david shonnard michigan technological university
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Environmental Issues(Chapter 1)
David ShonnardDepartment of Chemical Engineering
Michigan Technological University
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What are the most important environmental issues for you?
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What are the most important environmental issues for you?
l Consider this and discuss with your neighbor.
l Be prepared to discuss why this issue is important.
l How have your experiences (prior education, COOP, etc.) shaped your attitudes toward environmental issues?
1-minute discussion
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Values are in quadrillion (1015)BTUs ( British Thermal Units)
Annual Energy Review 2002, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(2002)
U.S. Energy Flows, 2002
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US Energy Flows: Outputs
Values are in quadrillion (1015) BTUs ( British Thermal Units)Annual Energy Review 2002, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(2002)
U.S. Energy Flows, 2002
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U.S. energy overviewAnnual Energy Review 2002, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(2002)
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U.S. industry manufacturing energy use
Annual Energy Review 2002, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(2002)
SIC Code 1015 BTUs/yr
29 Petroleum/Coal Products 7.3228 Chemicals / Allied Products 6.0626 Paper 2.7533 Primary Metals Industries 2.5620 Food / Beverages 1.1532 Nonmetallic Mineral Products 0.9424 Wood Products 0.51
Numbers represent roughly the % of US annual energy consumption
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Global carbon flows and fuels use
Atmosphere 740
Land Biota560
Soil and Detritus1,200
Intermediate and Deep Waters 38,000
Warm Surface Waters 600
Cool Surface Waters 300
50 1101.5**
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FossilFuel Use
36 39
OceanBottom
0.5
25
0.33 0.17
10 13
60
60
Numbers are ingigatons C or gigatons C/yr.
From http://www.bom.gov.au/info/climate/change/gallery/index.shtml
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CO2 and temperature in the northern hemisphere
National Geographic, September 2004, pg 20, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.
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Global Energy Balance
From http://www.bom.gov.au/info/climate/change/gallery/index.shtml
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Greenhouse Effect
From http://www.bom.gov.au/info/climate/change/gallery/index.shtml
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Model Temperature Rise
National Geographic, September 2004, pg 20, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.
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Global warming and related impacts
ChemicalProcessing
EnergyMaterialsProducts
greenhousegas emissions CO2, CH4, N2O
climate change;sea level change
human mortalityor life adjustments
Cause and Effect Chain
CFCs
CO2
CH4
O3
N2O
Contribution to global Warming; Phipps, NPPC, http://www.snre.umich.edu/nppc/
Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO and UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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Possible adverse effects of
global warming
l Increased average temperatures and temperature extremes
l Melting of glaciers / polar ice and sea level risel Increased incidence of diseases such as malaria due
to warmer temperaturesl Changing climate and altered weather patternsl Disruption of land use due to droughtsl Migration of human populationsl Decreased life expectancy in some regions of the
world
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Stratospheric ozone depletion
ChemicalProcessing
EnergyMaterialsProducts
ozone depletingsubstancesCFCs, HCFCs
ozone layer lossincrease in uv
human mortalityor life adjustmentsecosystem damage
Cause and Effect Chain
From Ozone FAQ - see http://www.unep.org/ozone/faq.shtml
meth
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1. O3 + hν → O + O21. O1. O33 ++ hhνν →→ O + OO + O22
Principal ingredients for ozone loss:UV radiation & a free radical (e.g., X = OH, NO, Cl, Br)
Net: 2••••O3 + hνννν →→→→ 3••••O2
2 O32 O2 O33 3 O23 O3 O22
2. O3 + X → XO + O22. O2. O33 ++ XX →→ XXO + OO + O22
3. O + XO → X + O23. O +3. O + XXOO →→ XX + O+ O22
Catalytic ozone destruction
Dr. Paul A. NewmanNASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
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Production trends of ozone depleting substances (Fig. 1.4-3)
(x10
00 )
CFC-12
CFC-11
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Stratospheric ozone depletion (cont.)Figure 1.4-4
ττττ = 120 yr
ττττ = 60 yr
ττττ = tropospheric reaction half-life
Slow recovery
Faster recovery
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Stratospheric ozone depletion (cont.)Figure 1.4-4
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CFC mole balance: Atmosphere response to CFC phase-out
1. Troposphere (0 - 10 km) is well-mixed2. Annual CFC production is emitted to atmosphere (assumed)
d yCFC
dt= ECFC( t)
MCFC mATM
− 1
τyCFC
I.C. t =0, yCFC = yCFC ,o
yCFC = mole fraction of CFC in the troposphereECFC (t) = emission rate of CFC (g/yr) = ECFCo e-at (AFEAS web site)
MCFC = molecular weight of CFC (g/mole)mATM = atmosphere content (1.5x1020 moles) (Wallace/Hobbs, 1977, pg6)
τ = CFC residence time in the troposphere (yr)yCFC,o = mole fraction of CFC in 1988 (Figure 1.4-3)
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Year
CFC-12
CFC-11
CFC-11. ECFCo = 3.14x1011 g/yr, a = 0.1796 yr-1, MCFC = 137.4 g/moleCFC-12. ECFCo = 3.93x1011 g/yr, a = 0.1250 yr-1, MCFC = 120.9 g/mole
ppt = yCFC x 1012
CFC mole balance model prediction
yCRC=yCRCoe− t
τ +ECFCo
MCFC mATM (1/ τ −a)(e− at −e
− t
τ )
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Smog formation and related impacts
ChemicalProcessing
EnergyMaterialsProducts
NOx and volatileorganic substances
photochemical oxidation reactions
human/ecologicaldamage from O3and other oxidants
Cause and Effect Chain
NOx VOCs
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6
7
1
2
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1 - Chemical & Allied Processing2 - Petroleum & Related Industries
3 - Metals Processing, 4 - Other Industrial Processes5 - Solvent Utilization, 6 - Storage & Transportation7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling
VOCs
NOx 1997
1997
National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf
Fuel Combustion
Industrial Processes
Transportation
Miscellaneous
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Acid rain / Acid deposition
ChemicalProcessing
EnergyMaterialsProducts
SO2 and NOxemission to air
Acidification rxns.& acid deposition
human/ecologicaldamage from H+
and heavy metals
Cause and Effect Chain
National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf
SO2
1
23
5 7
4
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1 - Chemical & Allied Processing2 - Petroleum & Related Industries3 - Metals Processing4 - Other Industrial Processes5 - Solvent Utilization6 - Storage & Transportation7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling
1997
Fuel Combustion
Industrial Processes
Transportation
Miscellaneous
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Human health toxicity
ChemicalProcessing
EnergyMaterialsProducts
Toxic releases to air, water, and soil
Transport, fate, exposure pathways& routes
Human health damage; carcino-genic & non...
Petroleum Refining
9%
Chemical / Allied
Products51%
Transport-ation
Equipment7%
All Other Industries
16%
Primary Metals
8%
Electronic Equipment
9%
Chemical and Allied Products
27%
Primary Metals22%
All Other Industries
23%
Paper and Allied
Products5%
Petroleum Refining
3%
Rubber and Miscel-
laneous Plastics
3%
Transport-ation5%
Fabricated Metals
6%
Electronic Equipment
6%
RCRA HazardousWaste
EPCRAToxicWaste
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Hazardous Waste Management Options
Allen and Rosselot, 1997,Pollution Prevention for Chemical Processes
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Ecology Concepts
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Ecological Impacts
La Grega et al.“Hazardous Waste ManagementMcGraw Hill
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ReCap of Chapter 1
Environmental Issues Risk Concepts (Ch 2)Global Warming Exposure AssessmentsOzone Depletion in Stratosphere Hazard AssessmentAcidification ToxicitySmog Formation Environmental FateEcology Concepts PersistenceEnergy Consumption DoseWater QualityLife-Cycle ConceptsProduct Stewardship
What is the contributionfrom the chemical industry?