data rates table - various technologies

8/11/2019 Data Rates Table - Various Technologies

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Data-Rate Tables

DSx/Tx/Ex - North America, Europe & ROW, and Japan

Digital

Signal

DS

LevelData Rate

DS0

MultipleU.S. T-

carrier

Europe &

ROW E-

carrier

Japan J-

carrier

DS0 0 64 Kbps 1 - -

DS1 1 1.544 Mbps 24 T-1 - J-1

- 2.048 Mbps 32 - E-1

DS1c 3.152 Mbps 48 - -

DS2 2 6.312 Mbps 96 T-2 - J-2

7.786 Mbit/s 120 J-2 (alt)- 8.448 Mbps 128 - E-2

32.064 Mbit/s 480 J-3

- 34.368 Mbps 512 - E-3

DS3 3 44.736 Mbps 672 T-3 -

97.728 Mbit/s 1440 J-4

- 139.264 Mbps 2048 - E-4

DS4/NA 139.264 Mbps 2176 - -

DS4 4 274.176 Mbps 4032 - -

DS5 5 400.352 Mbit/s 5760

- 565.148 Mbps4 E4

channels- E-5 J-5

NOTE: The orange cells designate the rates above T-3, E-3 etc - which are normally now on optical systems


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Optical Signal Hierarchy

Hierarchy Data Rate SONET SDH OCx

Level Zero 155.52 STS-3 STM-1 OC-3Level One 622.08 STS-12 STM-4 OC-12

Level Two 2488.32 Mbps STS-48 STM-16 OC-48

Level Three 9953.28 Mbps STS-192 STM-64 OC-192

OC vs STS vs STM Data Rates

Optical Carrier Data Rate(Line Rate)

Overhead Rate Payload-SONET (SPE)(Data Rate - Overhead)

User Data Rate

(Mbps)SONET

STS

(ANSI)

SDH

STM

(CCITT)

OC-1 51.84 Mbps 1.728 Mbps 50.112 Mbps 49.536 STS-1 --

OC-3 155.52 Mbps 5.184 Mbps 150.336 Mbps 148.608 STS-3 STM-1

OC-9 466.56 Mbps 451.044 Mbps 445.824 STS-9 STM-3





OC-48 2488.32 Mbps 82.944 Mbps 2.4 Gbps 2377.728 STS-48 STM-16

OC-192 9953.28 Mbps 331.776 9.6 Gbps 9510.912 STS-192 STM-64

OC-768 40Gbit/s 1327.104 38.5 Gbps - STS-768 STM-256

OC-3072 160Gbit/s - - STS-3072 STM-1024


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SPE (Synchronous Payload Envelope) = AU (Administrative Unit)STS = Synchronous Transport Signal

STM = Synchronous Transport Module OC = Optical Carrier

STS-1 - Synchronous Transport Signal 1: SONET over OC-1 optical fiber at 51.84 Mbps.STS-n - Synchronous Transport Signal "n" : (where n is an integer) SONET standards for transmission over OC-n optical fiber bymultiplexing "n" STS-1 frames, (e.g., STS-3 at 155.52 Mbps STS-12 at 622.08 Mbps and STS-48 at 2.488 Gbps).

STS-nc - Synchronous Transport Signal "n" concatenated: (where n is an integer) SONET standards for transmission over OC-noptical fiber by multiplexing "n" STS-1 frames, (e.g., STS-3 at 155.52 Mbps STS-12 at 622.08 Mbps and STS-48 at 2.488 Gbps buttreating the information fields as a single concatenated payload).

STM - Synchronous Transfer Module: STM is a basic building block used for a synchronous multiplexing hierarchy defined by theCCITT/ITU-T. STM-1 operates at a rate of 155.52 Mbps (same as STS-3).

STM-1 - Synchronous Transport Module 1: SDH standard for transmission over OC-3 optical fiber at 155.52 Mbps.

STM-n - Synchronous Transport Module "n" : (where n is an integer) SDH standards for transmission over optical fiber (OC-'n x 3)by multiplexing "n" STM-1 frames, (e.g., STM-4 at 622.08 Mbps and STM-16 at 2.488 Gbps).

STM-nc - Synchronous Transport Module "n" concatenated: (where n is an integer) SDH standards for transmission over optical fiber(OC-'n x 3) by multiplexing "n" STM-1 frames, (e.g., STM-4 at 622.08 Mbps and STM-16 at 2.488 Gbps, but treating the informationfields as a single concatenated payload).

Virtual Tributaries and Virtual Containers

SDH/SONET defines a way or packaging capacity into Virtual Containers (VCs) which may be Higher Order Virtual Container

(HVC) or Lower Order Virtual Containers (LVC). The term Tributary Unit (TU - used in RoW) or Virtual Tributary (VT - NorthAmerica) describes a method of mapping PDH (e.g. T1) carriers onto SDH/SONET.

SONET SDH

Name Speed Name Speed

VT-1.5 1.728Mbit/s VC-11 1.728Mbit/s


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VT-2 2.304Mbit/s VC-12 2.304Mbit/s

VT-3 3.456Mbit/s - -

VT-6 6.912Mbit/s VC-2 6.912Mbit/s

STS-1 50.112Mbit/s VC-3 48.960Mbit/s

STS-3 150.336Mbit/s VC-4 150.336Mbit/s

Common Data Rates

Technology Speed Physical Medium ApplicationGSMmobile telephone service9.6 to 14.4Kbps RFin space (wireless) Mobile telephone for business and personal use High-Speed Circuit-Switched

Data service (HSCSD)Up to 56 Kbps RF in space (wireless) Mobile telephone for business and personal use

Regular telephone service

(POTS)Up to 56 Kbps twisted pair Home and small business access

Dedicated 56Kbps onframe

relay56 Kbps Various Business e-mail with fairly large file attachments

DS0 64 Kbps AllThe base signal on a channel in the set of DigitalSignal levels

General Packet Radio System

(GPRS)56 to 114 Kbps RF in space (wireless) Mobile telephone for business and personal use

ISDN

BRI:64 Kbps to 128 KbpsPRI:23 (T-1) or 30 (E1) assignable 64-Kbps channels plus control channel; up to1.544 Mbps (T-1) or 2.048 (E1)

BRI: Twisted-pairPRI: T-1 or E1 line

BRI: Faster home and small business accessPRI: Medium and large enterprise access

IDSL 128 Kbps Twisted-pair Faster home and small business access

AppleTalk 230.4 Kbps Twisted pairLocal area network for Apple devices; severalnetworks can be bridged; non-Apple devices canalso be connected

Enhanced Data GSM

Environment (EDGE)384 Kbps RF in space (wireless) Mobile telephone for business and personal use

satellite 400 Kbps (DirecPC and others) RF in space (wireless) Faster home and small enterprise accessframe relay 56 Kbps to 1.544Mbps Twisted-pair orcoaxial cable Large company backbone for LANs toISP
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ISP to Internet infrastructure

DS1/T-1 1.544 MbpsTwisted-pair, coaxial cable, oroptical fiber

Large company to ISPISP to Internet infrastructure

Universal Mobile

Telecommunications Service

(UMTS)

Up to 2 Mbps RF in space (wireless)Mobile telephone for business and personal use

(available in 2002 or later)

E-carrier 2.048 MbpsTwisted-pair, coaxial cable, oroptical fiber

32-channel European equivalent of T-1

T-1C (DS1C) 3.152 MbpsTwisted-pair, coaxial cable, oroptical fiber


IBMToken Ring/802.5 4 Mbps (also 16 Mbps)Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, oroptical fiber

Second most commonly-used local area networkafter Ethernet

DS2/T-2 6.312 MbpsTwisted-pair, coaxial cable, oroptical fiber


Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)512 Kbps to 8 MbpsTwisted-pair (used as a digital,

roadbandmedium)Home, small business, and enterprise accesssing existing copper lines

E-2 8.448 Mbps Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, oroptical fiber

Carries four multiplexed E-1 signals

cable modem**512 Kbps to 52 Mbps(see "explanation" below)

Coaxial cable (usually usesEthernet); in some systems,telephone used for upstreamrequests

Home, business, school access

Ethernet 10 Mbps10BASE-T(twisted-pair);10BASE-2 or -5 (coaxial cable);10BASE-F (optical fiber)

Most popular business local area network (LAN)

IBMToken Ring/802.5 16 Mbps (also 4 Mbps)Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, oroptical fiber

Second most commonly-used local area networkafter Ethernet

E-3 34.368 Mbps Twisted-pair or optical fiber Carries 16 E-l signals

DS3/T-3 44.736 Mbps Coaxial cableISP to Internet infrastructureSmaller links within Internet infrastructure

OC-1 51.84 Mbps Optical fiberISP to Internet infrastructureSmaller links within Internet infrastructure

High-Speed Serial Interface

(HSSI)Up to 53 Mbps HSSI cable

Between router hardware and WAN linesShort-range (50 feet) interconnection betweenslower LAN devices and faster WAN lines

Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps100BASE-T(twisted pair);100BASE-T(twisted pair);

Workstations with 10 Mbps Ethernet cards canplug into a Fast Ethernet LAN
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100BASE-T(optical fiber)Fiber Distributed-Data

Interface (FDDI)100 Mbps Optical fiber

Large, wide-range LAN usually in a largecompany or a larger ISP

T-3D (DS3D) 135 Mbps Optical fiberISP to Internet infrastructureSmaller links within Internet infrastructure

E-4 139.264 Mbps Optical fiberCarries 4 E3 channelsUp to 1,920 simultaneous voice conversations

OC-3/SDH 155.52 Mbps Optical fiberLarge company backboneInternet backbone

E-5 565.148 Mbps Optical fiberCarries 4 E4 channelsUp to 7,680 simultaneous voice conversations

OC-12/STM-4 622.08 Mbps Optical fiber Internet backbone

Gigabit Ethernet 1 GbpsOptical fiber (and "copper" up to100 meters)

Workstations/networks with 10/100 MbpsEthernet plug into Gigabit Ethernet switches

OC-24 1.244Gbps Optical fiber Internet backboneSciNet 2.325 Gbps (15 OC-3 lines) Optical fiber Part of the vBNS backbone

OC-48/STM-16 2.488 Gbps Optical fiber Internet backboneOC-192/STM-64 10 Gbps Optical fiber BackboneOC-256 13.271 Gbps Optical fiber Backbone

** Cable modem note: rhe upper limit of 52 Mbps on a cable is to anISP,not currently to an individual PC. Most of today's PCs arelimited to an internal design that can accomodate no more than 10 Mbps (although the PCIbus itself carries data at a faster speed).The 52 Mbps cable channel is subdivided among individual users. Obviously, the faster the channel, the fewer channels an ISP willrequire and the lower the cost to support an individual user.
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Data Rates - or Speeds

(the tables are listed here also - but with descriptions included)

*** also seehttp://www.zytrax.com/tech/data_rates.htm

*** this page explains the speeds - for detailed descriptions of the complex T-carrier system - see theT1andT3pages

Here theDSx or T-Carrier Tableand theSTS-STM-OC Tabledescribe the families of data rates, or speeds. In addition, we listmost of thecommon data ratesin a separate table.

There are two main, standardized Telecom families of data rates - and a number of other data rates (for example, Ethernet/Fast-Ethernet/ Giga-Ethernet, etc.).

Digital Signal (DSx), also called the T-Carrier (Tx) & E-Carrier (Ex) System- based on multiples of the DS0(which is 64kbps) - common speeds range from 64 Kbps up to 44.736 Mbps (DS0 to DS3) but can go as high as 274.176(DS4). Uses copper cables primarily. standardized by the ANSI accreditedCommittee T1

Synchronous Transport (STS & STM), also called Optical Carrier (OC)- speeds range from 51.84 Mbps to9953.28 Mbps (OC-1 to OC-192). Uses optical fiber cables.

DSx vs Tx - yes, there is aslightdifference between, for example, a DS1 and a T1. They describe identical data rates - but DSx is at

the equipment, and Tx is on the cable.

The Tx Acronym- no one ever states what the "T" stands for (you can search the web, fruitlessly), but it sometimes is said to meanTerrestrial, and other times is said to mean Transmission.

Plesiochronous Systems (DSx/Tx/Ex) vs Synchronous Systems (STS/STM/OC)
http://www.zytrax.com/tech/data_rates.htmhttp://www.zytrax.com/tech/data_rates.htmhttp://www.zytrax.com/tech/data_rates.htmhttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/t1.htmhttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/t1.htmhttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/t1.htmhttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/t3.htmhttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/t3.htmhttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/t3.htmhttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#DSx/Tx/Ex%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#DSx/Tx/Ex%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#DSx/Tx/Ex%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#STS/STM/OC%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#STS/STM/OC%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#STS/STM/OC%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#Common%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#Common%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#Common%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.t1.org/http://www.t1.org/http://www.t1.org/http://www.t1.org/http://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#Common%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#STS/STM/OC%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/Telecom101/speeds.htm#DSx/Tx/Ex%20Data%20Rateshttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/t3.htmhttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/t1.htmhttp://www.zytrax.com/tech/data_rates.htm


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SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is a standard technology for synchronous data transmission on optical media. It is theinternational equivalent of Synchronous Optical Network. Both technologies provide faster and less expensive networkinterconnection than the traditional PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) systems, such as the T-carrier.

Synchronousmeans the systems that connect to each other are running on a master clock (Stratum-1 clock, which is nuclear andtherefore virtually exactly timed), and the data is timed perfectly.

Plesiochronousmeans "almost (but not) synchronous," - this means the systems that connect to each other are running at the samedata rate but are on separate clocks. The clocks, of course, can be off slightly, which means the data is not timed perfectly. To getaround this, "stuff bits" are inserted by the faster of the two systems - the stuff bits are meaningless bits, inserted only for timingcorrection, and they must be marked as stuff bits so that the receiving end can remove them..

The following tables list the standard data rates for DSx/Tx/Ex systems, and the Synchronous Transport or Optical Carrier systems.SONET bases it's data rates on the STS/STM/OC system.

Speed & Data Rate vs Bandwidth & Capacity

Speed and Data Ratedefine how fast data isflowing in one direction.

Bandwidth and Capacitydefine how fast data canflow (the max) in one direction.

Datacan be any type of information. But with computers and networks, the fundamental block of Data is the Bit (1 or 0) and the Byte(a group of eight bits). Bits and Bytes are numeric information. This numeric info can be encoded at the sending end and decoded(interpreted) at the receiving end to represent any type of info. For example, alphabetic characters can be encoded/decoded intonumbers using ASCII code.

Speed, or Data Rate, is simply the speed that the data is flowing from one point to another, through some type of physical medium,orpipe.

The pipe or circuit,may be one channel or multiple channels. For example, a DS0 is one channel at 64 Kbps - whereas a DS1 is1.544 Mbps, but consists of 24 channels at 64 Kbps.

IMPORTANT- data is bidirectional (flows in both directions) . The data rate or speed is the value of how fast data flows in onedirection. The aggregate data rate is 2 times that !! For example, a T1 has data flowing at 1.544 Mbps, in one direction, and it has


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1.544 Mbps flowing in the other direction as well. This is a symmetric circuit since the speeds are the same. Most circuits aresymmetric. However, there are examples of assymetric, such as ADSL (Asymmetric DSL).

Bandwidth or "capacity,"describes how wide the pipe is- which corresponds to the maximum rate that the bits can be sent through

pipe or the channels in the pipe.

How Channels in a Pipe are Separated (TDM)- in telecom, channels are separated by TDM (Time Division Multiplexing). This iswhere groups of bits (frames) take turns in entering the pipe for transmission. Then at the receiving end these groups of bits areseparated again. For example, a DS1 is actually 24 DS0's being sent in alternating groups of bits, using TDM (see theT1page).

The T-Carrier Standards

If you EVER find the official original T1 standards paper, that defines the basics - please email me. Originally, ANSI came up withthe first T1 standard document. But now there are tons of T-carrier standards documents !!! A few common ones I have seen

mentioned are ANSI T1.403-1998, T1.-107-1995, T1.107a-1990, etc

If you are wealthy, all the ANSI and T1 Committee standards can be found and bought fromhttps://www.atis.org/atis/docstore/searchform.asp(about $250 each). Actually, the T1 Committee has been split up into several newgroups. The one that deals with T-carrier stuff the most is the T1X1 group (seehttp://www.t1.org/t1x1/_x1-prj.htmfor a listing of alltheir documents).

DSx/Tx/Ex/Jx Data Rates

The following speeds include several DS levels (such as DS1C, DS2, and DS4) that you will rarely, if ever encounter. The DS2 is abuilding block of the DS3 (7 DS2's = 1 DS3) - you won't see it as an available access speed for a circuit, but it's there.

DSx/Tx/Ex - North America, Europe & ROW, and Japan

Digital SignalDS

LevelData Rate

DS0

Multiple

U.S. T-

carrierEurope &

ROW E-

Japan J-

carrier
http://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/index.htmhttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/index.htmhttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/index.htmhttps://www.atis.org/atis/docstore/searchform.asphttps://www.atis.org/atis/docstore/searchform.asphttp://www.t1.org/t1x1/_x1-prj.htmhttp://www.t1.org/t1x1/_x1-prj.htmhttp://www.t1.org/t1x1/_x1-prj.htmhttp://www.t1.org/t1x1/_x1-prj.htmhttps://www.atis.org/atis/docstore/searchform.asphttp://www.infocellar.com/networks/t1-t3.htm/index.htm


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carrier

DS0 0 64 Kbps 1 - -

DS1 1 1.544 Mbps 24 T-1 - J-1

- 2.048 Mbps 32 - E-1

DS1c 3.152 Mbps 48 - -

DS2 2 6.312 Mbps 96 T-2 - J-2

7.786 Mbps 120 J-2 (alt)

- 8.448 Mbps 128 - E-2

32.064 Mbps 480 J-3

- 34.368 Mbps 512 - E-3

DS3 3 44.736 Mbps 672 T-3 -

97.728 Mbps 1440 J-4

- 139.264 Mbps 2048 - E-4

DS4/NA 139.264 Mbps 2176 - -

DS4 4 274.176 Mbps 4032 - -


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DS5 5 400.352 Mbps 5760

- 565.148 Mbps4 E4

channels- E-5 J-5

For a T1 if you multiply 24 x DS0 (64,000) you do NOT get 1.544 Mbps (that would be 24 * 64,000 = 1.536 Mbps). The extra bitsare lost between 'frames' where a frame consists of one 8 bit sample for each of the 24 channels (remember the DS0 basics). So every192 bits (24 x 8 = 192) we add a 'frame separator' bit to give 193 bits per frame. The final arithmetic is 193 bits x 8K samples = 1.544Mbps. Easy really.

If you do the same arithmetic for DS1C, T2 etc. the above will not give the right answer. In short above T1 things get even messierwith M-Frames and M-subframes. Its mind numbing stuff and if you really want to know you needANSI T1.107-1995and lots ofcoffee.

The T-carrier system, introduced by the Bell System in the U.S. in the 1960s, was the first successful system that supported digitizedvoice transmission. The original transmission rate (1.544 Mbps) in the T-1 line is in common use today in Internet service provider(ISP) connections to the Internet. Another level, the T-3 line, providing 44.736 Mbps, is also commonly used by Internet serviceproviders. Another commonly installed service is a fractional T-1, which is the rental of some portion of the 24 channels in a T-1 line,with the other channels going unused.

Digital signal X is based on the ANSI T1.107 guidelines. The ITU-TS guidelines differ somewhat. The T-carrier system is entirelydigital, using pulse code modulation and time-division multiplexing. The system uses four wires and provides duplex capability (twowires for receiving and two for sending at the same time). The T-1 digital stream consists of 24 64-Kbps channels that are

multiplexed. (The standardized 64 Kbps channel is based on the bandwidth required for a voice conversation.) The four wires wereoriginally a pair of twisted pair copper wires, but can now also include coaxial cable, optical fiber, digital microwave, and othermedia. A number of variations on the number and use of channels are possible.

In the T-1 system, voice signals are sampled 8,000 times a second and each sample is digitized into an 8-bit word. With 24 channelsbeing digitized at the same time, a 192-bit frame (24 channels each with an 8-bit word) is thus being transmitted 8,000 times a second.Each frame is separated from the next by a single bit, making a 193-bit block. The 192 bit frame multiplied by 8,000 and theadditional 8,000 framing bits make up the T-1's 1.544 Mbps data rate. The signaling bits are the least significant bits in each frame.
http://www.t1.org/http://www.t1.org/http://www.t1.org/http://www.t1.org/


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OC/STS/STM Data Rates

These are standards that describe data rates. Unfortunately the world did not agree on one standard, so we have two systems in place:SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) for North America and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) for the rest of the world.

North America Terms

SONET- Synchronous Optical Network

OC - Optical Carrier - a SONET-based data rate where OC-n = 51.84 Mbps x n

STS- Synchronous Transport Signal (standardized by ANSI) - a SONET-based data rate

Europe and ROW Terms

SDH- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

STM- Synchronous Transport Module (standardized by the CCITT)

OCand STSspeeds are part of the SONET(Synchronous Optical Network) United States system. Optical Carriers are typicallyknown by their OC-xn number where n is a multiple of the OC-1 rate of 51.84 Mpbs

STMspeeds are part of the SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) European and ROW (Rest Of World) system.

Conversion

STM-n = STS-3n = OC-3n

For example:STM-1 = STS-3 = OC-3 = 155.52 Mbps

SDH vs SONET- Both systems are standards for synchronous data transmission on an optical media (fiber) - and their speeds areidentical. However, SDH is an international standard, while SONET is a North American standard. Therefore, in the United States youwill rarely hear speeds stated in STS-x or STM-x terms - instead they will be stated in OC-x terms.

North America uses an STS-x format for frames (packets) and Europe an STM-x (Synchronous Transport Module) format.


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*** four OC-3 or STM-1 circuits can be aggregated to form a 622.08 Mbps circuit designated as OC-12 or STM-4.

*** the current state of the art maximum data rate is the OC-192 or STM-64 circuit, which operates at rate of just under 10 Gbit/s.

STS = Synchronous Transport Signal

STM = Synchronous Transport Module

OC = Optical Carrier

Optical Signal Hierarchy

Hierarchy Data Rate SONET SDH OCx

Level Zero 155.52 STS-3 STM-1 OC-3

Level One 622.08 STS-12 STM-4 OC-12

Level Two 2488.32 Mbps STS-48 STM-16 OC-48

Level Three 9953.28 Mbps STS-192 STM-64 OC-192

OC vs STS vs STM Data Rates

Optical Carrier Data Rate

(Line Rate)

Overhead Rate Payload-SONET (SPE)

(Data Rate - Overhead)

User Data Rate

(Mbps)

SONET

STS

(ANSI)

SDH

STM

(CCITT)

OC-1 51.84 Mbps 1.728 Mbps 50.112 Mbps 49.536 STS-1 --


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OC-48 2488.32 Mbps 82.944 Mbps 2.4 Gbps 2377.728 STS-48 STM-16

OC-192 9953.28 Mbps 331.776 9.6 Gbps 9510.912 STS-192 STM-64

OC-768 40Gbit/s 1327.104 38.5 Gbps - STS-768 STM-256

OC-3072 160Gbit/s - - STS-3072 STM-1024

SDH uses the following Synchronous Transport Modules (STM) and rates: STM-1 (155 megabits per second), STM-4 (622 Mbps),STM-16 (2.5 gigabits per second), and STM-64 (10 Gbps).

Definitions

STS-1 Synchronous Transport Signal 1: SONET standard for transmission over OC-1 optical fiber at 51.84 Mbps.

STS-n Synchronous Transport Signal "n" : (where n is an integer) SONET standards for transmission over OC-n optical fiber bymultiplexing "n" STS-1 frames, (e.g., STS-3 at 155.52 Mbps STS-12 at 622.08 Mbps and STS-48 at 2.488 Gbps).


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STS-nc Synchronous Transport Signal "n" concatenated: (where n is an integer) SONET standards for transmission over OC-n opticalfiber by multiplexing "n" STS-1 frames, (e.g., STS-3 at 155.52 Mbps STS-12 at 622.08 Mbps and STS-48 at 2.488 Gbps but treatingthe information fields as a single concatenated payload).

STM Synchronous Transfer Module: STM is a basic building block used for a synchronous multiplexing hierarchy defined by the

CCITT/ITU-T. STM-1 operates at a rate of 155.52 Mbps (same as STS-3).STM-1 Synchronous Transport Module 1: SDH standard for transmission over OC-3 optical fiber at 155.52 Mbps.

STM-n Synchronous Transport Module "n" : (where n is an integer) SDH standards for transmission over optical fiber (OC-'n x 3) bymultiplexing "n" STM-1 frames, (e.g., STM-4 at 622.08 Mbps and STM-16 at 2.488 Gbps).

STM-nc Synchronous Transport Module "n" concatenated: (where n is an integer) SDH standards for transmission over optical fiber(OC-'n x 3) by multiplexing "n" STM-1 frames, (e.g., STM-4 at 622.08 Mbps and STM-16 at 2.488 Gbps, but treating the informationfields as a single concatenated payload).

SONET SDH

SPE VCSTS-SPE Higher Order VC (VC-3/4/4-Nc)

STS-1 frame STM-0 frame (rarely used)

STS-1-SPE VC-3

STS-1 payload C-3

STS-3c frame STM-1 frame AU-4

STS-3c-SPE VC-4

STS-3c payload C-4

STS-12c/48c/192c frame STM-4/16/64 frame AU-4-4c/16c/64cSTS-12c/48c/192c-SPE VC-4-4c/16c/64c

STS-12c/48c/192c payload C-4-4c/16c/64c

RFC2615- Table Comparing SONET and SDH entities

SONET SPE's SDH VC's

STS-3c-SPE VC-4
ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2615.txtftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2615.txtftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2615.txt


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STS-12c-SPE VC-4-4c

STS-48c-SPE VC-4-16c

STS-192c-SPE VC-4-64c

RFC2615- the only currently supported SONET/SDH SPE/VCs(SONET SPE's = Synchronous Payload Envelopes, are basically the same thing as SDH VC's = Virtual Containers):

Virtual Tributaries and Virtual Containers

** SONET and SDH Payloads and Envelopes

SONET:SPE (Synchronous Payload Envelope) VT (Virtual Tributary)

SDH: VC (Virtual Container - ROW) AU (Administrative Unit) TU = Tributary Unit (used in RoW)

SONET is designed to support a wide variety of payloads. The SONET node accepts these payloads and multiplexes them into aSONET envelope called an SPE (Synchronous Payload Envelope). These payloads are called virtual tributaries (VTs) in NorthAmerica and virtual containers (VCs) in SDH.

SDH/SONET defines a way or packaging capacity into Virtual Containers (VCs) which may be Higher Order Virtual Container(HVC) or Lower Order Virtual Containers (LVC). The term Tributary Unit (TU - used in RoW) or Virtual Tributary (VT - NorthAmerica) describes a method of mapping PDH (e.g. T1) carriers onto SDH/SONET.

SONET SDH

Name Speed

(Mbps)

Name Speed

(Mbps)

VT-1.5 1.728 VC-11 1.728
ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2615.txtftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2615.txtftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2615.txt


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VT-2 2.304 VC-12 2.304

VT-3 3.456 - -

VT-6 6.912 VC-2 6.912

STS-1 50.112 VC-3 48.960

STS-3c 150.336 VC-4 150.336

GigE Speeds

The standards for high-speed Ethernet are GbE, or GigE (Gigabit Ethernet at 1 Gbps which equals 1000 Mbps), and 10 GbE (10Gbps). GbE can use Cat6 copper cable but preferably fiber, while the 10 Gbps speed requires fiber. As far as the circuit speedrequired, GbE (1 Gbps) requires an OC-24, and 10 GbE (10 Gbps) requires an OC-192. Virtually no SONET network providers offerOC-24 circuits, so to transmit GbE across a fiber link, you would need to purchase either an OC-12 and just accept that you will onlyget 622 Mbps, or get an OC-48 and accept a huge amount of wasted bandwidth. Or you could buy non-SONET dark fiber and runyour GbE across it (although DF is expensive !!).

Common Data Rates

This table shows the stated data rates for the most important end-user and backbone transmission technologies.

Technology Speed Physical Medium Application

GSMmobile telephone service9.6 to 14.4Kbps RFin space (wireless) Mobile telephone for business and personal use

High-Speed Circuit-SwitchedUp to 56 Kbps RF in space (wireless) Mobile telephone for business and personal use
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Data service (HSCSD)

Regular telephone service

(POTS)Up to 56 Kbps twisted pair Home and small business access

Dedicated 56Kbps onframe

relay56 Kbps Various Business e-mail with fairly large file attachments

DS0 64 Kbps AllThe base signal on a channel in the set of Digital

Signal levels

General Packet Radio System

(GPRS)56 to 114 Kbps RF in space (wireless) Mobile telephone for business and personal use

ISDN

BRI:64 Kbps to 128 Kbps

PRI:23 (T-1) or 30 (E1) assignable 64-Kbps channels plus control channel; up to

1.544 Mbps (T-1) or 2.048 (E1)

BRI: Twisted-pairPRI: T-1 or E1 line

BRI: Faster home and small business accessPRI: Medium and large enterprise access

IDSL 128 Kbps Twisted-pair Faster home and small business access

AppleTalk 230.4 Kbps Twisted pair

Local area network for Apple devices; several

networks can be bridged; non-Apple devices can

also be connected

Enhanced Data GSM

Environment (EDGE) 384 Kbps RF in space (wireless) Mobile telephone for business and personal use

satellite 400 Kbps (DirecPC and others) RF in space (wireless) Faster home and small enterprise access

frame relay 56 Kbps to 1.544Mbps Twisted-pair orcoaxial cableLarge company backbone for LANs toISP


DS1/T-1 1.544 MbpsTwisted-pair, coaxial cable, or Large company to ISP
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optical fiber ISP to Internet infrastructure

Universal Mobile

Telecommunications Service

(UMTS)

Up to 2 Mbps RF in space (wireless)Mobile telephone for business and personal use

(available in 2002 or later)

E-carrier 2.048 MbpsTwisted-pair, coaxial cable, or

optical fiber32-channel European equivalent of T-1

T-1C (DS1C) 3.152 MbpsTwisted-pair, coaxial cable, or

optical fiber

Large company to ISP


IBMToken Ring/802.5 4 Mbps (also 16 Mbps)Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, or

optical fiber

Second most commonly-used local area network

after Ethernet

DS2/T-2 6.312 Mbps Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, oroptical fiber


Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 512 Kbps to 8 MbpsTwisted-pair (used as a digital,

broadbandmedium)

Home, small business, and enterprise access

using existing copper lines

E-2 8.448 MbpsTwisted-pair, coaxial cable, or

optical fiberCarries four multiplexed E-1 signals

cable modem**512 Kbps to 52 Mbps

(see "explanation" below)

Coaxial cable (usually uses

Ethernet); in some systems,

telephone used for upstream

requests

Home, business, school access

Ethernet 10 Mbps

10BASE-T(twisted-pair); 10BASE-2

or -5 (coaxial cable); 10BASE-F

(optical fiber)

Most popular business local area network (LAN)
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IBMToken Ring/802.5 16 Mbps (also 4 Mbps)Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, or

optical fiber

Second most commonly-used local area network

after Ethernet

E-3 34.368 Mbps Twisted-pair or optical fiber Carries 16 E-l signals

DS3/T-3 44.736 Mbps Coaxial cableISP to Internet infrastructure

Smaller links within Internet infrastructure

OC-1 51.84 Mbps Optical fiberISP to Internet infrastructure


High-Speed Serial Interface

(HSSI)Up to 53 Mbps HSSI cable

Between router hardware and WAN lines

Short-range (50 feet) interconnection between

slower LAN devices and faster WAN lines

Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps100BASE-T(twisted pair);100BASE-T(twisted pair);

100BASE-T(optical fiber)

Workstations with 10 Mbps Ethernet cards can

plug into a Fast Ethernet LAN

Fiber Distributed-Data

Interface (FDDI)100 Mbps Optical fiber

Large, wide-range LAN usually in a large company

or a larger ISP

T-3D (DS3D) 135 Mbps Optical fiberISP to Internet infrastructure


E-4 139.264 Mbps Optical fiber

Carries 4 E3 channels

Up to 1,920 simultaneous voice conversations

OC-3/SDH 155.52 Mbps Optical fiberLarge company backbone

Internet backbone

E-5 565.148 Mbps Optical fiberCarries 4 E4 channels

Up to 7,680 simultaneous voice conversations
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OC-12/STM-4 622.08 Mbps Optical fiber Internet backbone

Gigabit Ethernet 1 GbpsOptical fiber (and "copper" up to

100 meters)

Workstations/networks with 10/100 Mbps

Ethernet plug into Gigabit Ethernet switches

OC-24 1.244Gbps Optical fiber Internet backbone

SciNet 2.325 Gbps (15 OC-3 lines) Optical fiber Part of the vBNS backbone

OC-48/STM-16 2.488 Gbps Optical fiber Internet backbone

OC-192/STM-64 10 Gbps Optical fiber Backbone

OC-256 13.271 Gbps Optical fiber Backbone

** Cable modem note: rhe upper limit of 52 Mbps on a cable is to anISP,not currently to an individual PC. Most of today's PCs arelimited to an internal design that can accomodate no more than 10 Mbps (although the PCIbus itself carries data at a faster speed).The 52 Mbps cable channel is subdivided among individual users. Obviously, the faster the channel, the fewer channels an ISP willrequire and the lower the cost to support an individual user.
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data rates table - various technologies

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