database management system long

8/9/2019 Database Management System long

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

ASSIGNMENT-2

SUBMITTED TO: Ms. P. Sobha Rani

NAME: BINOD KUMAR SAHU

COURSE: IMBA 2NDYEAR (TH

TRIMESTER!

RO"" NO: #2$##%#%&


2/12

Q1) Write down any 15 select syntaxes and explain why

we use a select syntax

Ans)Th' SE"ECT sa')'n is *s'+ o s',' +aa /o) a

+aabas'.Th' /'s*, is so/'+ in a /'s*, ab,'0 a,,'+ h'

/'s*,-s'.

SE"ECT 1 ROM ab,'3na)'

#! S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'5 /o) 4ab,'3na)'56

2! S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'5 /o) 4ab,'3na)'5 7h'/'

4on+iion56

$! S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'5 /o) 4ab,'3na)'5 7h'/'

4on+iion5 ,i8' 49a'/n56

! S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'5 /o) 4ab,'3na)'5 7h'/'

4on+iion5 o/+'/ b 4';9/'ssion56

4on+iion5 ha?in= 4';9/'ssion56

&! S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'#5 /o) 4ab,'3na)'#5 Min*s

S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'25 /o) 4ab,'3na)'25 6

@! S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'#5 /o) 4ab,'3na)'#5 In'/s'S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'25 /o) 4ab,'3na)'25 6

! S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'#5 /o) 4ab,'3na)'#5 Union

S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'25 /o) 4ab,'3na)'25 6


3/12

#%! S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'#5 /o) 4ab,'3na)'#5 Union A,,

S',' 4Co,*)n3na)'25 /o) 4ab,'3na)'25 6

Q2) . Defne SQL, and write down the SQL

statements with example.

Ans! SQL stands or Structured Query Lan!ua!e

SQL lets you access and manipulate data"ases

SQL is an #$S% merican $ational Standards

%nstitute) standard#! S',' Sa')'n2! D','' Sa')'n:- DE"ETE ROM ab,'3na)'

HEREso)'3o,*)nso)'3?a,*'

$! Co))i

! Ro,,ba8

>! U9+a':- UPDATE ab,'3na)' SET o,*)n#?a,*'0 o,*)n2?a,*'20... HERE so)'3o,*)nso)'3?a,*'

&! Mo+i:- A,'/TAB"E ab,'3na)' A"TER CO"UMN o,*)n # N'7 Daa T9'

@! Union:- SE"ECT Da' ROM So/'3Ino/)aion UNION

SE"ECT Da' ROM In'/n'3Sa,'s

! Union A,,:- SE"ECT Da' ROM So/'3Ino/)aion UNION A"" SE"ECT Da' ROM In'/n'3Sa,'s


4/12

#%! In'/s':- SE"ECT Da' ROM So/'3Ino/)aionIn'/s' SE"ECT Da' ROM In'/n'3Sa,'s

##! Min*s:- SE"ECT Da' ROM So/'3Ino/)aionMin*s

SE"ECT Da' ROM In'/n'3Sa,'s

#2! h'/'

#$! "i8'

Q') Defne (ri!!er, types o (ri!!er .syntax otri!!ers with examples

(ri!!ers

Ans)T/i=='/s a/' na)'+ +aabas' ob's ha a/' i)9,ii, F/'+7h'n a /i=='/in= '?'n o*/s. Th' /i=='/ aion an b' /*nb'o/' o/ a'/ h' /i=='/in= '?'n. T/i=='/s a/' si)i,a/ o so/'+

9/o'+*/'s b* +i'/ in h' 7a ha h' a/' in?o8'+.

S*99o/ o/ /i=='/s in MS" is on, in,*+'+ b'=innin= 7ih/','as'


5/12

no/ h' /i=='/ aion is ';'*'+0 ha is a,, han='s )a+' a/'/o,,ba8 on ai,*/'. o/ non-/ansaiona, ab,'s0 a,, han='s )a+'9/io/ o h' 9oin o '//o/ /')ains in ''.

T9's o T/i=='/s in O/a,'

#. B'o/' T/i=='/

2. A'/ T/i=='/

$. Ro7 ,'?', /i=='/

. Sh')a T/i=='/

. Daabas' T/i=='/

&. Sa')'n ,'?', T/i=='/

Th' o,,o7in= is h' sna; o /'a' a /i=='/

CREATE TRIGGER 4/i=='/ na)'5 BEORE J ATER INSERT J UPDATE J DE"ETE ON 4ab,' na)'5OR EACH RO4/i=='/'+ aion5

In O/a,'0 /i=='/s an b' F/'+ 7h'n on' o h' o,,o7in=o9'/aions o*/s:

DM" sa')'ns (INSERT0 DE"ETE o/ UPDATE! ha )o+i+aa on a ab,' o/ ?i'7

DD" sa')'ns

Us'/ '?'ns s*h as ,o=on an+ ,o=o


6/12


7/12

P/o'+*/' +'Fniion:

K'7o/+ an+ Pa/a)''/ D's/i9ions

Bo+

Th' /'L*i/'+ ';'*ab,' 9a/ o h' 9/o'+*/' an+0 o9iona,,0 h'';'9ion-han+,in= 9a/ o h' 9/o'+*/'.

D',a/' s'ion

Th' o9iona, +',a/ai?' 9a/ o h' 9/o'+*/'. D',a/aions a/',oa, o h' 9/o'+*/'0 an b' /''/'n'+ in bo+0 an+ 'as' o';is 7h'n h' 9/o'+*/' o)9,''s ';'*ion.

P/o'+*/' +',a/aion

D',a/'s a 9/o'+*/'0 b* +o's no +'Fn' i. Th' +'Fniion )*sa99'a/ ,a'/ in h' sa)' b,o8 o/ s*b9/o=/a) as h' +',a/aion.

A 9/o'+*/' +',a/aion is a,so a,,'+ a 9/o'+*/' s9'iFaion0 o/9/o'+*/' s9'.

P/o'+*/' +'Fniion

Eih'/ +'Fn's a 9/o'+*/' ha 7as +',a/'+ 'a/,i'/ in h' sa)'b,o8 o/ s*b9/o=/a)0 o/ +',a/'s an+ +'Fn's a 9/o'+*/'.

P/o'+*/' na)'

Th' na)' ha o* =i?' o h' 9/o'+*/' ha o* a/' +',a/in= o/+'Fnin=.


8/12

Stored *rocedures

So/'+ 9/o'+*/'s 9/o?i+' a 9o7'/*, 7a o o+' a99,iaion,o=i ha an b' so/'+ on h' s'/?'/. MS" an+ O/a,' boh *s'so/'+ 9/o'+*/'s an+ *nions. So/'+ *nions a/' si)i,a/ o9/o'+*/'s0 ';'9 ha a *nion /'*/ns a ?a,*' o h''n?i/on)'n in 7hih i is a,,'+. In MS"0 so/'+ 9/o'+*/'san+ *nions a/' o,,'i?', a,,'+ /o*in's.

Th' o,,o7in= s'ions o)9a/' so/'+ 9/o'+*/'s in MS" an+O/a,':

In+i?i+*a, S" Sa')'n a/iab,'s in so/'+ P/o'+*/'s

E//o/ Han+,in= in So/'+ P/o'+*/'s

'.2.1 %ndi+idual SQL Statements

This s'ion +'s/ib's onsi+'/aions /',a'+ o h' o,,o7in=sa')'ns o/ ons/*s:

REP"ACE Sa')'n DO Sa')'n

Co)9o*n+ DEC"ARE Sa')'n

Co)9o*n+ SET Sa')'n

'.2.1.1 -*L#- Statement

Th' REP"ACE sa')'n in MS" is a +*a,-9*/9os' sa')'n. I7o/8s ,i8' h' INSERT sa')'n 7h'n h'/' is no /'o/+ in h'ab,' ha has h' sa)' ?a,*' as h' n'7 /'o/+ o/ a 9/i)a/ 8'

o/ a *niL*' in+';0 an+ oh'/7is' i 7o/8s ,i8' h' UPDATEsa')'n.

O/a,' +o's no ha?' an b*i,-in S" sa')'ns ha s*99o/sh' 9*/9os's o h' MS" REP"ACE sa')'n. To on?'/ hissa')'n o O/a,'0 an ')*,a'+ *nion *sin= boh h' INSERTan+ UPDATE sa')'ns has o b' /'a'+. An a')9 is F/s


9/12

)a+' o 9,a' h' +aa ino h' ab,' *sin= h' INSERT sa')'n6an+ i his ai,s0 h' +aa in h' ab,' is h'n *9+a'+ *sin= h'UPDATE sa')'n.

D/ Statement

As is na)' i)9,i's0 h' DO sa')'n in MS" +o's so)'hin=b* +o's no /'*/n anhin=6 s9'iFa,,0 i ';'*'s h' o))a-+',i)i'+ ,is o ';9/'ssions s9'iF'+ as is 9a/a)''/s. Th' DOsa')'n is on?'/'+ o a SE"ECT ';9/# 0 ';9/20 INTO ROM DUA" sa')'n in O/a,'.

ompound D-L#- Statement

MS" *s's h' DEC"ARE sa')'n o +',a/' ,oa, ?a/iab,'s inso/'+ 9/o'+*/'s. P"QS" +o's no a,,o7 )*,i9,' +',a/aions6'ah +',a/aion )*s b' )a+' s'9a/a',. To on?'/ o)9o*n+DEC"ARE sa')'ns ino *niona,, 'L*i?a,'n P"QS" o+'0'ah MS" )*,i9,' +',a/aion sa')'n sho*,+ b' on?'/'+ino ,o=ia,, 'L*i?a,'n s'9a/a' sa')'ns0 on' o/ 'ah+',a/aion.

o/ ';a)9,'0 onsi+'/ h' o,,o7in= MS" si)9,' +',a/aion an+)*,i9,' +',a/aion sa')'ns:

Q1 Si)9,' +',a/aion 1QDEC"ARE a INT6Q1 Co)9o*n+ +',a/aion 1QDEC"ARE a0 b INT DEAU"T


10/12

Q5)Defne the ollowin! term

1) Concurrency Control

Defnition

Con*//'n on/o, is a +aabas' )ana=')'n ss')s (DBMS!

on'9 ha is *s'+ o a++/'ss onis 7ih h' si)*,an'o*s

a'ssin= o/ a,'/in= o +aa ha an o*/ 7ih a )*,i-*s'/

ss'). Con*//'n on/o,0 7h'n a99,i'+ o a DBMS0 is )'an

o oo/+ina' si)*,an'o*s /ansaions 7hi,' 9/'s'/?in= +aa

in'=/i. # Th' Con*//'n is abo* o on/o, h' )*,i*s'/

a'ss o Daabas'

%llustrati+e -xample

To i,,*s/a' h' on'9 o on*//'n on/o,0 onsi+'/ 7o/a?',,'/s 7ho =o o ','/oni /ai,7a /'s'/?aion o*n'/ a h'sa)' i)' o 9*/has' a /ain i8' o h' sa)' +'sinaion onh' sa)' /ain. Th'/'s on, on' s'a ,' in h' oah0 b*7iho* on*//'n on/o,0 is 9ossib,' ha boh /a?','/s 7i,,'n+ *9 9*/hasin= a i8' o/ ha on' s'a. Ho7'?'/0 7ihon*//'n on/o,0 h' +aabas' 7o*,+n a,,o7 his o ha99'n.Boh /a?',,'/s 7o*,+ si,, b' ab,' o a'ss h' /ain s'ain=+aabas'0 b* on*//'n on/o, 7o*,+ 9/'s'/?' +aa a*/aan+ a,,o7 on, on' /a?','/ o 9*/has' h' s'a.

This ';a)9,' a,so i,,*s/a's h' i)9o/an' o a++/'ssin= hisiss*' in a )*,i-*s'/ +aabas'. Ob?io*s,0 on' o*,+ L*i8, /*nino 9/ob,')s 7ih h' ina*/a' +aa ha an /'s*, /o)s'?'/a, /ansaions o*//in= si)*,an'o*s, an+ 7/iin= o?'/'ah oh'/. Th' o,,o7in= s'ion 9/o?i+'s s/a'=i's o/i)9,')'nin= on*//'n on/o,.


11/12

i) (ransaction processin!

A 9' o o)9*'/ 9/o'ssin= in 7hih h' o)9*'/ /'s9on+si))'+ia', o *s'/ /'L*'ss. Eah /'L*'s is onsi+'/'+ o b' atransaction.

A*o)ai ',,'/ )ahin's o/ ban8s a/' an ';a)9,'o /ansaion 9/o'ssin=.

Th' o99osi' o /ansaion 9/o'ssin= is bah 9/o'ssin=0 in7hih a bah o /'L*'ss is so/'+ an+ h'n ';'*'+ a,, a on'i)'. T/ansaion 9/o'ssin= /'L*i/'s in'/aion 7ih a *s'/07h'/'as bah 9/o'ssin= an a8' 9,a' 7iho* a *s'/ b'in=9/'s'n.

ii) /ptimi0ation

Th' )a;i)iin= o/ )ini)iin= o a =i?'n *nion 9ossib, s*b'

o so)' 9' o ons/ains.

B/oa+,0 h' 'o/s an+ 9/o'ss's o )a8in= a +'ision0 a +'si=n0

o/ a ss') as 9'/'0 ''i?'0 o/ *niona, as 9ossib,'.

Na//o7,0 h' s9'iF )'ho+o,o=0 'hniL*'s0 an+ 9/o'+*/'s

*s'+ o +'i+' on h' on' s9'iF so,*ion in a +'Fn'+ s' o

9ossib,' a,'/nai?'s ha 7i,, b's sais a s',''+ /i'/ion. A,so

8no7n as ss') o9i)iaion.


12/12

An a0 9/o'ss0 o/ )'ho+o,o= o )a8in= so)'hin= (as a

+'si=n0 ss')0 o/ +'ision! as *,, 9'/'0 *niona,0 o/

''i?' as 9ossib,'6 s9'iFa,,: h' )ah')aia, 9/o'+*/'s

(as Fn+in= h' )a;i)*) o a *nion! in?o,?'+ in his

database management system long

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