethernet
Next time: wireless networks?