Po t e n c i a l p a r a l a s e p a r a c i ó n d e productos de alto valor agregado a partir de biomasa de planta de beneficio de aceite de palma: Una visión general

David Habeych

Potential for Separation of High Added Value Products from POM Biomass: An Overview

Colombia

Investigador Independiente Independent Researcher

BIOREFINERIES More than biofuels

David  Habeych  2015  

davidhabeych@gmail.com    

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•   Introduc)on.  •   Some  concepts  on  biorefinery.  •  biorefinery  opportuni)es  in  palm  oil  •   Study  case  (carotenoids)  •  Conclusions  and  remarks  

OUTLINE

SOME DATA •   Biobased  chemicals:  Expected  CAGR*  of  16%  

during  2015  and  2020    in  (June,  2015).  

•   PLA  :  Expected  CAGR  of  20%  during  2015  and  

2020  (March,  2015).  

•   PLA  and  starch  based  polymers  count  for  47%  

and  41%  of  total  biodegradable  polymers.  

*  CAGR:  Compounds  Annual  Growth  Rate      

SOME CONCEPTS

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•   A   biorefinery   is   a   facility   that   integrates   biomass  conversion   processes   to   produce   fuels,   power,   heat,  and  high-­‐added  value  chemicals.  

•   Biorefinery   as   a   cluster   of   technologies   integra)ng  biomass   conversion   into   transporta)on   fuels,  power,  chemicals,   and   advanced   materials   within   the  framework   of   zero   emissions   and   is   based   on   two  plaUorms:   chemicals   and   materials     &   Energy  (Gravi)s,  2006).  

•   The   main   raw   material   is   the   BIOMASS   (Organic  maZer!)  

ü Phytomass  ü Microorganism  (forgoZen  realms  of  chemical  engineers)  

ü Other  organisms  

CONCEPTS  

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BIOMASS  

SOURCES  OF    

BIOMASS  

solid domestic / industrial residues

liquid domestic / industrial residues

agricultural residues Microorganisms

forest and residues

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EUKARYOTE      (“true  kernel”)  PLANT  CELL  

3. Lignin

1. Cellulose (D-glucose – β(1→4) )

2. Hemicelllulose: Complex mix of C5 & C6 sugars

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Source:  Genome  management  Informa)on  system  Oak  Ridge  Na)onal  Laboratory    

•  Bulk  markets  (bioethanol  &  biodiesel)  

•  Needs  of  replacement  of  polymers    

•  New  energy  sources    

•  New  materials  with  new  properWes  (Composites)  

•  New  markets  for  old  businesses  

•  Old  inexistent  markets  (e.g.  Acetone)  

DRIVERS  

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BIOMASS  

4.  LIGNIN  &  DERIVATIVES  3.  FATS  AND  OILS  2.  PROTEINS  

1.  POLYSACCHARIDES   MAJOR  COMPOUNDS  FRACTIONATION  

RAW  MATERIAL  SYNTHESIS  

Others  

Pharmaceu)cals  

Chemical  industry  

Food  industry  

FINAL  PRODUCTS  Others  

Pharmaceu)cals  

Chemical  industry  

Food  industry  

5.  OTHERS  

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1.  POLYSACCHARIDES  

monosaccharides  C5  &  C6  glucose,  xylose,  arabinose,  

mannose  

C2  ethanol,  ethylene,  acetate  glycolic  acid,  oxalic  acid  

C3  lactate,  acetone,  acrylic  acid,  

propanediol,  3-­‐hydroxy  propanoic  acid,  

glycerol      

C4  succinate,  fumarate,  maleate,  malate,  aspartate,  butan(edi)ol,  

butyrate,  acetoin  

C5  xylose,  arabinose,  levulate,  

furfural,  glutamate,  itaconate  

C6  Sucrose,  sorbitol,  

5-­‐hydroxymethyl  furfural  

-­‐   Solvents  -­‐   Monomers  (BBB)  -­‐   Food  ingredients  -­‐   Feedstock  new  fuels  -­‐   Undeveloped  (bio)chemistry  -­‐   Detergent  industry  

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2.  PROTEINS  

INTACT  PROTEINS  OR  

HYDROLYZATES  

Source  of  amino  acids  Food  supplement  PlaUorms  for  fine  

chemicals  

Source  of  food  specialWes  

•   Foaming  proper)es  •   Micronutrients  deriva)ves  

•   Food  structuring  agent  

•   Replacement  of    exis)ng  proteins  

•   M+  complexing  agents  

Source  of  enzymes  -­‐   RuBisCo  -­‐   Amylases  -­‐   Proteases  -­‐   Lipases  -­‐   Other  Enzymes  

3.  FATS  AND  OILS  

Na)ve  or  modified    (Trans-­‐esterified  )  

NutraceuWcs  •   ω-­‐faZy  acids  (PUFA’s)  •   Carotenoids    

Industrial  applicaWons  

•   Biofuels  (saturated)  •   PlaUorms  for  fine  chemicals  (Gly)  

Food  ingredients  -­‐   Replacement  in  margarines  -­‐   Emulsifica)ons  for  food  

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4.  LIGNIN  DERIVATIVES  

Syngas  and  CO2  

Alcohols    Alkanes  Alkenes  

Biobased  building  blocks  &  

Solvents  Benzene  Toluene  Xylene  Coniferol  &  deriva)ves  Syringaldehyde  Vanillin  Aroma)c  polyols  Cyclohexane  Quinones  

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Alcohols    Alkanes  Alkenes  

PHENYL  GROUP  BASED  COMPOUNDS  

STUDY CASE:

CAROTENOIDS FROM OIL PALM

Carotenoids (E160) , what are them?

•   In  short:  colourful  fat  with  nutraceu)cal  proper)es  as  an)oxidants.  

•  Humans  do  not  synthesize  carotenoids.  •   Essen)al  fat  in  for  different  organs  •  Precursor  of  vitamin  A    

Carotenoids    

Xanthophylls  

Carotenes  

β  &  α-­‐Carotene  

Apo-­‐carotenic  Capsanthin  Capsorubin  Astaxanthin  

Canthaxanthin  Xanthophylls  

Food  colours  

Cosme)cs  

Nutraceu)cs  

Food  special)es  

Carotenoids-­‐like  

MORE ABOUT CAROTENOIDS

•   Projected  Carotenoids  market  USD  1  450  million  by  2019  (markets  and  markets,  2015)  

•   CAGR  around  3.5%    per  year  to  2020.  •   Natural  color  cosme)c  market:  USD  420  Million  (2008)  

•   Natural  skin  care  market:  USD  3  billion  

•   Main  players:    USA,  Europe,  Asia  –  Pacific  >  70%    

•   Current  commercial  sources:  chemical  synthesis  (DSM  &  BASF)  and  microorganisms.  

Main carotenoids in market

•   β-­‐carotene  •   Lutein  •   Lycopene  (precursor).  •   Astaxanthin  •   Zeaxanthin  •   Canthaxanthin  •   Others  (including  annaZo,  capsanthin,  fucoxanthin,  and  trans-­‐β-­‐apo-­‐8'-­‐carotenal)  

•   Current  commercial  sources:  chemical  synthesis  and  microorganisms.  

Pharmaceu)cal  /  Nutraceu)cal  applica)ons  

Cancer  preven)on  

macular  degrada)on    

Cataracts.  

Feed  &  Food  applica)ons  

-­‐  Dairy  products  (margarine,  ice  cream,  yogurts,  etc)  -­‐  Sor  drinks  -­‐  Desserts,  Flour  and  sugar  -­‐  Confec)onery,  -­‐  Jellies,  Dressings,  and  Meat  

Food  supplement  as  nutraceu)cals  

Animal  feed  (feeding  addi)ve)  

Cosme)cs  

Ac)ve   agent   in   cosme)cs:   An)-­‐oxidant   /  An)-­‐aging  agents    

Colour  in  lips)cks  and  UV-­‐protectant  

Eye  shadows  colour  and  UV-­‐protectant  

Potential in Colombia ~ MUSD 115 Net revenues ~ MUSD 40 - 50

Reference: Diagnóstico De Generación, Aprovechamiento Y Disposición Actual De Biomasa En Plantas De Beneficio De Colombia. Autores: Nidia E. Ramirez C., Angélica P. Arévalo S., Jesus A. Garcia N.

Based on palm production: 5’000 ktonne annum.

Compound Concentration Indicative price Remarks Colombian potential(ppm) (USD per kg) (USD)

Carotenoids 1000 100 Food grade* 25,000,000 Vitamine E Eq. 800 50 Nutraceutical* 10,000,000 Phytosterols 1200 10 Food grade 3,000,000 Phospholipids 100 10 Food grade* 250,000 Co-enzyme Q10 60 100 Nutraceutical* 1,500,000 Polyphenolics 10 50 Nutraceutical 125,000 Squalene 1500 200 Nutraceutical* 75,000,000 Total economic potential (kUSD) 114,875,000 * Compounds with market value also for cosmetics and personal care products

PROCESS EXTRACTION OF CAROTENOIDS

•   Organic  solvent  extrac)on  (hexane,  acetone,  ethanol,  ethyl  

ether,  etc).  

•   Saponifica)on.  

•   Adsorp)on.  

•   Transesterifica)on.  

PROCESS EXTRACTION OF CAROTENOIDS

•   Supercri)cal  carbon  dioxide  (plus  adsorp)on)  

•   Molecular  dis)lla)on  (research  in  Elaeis  guineensis)  

Supercritical carbon dioxide

         Cri)cal  point:      •   Temperature:  31.1  °C    •   Pressure:  73  bar  

•   SupercriWcal  condiWons  are  mild  condiWons.  •   CharacterisWcs  similar  to  hexane  (or  ethyl  ether).  •   Strongly  hydrophobic  solvent.  

SCCO2 for palm high-added value compounds (characteristics)

•  High  pressure  extrac)on:  100  -­‐  400  bar    •   Low  temperature  extrac)on:  <  50  -­‐  80  °C  •  Use  of  co-­‐solvent:    ethanol  &  palm  oil.  •   Extractability  above  90%.  •  Anoxic  environment  =>  preserva)on  of  natural  characteris)cs  

•  High  CAPEX.  •   Low  OPEX.  

SCCO2 for palm high-added value compounds (characteristics)

•   SCCO2  can  be  also  used  for  frac)ona)on  of  different  hydrophobic  compounds.  

•   SCCO2  for  stabiliza)on  of  an)oxidant  compounds.  •  Difficult  technology  for  high  throughput  

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Approach    Co

mpa

ny  

-­‐  Process  informa)on      -­‐  Process  details    -­‐  Key  steps  

University

 

-­‐  Diagnos)c.  -­‐  Research  on  extrac)on.  -­‐  Process  (Re)design    

Research  insWtutes   -­‐  Support  on  

analy)cs.  -­‐  Support  on  standardize  techniques  (QA)  

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•   The  design    must  be  hold  by  a  MULTIDISCIPLINARY  team!  

•   People  specialized  on    

ü Biology  

ü Chemistry  

ü Chemical  engineering  

ü Business  administra)on  

ü Regulatory  affairs    

ü Law  and  intellectual  property  

WHAT  SPECIALTIES  SHOULD  TAKE  INTO  ACCOUNT  FOR  OIL  PALM    BIOREFINERY  DESIGN  

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•   Research  is  a  must  (science  and  market)  

•   Mul)disciplinary  approach  (universi)es  -­‐    research  

collabora)on)  

•   High-­‐added  value.  

•   High  CAPEX  low  OPEX.  

•   Sustainability  analysis(lca).  

•   Use  of  residues.  

•   Specific  biochemical  reac)ons  vs  chemicals…  

Take  home  message  

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David  Habeych,  PhD  

davidhabeych@gmail.com    

“Although  as  bulk  amounts  of  palm  oil  are  economically  aZrac)ve,  there  are  more  aZrac)ve  poten)al  markets  (NICHE  MARKETS)  to  be  developed  from  oil  plam”    

 (David  Habeych,  2015)