david anderson, texas a&m university c. wilson gray, university of idaho feeding corn...
TRANSCRIPT
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David Anderson, Texas A&M University
C. Wilson Gray, University of Idaho
Feeding Corn Co-productsin Dairy Herds
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Overview
• Overview of DDGs Characteristics
– Types of corn co-products
– Challenges in Feeding corn co-products
• Economics of corn co-products
• Summary
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For Starters…
• This Isn’t New– Brewers and Distillers Grain have been fed
forever
• Can’t Just Feed it Alone– There aren’t many feeds you can feed
exclusively
• If Price is Right and We’ll Feed A Lot
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Location, Location, Location…
• Where’s the Feed?
• Where are the Livestock?
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Distiller’s Grain Basics
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Key points on ethanol co-products
• What types of products are available?
• How much product can be used in the ration?
• How different are the nutritional properties of specific co-products (low oil, low protein, modified moisture, mixtures)?
• Which feed ration combinations work best?
• Can the variation in some nutrients be reduced?
Source: Dan Loy, ISU
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Types of DDG Processing
• Wet Mill
– Accounts for largest share & costly – Multiple Products:
• high fructose sweetener, corn oil, ethanol• corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed and other types
• Dry Grind
– Generally smaller and less costly– Two Products:
• Ethanol• Distillers Grain and Solubles
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Wet Milling - Corn Gluten Feed
CORNSTEEP
WASH WATERGRIND
SEPARATION
WET CORN GLUTEN FEED
STARCH, SWEETNER, ALCOHOLGLUTEN MEALCORN OIL
STEEP CORN BRAN
DRY CORN GLUTEN FEED
SEM, screenings, dist solubles
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Products of Wet Corn Milling
• One bushel of corn produces:
Product Pounds
– Starch 31.5 Further processed into 33# of sweetener or 2.5 gallons of
ethanol
– Gluten feed 13.5
– Gluten meal 2.5
– Corn meal 1.6
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Corn Gluten Feed (CGF)
• Corn bran + steep
• Can be wet or dry
• Moderate crude protein, CP = 16-23%– 80% of CP is DIP (ruminally degradable)
• Low fat, moderate fiber, TDN = 80
• 101-115% of energy value of dry-rolled corn
• Product variation is significant within and across plants due to amount of steep added back to the corn bran
• Oatmeal-type appearance
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Dry Milling - Distillers Grains+SolublesCORN
GRIND, WET, COOK
FERMENTATION
YEAST, ENZYMES
STILL ALCOHOL & CO2
STILLAGE
DISTILLERS GRAINSWDG, DDG
DISTILLERS SOLUBLESWDGSDDGS
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Products of Dry Corn Milling
• One bushel of corn produces:
– Ethanol 2.7 gallons– Distillers grains & solubles 17-18
pounds
• DGS are one third the weight of the corn and all but the starch is concentrated into this one-third
• Sulfur is concentrated and may have been used in the fermenting process
• Mycotoxins, if they existed in the corn are also concentrated 3:1
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Distillers Grains + Solubles
• Distillers Grains (65%) & Solubles (35%) (DM basis)
• May be wet or dried
• Higher crude protein, CP = 30%– 65% UIP (undegraded, “bypass”, protein)
• High fat (11%), TDN = 70-110
• Concentrates nutrients 3-fold from corn– 0.8% P, 0.35-1.0% Sulfur (variable)
• Mashed potatoes-type appearance
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Nutrient Composition of Selected Corn Milling Co-Products
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Starch Removal Concentrates - Other Nutrients
0
100
200
300
400
500
Protein NDF Starch Fat P K S
Nutrient
% of Corn Grain
CGF
DGS
Source: Dan Loy, ISU
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Ruminant Energy Value of DDGS
• Good Quality DDGS contains:
7-11% more energy than “book values”
10-20% more energy than corn
NEL = 1.00 Mcal/lb
NEM = 1.06 Mcal/lb
NEG = 0.73 Mcal/lb
TDN = 94%
DE = 1.84 Mcal/lb
ME = 1.64 Mcal/lb
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Protein in Distiller’s Grains
• 30% of DM and more than old “book values”
– Similar for DDG & DDGS
• Good source of Ruminally Undegradable Protein (approximately 55% RUP)
– RUP is slightly less for wet vs. dry DDG
• Protein quality
– Fairly good quality– Lysine is first limiting amino acid
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How Much Can be Fed to Dairy Cows?
• Max. of ~ 20% of ration DM- 10-13 lb/d of dried- 30-40 lb/d of wet
• Usually no palatability problem at 30% of DM: – May decrease DMI, especially if Wet CDG– May feed excess protein
• At > 30% of DM– May negatively impact butterfat and protein in milk
• Calves– Up to 20% DMI
• Replacement Heifers– Up to 25% DMI
Source: Shurson, U of MN
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Challenges
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Challenges of DDGS
• Storage and handling is more costly
• High levels of feeding management is required
– Bunk management and mixing– Nutrient balances
• Nutrient (manure) management is more costly
– Some nutrients are concentrated (e.g., P)Source: Dan Loy, ISU
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Challenges of DDGS
• Must be golden brown
– Dark brown is over heated and ties up lysine
• Flowability
• Pellet quality
• Requires another bin for storage
• Abrupt changes may put cows off-feed
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Challenges of DDGS
• Wet vs. Dry Distiller’s Grains for Dairy Cows
– Nutrient content of DM is the same
– Wet Distiller’s Grains Considerations
• Usual storage period is 5-7 days• May require preservatives (e.g. propionic acid)• Limited hauling distance• May make rations too wet
– Limits total DM intake especially when silages are used
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Storing Wet DGS
• Storing Wet DGS product:
– Often delivered in truck load lots
– Can store wet DGS in bunker, silage bag or in pile covered with plastic to protect from air
– Should mix with tub-ground forage and sotred in bunker or bag
– Need to have the “mix: right….
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Economics: A Little Supply and Demand
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0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
1,000 tons
U.S. Distillers Grain Production
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Potential DDG Usage
Species Limit % Use b/lbsFed Cattle 35 28.9
Cows/Stockers 4.0
Dairy 10 15.0
Hogs 10 9.0
Sows 15 3.0
Broilers 10 13.0
Turkeys 10 1.6
Total 74.5
Note: Use b/lbs is usage in billion pounds
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0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
1981
/82
1983
/84
1985
/86
1987
/88
1989
/90
1991
/92
1993
/94
1995
/96
1997
/98
1999
/00
2001
/02
2003
/04
2005
/06
2007
/08
2009
/10
2011
/12
1,000 tons
Realistic Use
Potential Use
Distillers Grain Production & Use
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0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1/5/2
006
2/5/2
006
3/5/2
006
4/5/2
006
5/5/2
006
6/5/2
006
7/5/2
006
8/5/2
006
9/5/2
006
10/5
/200
6
11/5
/200
6
12/5
/200
6
1/5/2
007
2/5/2
007
Ratio of Corn to DDGS PricesRatio of Dollars per Pound, Central Illinois DDGS and Texas Triangle
Corn
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Economic impact of including DGS Distillers Value of Income grains Feed milk over Protein Phosphorus
Milk % diet cost produced feed costs lbs DM 53 0 1.88 6.36 4.48 0.2 0.0 53 10 1.78 6.36 4.58 0.0 0.0 53 20 1.68 6.36 4.68 0.1 0.0 53 30 1.68 6.36 4.68 0.6 0.0
66 0 2.17 7.92 5.75 0.1 0.0 66 10 2.06 7.92 5.86 0.0 0.0 66 20 1.96 7.92 5.96 0.0 0.0 66 30 1.92 7.92 6.00 0.2 0.0
79 0 2.45 9.48 7.03 0.0 0.0 79 10 2.35 9.48 7.13 0.0 0.0 79 20 2.24 9.48 7.24 0.0 0.0 79 30 2.16 9.48 7.32 0.0 0.0
DDG $90/T; Corn $2.30/BU; SBM $185/T; Limestone $7.25/cwt; DicalPhos $20/cwt; corn silage $25/T;
Alf Haylage $45/T; Milk $12/cwt using SPARTAN
Excess of requirements, lb $/day
Source: Garcia & Taylor, SDSU
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Interactions – Economic Realities
• Higher Feed Costs– Byproducts offer some price mitigation
• Markets Respond Through Price– Feeder cattle and calf prices
• Reduced Production– Lower milk production per cow, producers exit industry
• Livestock Industry Less Competitive– World market, regionally in U.S.
• Higher Food Costs for Consumers
• Transitional Period is Critical– Supply response, energy, technology, food and feed markets
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Summary
• Use in Moderation
– There are limits– DDGS can be superior to corn– WDGS are better than DDGS– Challenges are manageable
• Distiller’s grains are not as cheap as once was
– Price moves directly with corn prices– Use can reduce ration costs