david, et al. vs president gloria macapagal-arroyo, et. al

8/12/2019 David, Et Al. vs President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Et. Al

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EN BANC

PROF. RANDOLF S. DAVID, LORENZOTAADA III, RONALD LLAMAS, H.HARRY L. ROQUE, JR., JOEL RUIZBUTUYAN, ROGER R. RAYEL, GARYS. MALLARI, ROMEL

REGALADO BAGARES,CHRISTOPHER F.C. BOLASTIG,

Petitioe!",

# $e!"%" #

GLORIA MACAPAGAL#ARROYO, AS PRESIDENT

AND COMMANDER#IN#CHIEF,E&ECUTIVE SECRETARY EDUARDOERMITA, HON. AVELINO CRUZ II,SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE,GENERAL GENEROSO SENGA, CHIEFOF STAFF, ARMED FORCES OF THEPHILIPPINES, DIRECTOR GENERALARTURO LOMIBAO, CHIEF,PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE, Re"'o(et".

)#################################################)NIEZ CACHO#OLIVARES ANDTRIBUNE PUBLISHING CO., INC.,

Petitioe!",

# $e!"%" #

G.R. No. *+*-P!e"et/

PANGANIBAN, C.J.,

0PUNO, QUISUMBING, YNARES#SANTIAGO, SANDOVAL#GUTIERREZ, CARPIO, AUSTRIA#MARTINEZ, CORONA,CARPIO MORALES,CALLEJO, SR.,

AZCUNA, TINGA, CHICO#NAZARIO,GARCIA, 1( VELASCO,JJ.P!o2%341te(/

M15 , 677

G.R. No. *+*87-
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HONORABLE SECRETARY EDUARDOERMITA AND HONORABLEDIRECTOR GENERAL ARTURO C.LOMIBAO,

Re"'o(et".)#################################################)FRANCIS JOSEPH G. ESCUDERO,JOSEPH A. SANTIAGO, TEODORO A.CASINO, AGAPITO A. AQUINO,MARIO J. AGUJA, SATUR C. OCAMPO,MUJIV S. HATAMAN, JUANEDGARDO ANGARA, TEOFISTO DL.GUINGONA III, EMMANUEL JOSEL J.

VILLANUEVA, LIZA L. MAZA, IMEER. MARCOS, RENATO B. MAGTUBO,JUSTIN MARC SB. CHIPECO, ROILOGOLEZ, DARLENE ANTONINO#CUSTODIO, LORETTA ANN P.ROSALES, JOSEL G. VIRADOR,RAFAEL V. MARIANO, GILBERT C.REMULLA, FLORENCIO G. NOEL,ANA THERESIA HONTIVEROS#

BARAQUEL, IMELDA C. NICOLAS,MARVIC M.V.F. LEONEN, NERIJAVIER COLMENARES, MOVEMENTOF CONCERNED CITIZENS FORCIVIL LIBERTIES REPRESENTED BYAMADO GAT INCIONG,

Petitioe!",

# $e!"%" #

EDUARDO R. ERMITA, E&ECUTIVESECRETARY, AVELINO J. CRUZ, JR.,SECRETARY, DND RONALDO V.PUNO, SECRETARY, DILG,GENEROSO SENGA, AFP CHIEF OFSTAFF, ARTURO LOMIBAO, CHIEF

G.R. No. *+*89:


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PNP, Re"'o(et".

)#################################################);ILUSANG MAYO UNO,REPRESENTED BY ITSCHAIRPERSON ELMER C. LABOGAND SECRETARY GENERAL JOELMAGLUNSOD, NATIONALFEDERATION OF LABOR UNIONS , REPRESENTED BY ITS

NATIONAL PRESIDENT, JOSELITO V.USTAREZ, ANTONIO C. PASCUAL,SALVADOR T. CARRANZA, EMILIA P.

DAPULANG, MARTIN CUSTODIO, JR.,AND ROQUE M. TAN,

Petitioe!",

# $e!"%" #

HER E&CELLENCY, PRESIDENTGLORIA MACAPAGAL#ARROYO, THE

HONORABLE E&ECUTIVESECRETARY, EDUARDO ERMITA,THE CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMEDFORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES,GENEROSO SENGA, AND THE PNPDIRECTOR GENERAL, ARTUROLOMIBAO,

Re"'o(et".)#################################################)

ALTERNATIVE LA? GROUPS, INC.=ALG>, Petitioe!,

# $e!"%" #

E&ECUTIVE SECRETARY EDUARDO

G.R. No. *+*89

G.R. No. *+*877


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R. ERMITA, LT. GEN. GENEROSOSENGA, AND DIRECTOR GENERALARTURO LOMIBAO,

Re"'o(et".)#################################################)JOSE ANSELMO I. CADIZ, FELICIANOM. BAUTISTA, ROMULO R. RIVERA,JOSE AMOR M. AMORADO, ALICIA A.RISOS#VIDAL, FELIMON C. ABELITAIII, MANUEL P. LEGASPI, J.B. JOVY C.BERNABE, BERNARD L. DAGCUTA,ROGELIO V. GARCIA ANDINTEGRATED BAR OF THEPHILIPPINES =IBP>,

Petitioe!",

# $e!"%" #

HON. E&ECUTIVE SECRETARYEDUARDO ERMITA, GENERALGENEROSO SENGA, IN HISCAPACITY AS AFP CHIEF OF STAFF,

AND DIRECTOR GENERAL ARTUROLOMIBAO, IN HIS CAPACITY AS PNPCHIEF, Re"'o(et".)#################################################)LOREN B. LEGARDA,

Petitioe!,

# $e!"%" #

GLORIA MACAPAGAL#ARROYO, INHER CAPACITY AS PRESIDENT ANDCOMMANDER#IN#CHIEF@ ARTUROLOMIBAO, IN HIS CAPACITY ASDIRECTOR#GENERAL OF THE

G.R. No. *+*89-

G.R. No. *+*868


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PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE=PNP>@ GENEROSO SENGA, IN HISCAPACITY AS CHIEF OF STAFF OFTHE ARMED FORCES OF THEPHILIPPINES =AFP>@ AND EDUARDOERMITA, IN HIS CAPACITY ASE&ECUTIVE SECRETARY,

Re"'o(et".

)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x

DECISION

SANDOVAL#GUTIERREZ,J./

A33 'oe!" ee( "o2e !e"t!1it@ '!1ti13 1(%"t2et" !1te! t1 !i4i(o!2%31 1!e ee""1!5.* S%'e!io! "t!e4t < te %"e o o!e < 1ot 21e!o4" ito !i4t". I ti" !e41!(, te o%!t" "o%3( e $i4i31t i "1e4%1!(i4 teo"tit%tio13 !i4t" o te itie", "'eii1335 tei! 3ie!t5.

Cie J%"tie A!te2io V. P141i1K" 'i3o"o'5 o 3ie!t5 i" t%" 2o"t!e3e$1t. He "1i(/ In cases involving liberty, the scales of justice should weighheavily against government and in favor of the poor, the oppressed, the

marginalized, the dispossessed and the weak. L1" 1( 1tio" t1t !e"t!it%(12et13 !i4t" o2e to te o%!t" it 1 e1$5 '!e"%2'tio 141i"t tei!o"tit%tio13 $13i(it5.6

Te"e "e$e =+> o"o3i(1te( 'etitio" o! certiorari1( '!oiitio 133e4et1t i i""%i4 P!e"i(eti13 P!o3121tio No. *7*+ =PP *7*+> 1( Gee!13 O!(e!

No. : =G.O. No. :>, P!e"i(et G3o!i1 M11'1413#A!!o5o o22itte( 4!1$e 1%"e o(i"!etio. Petitioe!" ote( t1t !e"'o(et oii13" o te Go$e!2et, itei! '!oe""e( eo!t" to (ee( 1( '!e"e!$e (e2o!1ti i"tit%tio", 1!e 1t%1335t!12'3i4 %'o te $e!5 !ee(o2 4%1!1tee( 1( '!otete( 5 teCo"tit%tio. Hee, "% i""%1e" 1!e $oi( o! ei4 %o"tit%tio13.
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Oe 141i, te Co%!t i" 1e( it 1 14e#o3( %t 'e!"i"tet35 2o(e!'!o3e2. How does the Constitution of a free people combine the degreeof liberty, without which, law becomes tyranny, with the degree of law, without

which, liberty becomes license

O Fe!%1!5 68, 677, 1" te 1tio e3e!1te( te 67tAi$e!"1!5 oteEdsa People Power , P!e"i(et A!!o5o i""%e( PP *7*+ (e31!i4 1 "t1te o1tio13 e2e!4e5, t%"/

NO, !"#$#%O$#, I, G3o!i1 M11'1413#A!!o5o, P!e"i(et o te

Re'%3i o te Pi3i''ie" 1( Co221(e!#i#Cie o te A!2e( Fo!e" o tePi3i''ie", 5 $i!t%e o te 'oe!" $e"te( %'o 2e 5 Setio *9, A!ti3e + ote Pi3i''ie Co"tit%tio i "t1te" t1t/ Te P!e"i(et. . . ee$e! iteo2e" ee""1!5, . . . 215 133 o%t =te> 1!2e( o!e" to '!e$et o! "%''!e"". ..!ee33io. . ., 1( i 25 1'1it5 1" tei! Co221(e!#i#Cie, do herebycommand the &rmed %orces of the 'hilippines, to maintain law and order

throughout the 'hilippines, prevent or suppress all forms of lawless violence

as well as any act of insurrection or rebellion and to enforce obedience to all

the laws and to all decrees, orders and regulations promulgated by me

personally or upon my direction@ 1( as provided in (ection )*, &rticle )+ ofthe onstitution do hereby declare a (tate of National #mergency

Se ite( te o33oi4 1t" 1" 1"e"/

"#$#&(, o$e! te"e '1"t 2ot", e3e2et" i te political opposition

have conspired with authoritarians of the extreme .eft represented by the

N/%-''-N'& and the extreme $ight, represented by military adventurists

0 the historical enemies of the democratic 'hilippine (tate< o 1!e o i 1t1ti13 133i1e 1( e414e( i 1 oe!te( 1( "5"te21ti o"'i!15, o$e! 1!o1( !ot, to !i4 (o te (%35 o"tit%te( Go$e!2et e3ete( i M15 6778@

"#$#&(, te"e o"'i!1to!" 1$e !e'e1te(35 t!ie( to !i4 (o te

P!e"i(et@

"#$#&(, the claims of these elements have been recklesslymagnified by certain segments of the national media1

"#$#&(, ti" "e!ie" o 1tio" i" %!ti4 te Pi3i''ie St1te < 5o"t!%ti4 4o$e!1e i3%(i4 hindering the growth of the economy andsabotaging the people2s confidence in government and their faith in the

future of this country@


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"#$#&(, te"eactions are adversely affecting the economy1

"#$#&(, these activities give totalitarian forces of both theextreme .eft and extreme $ight the opening to intensify their avowed aims to

bring down the democratic 'hilippine (tate@

"#$#&(, A!ti3e 6, Setio 8 o te o%! Co"tit%tio 21e" te(ee"e 1( '!e"e!$1tio o te (e2o!1ti i"tit%tio" 1( te St1te te '!i21!5(%t5 o Go$e!2et@

"#$#&(, te 1ti$itie" 1o$e#(e"!ie(, tei! o"e%ee",

!12ii1tio" 1( o331te!13 eet" o"tit%te 1 clear and present dangerto te"1et5 1( te ite4!it5 o te Pi3i''ie St1te 1( o te Fi3i'io 'eo'3e@

O te "12e (15, te P!e"i(et i""%e( G. O. No. : i2'3e2eti4 PP *7*+,

t%"/ "#$#&(, o$e! te"e '1"t 2ot", e3e2et" i te 'o3iti13 o''o"itio

1$e o"'i!e( it 1%to!it1!i1" o te e)t!e2e Let, !e'!e"ete( 5 te NDF#CPP#NPA 1( te e)t!e2e Ri4t, !e'!e"ete( 5 2i3it1!5 1($et%!i"t" # tei"to!i13 ee2ie" o te (e2o!1ti Pi3i''ie St1te < 1( o 1!e o i 1t1ti13 133i1e 1( e414e( i 1 oe!te( 1( "5"te21ti o"'i!15, o$e! 1!o1( !ot, to !i4 (o te (%35#o"tit%te( Go$e!2et e3ete( i M15 6778@ "#$#&(, te"e o"'i!1to!" 1$e !e'e1te(35 t!ie( to !i4 (o o%!!e'%3i1 4o$e!2et@

"#$#&(, te 31i2" o te"e e3e2et" 1$e ee !e3e""35 214iie(5 e!t1i "e42et" o te 1tio13 2e(i1@

"#$#&(, te"e "e!ie" o 1tio" i" %!ti4 te Pi3i''ie St1te 5o"t!%ti4 4o$e!1e, i3%(i4 i(e!i4 te 4!ot o te eoo25 1("1ot14i4 te 'eo'3eK" oi(ee i te 4o$e!2et 1( tei! 1it i te %t%!eo ti" o%t!5@

"#$#&(, te"e 1tio" 1!e 1($e!"e35 1eti4 te eoo25@"#$#&(, te"e 1ti$itie" 4i$e tot13it1!i1 o!e"@ o ot te e)t!e2e

Let 1( e)t!e2e Ri4t te o'ei4 to ite"i5 tei! 1$oe( 1i2" to !i4 (ote (e2o!1ti Pi3i''ie St1te@

"#$#&(, A!ti3e 6, Setio 8 o o%! Co"tit%tio 21e" te (ee"e

1( '!e"e!$1tio o te (e2o!1ti i"tit%tio" 1( te St1te te '!i21!5 (%t5 oGo$e!2et@


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"#$#&(, te 1ti$itie" 1o$e#(e"!ie(, tei! o"e%ee",!12ii1tio" 1( o331te!13 eet" o"tit%te 1 3e1! 1( '!e"et (14e! to te"1et5 1( te ite4!it5 o te Pi3i''ie St1te 1( o te Fi3i'io 'eo'3e@

"#$#&(, P!o3121tio *7*+ (1te Fe!%1!5 68, 677 1" ee i""%e(

(e31!i4 1 St1te o N1tio13 E2e!4e5@NO, !"#$#%O$#, I 3.O$I& 4&&'&3&.-&$$O5O,5 $i!t%e

o te 'oe!" $e"te( i 2e %(e! te Co"tit%tio 1" P!e"i(et o te Re'%3i ote Pi3i''ie", 1( Co221(e!#i#Cie o te Re'%3i o te Pi3i''ie", 1('%!"%1t to P!o3121tio No. *7*+ (1te( Fe!%1!5 68, 677, (o e!e5 133 %'ote A!2e( Fo!e" o te Pi3i''ie" =AFP> 1( te Pi3i''ie N1tio13 Po3ie=PNP>, to '!e$et 1( "%''!e"" 1t" o te!!o!i"2 1( 313e"" $io3ee i teo%t!5@

I e!e5 (i!et te Cie o St1 o te AFP 1( te Cie o te PNP, 1"

e33 1" te oie!" 1( 2e o te AFP 1( PNP, to immediately carry out thenecessary and appropriate actions and measures to suppress and prevent actsof terrorism and lawless violence.

O M1! , 677, e)1t35 oe ee 1te! te (e31!1tio o 1 "t1te o1tio13 e2e!4e5 1( 1te! 133 te"e 'etitio" 1( ee i3e(, te P!e"i(et 3ite(PP *7*+. Se i""%e( P!o3121tio No. *76* i !e1("/

"#$#&(, '%!"%1t to Setio *9, A!ti3e VII 1( Setio *+, A!ti3e

&II o te Co"tit%tio, P!o3121tio No. *7*+ (1te( Fe!%1!5 68, 677, 1"i""%e( (e31!i4 1 "t1te o 1tio13 e2e!4e5@

"#$#&(, 5 $i!t%e o Gee!13 O!(e! No.: 1( No. (1te( Fe!%1!568, 677, i e!e i""%e( o te 1"i" o P!o3121tio No. *7*+, te A!2e(Fo!e" o te Pi3i''ie" =AFP> 1( te Pi3i''ie N1tio13 Po3ie =PNP>, e!e(i!ete( to 21it1i 31 1( o!(e! t!o%4o%t te Pi3i''ie", '!e$et 1("%''!e"" 133 o!2 o 313e"" $io3ee 1" e33 1" 15 1t o !ee33io 1( to%(e!t1e "% 1tio 1" 215 e ee""1!5@

"#$#&(, te AFP 1( PNP 1$e eeti$e35 '!e$ete(, "%''!e""e(

1( %e33e( te 1t" 313e"" $io3ee 1( !ee33io@NO, !"#$#%O$#, I, 3.O$I& 4&&'&3&.-

&$$O5O,P!e"i(et o te Re'%3i o te Pi3i''ie", 5 $i!t%e o te 'oe!"$e"te( i 2e 5 31, e!e5 declare that the state of national emergency hasceased to exist


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I tei! '!e"et1tio o te 1t%13 1"e" o PP *7*+ 1( G.O. No. :,!e"'o(et" "t1te( t1t te '!o)i21te 1%"e ei( te e)e%ti$e i""%1e" 1" teo"'i!15 12o4 "o2e 2i3it1!5 oie!", 3eti"t i"%!4et" o te Ne Peo'3eK"A!25 =NPA>, 1( "o2e 2e2e!" o te 'o3iti13 o''o"itio i 1 '3ot to %"e1t o!

1""1""i1te P!e"i(et A!!o5o.8 Te5 o"i(e!e( te 1i2 to o%"t o! 1""1""i1te teP!e"i(et 1( t1e#o$e! te !ei4" o 4o$e!2et 1" 1 3e1! 1( '!e"et (14e!.

D%!i4 te o!13 1!4%2et" e3( o M1! +, 677, te So3iito! Gee!13"'eiie( te 1t" 3e1(i4 to te i""%1e o PP *7*+ 1( G.O. No.:. (ignificantly, there was no refutation from petitioners2 counsels

Te So3iito! Gee!13 1!4%e( t1t te itet o te Co"tit%tio i" to 4i$e

%33 discretionary powersto te P!e"i(et i (ete!2ii4 te ee""it5 o 133i4o%t te 1!2e( o!e". He e2'1"ie( t1t oe o te 'etitioe!" 1" "o t1tPP *7*+ 1" ito%t 1t%13 1"e". ?i3e e e)'31ie( t1t it i" ot !e"'o(et"Kt1" to "t1te te 1t" ei( te %e"tioe( P!o3121tio, oe$e!, te5 1!e

'!e"eti4 te "12e, 1!!1te( e!e%(e!, o! te e3%i(1tio o te i""%e".

O J1%1!5 *+, 677, C1't1i N1t1ie3 R1o1 1( Fi!"tLie%te1t" So5 S1!2ieto, L1!ee S1 J%1 1( P1t!iio B%2i(14,2e2e!" o te M14(13o G!o%' i(ite( i te O1oo( 2%ti5, e"1'e( tei!(etetio e33 i Fo!t Boi1io, T14%i4 Cit5. I 1 '%3i "t1te2et, te5 $oe( to!e21i (ei1t 1( to e3%(e 1!!e"t 1t 133 o"t". Te5 133e( %'o te 'eo'3e toshow and proclaim our displeasure at the sham regime. !et us demonstrate ourdisgust, not only by going to the streets in protest, but also by wearing red bands

on our left arms.:

O Fe!%1!5 *+, 677, te 1%to!itie" 4ot o3( o 1 (o%2et etit3e("plan Hac#le i (et1i3e( '31" o! o2i4" 1( 1tt1" (%!i4 tePi3i''ie Mi3it1!5 A1(e25 A3%2i Ho2eo2i4 i B14%io Cit5. Te '3ot 1"

to 1""1""i1te "e3ete( t1!4et" i3%(i4 "o2e 1iet 2e2e!" 1( P!e"i(etA!!o5o e!"e3. U'o te 1($ie o e! "e%!it5, P!e"i(et A!!o5o (ei(e( ot to1tte( te A3%2i Ho2eo2i4. Te e)t (15, 1t te ei4t o te e3e!1tio, 1

o2 1" o%( 1( (eto1te( 1t te PMA '1!1(e 4!o%(.
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O Fe!%1!5 6*, 677, Lt. S1 J%1 1" !e1't%!e( i 1 o22%i"t"1eo%"e i B1t141" '!o$ie. Fo%( i i" 'o""e""io e!e to =6> 31" (i""ot1ii4 2i%te" o te 2eeti4" etee 2e2e!" o te M14(13o G!o%' 1(te N1tio13 Peo'3eK" A!25 =NPA>, 1 t1'e !eo!(e!, 1%(io 1""ette 1!t!i(4e",

(i"ette", 1( o'ie" o "%$e!"i$e (o%2et".+ P!io! to i" 1!!e"t, Lt. S1 J%11o%e( t!o%4 DZRH t1t te $agdalo%s &'&ay would be on (ebruary )*,)++, the )+thAnni-ersary of Edsa .

O Fe!%1!5 6, 677, PNP Cie A!t%!o Lo2i1o ite!e'te( io!21tiot1t 2e2e!" o te PNP# S'ei13 Atio Fo!e e!e '31i4 to (eet. T%", ei22e(i1te35 o!(e!e( SAF Co221(i4 Gee!13 M1!e3io F!1o, J!.to /disa-ow15 (eetio. Te 31tte! '!o2't35 oe5e( 1( i""%e( 1 '%3i

"t1te2et/ All 0A( units are under the effecti-e control of responsible andtrustworthy officers with pro-en integrity and un1uestionable loyalty.

O te "12e (15, 1t te o%"e o o!2e! Co4!e""21 Pe'i4 Co%14o,P!e"i(et Co!5 A%ioK" !ote!, %"ie""2e 1( 2i(#3e$e3 4o$e!2et oii13"

'3otte( 2o$e" to !i4 (o te A!!o5o 1(2ii"t!1tio. Ne335 Si(15e o TIMEM141ie !e'o!te( t1t P1"to! S15o, 3o4ti2e A!!o5o !iti, 133e( 1 U.S.4o$e!2et oii13 1o%t i" 4!o%'K" '31" i P!e"i(et A!!o5o i" o%"te(. S15o13"o 'oe( 1 21 o(e#12e( De3t1. S15o i(etiie( i2 1" BGe. D1i3o

Li2, Co221(e! o te A!25K" e3ite So%t R14e!. Li2 "1i( it was all systemsgo for the planned mo-ement against Arroyo.9

BGe. D1i3o Li2 1( B!i41(e Co221(e! Co3. A!ie3 Q%e!%i oi(e(to Ge. Gee!o"o Se41, Cie o St1 o te A!2e( Fo!e" o te Pi3i''ie"=AFP>, t1t 1 %4e %2e! o "o3(ie!" o%3( oi te !133ie" to '!o$i(e 1 !iti1321"" 1( 1!2e( o2'oet to te Ati#A!!o5o '!ote"t" to e e3( o Fe!%1!5 68,677:. Ao!(i4 to te"e to =6> oie!", te!e 1" o 15 te5 o%3( 'o""i35

"to' te "o3(ie!" e1%"e te5 too, e!e !e1i4 te 1i o o221( to oi teo!e" oi"t to %"e1t te P!e"i(et. Hoe$e!, Ge. Se41 1" !e21ie( 1it%3 toi" Co221(e!#i#Cie 1( to te 1i o o221(. He i22e(i1te35 too%"to(5 o BGe. Li2 1( (i!ete( Co3. Q%e!%i to !et%! to te Pi3i''ieM1!ie" He1(%1!te!" i Fo!t Boi1io.


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E1!3ie!, te CPP#NPA 133e( o! ite"ii1tio o 'o3iti13 1( !e$o3%tio1!5o! iti te 2i3it1!5 1( te 'o3ie e"t13i"2et" i o!(e! to o!4e 133i1e"it it" 2e2e!" 1( e5 oii13". NPA "'oe"21 G!e4o!io ;1 Ro4e! Ro"13(e31!e(/ 2he Communist Party and re-olutionary mo-ement and the entire

people loo# forward to the possibility in the coming year of accomplishing itsimmediate tas# of bringing down the Arroyo regime3 of rendering it to wea#en and

unable to rule that it will not ta#e much longer to end it.-

O te ote! 1(, Ce"1! Ree!io, "'oe"21 o! te N1tio13 De2o!1tiF!ot =NDF> 1t No!t Cet!13 Mi(11o, '%3i35 1o%e(/ Anti'Arroyo groupswithin the military and police are growing rapidly, hastened by the economic

difficulties suffered by the families of A(P officers and enlisted personnel who

underta#e counter'insurgency operations in the field. He 31i2e( t1t it teo!e" o te 1tio13 (e2o!1ti 2o$e2et, te 1ti#A!!o5o o"e!$1ti$e 'o3iti13'1!tie", o13itio", '3%" te 4!o%'" t1t 1$e ee !eio!i4 "ie J%e 677:, it i"'!o13e t1t te P!e"i(etK" o%"te! i" e1!i4 it" o3%(i4 "t14e i te i!"t 13o 677.

Re"'o(et" %!te! 31i2e( t1t te o2i4 o te3eo22%i1tio toe!"1( e33 "ite" i B%311 1( B1t11 1" 13"o o"i(e!e( 1" 1((itio13 1t%13 1"i"o! te i""%1e o PP *7*+ 1( G.O. No. :. So i" te !1i( o 1 1!25 o%t'o"t i

Be4%et !e"%3ti4 i te (e1t o t!ee => "o3(ie!". A( 13"o te (i!eti$e o teCo22%i"t P1!t5 o te Pi3i''ie" o!(e!i4 it" !ot o!41i1tio" to oi :,777Met!o M1i31 !1(i13" 1( 6:,777 2o!e !o2 te '!o$ie" i 21"" '!ote"t".*7

B5 2i(i4t o Fe!%1!5 6, 677, te P!e"i(et o$ee( e! "e%!it51($i"e!" 1( "e$e!13 1iet 2e2e!" to 1""e"" te 4!1$it5 o te e!2eti4 'e1e1( o!(e! "it%1tio. Se (i!ete( ot te AFP 1( te PNP to 1o%t o! 133 tei!2e 1( e"%!e t1t te 1i o o221( !e21i" "o3i( 1( %(i$i(e(. To

'!otet te 5o%4 "t%(et" !o2 15 'o""i3e t!o%3e t1t 2i4t !e1 3oo"e o te"t!eet", te P!e"i(et "%"'e(e( 31""e" i 133 3e$e3" i te eti!e N1tio13 C1'it13Re4io.

%or their part, petitioners cited the events that followed after the

issuance of '' )6)* and 3O No 7.


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I22e(i1te35, te Oie o te P!e"i(et 1o%e( te 1e331tio o 133'!o4!12" 1( 1ti$itie" !e31te( to te 67t1i$e!"1!5 e3e!1tio oEdsa PeoplePower @ 1( !e$oe( te 'e!2it" to o3( !133ie" i""%e( e1!3ie! 5 te 3o134o$e!2et". J%"tie Se!et1!5 R1%3 Go13e" "t1te( t1t 'o3iti13 !133ie", i to

te P!e"i(etK" 2i( e!e o!41ie( o! '%!'o"e" o (e"t1i3i1tio, 1!e1e33e(.P!e"i(eti13 Cie o St1 Mi1e3 Dee"o! 1o%e( t1twarrantless arrests and ta#e'o-er of facilities, including media, can already beimplemented.**

U(ete!!e( 5 te 1o%e2et" t1t !133ie" 1( '%3i 1""e23ie" o%3(ot e 133oe(, 4!o%'" o '!ote"te!" =2e2e!" o4ilusang $ayo 5no;MU 1(

N1tio13 Fe(e!1tio o L1o! Uio"#4ilusang $ayo 5no NAFLU#;MU>,

21!e( !o2 $1!io%" '1!t" o Met!o M1i31 it te itetio o o$e!4i4 1tte EDSA "!ie. To"e o e!e 13!e1(5 e1! te EDSA "ite e!e $io3et35(i"'e!"e( 5 %4e 3%"te!" o 1ti#!iot 'o3ie. Te e33#t!1ie( 'o3ie2e %"e(t!%eo", i4 ie! 431"" "ie3(", 1te! 1o", 1( te1! 41" to "to' 1( !e1%' te 21!i4 4!o%'", 1( "1tte! te 21""e( '1!tii'1t". Te "12e 'o3ie1tio 1" %"e( 141i"t te '!ote"te!" 21!i4 o!1!( to C%1o, Q%eo Cit51( to te o!e! o S1to31 St!eet 1( EDSA. T1t "12e e$ei4, %(!e(" o!iot 'o3ie2e !oe %' 1 EDSA e3e!1tio !1335 e3( 13o4 A5131 A$e%e 1(P1"eo (e Ro)1" St!eet i M11ti Cit5.*6

Ao!(i4 to 'etitioe!4ilusang $ayo 5no, te 'o3ie ite( PP *7*+ 1" te4!o%( o! te (i"'e!"13 o tei! 1""e23ie".

D%!i4 te (i"'e!"13 o te !1335i"t" 13o4 EDSA, 'o3ie 1!!e"te( =ito%t1!!1t> 'etitioe! R1(o3 S. D1$i(, 1 '!oe""o! 1t te Ui$e!"it5 o tePi3i''ie" 1( e"'1'e! o3%2i"t. A3"o 1!!e"te( 1" i" o2'1io, Ro13(L3121", '!e"i(et o '1!t5#3i"tA#bayan.

At 1!o%( *6/67 i te e1!35 2o!i4 o Fe!%1!5 6:, 677, o'e!1ti$e" o teC!i2i13 I$e"ti41tio 1( Detetio G!o%' =CIDG> o te PNP, o te 1"i" o PP*7*+ 1( G.O. No. :, !1i(e( te&aily 2ribuneoie" i M1i31. Te !1i(i4te12 oi"1te( e" "to!ie" 5 !e'o!te!", (o%2et", 'it%!e", 1( 2o#%'" ote S1t%!(15 i""%e. Po3ie2e !o2 C12' C!12e i Q%eo Cit5 e!e "t1tioe(


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i"i(e te e(ito!i13 1( %"ie"" oie" o te e"'1'e!@ i3e 'o3ie2e !o2te M1i31 Po3ie Di"t!it e!e "t1tioe( o%t"i(e te %i3(i4.*

A e 2i%te" 1te! te "e1! 1( "ei%!e 1t te&aily 2ribuneoie", te

'o3ie "%!!o%(e( te '!e2i"e" o 1ote! '!o#o''o"itio '1'e!, M13151, 1( it""i"te! '%3i1tio, te t13oi( A1te.

Te !1i(, 1o!(i4 to P!e"i(eti13 Cie o St1 Mi1e3Dee"o!, i"/meant to show a 6strong presence,% to tell media outlets not toconni-e or do anything that would help the rebels in bringing down this

go-ernment. Te PNP 1!e( t1t it o%3( t1e o$e! 15 2e(i1 o!41i1tiot1t o%3( ot o33o /standards set by the go-ernment during the state of

national emergency. Di!eto! Gee!13 Lo2i1o "t1te( t1t /if they do not followthe standards 7 and the standards are ' if they would contribute to instability in thego-ernment, or if they do not subscribe to what is in 8eneral "rder No. 9 and

Proc. No. :+:; 7 we will recommend a 6ta#eo-er.% N1tio13 Te3eo22%i1tio"KCo22i""ioe! Ro13( So3i" %!4e( te3e$i"io 1( !1(io eto!"to /cooperateit te 4o$e!2et o! te (%!1tio o te "t1te o 1tio13e2e!4e5. He 1"e( o! /balanced reporting!o2 !o1(1"te!" e o$e!i4te e$et" "%!!o%(i4 te o%' 1tte2't oi3e( 5 te 4o$e!2et. He 1!e(t1t i" 14e5 i33 ot e"it1te to !eo22e( te 3o"%!e o 15 !o1(1"t o%tit

t1t $io31te" !%3e" "et o%t o! 2e(i1 o$e!14e e te 1tio13 "e%!it5 i"t!e1tee(.*8

A3"o, o Fe!%1!5 6:, 677, te 'o3ie 1!!e"te( Co4!e""21 C!i"'iBe3t!1, !e'!e"eti4 teAna#pawisP1!t5 1( C1i!21 o4ilusang $ayo5no =;MU>, i3e 3e1$i4 i" 1!2o%"e i B%311. Te 'o3ie "oe( 11!!1t o! i" 1!!e"t (1te( *-9:. Be3t!1K" 315e! e)'31ie( t1t te 1!!1t,i "te22e( !o2 1 1"e o iiti4 to !ee33io i3e( (%!i4 te M1!o" !e4i2e,

1( 3o4 ee %1"e(. Be3t!1, oe$e!, i" ot 1 '1!t5 i 15 o te"e 'etitio".

?e 2e2e!" o 'etitioe! ;MU et to C12' C!12e to $i"it Be3t!1,te5 e!e to3( te5 o%3( ot e 1(2itte( e1%"e o PP *7*+ 1( G.O. No.:. To 2e2e!" e!e 1!!e"te( 1( (et1ie(, i3e te !e"t e!e (i"'e!"e( 5 te

'o3ie.


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Bayan $unaRe'!e"et1ti$e S1t%! O12'o e3%(e( 1!!e"t e te 'o3ieet 1te! i2 (%!i4 1 '%3i o!%2 1t te S%3o Hote3 i Q%eo Cit5. B%t i"to (!i$e!", i(etiie( 1" Roe3 1( A!t, e!e t1e ito %"to(5.

Reti!e( M1o! Gee!13 R12o Mot1o, o!2e! e1( o te Pi3i''ieCo"t1%31!5, 1" 1!!e"te( i3e it i" ie 1( 4o321te" 1t te O!1!( Go31( Co%t!5 C3% i D1"21!i1", C1$ite.

Atte2't" e!e 21(e to 1!!e"tAna#pawisRe'!e"et1ti$e S1t%! O12'o,Re'!e"et1ti$e R11e3 M1!i1o,Bayan $unaRe'!e"et1ti$e Teo(o!o C1"io 1(G1!ie31 Re'!e"et1ti$e Li1 M11. Bayan $una Re'!e"et1ti$e Jo"e3 Vi!1(o!1" 1!!e"te( 1t te PAL Tiet Oie i D1$1o Cit5. L1te!, e 1" t%!e( o$e! to

te %"to(5 o te Ho%"e o Re'!e"et1ti$e" e!e te B1t1"1 : (ei(e( to "t15i(eiite35.

Let it e "t!e""e( 1t ti" 'oit t1t te 133e4e( $io31tio" o te !i4t" oRe'!e"et1ti$e" Be3t!1, S1t%! O12'o, et al., 1!e ot ei4 !1i"e( i te"e

'etitio".

O M1! , 677, P!e"i(et A!!o5o i""%e( PP *76* (e31!i4 t1t te "t1teo 1tio13 e2e!4e5 1" e1"e( to e)i"t.

I te ite!i2, te"e "e$e =+> 'etitio" 133e4i4 te o"tit%tio13it5 oPP *7*+ 1( G.O. No. : e!e i3e( it ti" Co%!t 141i"t te 1o$e#12e(!e"'o(et". T!ee => o te"e 'etitio" i2'3e1(e( P!e"i(et A!!o5o 1"!e"'o(et.

I3$ No )*)89:, 'etitioe!" R1(o3 S. D1$i(,et al. 1""1i3e( PP *7*+ ote 4!o%(" t1t ;)


15/76

31i2e( t1t te te!2 e2e!4e5 !ee!" o35 to t"%12i, t5'oo, %!!i1e 1("i2i31! o%!!ee", ee, te!e i" absolutely no emergency t1t 1!!1t" tei""%1e o PP *7*+.

I 3$ No )*)=>7,'etitioe!" e!ei 1!e Re'!e"et1ti$e F!1i" Jo"e' G.E"%(e!o, 1( tet5 oe =6*> ote! 2e2e!" o te Ho%"e o Re'!e"et1ti$e",i3%(i4 Re'!e"et1ti$e" S1t%! O12'o, R11e3 M1!i1o, Teo(o!o C1"io, Li1M11, 1( Jo"e3 Vi!1(o!. Te5 1""e!te( t1t PP *7*+ 1( G.O. No. : o"tit%teusurpation of legislati-e powers@ -iolation of freedom of e


16/76

to access to information on matters of public concern, all guaranteed under Article

, 0ection * of the :>?; Constitution. I ti" !e41!(, "e "t1te( t1t te"ei""%1e" '!e$ete( e! !o2 %335 '!o"e%ti4 e! e3etio '!ote"t 'e(i4 eo!ete P!e"i(eti13 E3eto!13 T!i%13.

I !e"'o(et"K Co"o3i(1te( Co22et, te So3iito! Gee!13 o%te!e(t1t/first,te 'etitio" "o%3( e (i"2i""e( o!

ei4 2oot@second,'etitioe!" i G.R. No". *+*877 =ALGI>, *+*868=Le41!(1>, *+*89 =;MU et al.>, *+*89: =E"%(e!o et al.> 1( *+*89- =C1(i etal.> 1$e o 3e413 "t1(i4@ third, it i" ot ee""1!5 o! 'etitioe!" to i2'3e1(P!e"i(et A!!o5o 1" !e"'o(et@ fourth, PP *7*+ 1" o"tit%tio13 1( 3e413

1"i"@ 1(fifth,PP *7*+ (oe" ot $io31te te 'eo'3eK" !i4t to !ee e)'!e""io 1(

!e(!e"" o 4!ie$1e".

O M1! +, 677, te Co%!t o(%te( o!13 1!4%2et" 1( e1!( te '1!tie"o te 1o$e ite!3oi4 i""%e" i 215 e "%221!ie( 1" o33o"/

& '$O#/?$&.@

)< ?ete! te i""%1e o PP *76* !e(e!" te 'etitio" 2oot1( 11(e2i.

+< ?ete! 'etitioe!" i )*)=>7 =E"%(e!o et al.>, 3$ Nos

)*)=66=ALGI>, )*)=>8 =;MU et al .>, )*)=>9=C1(i et al .>,1( )*)=+==Le41!(1> 1$e 3e413 "t1(i4.

A (?A(!&N!IB#@

)< ?ete!te S%'!e2e Co%!t 1 !e$ie te 1t%13 1"e" oPP *7*+.

+< ?ete! PP *7*+ 1( G.O. No. : 1!e %o"tit%tio13.aF1i13 C133e4eb Co"tit%tio13 B1"i"c A" A''3ie( C133e4e

& '$O#/?$&.

Fi!"t, e 2%"t !e"o3$e te '!oe(%!13 !o1(3o".

I- Moot and Academic Principle


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Oe o te 4!e1te"t ot!i%tio" o te A2e!i1 "5"te2 to ti" o%t!5 i"te oe't o %(ii13 !e$ie e%i1te( i$arbury -. $adison.6*Ti" oe't!e"t" o te e)t!1o!(i1!5 "i2'3e o%(1tio ##

Te Co"tit%tio i" te "%'!e2e 31. It 1" o!(1ie( 5 te 'eo'3e, te%3ti21te "o%!e o 133 'o3iti13 1%to!it5. It oe!" 3i2ite( 'oe!" o te 1tio134o$e!2et. ) ) ) If the government consciously or unconsciously overstepsthese limitations there must be some authority competent to hold it in

control, to thwart its unconstitutional attempt, and thus to vindicate and

preserve inviolate the will of the people as expressed in the onstitution !his

power the courts exercise !his is the beginning and the end of the theory of

judicial review.66

B%t te 'oe! o %(ii13 !e$ie (oe" ot !e'o"e %'o te o%!t" 1 "e3#

"t1!ti4 1'1it5.6

Co%!t" 215 e)e!i"e "% 'oe! o35 e te o33oi4!e%i"ite" 1!e '!e"et/first, te!e 2%"t e 1 1t%13 1"e o! ot!o$e!"5@second,'etitioe!" 1$e to !1i"e 1 %e"tio oo"tit%tio13it5@ third,te o"tit%tio13 %e"tio 2%"t e !1i"e( 1t te e1!3ie"to''o!t%it5@ 1(fourth, te (ei"io o te o"tit%tio13 %e"tio 2%"t eee""1!5 to te (ete!2i1tio o te 1"e it"e3.68

Re"'o(et" 21it1i t1t te i!"t 1( "eo( !e%i"ite" 1!e 1"et, ee,e "133 3i2it o%! (i"%""io te!eo.

A 1t%13 1"e o! ot!o$e!"5 i$o3$e" 1 o3it o 3e413 !i4t, 1 o''o"ite3e413 31i2" "%"e'ti3e o %(ii13 !e"o3%tio. It i" (eiite 1( o!ete,to%i4 te 3e413 !e31tio" o '1!tie" 1$i4 1($e!"e 3e413 ite!e"t@ 1 !e13 1("%"t1ti13 ot!o$e!"5 1(2itti4 o "'eii !e3ie.6: Te So3iito! Gee!13!e%te" te e)i"tee o "% 1t%13 1"e o! ot!o$e!"5, ote(i4 t1t te '!e"et

'etitio" e!e !e(e!e( 2oot 1( 11(e2i 5 P!e"i(et A!!o5oK" i""%1e o PP*76*.

S% otetio 31" 2e!it.

A 2oot 1( 11(e2i 1"e i" oe t1t e1"e" to '!e"et 1 %"tii13eot!o$e!"5 5 $i!t%e o "%'e!$ei4 e$et",6"o t1t 1 (e31!1tio te!eo o%3(
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn22http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn23http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn23http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn24http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn25http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn26http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn27http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn22http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn23http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn24http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn25http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn26http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn27


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e o o '!1ti13 %"e o! $13%e.6+ Gee!1335, o%!t" (e3ie %!i"(itio o$e! "%1"e69o! (i"2i"" it o 4!o%( o 2oote"".6-

Te Co%!t o3(" t1t P!e"i(et A!!o5oK" i""%1e o PP *76* (i( ot !e(e!

te '!e"et 'etitio" 2oot 1( 11(e2i. D%!i4 te ei4t =9> (15" t1t PP *7*+1" o'e!1ti$e, te 'o3ie oie!", 1o!(i4 to 'etitioe!", o22itte( i33e413 1t"i i2'3e2eti4 it. &re '' )6)* and 3O No 7 constitutional or validC /othey justify these alleged illegal actsC Te"e 1!e te $it13 i""%e" t1t 2%"t e!e"o3$e( i te '!e"et 'etitio". It 2%"t e "t!e""e( t1t an unconstitutional actis not a law, it confers no rights, it imposes no duties, it affords no protection1

it is in legal contemplation, inoperative.7

Te 2oot 1( 11(e2i '!ii'3e i" ot 1 214i13 o!2%31 t1t 11%to21ti1335 (i""%1(e te o%!t" i !e"o3$i4 1 1"e. Co%!t" i33 (ei(e 1"e",ote!i"e 2oot 1( 11(e2i, i/ first,te!e i" 1 4!1$e $io31tio o teCo"tit%tio@*second, te e)e'tio13 1!1te! o te "it%1tio 1( te

'1!12o%t '%3i ite!e"t i" i$o3$e(@6third, e o"tit%tio13 i""%e !1i"e(!e%i!e" o!2%31tio o ot!o33i4 '!ii'3e" to 4%i(e te e, te 1!, 1( te

'%3i@1(fourth,te 1"e i" 1'13e o !e'etitio 5et e$1(i4 !e$ie.8

A33 te o!e4oi4 e)e'tio" 1!e '!e"et e!e 1( %"ti5 ti" Co%!tK"

1""%2'tio o %!i"(itio o$e! te i"t1t 'etitio". Petitioe!" 133e4e( t1t tei""%1e o PP *7*+ 1( G.O. No. : $io31te" te Co"tit%tio. Te!e i" o %e"tiot1t te i""%e" ei4 !1i"e( 1et te '%3iK" ite!e"t, i$o3$i4 1" te5 (o te

'eo'3eK" 1"i !i4t" to !ee(o2 o e)'!e""io, o 1""e235 1( o te'!e"". Mo!eo$e!, te Co%!t 1" te (%t5 to o!2%31te 4%i(i4 1( ot!o33i4o"tit%tio13 '!ee't", (ot!ie" o! !%3e". It 1" te "52o3i %tio oe(%1ti4 te e 1( te 1!, 1( i te '!e"et 'etitio", the military and thepolice, o te e)tet o te '!otetio 4i$e 5 o"tit%tio13 4%1!1tee". : A(

31"t35, !e"'o(et"K ote"te( 1tio" 1!e 1'13e o !e'etitio. Ce!t1i35, te'etitio" 1!e "%et to %(ii13 !e$ie.

I tei! 1tte2't to '!o$e te 133e4e( 2oote"" o ti" 1"e, !e"'o(et" ite(Cie J%"tie A!te2io V. P141i1K" Se'1!1te O'iio i 0anla#as -. E


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raising it in a proper case has been and@or continues to be preudiced or damaged

as a direct result of its issuance. Te '!e"et 1"e 133" !i4t iti ti"e)e'tio to te 2oote"" !%3e 'oite( o%t 5 te Cie J%"tie.

II- Legal Standing

I $ie o te %2e! o 'etitioe!" "%i4 i $1!io%" 'e!"o13itie", te Co%!t(ee2" it i2'e!1ti$e to 1$e 1 2o!e t1 '1""i4 (i"%""io o 3e413 "t1(i4o!locus standi.

!ocus standii" (eie( 1" 1 !i4t o 1''e1!1e i 1 o%!t o %"tie o 14i$e %e"tio.+ I '!i$1te "%it", "t1(i4 i" 4o$e!e( 5 te !e13#'1!tie"#i

ite!e"t !%3e 1" ot1ie( i Setio 6, R%3e o te *--+ R%3e" o Ci$i3P!oe(%!e, 1" 12e(e(. It '!o$i(e" t1t every action must be prosecuted ordefended in the name of the real party in interest . Ao!(i435, te !e13#

'1!t5#i ite!e"t i" the party who stands to be benefited or injured by thejudgment in the suit or the party entitled to the avails of the suit9S%it35'%t, te '31itiK" "t1(i4 i" 1"e( o i" o !i4t to te !e3ie "o%4t.

Te (ii%3t5 o (ete!2ii4 locus standi 1!i"e" i public suits. He!e,

te '31iti o 1""e!t" 1 '%3i !i4t i 1""1i3i4 1 133e4e(35 i33e413 oii131tio, (oe" "o 1" 1 !e'!e"et1ti$e o te 4ee!13 '%3i. He 215 e 1 'e!"o oi" 1ete( o (ie!et35 !o2 15 ote! 'e!"o. He o%3( e "%i4 1" 1 "t!14e!,o! i te 1te4o!5 o 1 itie, o! t1)'15e!. I eite! 1"e, e 1" to 1(e%1te35"o t1t e i" etit3e( to "ee %(ii13 '!otetio. I ote! o!(", e 1" to 21eo%t 1 "%iiet ite!e"t i te $i(i1tio o te '%3i o!(e! 1( te "e%!i4 o!e3ie 1" 1 itie o! t1)'15e!.

C1"e 31 i 2o"t %!i"(itio" o 133o" ot itie 1( t1)'15e!"t1(i4 i '%3i 1tio". Te (i"titio 1" i!"t 31i( (o iBeauchamp -.0il#,-e!e it 1" e3( t1t te '31iti i 1 t1)'15e!K" "%it i" i 1 (ie!et1te4o!5 !o2 te '31iti i 1 itieK" "%it. In the former, the plaintiff isaffected by the expenditure of public funds, while in the latter, he is but the

mere instrument of the public concern A" e3( 5 te Ne Yo! S%'!e2eCo%!t iPeople e< rel Case -. Collins/87 In matter of mere public right,
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howeverDthe people are the real partiesDIt is at least the right, if not the

duty, of every citizen to interfere and see that a public offence be properly

pursued and punished, and that a public grievance be remedied. ?it!e"'et to t1)'15e!K" "%it", 2err -. Jordan8* e3( t1t the right of a citizen and a

taxpayer to maintain an action in courts to restrain the unlawful use of publicfunds to his injury cannot be denied

Hoe$e!, to '!e$et %"t 1o%t 15 'e!"o !o2 "eei4 %(ii13 ite!e!eei 15 oii13 'o3i5 o! 1t it i e (i"14!ee( it, 1( t%" i(e!" te1ti$itie" o 4o$e!2et13 14eie" e414e( i '%3i "e!$ie, te Uite( St1teS%'!e2e Co%!t 31i( (o te 2o!e "t!i4et direct injury testiE< Parte

!e-itt,8631te! !e1i!2e( i 2ileston -. 5llman.8 Te "12e Co%!t !%3e( t1t o! 1

'!i$1te i(i$i(%13 to i$oe te %(ii13 'oe! to (ete!2ie te $13i(it5 o 1e)e%ti$e o! 3e4i"31ti$e 1tio, he must show that he has sustained a directinjury as a result of that action, and it is not sufficient that he has a general

interest common to all members of the public

Ti" Co%!t 1(o'te( te Edirect injuryF testi o%! %!i"(itio. IPeople -.era,88 it e3( t1t te 'e!"o o i2'%4" te $13i(it5 o 1 "t1t%te 2%"t 1$e apersonal and substantial interest in the case such that he has sustained, or will

sustain direct injury as a result. Te era(ot!ie 1" %'e3( i 1 3it15 o

1"e", "% 1", Custodio -. President of the 0enate,8:$anila =ace Horse 2rainers%Association -. &e la (uente,8Pascual -. 0ecretary of Public or#s8+1(Anti'Chinese !eague of the Philippines -. (eli


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T%", te Co%!t 1" 1(o'te( 1 !%3e t1t e$e e!e te 'etitioe!" 1$e 1i3e(to "o (i!et i%!5, te5 1$e ee 133oe( to "%e %(e! te '!ii'3e otranscendental importance. Pe!tiet 1!e te o33oi4 1"e"/

;)


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;7


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o'e!1ti$e" '%!"%1t to PP *7*+. Ri4t35 "o, te So3iito! Gee!13 (oe" ot %e"tiotei! 3e413 "t1(i4.

I 3$ No )*)=>7, te o''o"itio Co4!e""2e 133e4e( te!e 1"

%"%!'1tio o 3e4i"31ti$e 'oe!". Te5 13"o !1i"e( te i""%e o ete! o! ot teo%!!ee o Co4!e"" i" ee""1!5 ee$e! te 131!2i4 'oe!" ii(et toM1!ti13 L1 1!e %"e(. Mo!eo$e!, it i" i te ite!e"t o %"tie t1t to"e 1ete(

5 PP *7*+ 1 e !e'!e"ete( 5 tei! Co4!e""2e i !i4i4 to te 1ttetio ote Co%!t te 133e4e( $io31tio" o tei! 1"i !i4t".

I 3$ No )*)=66, =ALGI>, ti" Co%!t 1''3ie( te 3ie!13it5 !%3eiPhilconsa -. Enri1ueD,74apatiran Ng $ga Nagliling#od sa Pamahalaan ng

Pilipinas, nc. -. 2an,

*

Association of 0mall !andowners in the Philippines, nc. -.0ecretary of Agrarian =eform,6Basco -. Philippine Amusement and 8amingCorporation,1( 2aFada -. 2u-era,8 t1t e te i""%e oe!" 1 '%3i!i4t, it i" "%iiet t1t te 'etitioe! i" 1 itie 1( 1" 1 ite!e"t i tee)e%tio o te 31".

I 3$ No )*)=>8, ;MUK" 1""e!tio t1t PP *7*+ 1( G.O. No. : $io31te(it" !i4t to 'e1e%3 1""e235 215 e (ee2e( "%iiet to 4i$e it 3e413"t1(i4. Organizations may be granted standing to assert the rights of their

members.: ?e t1e %(ii13 otie o te 1o%e2et 5 te Oie o teP!e"i(et 1i4 133 !133ie" 1( 1e3i4 133 'e!2it" o! '%3i 1""e23ie"o33oi4 te i""%1e o PP *7*+ 1( G.O. No. :.

I 3$ No )*)=>9, 'etitioe!",CadiD et al.,o 1!e 1tio13 oie!" ote Ite4!1te( B1! o te Pi3i''ie" =IBP> 1$e o 3e413 "t1(i4, 1$i4 1i3e( to133e4e 15 (i!et o! 'oteti13 i%!5 i te IBP 1" 1 i"tit%tio o! it" 2e2e!"215 "%e! 1" 1 o"e%ee o te i""%1e o PP No. *7*+ 1( G.O. No.

:. Integrated Bar of the Philippines -. amora,

te Co%!t e3( t1t te 2e!ei$o1tio 5 te IBP o it" (%t5 to '!e"e!$e te !%3e o 31 1( oti4 2o!e,i3e %(o%te(35 t!%e, i" ot "%iiet to 3ote it it "t1(i4 i ti"1"e. Ti" i" too 4ee!13 1 ite!e"t i i" "1!e( 5 ote! 4!o%'" 1( te o3eitie!5. Hoe$e!, i $ie o te t!1"e(et13 i2'o!t1e o te i""%e, ti"Co%!t (e31!e" t1t 'etitioe! 1$e locus standi.
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn61http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn62http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn63http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn64http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn65http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn66http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn67http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn61http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn62http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn63http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn64http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn65http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn66http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn67


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I 3$ No )*)=+=, Lo!e Le41!(1 1" o 'e!"o13it5 1" 1 t1)'15e! to i3ete i"t1t 'etitio 1" te!e 1!e o 133e41tio" o i33e413 (i"%!"e2et o '%3i%(". Te 1t t1t "e i" 1 o!2e! Se1to! i" o o o"e%ee. Se 1 o3o4e! "%e 1" 1 3e4i"31to! o te 133e41tio t1t e! '!e!o41ti$e" 1" 1 3121e! 1$e

ee i2'1i!e( 5 PP *7*+ 1( G.O. No. :. He! 31i2 t1t "e i" 1 2e(i1'e!"o13it5 i33 ot 3iei"e 1i( e! e1%"e te!e 1" o "oi4 t1t teeo!e2et o te"e i""%1e" '!e$ete( e! !o2 '%!"%i4 e! o%'1tio. He!"%2i""io t1t "e 1" 'e(i4 e3eto!13 '!ote"t eo!e te P!e"i(eti13 E3eto!13T!i%13 i" 3iei"e o o !e3e$1e. Se 1" ot "%iiet35 "o t1t PP *7*+i33 1et te '!oee(i4" o! !e"%3t o e! 1"e. B%t o"i(e!i4 oe 2o!e tet!1"e(et13 i2'o!t1e o te i""%e i$o3$e(, ti" Co%!t 215 !e31) te "t1(i4!%3e".

It 2%"t 1315" e o!e i 2i( t1t te %e"tio o locus standii" %to!o331!5 to te i44e! %e"tio o '!o'e! e)e!i"e o %(ii13 'oe!. Ti" i" te%(e!35i4 3e413 teet o te 3ie!13it5 (ot!ie o 3e413 "t1(i4. It 1ot e(o%te( t1t te $13i(it5 o PP No. *7*+ 1( G.O. No. : i" 1 %(ii13 %e"tioi i" o '1!12o%t i2'o!t1e to te Fi3i'io 'eo'3e. To '1!1'!1"e J%"tieL1%!e3, te o3e o Pi3i''ie "oiet5 o 1it" it 1te( !e1t te !%3i4 oti" Co%!t o ti" $e!5 !iti13 21tte!. Te 'etitio" t%" 133 o! te 1''3i1tio ote transcendental importance (ot!ie, 1 !e31)1tio o te "t1(i4

!e%i!e2et" o! te 'etitioe!" i te PP *7*+ 1"e".

Ti" Co%!t o3(" t1t 133 te 'etitioe!" e!ei 1$e locus standi.Ii(et1335, it i" ot '!o'e! to i2'3e1( P!e"i(et A!!o5o 1"

!e"'o(et. Sett3e( i" te (ot!ie t1t te P!e"i(et, (%!i4 i" te%!e o oie o!1t%13 i%2e5,+215 ot e "%e( i any i$i3 o! !i2i13 1"e, 1( te!e i" oee( to '!o$i(e o! it i te Co"tit%tio o! 31. It i33 (e4!1(e te (i4it5 o te

i4 oie o te P!e"i(et, te He1( o St1te, i e 1 e (!144e( ito o%!t3iti41tio" i3e "e!$i4 1" "%. F%!te!2o!e, it i" i2'o!t1t t1t e e !ee(!o2 15 o!2 o 1!1""2et, i(!1e o! (i"t!1tio to e13e i2 to %335 1tte(to te 'e!o!21e o i" oii13 (%tie" 1( %tio". U3ie te 3e4i"31ti$e 1(

%(ii13 !1, o35 oe o"tit%te" te e)e%ti$e !1 1( 15ti4 ii2'1i!" i" %"e%3e"" i te (i"1!4e o te 215 4!e1t 1( i2'o!t1t (%tie"i2'o"e( %'o i2 5 te Co"tit%tio ee""1!i35 i2'1i!" te o'e!1tio o te


25/76

Go$e!2et. Hoe$e!, ti" (oe" ot 2e1 t1t te P!e"i(et i" ot 1o%t13e to15oe. Lie 15 ote! oii13, e !e21i" 1o%t13e to te 'eo'3e9%t e215 e !e2o$e( !o2 oie o35 i te 2o(e '!o$i(e( 5 31 1( t1t i" 5i2'e12et. -

A (?A(!&N!IB#

I. Review o !actual "ases

Petitioe!" 21it1i t1t PP *7*+ 1" o 1t%13 1"i". Hee, it 1" otee""1!5 o! P!e"i(et A!!o5o to i""%e "% P!o3121tio.

Te i""%e o ete! te Co%!t 215 !e$ie te 1t%13 1"e" o teP!e"i(etK" e)e!i"e o i" Co221(e!#i#Cie 'oe! 1" !e1e( it" (i"ti33e(

'oit # !o2 te i(%34et (15" oBarcelon -.Ba#er+7 1($ontenegro -. Castaneda+*to te $o31ti3e e!1o!ansang -. 8arcia,+6A1uino, Jr. -. Enrile,+and 8arcia'Padilla -.

Enrile.+8 Te t%4#o#1! 1315" %t" 1!o"" te 3ie (eii4 'o3iti13%e"tio", '1!ti%31!35 to"e %e"tio" i !e41!( to i %33 (i"!etio1!51%to!it5 1" ee (e3e41te( to te 3e4i"31ti$e o! e)e%ti$e !1 o te

4o$e!2et.+:

Barcelon and $ontenegroe!e i %i"o i (e31!i4 t1tte authority to decide whether an exigency has arisen belongs to the'resident1( his decision is final and conclusive on the courts.!ansang toote o''o"ite $ie. Te!e, te 2e2e!" o te Co%!t e!e %1i2o%" i teo$itio t1t te Co%!t 1" te 1%to!it5 to i%i!e ito te e)i"tee o 1t%13

1"e" i o!(e! to (ete!2ie tei! o"tit%tio13 "%iie5. %rom the principle ofseparation of powers, it shifted the focus to the system of checks and balances,

Eunder which the 'resident is supreme, x x x only i and w#enhe acts within

the sphere allotted to him by the Aasic .aw, and the authority to

determine whether or not he has so acted is vested in the Hudicial

/epartment, w#ic# in t#is respect , is, in turn,

constitutionally supreme.+ I *-+, te %1i2o%" Co%!t o!ansang1"(i$i(e( iA1uino -. Enrile.++ Te!e, te Co%!t 1" 132o"t e$e35(i$i(e( o te i""%e o ete! te $13i(it5 o te i2'o"itio oM1!ti13 L1 i" 1 'o3iti13 o! %"tii13e %e"tio. +9 Te 12e 8arcia'Padilla -.
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Enrilei 4!e1t35 (i3%te(!ansang. It (e31!e( t1t te!e i" 1 ee( to !e#e)12ie te 31tte! 1"e, !1tioi1ti4 t1t in times of war or nationalemergency, the 'resident must be given absolute control for the very life of the

nation and the government is in great peril !he 'resident, it intoned, is

answerable only to his conscience, the 'eople, and 3od.+-

Tentegrated Bar of the Philippines -. amora97'' 1 !eet 1"e 2o"t'e!tiet to te"e 1"e" 1t 1! --eoe( 1 '!ii'3e "i2i31! to!ansang. ?i3e teCo%!t o"i(e!e( te P!e"i(etK" 133i4#o%t 'oe! 1" 1 (i"!etio1!5 'oe!"o3e35 $e"te( i i" i"(o2, it "t!e""e( t1t this does not prevent anexamination of whether such power was exercised within permissible

constitutional limits or whether it was exercised in a manner constituting

grave abuse of discretion. Ti" !%3i4 i" 21i35 1 !e"%3t o te Co%!tK" !e3i1eo Setio *, A!ti3e VIII o *-9+ Co"tit%tio i o!tiie" te 1%to!it5 o teo%!t" to (ete!2ie i 1 1''!o'!i1te 1tio te $13i(it5 o te 1t" o te 'o3iti13(e'1!t2et". U(e! te e (eiitio o %(ii13 'oe!, te o%!t" 1!e 1%to!ie(ot o35 to "ett3e 1t%13 ot!o$e!"ie" i$o3$i4 !i4t" i 1!e 3e41335(e21(13e 1( eo!e13e, %t 13"o to determine whether or not there hasbeen a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on

the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government . Te 31tte! '1!to te 1%to!it5 !e'!e"et" 1 !o1(ei4 o %(ii13 'oe! to e13e te o%!t" o

%"tie to !e$ie 1t 1" eo!e 1 o!i((e te!!ito!5, to it, te (i"!etio ote 'o3iti13 (e'1!t2et" o te 4o$e!2et.9* It "'e1" o %(ii13 '!e!o41ti$eot o35 i te!2" o power%t 13"o o duty.96

A" to o te Co%!t 215 i%i!e ito te P!e"i(etK" e)e!i"e o

'oe!,!ansang 1(o'te( te te"t t1t %(ii13 i%i!5 1go no furthert1 to

"1ti"5 te Co%!t not t1t te P!e"i(etK" (ei"io i" correct, %t t1t te

P!e"i(et (i( ot 1t arbitrarily. T%", te "t1(1!( 31i( (o i" ot o!!ete"",

%t 1!it!1!ie"".9 Integrated Bar of the Philippines, ti" Co%!t %!te! !%3e(

t1t it is incumbent upon the petitioner to show that the 'resident2s decision

is totally bereft of factual basis 1( t1t i e 1i3", 5 15 o '!oo, to "%''o!t

i" 1""e!tio, te this ourt cannot undertake an independent investigation

beyond the pleadings.
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Petitioe!" 1i3e( to "o t1t P!e"i(et A!!o5oK" e)e!i"e o te 133i4#o%t'oe!, 5 i""%i4 PP *7*+, i" tot1335 e!et o 1t%13 1"i". A !e1(i4 o te

So3iito! Gee!13K" Co"o3i(1te( Co22et 1( Me2o!1(%2 "o" 1 (et1i3e(1!!1tio o te e$et" 3e1(i4 to te i""%1e o PP *7*+, it "%''o!ti4 !e'o!t"o!2i4 '1!t o te !eo!(". Metioe( 1!e te e"1'e o te M14(13o G!o%', tei!1%(1io%" t!e1t o te$agdalo &'&ay, te (eetio" i te 2i3it1!5, '1!ti%31!35i te Pi3i''ie M1!ie", 1( te !e'!o$i4 "t1te2et" !o2 te o22%i"t3e1(e!". Te!e 1" 13"o te Mi%te" o te Ite33i4ee Re'o!t 1( Se%!it5 G!o%'o te Pi3i''ie A!25 "oi4 te 4!oi4 133i1e etee te NPA 1( te2i3it1!5. Petitioe!" '!e"ete( oti4 to !e%te "% e$et". T%", 1"et 15ot!1!5 133e41tio", te Co%!t i" o$ie( t1t te P!e"i(et 1" %"tiie( i

i""%i4 PP *7*+ 133i4 o! 2i3it1!5 1i(.

I(ee(, %(4i4 te "e!io%"e"" o te ii(et", P!e"i(et A!!o5o 1" ote)'ete( to "i2'35 o3( e! 1!2" 1( (o oti4 to '!e$et o! "%''!e"" 1t "e

e3ie$e( 1" 313e"" $io3ee, i$1"io o! !ee33io. Hoe$e!, te e)e!i"e o"% 'oe! o! (%t5 2%"t ot "ti3e 3ie!t5.

II. $onstitutionality o PP %&%' and .). *o. +

/octrines of (everal 'olitical !heorists

on the 'ower of the 'resident

in !imes of #mergency

Ti" 1"e !i4" to o!e 1 otetio%" "%et ## te 'oe! o te P!e"i(et i

ti2e" o e2e!4e5. A 43i2'"e 1t te $1!io%" 'o3iti13 teo!ie" !e31ti4 to ti"

"%et '!o$i(e" 1 1(e%1te 1(!o' o! o%! e"%i4 (i"%""io.

Jo Loe, (e"!ii4 te 1!itet%!e o i$i3 4o$e!2et, 133e( %'o te

E43i" (ot!ie o '!e!o41ti$e to o'e it te '!o3e2 o e2e!4e5. I ti2e"

o (14e! to te 1tio, 'o"iti$e 31 e1te( 5 te 3e4i"31t%!e 2i4t e i1(e%1te

o! e$e 1 1t13 o"t13e to te '!o2'te"" o 1tio ee""1!5 to 1$e!t


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1t1"t!o'e. I te"e "it%1tio", te C!o !et1ie( 1 '!e!o41ti$e power to act

according to discretion for the public good, without the proscription of the law

and sometimes even against it.98 B%t Loe !eo4ie( t1t ti" 2o!13 !e"t!1it

2i4t ot "%ie to 1$oi( 1%"e o '!e!o41ti$e 'oe!". ho shall judge theneed for resorting to the prerogative and how may its abuse be avoidedC He!e,

Loe !e1(i35 1(2itte( (ee1t, "%44e"ti4 t1tEthe people have no other remedy

in this, as in all other cases where they have no judge on earth, but to appeal

to "eaven.9:

Je1#J1%e" Ro%""e1% 13"o 1""%2e( te ee( o! te2'o!1!5 "%"'e"io o

(e2o!1ti '!oe""e" o 4o$e!2et i ti2e o e2e!4e5. Ao!(i4 to i2/

Te i3e)ii3it5 o te 31", i '!e$et" te2 !o2 1(o'ti4te2"e3$e" to i!%2"t1e", 215, i e!t1i 1"e", !e(e! te2 (i"1"t!o%" 1(21e te2 !i4 1o%t, 1t 1 ti2e o !i"i", te !%i o te St1te

It i" !o4 te!eo!e to i" to 21e 'o3iti13 i"tit%tio" 1" "t!o4 1" to

!e(e! it i2'o""i3e to "%"'e( tei! o'e!1tio. E$e S'1!t1 133oe( it" 31 to31'"e...

I te 'e!i3 i" o "% 1 i( t1t te '1!1'e!13i1 o te 31" 1!e 1

o"t13e to tei! '!e"e!$1tio, te 2eto( i" to o2i1te 1 "%'!e2e 315e!, o"133 "i3ee 133 te 31" 1( "%"'e( o! 1 2o2et te "o$e!ei4 1%to!it5. I"% 1 1"e, te!e i" o (o%t 1o%t te 4ee!13 i33, 1( it 3e1! t1t te 'eo'3eK"i!"t itetio i" t1t te St1te "133 ot 'e!i".9

Ro""e1% (i( ot e1! te 1%"e o te e2e!4e5 (it1to!"i' o! suprememagistracy 1" e te!2e( it. Fo! i2, it o%3( 2o!e 3ie35 e e1'ee( 5i(i"!eet %"e. He 1" %i33i4 to !e35 %'o 1 appeal to heaven. I"te1(,e !e3ie( %'o 1 te%!e o oie o '!e"!ie( (%!1tio to 1$oi( 'e!'et%1tio o te

(it1to!"i'.9+

Jo St%1!t Mi33 o3%(e( i" 1!(et (ee"e o !e'!e"et1ti$e 4o$e!2et/I am far from condemning, in cases of extreme necessity, the assumption ofabsolute power in the form of a temporary dictatorship.99
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Nio33o M1i1$e33iK" $ie o e2e!4e5 'oe!", 1" oe e3e2et i teo3e "e2e o 3i2ite( 4o$e!2et, %!i"e( 1 i!oi ot!1"t to te Loe1

teo!5 o '!e!o41ti$e. He !eo4ie( 1( 1tte2'te( to !i(4e ti" 1"2 i(e2o!1ti 'o3iti13 teo!5, t%"/

No, i 1 e33#o!(e!e( "oiet5, it "o%3( e$e! e ee""1!5 to !e"o!t toe)t!1


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dictatorship in any given case must never rest with the dictator

himself-81( te oeti$e o "% 1 e2e!4e5 (it1to!"i' "o%3( estrict political conservatism.

C1!3 J. F!ie(!i 1"t i" 1135"i" i te!2" "i2i31! to to"e o ?1ti".-: Iti" 1 '!o3e2 o oet!1ti4 'oe! < i 1 4o$e!2et e!e 'oe! 1"o"io%"35 ee (i$i(e( < to o'e it "it%1tio" o %'!ee(ete( 214it%(e1( 4!1$it5. Te!e 2%"t e 1 !o1( 4!1t o 'oe!", "%et to e%1335 "t!o43i2it1tio" 1" to o "133 e)e!i"e "% 'oe!", e, o! o 3o4, 1( to 1te(.- F!ie(!i, too, oe!e( !ite!i1 o! %(4i4 te 1(e%15 o 15 o "e2eo e2e!4e5 'oe!", to it/ E!he emergency executive must be appointed byconstitutional means 0 ie, he must be legitimate1 he should not enjoy power

to determine the existence of an emergency1 emergency powers should be

exercised under a strict time limitation1 and last, the objective of emergency

action must be the defense of the constitutional order.-+

C3ito L. Ro""ite!, 1te! "%!$e5i4 te i"to!5 o te e2'3o52et oe2e!4e5 'oe!" i G!e1t B!it1i, F!1e, ?ei21!, Ge!215 1( te Uite(St1te", !e$e!te( to 1 (e"!i'tio o 1 "e2e o o"tit%tio13 (it1to!"i' 1"

"o3%tio to te $e)i4 '!o3e2" '!e"ete( 5 e2e!4e5.-9

Lie ?1ti" 1(F!ie(!i, e "t1te(a priorite o(itio" o "%e"" o te o"tit%tio13(it1to!"i', t%"/

)


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7


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1$o!e( i"te1( te oe't o o"tit%tio13i"2 1!ti%31te( 5 C1!3e" H.MI31i/

A oe't o o"tit%tio13i"2 i i" 3e"" 2i"3e1(i4 i te 1135"i" o

'!o3e2" o e2e!4e5 'oe!", 1( i i" o"i"tet it te i(i4" o ti"

"t%(5, i" t1t o!2%31te( 5 C1!3e" H. MI31i. ?i3e it (oe" ot 5 15 2e1"ee""1!i35 e)3%(e "o2e i(ete!2i1te 3i2it1tio" %'o te "%"t1ti$e 'oe!"o 4o$e!2et, %33 e2'1"i" i" '31e( %'o procedural limitations,1( political responsibility. MI31i 3e1!35 !eo4ie( te ee( to !e'o"e1(e%1te 'oe! i 4o$e!2et. A( i (i"%""i4 te 2e1i4 oo"tit%tio13i"2, e i"i"te( t1t te historical and proper test ofconstitutionalism was the existence of adeGuate processes for keeping

government responsible. He !e%"e( to e%1te o"tit%tio13i"2 it teeee3i4 o 4o$e!2et 5 1 e)144e!1te( e2'1"i" %'o "e'1!1tio o 'oe!"1( "%"t1ti$e 3i2it1tio" o 4o$e!2et13 'oe!. He o%( t1t te !e1335eeti$e e" o (e"'oti"2 1$e o"i"te( ot i te e1ei4 o 4o$e!2et

%t, %t !1te! i te limiting of it@ etee i te!e i" 1 4!e1t 1( $e!5"i4ii1t (ie!ee.In associating constitutionalism with ElimitedF asdistinguished from EweakF government, 4cIlwain meant government

limited to the orderly procedure of law as opposed to the processes of force

!he two fundamental correlative elements of constitutionalism for which all

lovers of liberty must yet fight are the legal limits to arbitrary power and a

complete political responsibility of government to the governed.*7*

I te i13 1135"i", te $1!io%" 1''!o1e" to e2e!4e5 o te 1o$e

'o3iti13 teo!i"t"


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P!e"i(et, it %"t limits i" 'oe!, %"i4 te 314%14e o MI31i. I ote!o!(", i ti2e" o e2e!4e5, o%! Co"tit%tio !e1"o135 (e21(" t1t e !e'o"e1 e!t1i 12o%t o 1it i te 1"i ite4!it5 1( i"(o2 o te Cie E)e%ti$e

%t, 1t te "12e ti2e, it obliges him to operate within carefully prescribed

procedural limitations.

a E%acial hallengeF

Petitioe!" ote( t1t PP *7*+ i" $oi( o it" 1e e1%"e o it"o$e!!e1(t. Te5 31i2 t1t it" eo!e2et e!o1e( o ot %'!otete(1( '!otete( !i4t" %(e! Setio 8, A!ti3e III o te Co"tit%tio 1( "et 1i33i4 eet to te itie".

A 1i13 !e$ie o PP *7*+, %"i4 te o$e!!e1(t (ot!ie, i" %133e( o!.

(irst and foremost, te o$e!!e1(t (ot!ie i" 1 1135ti13 too3 (e$e3o'e(o! te"ti4 o tei! 1e" "t1t%te" i free speech cases, 13"o o %(e! teA2e!i1 L1 1" Fi!"t A2e(2et 1"e".*7

A '31i !e1(i4 o PP *7*+ "o" t1t it i" ot '!i21!i35 (i!ete( to "'eeo! e$e "'ee#!e31te( o(%t. It i" 1t%1335 1 133 %'o te AFP to '!e$et o!"%''!e"" 133 o!2" o lawlessviolence I 5nited 0tates -. 0alerno,*78te USS%'!e2e Co%!t e3( t1t we have not recognized an overbreadth2 doctrineoutside the limited context of the %irst &mendmentF ;freedom of speech< .

Mo!eo$e!, te o$e!!e1(t (ot!ie i" ot ite(e( o! te"ti4 te $13i(it5 o

1 31 t1t !e3et" 3e4iti21te "t1te ite!e"t i 21it1ii4 o2'!ee"i$e ot!o3o$e! 1!2%3, o"tit%tio1335 %'!otete( o(%t. U(o%te(35, 313e""$io3ee, i"%!!etio 1( !ee33io 1!e o"i(e!e( 1!2%3 1( o"tit%tio1335%'!otete( o(%t. IBroadric# -. "#lahoma,*7:it 1" e3(/

It !e21i" 1 21tte! o o 3itt3e (ii%3t5K to (ete!2ie e 1 31 215

'!o'e!35 e e3( $oi( o it" 1e 1( e "% "%221!5 1tioK i"
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i1''!o'!i1te. Aut the plain import of our cases is, at the very least, thatfacial overbreadth adjudication is an exception to our traditional rules of

practice and that its function, a limited one at the outset, attenuates as the

otherwise unprotected behavior that it forbids the (tate to sanction moves

from pure speech2 toward conduct1( that conduct 0even if expressive 0

falls within the scope of otherwise valid criminal laws that reflect legitimatestate interests in maintaining comprehensive controls over harmful,

constitutionally unprotected conduct.

T%", 31i2" o 1i13 o$e!!e1(t 1!e ete!t1ie( i 1"e" i$o3$i4 "t1t%te"i, by their terms, "ee to !e4%31te o35 spoken words 1( 141i, t1toverbreadth claims, if entertained at all, have been curtailed when invokedagainst ordinary criminal laws that are sought to be applied to protected

conduct.*7 He!e, te iot!o$e!ti3e 1t !e21i" t1t PP *7*+ 'e!t1i" to 1"'et!%2 o conduct, ot !ee "'ee, i i" 21ie"t35 "%et to "t1te!e4%31tio.

0econd,1i13 i$13i(1tio o 31" i" o"i(e!e( 1" manifestly strongmedicine, to e %"e( sparingly and only as a last resort, 1( i" generallydisfavored@*7+ Te !e1"o o! ti" i" o$io%". E2e((e( i te t!1(itio13 !%3e"4o$e!i4 o"tit%tio13 1(%(i1tio i" te '!ii'3e t1t 1 'e!"o to o2 1 31

215 e 1''3ie( i33 ot e e1!( to 133e4e 1 31 o te 4!o%( t1t it 215oei$135 e 1''3ie( %o"tit%tio1335 to ote!", i.e., in other situations notbefore the ourt*79 A !ite! 1( "o31! i Co"tit%tio13 L1 e)'31i" %!te!/

!he most distinctive feature of the overbreadth techniGue is that it

marks an exception to some of the usual rules of constitutional

litigation Ordinarily, a particular litigant claims that a statute is

unconstitutional as applied to him or her1 if the litigant prevails, the courts

carve away the unconstitutional aspects of the law by invalidating its

improper applications on a case to case basis 4oreover, challengers to a law

are not permitted to raise the rights of third parties and can only assert theirown interests In overbreadth analysis, those rules give way1 challenges are

permitted to raise the rights of third parties@ 1( te o%!t i$13i(1te" te eti!e"t1t%te o it" 1e, ot 2e!e35 1" 1''3ie( o! "o t1t te o$e!!o1( 31eo2e" %eo!e13e %ti3 1 '!o'e!35 1%to!ie( o%!t o"t!%e" it 2o!e1!!o35. Te 1to! t1t 2oti$1te" o%!t" to (e'1!t !o2 te o!213 1(%(i1to!5!%3e" i" te oe! it te i33i4@ (ete!!et eet o te o$e!!o1( "t1t%te oti!( '1!tie" ot o%!14eo%" eo%4 to !i4 "%it. Te Co%!t 1""%2e" t1t 1


35/76

o$e!!o1( 31K" $e!5 e)i"tee 215 1%"e ote!" ot eo!e te o%!t to !e!1i!o2 o"tit%tio1335 '!otete( "'ee o! e)'!e""io. A o$e!!e1(t !%3i4 i"(e"i4e( to !e2o$e t1t (ete!!et eet o te "'ee o to"e ti!( '1!tie".

I ote! o!(", 1 1i13 133e4e %"i4 te o$e!!e1(t (ot!ie i33 !e%i!ete Co%!t to e)12ie PP *7*+ 1( 'i'oit it" 31" 1( (eet", ot o te 1"i"o it" 1t%13 o'e!1tio to 'etitioe!", %t o te 1""%2'tio o! '!e(itio t1t it"$e!5 e)i"tee 215 1%"e others not before the ourt to !e!1i !o2o"tit%tio1335 '!otete( "'ee o! e)'!e""io. I Gounger -. Harris,*7-it 1"e3( t1t/

Te t1" o 1135i4 1 '!o'o"e( "t1t%te, 'i'oiti4 it" (eiieie",

1( !e%i!i4 o!!etio o te"e (eiieie" eo!e te "t1t%te i" '%t ito eet,

i" !1!e35 i e$e! 1 1''!o'!i1te t1" o! te %(ii1!5. Te o2i1tio ote relative remoteness of the controversy, te impact on the legislativeprocess of the relief sought, 1( 1o$e 133 the speculative and amorphousnature of the reGuired line-by-line analysis of detailed statutes, ...o!(i1!i35!e"%3t" i 1 i( o 1"e t1t i"wholly unsatisfactoryo! (ei(i4 o"tit%tio13%e"tio", ie$e! 15 te5 2i4t e (ei(e(.

A( third, 1 1i13 133e4e o te 4!o%( o o$e!!e1(t i" te 2o"t

(ii%3t 133e4e to 2o%t "%e""%335, "ie te 133e4e! 2%"t e"t13i"t1t there can be no instance when the assailed law may be valid. He!e,

'etitioe!" (i( ot e$e 1tte2't to "o ete! ti" "it%1tio e)i"t".Petitioe!" 3iei"e "ee 1 1i13 !e$ie o PP *7*+ o te 4!o%( o

$14%ee"". Ti", too, i" %1!!1te(.

Re31te( to te o$e!!e1(t (ot!ie i" te $oi( o! $14%ee"" (ot!iei o3(" t1t a law is facially invalid if men of common intelligence mustnecessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application**7It i" "%et

to te "12e '!ii'3e" 4o$e!i4 o$e!!e1(t (ot!ie. Fo! oe, it i" 13"o 11135ti13 too3 o! te"ti4 o tei! 1e" statutes in free speech cases. A( 3ieo$e!!e1(t, it i" "1i( t1t 1 3iti41t 215 133e4e 1 "t1t%te o it" 1e o35 i iti"vague in all its possible applications &gain, petitioners did not even attemptto show that '' )6)* is vague in all its application Te5 13"o 1i3e( to e"t13i"t1t 2e o o22o ite33i4ee 1ot %(e!"t1( te 2e1i4 1( 1''3i1tio oPP *7*+.


36/76

b onstitutional Aasis of '' )6)*

No o te o"tit%tio13 o%(1tio o PP *7*+.Te o'e!1ti$e 'o!tio o PP *7*+ 215 e (i$i(e( ito t!ee i2'o!t1t

'!o$i"io", t%"/

!irst provision,

5 $i!t%e o te 'oe! $e"te( %'o 2e 5 Setio *9, A!ti3e

VII (o e!e5 o221( te A!2e( Fo!e" o te Pi3i''ie", to21it1i 31 1( o!(e! t!o%4o%t te Pi3i''ie", '!e$et o!"%''!e"" 133 o!2" o 313e"" $io3ee 1" e33 15 1t o i"%!!etioo! !ee33io

Second provision,

1( to eo!e oe(iee to 133 te 31" 1( to 133 (e!ee",o!(e!" 1( !e4%31tio" '!o2%341te( 5 2e 'e!"o1335 o! %'o 25(i!etio@

#ird provision,

1" '!o$i(e( i Setio *+, A!ti3e &II o te Co"tit%tio (oe!e5 (e31!e 1 St1te o N1tio13 E2e!4e5.

!irst Provision, $alling-out Power


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Te i!"t '!o$i"io 'e!t1i" to te P!e"i(etK" 133i4#o%t 'oe!. I


38/76

0anla#as -. E


39/76

(e31!e M1!ti13 L1. Citi4ntegratedBar of the Philippines -. amora,**6 teCo%!t !%3e( t1t te o35 !ite!io o! te e)e!i"e o te 133i4#o%t 'oe! i" t1twhenever it becomes necessary, te P!e"i(et 215 133 te 1!2e( o!e" toprevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. Are these

conditions present in the instant cases A" "t1te( e1!3ie!, o"i(e!i4 tei!%2"t1e" te '!e$1i3i4, P!e"i(et A!!o5o o%( it ee""1!5 to i""%e PP*7*+. Oi4 to e! OieK" $1"t ite33i4ee eto!, "e i" i te e"t 'o"itioto (ete!2ie te 1t%13 o(itio o te o%t!5.

U(e! te 133i4#o%t 'oe!, te P!e"i(et 215 "%22o te 1!2e( o!e" to

1i( i2 i "%''!e""i4 lawless violence, invasion and rebellion. Ti" i$o3$e"o!(i1!5 'o3ie 1tio. B%t e$e!5 1t t1t 4oe" e5o( te P!e"i(etK" 133i4#o%t

'oe! i" o"i(e!e( i33e413 o!ultra -ires. Fo! ti" !e1"o, 1 P!e"i(et 2%"t e1!e%3 i te e)e!i"e o i" 'oe!". He 1ot i$oe 1 4!e1te! 'oe! e ei"e" to 1t %(e! 1 3e""e! 'oe!. Te!e 3ie" te i"(o2 o o%! Co"tit%tio, te4!e1te! te 'oe!, te 4!e1te! 1!e te 3i2it1tio".

It i" 'e!tiet to "t1te, oe$e!, t1t te!e i" 1 (i"titio etee teP!e"i(etK" 1%to!it5 to (e31!e 1 "t1te o !ee33io =i 0anla#as> 1( te1%to!it5 to '!o31i2 1 "t1te o 1tio13 e2e!4e5. ?i3e P!e"i(et A!!o5oK"1%to!it5 to (e31!e 1 "t1te o !ee33io e211te" !o2 e! 'oe!" 1" Cie

E)e%ti$e, te "t1t%to!5 1%to!it5 ite( i 0anla#as1" Setio 8, C1'te! 6, BooII o te Re$i"e( A(2ii"t!1ti$e Co(e o *-9+, i '!o$i(e"/

SEC. 8. < P!o3121tio". < At" o te P!e"i(et i)i4 1 (1te o!(e31!i4 1 "t1t%" o! o(itio o '%3i 2o2et o! ite!e"t, %'o tee)i"tee o i te o'e!1tio o 1 "'eii 31 o! !e4%31tio i" 21(e to(e'e(, "133 e '!o2%341te( i '!o3121tio" i "133 1$e te o!eo 1 e)e%ti$e o!(e!.

P!e"i(et A!!o5oK" (e31!1tio o 1 "t1te o !ee33io 1" 2e!e35 1 1t(e31!i4 1 "t1t%" o! o(itio o '%3i 2o2et o! ite!e"t, 1 (e31!1tio 133oe(%(e! Setio 8 ite( 1o$e. S% (e31!1tio, i te o!(" o 0anla#as, i"1!23e"", ito%t 3e413 "i4ii1e, 1( (ee2e( ot !itte. I te"e 1"e", PP*7*+ i" 2o!e t1 t1t. I (e31!i4 1 "t1te o 1tio13 e2e!4e5, P!e"i(etA!!o5o (i( ot o35 !e35 o Setio *9, A!ti3e VII o te Co"tit%tio, 1 '!o$i"io


40/76

133i4 o te AFP to '!e$et o! "%''!e"" 313e"" $io3ee, i$1"io o!!ee33io. Se 13"o !e3ie( o Setio *+, A!ti3e &II, 1 '!o$i"io o te St1teK"e)t!1o!(i1!5 'oe! to t1e o$e! '!i$1te35#oe( '%3i %ti3it5 1( %"ie""1ete( it '%3i ite!e"t. I(ee(, PP *7*+ 133" o! te e)e!i"e o

1 awesome power. O$io%"35, "% P!o3121tio 1ot e (ee2e( 1!23e"",ito%t 3e413 "i4ii1e, o! ot !itte, 1" i te 1"e o 0anla#as.

So2e o te 'etitioe!" $ee2et35 21it1i t1t PP *7*+ i" 1t%1335 1(e31!1tio o M1!ti13 L1. It i" o "o. ?1t (eie" te 1!1te! o PP *7*+ 1!eit" o!(i4". It i" '31i te!ei t1t 1t te P!e"i(et i$oe( 1" e! 133i4#o%t

'oe!.

Te (e31!1tio o M1!ti13 L1 i" 1 1!i4 to itie" t1t te 2i3it1!5'oe! 1" ee 133e( %'o 5 te e)e%ti$e to 1""i"t i te 21ite1e o 311( o!(e!, 1( t1t, i3e te e2e!4e5 31"t", te5 2%"t, %'o '1i o 1!!e"t 1(

'%i"2et, ot o22it 15 1t" i i33 i 15 15 !e(e! 2o!e (ii%3t te!e"to!1tio o o!(e! 1( te eo!e2et o 31.**

I i" 0tatement before the 0enate Committee on Justice o M1! *,

677, M!. J%"tie Viete V. Me(o1,**81 1%to!it5 i o"tit%tio13 31, "1i(t1t o te t!ee 'oe!" o te P!e"i(et 1" Co221(e!#i#Cie, te 'oe! to

(e31!e M1!ti13 L1 'o"e" te 2o"t "e$e!e t!e1t to i$i3 3ie!tie". It i" 1 "t!o42e(iie i "o%3( ot e !e"o!te( to 3i4t35. It 1ot e %"e( to "ti3e o!

'e!"e%te !iti" o te 4o$e!2et. It i" '31e( i te ee'i4 o te P!e"i(et o!te '%!'o"e o e13i4 i2 to "e%!e te 'eo'3e !o2 1!2 1( to !e"to!e o!(e! "ot1t te5 1 eo5 tei! i(i$i(%13 !ee(o2". I 1t, Setio *9, A!t. VII,

'!o$i(e"/A "t1te o 21!ti13 31 (oe" ot "%"'e( te o'e!1tio o te Co"tit%tio,

o! "%''31t te %tioi4 o te i$i3 o%!t" o! 3e4i"31ti$e 1""e23ie", o!

1%to!ie te oe!2et o %!i"(itio o 2i3it1!5 o%!t" 1( 14eie" o$e!i$i3i1" e!e i$i3 o%!t" 1!e 13e to %tio, o! 1%to21ti1335 "%"'e( te'!i$i3e4e o te !it.

J%"tie Me(o1 13"o "t1te( t1t PP *7*+ i" ot 1 (e31!1tio o M1!ti13L1. It i" o 2o!e t1 1 133 5 te P!e"i(et to te 1!2e( o!e" to '!e$et o!


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"%''!e"" 313e"" $io3ee. A" "%, it 1ot e %"e( to %"ti5 1t" t1t o35%(e! 1 $13i( (e31!1tio o M1!ti13 L1 1 e (oe. It" %"e o! 15 ote!

'%!'o"e i" 1 'e!$e!"io o it" 1t%!e 1( "o'e, 1( 15 1t (oe ot!1!5 to it"o221( i" ultra -ires.

J%"tie Me(o1 %!te! "t1te( t1t "'eii1335, =1> 1!!e"t" 1( "ei%!e"ito%t %(ii13 1!!1t"@ => 1 o '%3i 1""e23ie"@ => t1e#o$e! o e"2e(i1 1( 14eie" 1( '!e"" e"o!"i'@ 1( =(> i""%1e o P!e"i(eti13 De!ee",1!e 'oe!" i 1 e e)e!i"e( 5 te P!e"i(et 1" Co221(e!#i#Cie only e!e te!e i" 1 $13i( (e31!1tio o M1!ti13 L1 o! "%"'e"io o te!it o habeas corpus.

B1"e( o te 1o$e (i"%i"itio, it i" 3e1! t1t PP *7*+ i" ot 1 (e31!1tioo M1!ti13 L1. It is merely an exercise of 'resident &rroyo2s calling-outpower o! te 1!2e( o!e" to 1""i"t e! i '!e$eti4 o! "%''!e""i4 313e""$io3ee.

Second Provision, a/e $are0 Power

Te "eo( '!o$i"io 'e!t1i" to te 'oe! o te P!e"i(et to e"%!e t1t

te 31" e 1it%335 e)e%te(. Ti" i" 1"e( o Setio *+, A!ti3e VII i!e1("/

(# )*. Te P!e"i(et "133 1$e ot!o3 o 133 te e)e%ti$e(e'1!t2et", %!e1%", 1( oie". "e shall ensure that the laws be faithfullyexecuted.

A" te E)e%ti$e i o2 te e)e%ti$e 'oe! i" $e"te(, **:te '!i21!5%tio o te P!e"i(et i" to eo!e te 31" 1" e33 1" to o!2%31te 'o3iie" to

e e2o(ie( i e)i"ti4 31". He "ee" to it t1t 133 31" 1!e eo!e( 5 teoii13" 1( e2'3o5ee" o i" (e'1!t2et. Beo!e 1""%2i4 oie, e i" !e%i!e(to t1e 1 o1t o! 1i!21tio to te eet t1t 1" P!e"i(et o te Pi3i''ie", ei33, 12o4 ote!", e)e%te it" 31".** I te e)e!i"e o "% %tio, teP!e"i(et, i ee(e(, 215 e2'3o5 te 'oe!" 1tt1e( to i" oie 1" teCo221(e!#i#Cie o 133 te 1!2e( o!e" o te o%t!5,**+i3%(i4 te


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Pi3i''ie N1tio13 Po3ie**9%(e! te De'1!t2et o Ite!io! 1( Lo13Go$e!2et.**-

Petitioe!", e"'ei1335 Re'!e"et1ti$e" F!1i" Jo"e' G. E"%(e!o, S1t%!O12'o, R11e3 M1!i1o, Teo(o!o C1"io, Li1 M11, 1( Jo"e3 Vi!1(o! 1!4%e t1tPP *7*+ i" %o"tit%tio13 1" it 1!!o41te( %'o P!e"i(et A!!o5o te 'oe! toe1t 31" 1( (e!ee" i $io31tio o Setio *, A!ti3e VI o te Co"tit%tio,i $e"t" te 'oe! to e1t 31" i Co4!e"". Te5 1""1i3 te 31%"e toenforce obedience to all the laws and to all decrees, orders and regulations

promulgated by me personally or upon my direction .

Petitioe!"K otetio i" %(e!"t1(13e. A !e1(i4 o PP *7*+ o'e!1ti$e31%"e "o" t1t it 1" 3ite(*67!o2 Fo!2e! P!e"i(et M1!o"K P!o3121tio No.*79*, i '1!t35 !e1("/

NO, !"#$#%O$#, I, %#$/IN&N/ # 4&$O(, P!e"i(et o tePi3i''ie" 5 $i!t%e o te 'oe!" $e"te( %'o 2e 5 A!ti3e VII, Setio *7,P1!14!1' =6> o te Co"tit%tio, (o e!e5 '31e te eti!e Pi3i''ie" 1"(eie( i A!ti3e *, Setio * o te Co"tit%tio %(e! 21!ti13 31 1(, i 251'1it5 1" tei! Co221(e!#i#Cie, do hereby command the &rmed %orcesof the 'hilippines, to maintain law and order throughout the 'hilippines,

prevent or suppress all forms of lawless violence as well as any act of

insurrection or rebellion and to enforce obedience to all the laws and decrees,

orders and regulations promulgated by me personally or upon my direction

?e 133 o t1t it 1" PP *79* i 4!1te( P!e"i(et M1!o" 3e4i"31ti$e'oe!. It" e13i4 31%"e "t1te"/ Eto enforce obedience to all the laws and

decrees, orders and regulations promulgated by me personally or upon mydirectionF U'o te ote! 1(, te e13i4 31%"e o PP *7*+ i""%e( 5P!e"i(et A!!o5o i"/ to enforce obedience to all the laws and to alldecrees,orders and regulations promulgated by me personally or upon my direction.

s it within the domain of President Arroyo to promulgate /decrees


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PP *7*+ "t1te" i

'1!t/ to eo!e oe(iee to 133 te 31" 1( decrees ) ) ) promulgated byme personally or upon my direction

Te P!e"i(et i" 4!1te( 1 O!(i1e Poe! %(e! C1'te! 6, Boo III oE)e%ti$e O!(e! No. 6-6 =A(2ii"t!1ti$e Co(e o *-9+>. Se 215 i""%e 15 o teo33oi4/

Se. 6. E


44/76

o i" 3e4i"31ti$e 'oe! (%!i4 te 'e!io( o M1!ti13 L1 %(e! te *-+Co"tit%tio.*6*

!his ourt rules that the assailed '' )6)* is unconstitutional insofar as

it grants 'resident &rroyo the authority to promulgate EdecreesF Le4i"31ti$e'oe! i" 'e%3i1!35 iti te '!o$ie o te Le4i"31t%!e. Setio *, A!ti3e VI1te4o!i1335 "t1te" t1t JtKhe legislative power shall be vested in the ongressof the 'hilippines which shall consist of a (enate and a "ouse of

$epresentatives. To e "%!e, eite! M1!ti13 L1 o! 1 "t1te o !ee33io o! 1"t1te o e2e!4e5 1 %"ti5 P!e"i(et A!!o5oK" e)e!i"e o 3e4i"31ti$e 'oe! 5i""%i4 (e!ee".

Can President Arroyo enforce obedience to all decrees and laws through themilitary

A" ti" Co%!t "t1te( e1!3ie!, P!e"i(et A!!o5o 1" o 1%to!it5 to e1t(e!ee". It o33o" t1t te"e (e!ee" 1!e $oi( 1(, te!eo!e, 1ot eeo!e(. ?it !e"'et to 31", "e 1ot 133 te 2i3it1!5 to eo!e o!i2'3e2et e!t1i 31", "% 1" %"to2" 31", 31" 4o$e!i4 12i35 1( '!o'e!t5!e31tio", 31" o o3i41tio" 1( ot!1t" 1( te 3ie. Se 1 o35 o!(e! te

2i3it1!5, %(e! PP *7*+, to eo!e 31" 'e!tiet to it" (%t5 to suppress lawlessviolence.

#ird Provision, Power to a/e )ver

Te 'e!tiet '!o$i"io o PP *7*+ "t1te"/) ) ) 1( to eo!e oe(iee to 133 te 31" 1( to 133

(e!ee", o!(e!", 1( !e4%31tio" '!o2%341te( 5 2e 'e!"o1335 o!%'o 25 (i!etio@ and as provided in (ection )*, &rticle LII ofthe onstitution do hereby declare a state of national

emergency


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Te i2'o!t o ti" '!o$i"io i" t1t P!e"i(et A!!o5o, (%!i4 te "t1te o

1tio13 e2e!4e5 %(e! PP *7*+, 1 133 te 2i3it1!5 ot o35 to eo!eoe(iee to 133 te 31" 1( to 133 (e!ee" ) ) ) %t 13"o to 1t '%!"%1t to te

'!o$i"io o Setio *+, A!ti3e &II i !e1("/

(ec )* I ti2e" o 1tio13 e2e!4e5, e te '%3i ite!e"t "o!e%i!e", te St1te 215, (%!i4 te e2e!4e5 1( %(e! !e1"o13e te!2"'!e"!ie( 5 it, te2'o!1!i35 t1e o$e! o! (i!et te o'e!1tio o 15 '!i$1te35#oe( '%3i %ti3it5 o! %"ie"" 1ete( it '%3i ite!e"t.

hat could be the reason of President Arroyo in in-o#ing the abo-e

pro-ision when she issued PP :+:;

Te 1"e! i" "i2'3e. D%!i4 te e)i"tee o te "t1te o 1tio13

e2e!4e5, PP *7*+ '%!'o!t" to 4!1t te P!e"i(et, ito%t 15 1%to!it5 o!(e3e41tio !o2 Co4!e"", to t1e o$e! o! (i!et te o'e!1tio o 15 '!i$1te35#oe( '%3i %ti3it5 o! %"ie"" 1ete( it '%3i ite!e"t.

Ti" '!o$i"io 1" i!"t it!o(%e( i te *-+ Co"tit%tio, 1" 1 '!o(%t o

te 21!ti13 31 tii4 o te *-+* Co"tit%tio13 Co$etio.*66 I eet 1t

te ti2e o it" 1''!o$13 1" P!e"i(et M1!o"K Lette! o I"t!%tio No. 6 (1te(Se'te2e! 66, *-+6 i"t!%ti4 te Se!et1!5 o N1tio13 Dee"e to t1e o$e!the management, control and operation of the $anila Electric Company, the

Philippine !ong &istance 2elephone Company, the National aterwor#s

and 0ewerage Authority, the Philippine National =ailways, the Philippine Air

!ines, Air $anila Iand (ilipinas "rient Airways . . . for the successful

prosecution by the 8o-ernment of its effort to contain, sol-e and end the present

national emergency.

Petitioe!", '1!ti%31!35 te 2e2e!" o te Ho%"e o Re'!e"et1ti$e", 31i2t1t P!e"i(et A!!o5oK" i3%"io o Setio *+, A!ti3e &II i PP *7*+ i" 1e!o12et o te 3e4i"31t%!eK" e2e!4e5 'oe!".

Ti" i" 1 1!e1 t1t ee(" (e3ie1tio.


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A (i"titio 2%"t e (!1 etee te P!e"i(etK" 1%to!it5 to declare1"t1te o 1tio13 e2e!4e5 1( to exercisee2e!4e5 'oe!". To te i!"t,1" e3%i(1te( 5 te Co%!t, Setio *9, A!ti3e VII 4!1t" te P!e"i(et "% 'oe!,ee, o 3e4iti21te o"tit%tio13 oetio 1 e !1i"e(. B%t to te "eo(,

21io3( o"tit%tio13 i""%e" 1!i"e.

Setio 6, A!ti3e VI o te Co"tit%tio !e1("/

(# +8 ;)< Te Co4!e"", 5 1 $ote o to#ti!(" o ot Ho%"e" ioit "e""io 1""e23e(, $oti4 "e'1!1te35, "133 1$e te sole power to declarethe existence of a state of war.

;+< I ti2e" o 1! o! other national emergency, te Co4!e"" 215, 5

31, 1%to!ie te P!e"i(et, o! 1 3i2ite( 'e!io( 1( "%et to "% !e"t!itio" 1"it 215 '!e"!ie, to e)e!i"e 'oe!" ee""1!5 1( '!o'e! to 1!!5 o%t 1 (e31!e(1tio13 'o3i5. U3e"" "ooe! it(!1 5 !e"o3%tio o te Co4!e"", "%'oe!" "133 e1"e %'o te e)t 1(o%!2et te!eo.

It 215 e 'oite( o%t t1t te"eo( '1!14!1' o te 1o$e '!o$i"io !ee!"

ot o35 to 1! %t 13"o to other national emergency. I te itetio o teF!12e!" o o%! Co"tit%tio 1" to ito3( !o2 te P!e"i(et te 1%to!it5 to(e31!e 1 "t1te o 1tio13 e2e!4e5 '%!"%1t to Setio *9, A!ti3e VII =133i4#

o%t 'oe!> 1( 4!1t it to Co4!e"" =3ie te (e31!1tio o te e)i"tee o 1 "t1teo 1!>, te te F!12e!" o%3( 1$e '!o$i(e( "o. C3e1!35, te5 (i( ot ite( t1tCo4!e"" "o%3( i!"t 1%to!ie te P!e"i(et eo!e e 1 (e31!e 1 "t1te o1tio13 e2e!4e5. Te 3o4i13 o3%"io te i" t1t P!e"i(et A!!o5o o%3($13i(35 (e31!e te e)i"tee o 1 "t1te o 1tio13 e2e!4e5 e$e i te 1"eeo 1 Co4!e""io13 e1t2et.

B%t te exercise o e2e!4e5 'oe!", "% 1" te t1i4 o$e! o '!i$1te35

oe( '%3i %ti3it5 o! %"ie"" 1ete( it '%3i ite!e"t, i" 1


47/76

(ie!et 21tte!. Ti" !e%i!e" 1 (e3e41tio !o2 Co4!e"".

Co%!t" 1$e ote "1i( t1t o"tit%tio13 '!o$i"io" ipari materia 1!e to eo"t!%e( to4ete!. Ote!i"e "t1te(, (ie!et 31%"e", "etio", 1( '!o$i"io" o

1 o"tit%tio i !e31te to te "12e "%et 21tte! i33 e o"t!%e( to4ete!1( o"i(e!e( i te 3i4t o e1 ote!.*6Co"i(e!i4 t1tSetio *+ o A!ti3e&II 1( Setio 6 o A!ti3e VI, '!e$io%"35 %ote(, !e31te to 1tio13 e2e!4eie",te5 2%"t e !e1( to4ete! to (ete!2ie te 3i2it1tio o te e)e!i"e o e2e!4e5

'oe!".

3enerally, ongress is the repository of emergency powers. Ti" i"e$i(et i te teo! o Setio 6 =6>, A!ti3e VI 1%to!ii4 it to (e3e41te "%

'oe!" to te P!e"i(et. ertainly, a body cannot delegate a power not reposedupon it Hoe$e!, oi4 t1t (%!i4 4!1$e e2e!4eie", it 215 ot e 'o""i3eo! '!1ti13e o! Co4!e"" to 2eet 1( e)e!i"e it" 'oe!", te F!12e!" o o%!Co"tit%tio (ee2e( it i"e to 133o Co4!e"" to 4!1t e2e!4e5 'oe!" to teP!e"i(et, "%et to e!t1i o(itio", t%"/

;)


48/76

Co4!e"" 215 (e3e41te it to i2 '%!"%1t to 1 31 '!e"!ii4 te !e1"o13e te!2"te!eo. Goungstown 0heet K 2ube Co. et al. -. 0awyer,*6:e3(/

It i" 3e1! t1t i te P!e"i(et 1( 1%to!it5 to i""%e te o!(e! e (i(, it

2%"t e o%( i "o2e '!o$i"io o te Co"tit%tio. A( it i" ot 31i2e( t1te)'!e"" o"tit%tio13 314%14e 4!1t" ti" 'oe! to te P!e"i(et. Te otetioi" t1t '!e"i(eti13 'oe! "o%3( e i2'3ie( !o2 te 144!e41te o i" 'oe!"%(e! te Co"tit%tio. P1!ti%31! !e3i1e i" '31e( o '!o$i"io" i A!ti3e IIi "15 t1t Te e)e%ti$e Poe! "133 e $e"te( i 1 P!e"i(et . . . .@ t1t e"133 t1e C1!e t1t te L1" e 1it%335 e)e%te(@ 1( t1t e "133 eCo221(e!#i#Cie o te A!25 1( N1$5 o te Uite( St1te".

Te o!(e! 1ot '!o'e!35 e "%"t1ie( 1" 1 e)e!i"e o te P!e"i(etK"

2i3it1!5 'oe! 1" Co221(e!#i#Cie o te A!2e( Fo!e". Te Go$e!2et1tte2't" to (o "o 5 iti4 1 %2e! o 1"e" %'o3(i4 !o1( 'oe!" i 2i3it1!5o221(e!" e414e( i (15#to#(15 i4ti4 i 1 te1te! o 1!. S% 1"e" ee(ot oe! %" e!e. #ven though Etheater of warF be an expanding concept,we cannot with faithfulness to our constitutional system hold that the

ommander-in-hief of the &rmed %orces has the ultimate power as such to

take possession of private property in order to keep labor disputes from

stopping production !his is a job for the nation2s lawmakers, not for its

military authorities

Nor can the seizure order be sustained because of the several

constitutional provisions that grant executive power to the 'resident In the

framework of our onstitution, the 'resident2s power to see that the laws are

faithfully executed refutes the idea that he is to be a lawmaker !heonstitution limits his functions in the lawmaking process to the

recommending of laws he thinks wise and the vetoing of laws he thinks

bad &nd the onstitution is neither silent nor eGuivocal about who shall

make laws which the 'resident is to execute !he first section of the first

article says that E&ll legislative 'owers herein granted shall be vested in a

ongress of the ?nited (tates. . .*6

Petitioe! Cacho'"li-ares, et al.ote(" t1t te te!2 e2e!4e5 %(e!

Setio *+, A!ti3e &II !ee!" to tsunami,typhoon, hurricane1(similar occurrences. Ti" i" 1 3i2ite( $ie oe2e!4e5.
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E2e!4e5, 1" 1 4ee!i te!2, oote" te e)i"tee o o(itio" "%((e35ite"i5i4 te (e4!ee o e)i"ti4 (14e! to 3ie o! e33#ei4 e5o( t1t i i"1e'te( 1" o!213. I2'3iit i ti" (eiitio" 1!e te e3e2et" o ite"it5,$1!iet5, 1( 'e!e'tio.*6+ E2e!4eie", 1" 'e!ei$e( 5 3e4i"31t%!e o! e)e%ti$e

i te Uite( S1te" "ie *-, 1$e ee o1"ioe( 5 1 i(e !14e o "it%1tio",31""ii13e %(e! t!ee => '!ii'13 e1("/ a


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It 215 e 1!4%e( t1t e te!e i" 1tio13 e2e!4e5, Co4!e"" 215 ot e13e to o$ee 1(, te!eo!e, %13e to (e3e41te to te P!e"i(et te 'oe! tot1e o$e! '!i$1te35#oe( '%3i %ti3it5 o! %"ie"" 1ete( it '%3i ite!e"t.

IAraneta -. &inglasan,*8 ti" Co%!t e2'1"ie( t1t 3e4i"31ti$e 'oe!,t!o%4 i e)t!1o!(i1!5 2e1"%!e" 1!e e)e!i"e(, !e21i" i Co4!e"" e$e iti2e" o !i"i".

) ) )

Ate! 133 te !itii"2" t1t 1$e ee 21(e 141i"t te eiie5o te "5"te2 o te "e'1!1tio o 'oe!", te 1t !e21i" t1t teCo"tit%tio 1" "et %' ti" o!2 o 4o$e!2et, it 133 it" (eet" 1(

"o!to2i4", i '!ee!ee to te o22i43i4 o 'oe!" i oe 21 o!4!o%' o 2e. Te Fi3i'io 'eo'3e 5 1(o'ti4 '1!3i12et1!5 4o$e!2et1$e 4i$e otie t1t te5 "1!e te 1it o ote! (e2o!15#3o$i4'eo'3e" i ti" "5"te2, it 133 it" 1%3t", 1" te i(e13. Te 'oit i", %(e!ti" !12eo! o 4o$e!2et, 3e4i"31tio i" '!e"e!$e( o! Co4!e"" 133te ti2e, ot e)e'ti4 'e!io(" o !i"i" o 21tte! o "e!io%". Ne$e! ite i"to!5 o te Uite( St1te", te 1"i e1t%!e" o o"e Co"tit%tio1$e ee o'ie( i o%!", 1$e "'eii %tio" o te 3e4i"31ti$e !1o e1ti4 31" ee "%!!e(e!e( to 1ote! (e'1!t2et < %3e"" e!e41!( 1" 3e4i"31ti4 te 1!!5i4 o%t o 1 3e4i"31ti$e 'o3i5 1o!(i4 to'!e"!ie( "t1(1!("@ o, ot e$e e t1t Re'%3i 1" i4ti4 1 tot13

1!, o! e it 1" e414e( i 1 3ie#1(#(e1t "t!%443e to '!e"e!$e teUio. Te t!%t i" t1t %(e! o%! oe't o o"tit%tio13 4o$e!2et,i ti2e" o e)t!e2e 'e!i3" 2o!e t1 i o!213 i!%2"t1e" te $1!io%"!1e", e)e%ti$e, 3e4i"31ti$e, 1( %(ii13,K 4i$e te 1i3it5 to 1t, 1!e133e( %'o to 'e!o!2 te (%tie" 1( (i"1!4e te !e"'o"ii3itie"o22itte( to te2 !e"'eti$e35.

Fo33oi4 o%! ite!'!et1tio o Setio *+, A!ti3e &II, i$oe( 5 P!e"i(etA!!o5o i i""%i4 PP *7*+, ti" Co%!t !%3e" t1t "% P!o3121tio (oe" ot

1%to!ie e! (%!i4 te e2e!4e5 to te2'o!1!i35 t1e o$e! o! (i!et te o'e!1tioo 15 '!i$1te35 oe( '%3i %ti3it5 o! %"ie"" 1ete( it '%3i ite!e"tito%t 1%to!it5 !o2 Co4!e"".

Let it e e

david, et al. vs president gloria macapagal-arroyo, et. al

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