Professor Michael J. LosaccoCIS 1150 – Computer Information Systems

Databases and Information Systems

Chapter 11

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Overview

Databases

Database Models

Data Organization

Data Warehousing

Organizational Information Flow

Business Information Systems

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Database

Collection of Related Data that Can BeStored

Sorted

Organized

Queried

Can Prevent Problems Associated with ListsData Redundancy

Data Inconsistency

Inappropriate Data

Incomplete Data

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Database

AdvantagesSharing

Information Readily Shared Between Departments

CentralizationLess Data Redundancy

Inefficient Use of Storage Space

Data Maintenance Problems

SecurityUsers Access Only the Kind of Information They Need

Data IntegrityMultiple Sources of Data Lead to Variations

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Database

Integrity

Validation

Comparing Data with Set of Rules

Reduce Data Entry Errors

Enhance Data Integrity

Types

Alpha / Numeric

Range

Consistency

Completeness

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Models

Relational

Organizes Data in Table Format

Consist of Rows (Records) & Columns (Fields)

Logically Groups Similar Data into a Relationship

Related Tables Must Have Common Field

Types of Relationships

One-to-one

One-to-many

Many-to-many

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Models

Object Oriented

Data Stored in Objects Rather than Tables

Contains Methods

Used to Process or Manipulate Data

Can Store More Types of Data

Can Access Data Faster

Better for Unstructured Data

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Models

Multidimensional

Data Analyzed from Different Perspectives

Dimensions

Organized as a Cube

Measure Attribute

Main Data that Cube Tracks

Feature Attribute

Other Elements

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Data Organization

FieldCombination of Related Characters

CharacteristicsName Uniquely Identifies Each Field

Data Type

Size

RecordGroup of Related Fields

Key Field AKA Primary KeyUniquely Identifies Each Record

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Data Organization

TableCollection of Related Records

Each Record Contains Same Fields

Each Field Contains Different Data

DatabaseGroup of Related Tables

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Database Management

Database Management System (DBMS)

Subsystems

Data Definition

Data Dictionary

Data Manipulation

Query-by-example

SQL

Data Entry Form

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Data Warehousing

Large-scale Collection of Data

Contains and Organizes Data in One Place

Data Comes from Multiple Databases

Consolidates Information from Various Systems

Presents Enterprise-wide View of Operations

Organized by Subject

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Data Warehousing

Data Mining

Spot Patterns and Trends in Data

Techniques

Classification

Estimation

Affinity Grouping

Clustering

Description and Visualization

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Organizational Information Flow

ChallengesManage Large Amount of Information

Extensive Geographical Area

Disparate Groups of People

Business IntelligenceSet of Techniques & Tools

Acquire Raw Data

Transform to Meaningful & Useful Information

For Business Analysis Purposes

Business Process Management

Business Process Automation

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Organizational Information Flow

Managerial Levels

Upper Management

Strategic

Plan Future Growth and Direction

Middle Management

Tactical

Implement Long-term Goals

Supervisors

Operational

Monitor Day-to-day Events

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Organizational Information Flow

Information FlowUpper Management

Summarized in Capsule Form

Reveal Overall Condition of Business

Also Need Information from Outside

Middle ManagementWeekly or Monthly Reports

Need to Develop Budget Projections

SupervisorsDetailed, Very Current Information

Keep Operations Running Smoothly

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Business Information Systems

Transaction-processing System (TPS)

Tracks Everyday Business Transactions

Real-time Processing

Data Processed at Same Time Transaction Occurs

Batch Processing

Data Collected Over Several Hours, Days, or Weeks

Processed All at Once as a “Batch”

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Business Information Systems

Management Information System (MIS)

Provides Timely and Accurate Information

Enables Managers to Make Critical Decisions

Derived from TPS

Decision Support System (DSS)

Help Managers Develop Solutions

Uses Information from Data Warehouses

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Business Information Systems

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)

Integrated Applications

Collect, Store, Manage & Interpret Data

Product Planning, Purchasing

Manufacturing or Service Delivery

Marketing & Sales

Inventory

Shipping

Finance

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Business Information Systems

Human Resources

Research and Development

Identifies, Investigates, and Develops New Products

Marketing and Sales

Plan, Price, Promote, Sell

SFA (Sales Force Automation)

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Business Information Systems

SCM (Supply Chain Management)

Distribution

Movement / Storage from Origin to Consumption

Raw Materials

Work-in-process Inventory

Finished Goods

JIT (Just In Time)

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Business Information Systems

PLM (Product Lifecycle Management)

Create Finished Goods Using Raw Materials

CAD, CAE, CAM, CIM

SRM (Supplier Relationship Management)

CRM (Customer Relationship Management)

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Business Information Systems

Accounting

Sales Order Processing

Accounts Receivable and Payable

Inventory and Purchasing

Payroll

General Ledger

Finance

Budgeting and Forecasting

Cash Management and Investment Analysis

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Business Information Systems

Expert System

Captures & Stores Knowledge of Experts

Knowledge Base

Subject Knowledge & Experiences of Experts

Imitates Human Reasoning & Decision Making

Inference Rules

Logical Judgments Applied to Knowledge Base

Artificial Intelligence

Make Decisions in Real-life Situations