day1 4 pattana rakkwamsuk thailand’s 20-year energy ......maximum support of 3 mbaht per project...
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School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
13th Climate Technology Initiative Workshop
Innovations for Climate Friendly Building Sector
Neue Malzerei, Berlin
4 – 5 October 2012
Thailand’s 20-Year Energy Efficiency Development Plan
Dr. Pattana Rakkwamsuk
School of Energy, Environment and Materials (SEEM)
Dr. Boonrod Sajjakulnukit
The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE)
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
� A quick tour of activities towards energy efficiency
in Thailand
� Baseline data of the energy efficiency potential
assessment in the EEDP
� EEDP Targets & Key Proposed Programs
� Challenges of implementation and monitoring
� Potential for measurement, reporting and verification
� Concluding remarks
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
New Building Energy Code
New and
Retrofitting
Buildings only
System
Performance
Requirements
Differentiation
of Building
Types based on
time of use
Envelope
Lighting
Air-
conditioning
Office &
Academic
Institution
Super
store
Hotel &
Hospital
Promote the
use of
Renewable
Energy
Daylighting
Photovoltaic
Whole
Building
Energy
Compliance
� New set of Min Requirements
� New OTTV formula and calculation procedure
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Various Labeling Programs in Thailand
Building Labeling
Energy Labeling
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
� Awarding programs - Thailand Energy Awards- Building Energy Awards of Thailand (BEAT 2010)- The EE Housing Competition
� Buildings Labeling (Non Residential and Residential)� HEPS (High Energy Performance Standard)
-Labeling for home appliance/equipment, constructionalmaterial
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
FISCAL INSTRUMENTS
� Tax incentive
� Direct subsidy
� ESCO fund
� Revolving fund
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Tax Incentive Measure
� To stimulate (GREEN) economy.
Privilege
� Upon cabinet approval on March 4th, 2008. Additional 25% tax exemption on net income if certified EE equipment purchased.
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Direct Sunsidy
� Promote the use of energy efficient equipment.
Privilege
� 20% subsidy� Maximum support of 3 MBaht per project � Min 50,000 Baht per porject
Eligible projects
� Promising energy saving with payback period less than 7 years.� Environmentally friendly.
In 2010:
• 68 applicants, 86
measures
• Give away 37.53 MBaht
with external investment
of 264.13 Mbaht
• Average payback = 2.79
years
• Saving 4 ktoe/year
equivalent to 94.81 Mbaht
• GHG reduction = 21 kTon
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
ESCO Fund
� Promote and provide financial support for ESCO business.
� Energy Conservation Fund is a source of money. 500 Mbhat for the first phase in 2009
and 3,000 Mbaht in 3 years between 2010 – 2012.
� Fund is managed by Energy for Environment Foundation and Thailand Energy
Conservation Foundation.
� Funding strategies:
� Invest in equity fund in a period from 3 to 7 years and then return the share to an
investor.
� Invest in ESCO venture capital (not more than 30% of total capital)
� Equipment leasing
� Credit guarantee facility
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Objectives
� Stimulate, promote and push renewable energy and
energy efficiency
� Create confidence and acquaintance for financial
institutions in financing renewable and energy efficiency
projects
Loan criteria
� Loan channel: Through 9 financial institutions
� Loan capital: Max 50M Baht per project
� Loan period: Max 7 years with 1 year grace period
� Interest: 0 – 4% per year
� Only renewable and energy efficiency project
Revolving Fund Project for Energy Conservation
(Low interest loan)
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
9 Financial Institutions
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
� Number of projects granted 292 projects
� Investment
� From revolving fund 7,162 MBaht
� From financial institution 8,540 MBaht
� Total 15,702 MBaht
� Energy saving
� Electricity 1,164 MkWh/year
� Fuel 239 MLitre/year
� Expenditure 5,488 MBaht/year
� Environmental impact
� Reduction of imported oil 325 ktoe/year
� Reduction of CO2 emission 1 Mton/year
Output from Phase 1 - 5
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
15
*Final electricity consumption is converted to Primary energy by using power plant efficiency, 33%
Thailand’s Energy Demand in 2010
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
• Industry
• Building
– Large commercial building
– Small commercial and residential building
• Transportation
Major Economic Sectors
16
95% FEC
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Approaches of Energy Efficiency Potential Assessments
• Project future energy demand in each
economic sector/subsector till 2030 (BAU
case) using regression model
• Assess energy saving potentials of each
sector/subsector by using a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches
17
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Sector Approach Key Data
Industry Improving SEC (Specific energy
consumption) (Energy use per unit of
production) of each sub-sector
Energy consumption of designated
factories in the Energy
Management Report submitted to
DEDE
Large
Commercial
Building
Raising BEC (Building energy code for
minimum performance: envelope, air-con,
lighting)
Data from the energy audit
reports, electricity supply by PEA
and MEA
Small Commercial
and Residential
Building
Raising MEPS(Minimum energy performance
standard) and promoting use of HEPS (High
energy performance standard)
equipment/appliances
Previous surveyed data and
appliance stock model
Transport Improving fuel economy standard of
vehicles, eco-driving promotion and mode
shift to high efficiency transport
Previous surveyed data and
vehicle stock model
Approaches & Key Data for Potential Assessments by Sector
18
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Sub sector %
Non-Metallic 33%
Food and Beverage 30%
Chemical 8%
Basic Metal 4%
Total 75%
Final Energy Consumption in Industrial Sector in 2008
19
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Approaches: Industrial Sector
Key data: specific energy consumption (SEC: energy
consumption per ton of product) surveyed for each type of industrial products
Weight averaged SEC in Thailand
World or Thai best practice SEC
Projected Production up to 2030
Gap for Energy Efficiency Improvement
Energy Efficiency Potential up to 2030
20
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Example: Glass Industry
Glass TypeSEC
Benchmark (GJ/ton)
SEC Thailand(GJ/ton)
Production (ton)
Saving Potential
(ktoe)
2030 2030
Flat Glass 5.0 11.5 633,961 96.8
Container 4.0 7.4 2,674,445 217.7
Press & blown Glass
11.5 20.6 2,442,783 106.9
Fiber Glass 15.14 22.2 644,208 529.6
Total Saving Potential (ktoe) 951
21
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Approaches: Commercial Sector
Key data: surveyed specific energy consumption per floor area of different class and type of commercial buildings (REF)
Current Efficiency of Buildings
Introducing BEC* and beyond or HEPS**
Projected Electricity Demand in 2030
Gap for Energy Efficiency Improvement
Energy Efficiency Potential in 2030
*BEC: building energy code for minimum performance (building envelope, air-con, lighting) **HEPS: Higher energy performance standards 22
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Office building
7,139 GWh
(38%)
Department store
2,351 GWh
(12%)
Retail &
wholesale
business facility
2,351 GWh
(12%)
Hotel
2,339 GWh
(12%)
Condominium
1,303 GWh
(7%)
Medical center
1,172 GWh
(6%)
Educational
institution
1,102 GWh
(6%)
Other general
buildings
1,365 GWh
(7%)
Classification of commercial building types
� Office
� Department store
� Hypermart
� Hotel
� Condominium
� Hospital
� Education
� Miscellaneous
Electricity Consumption in 2007 in the Large Commercial Building Group
by Building Type
23
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
� Assessing energy consumption for each commercial building type with different levels of efficiency by using end-use models
BEC
HEPS
Econ
REF
ZEB
Building Energy Performance Targets
• REF = Reference building• BEC = Building Energy Code• HEPS = Higher Energy Performance Standard• Econ = Economic building• ZEB = Zero Energy Building
Envelop Reference BEC HEPS ECON ZEB
OTTV (W.m-2) 61.4 50 30 20 15
RTTV (W.m-2) 29.05 15 15 12 12LCC of Wall (B/m2floor/Y) 288 273.6 252 230.4
Air-conditioningChiller, COP 5.02 5.67 6.11 7.00 10.00
Other part, COP - 7.00 8.98 12.00 12.00 System, COP 2.21 3.13 3.64 4.42 5.45
LCC od A/C (B/m2 floor/Y) 321.00 304.00 291.00 296.00 Lighting
Lighting power density fin A/C area, LPDo (W.m-2) 20.00 16.00 9.00 6.00 1.00Diversity factor for A/C area lighting, Dflo 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
LCC (B.m-2.Y-1) 160.00 140.00 80.00 58.00
Lighting in un-conditioned space, LPDu (Wm-2) 10.00 8.00 4.50 3.00 1.00Equipment
Equipment power density for A/C area, EQDo (W.m-2) 45.00 45.00 45.00 25.00 20.00Diversity factor for equipment in A/C space, Dfeo 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Equipment power density for un-cond area, EQDo (W.m-2) 10.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 4.00Occupancy
Occupant-A/C space (W.m-2) 10 10 10 10 10Diversity of occupants in A/C area, Dfoc 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
Ventilation (l.m-2.s-1) 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50
Ann En/Used area 219.19 174.69 140.55 81.68 57.27
Whole Building Energy consumption
Example: a commercial building type
24
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Approaches: Residential Sector
Key data: surveyed number of appliances and assumed penetration of high energy efficiency appliances
Current Efficiency of Appliances
Replacing with High Energy Performance Appliances
Gap for Energy Efficiency Improvement
Energy Efficiency Potential in 2030
Expected Number of Appliances in 2030
25
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Example: Energy Efficiency in Residential Sector
26
• Replacing Fluorescent Lamps 36 watt by more efficient types; Fluorescent Lamps 30 watt (33% saving), or LED
• Replacing Incandescent Lamps by Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) (80% saving)
• Replacing Electric Water Heater by Heat Pump Water Heater (100% saving)
• Introducing more efficient LPG cooking stove (16% saving)
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Approaches: Transport Sector
Key data: Vehicle stock model (average fuel economy, VKT) and penetration of high energy efficiency vehicles
Current Fuel Economy of Vehicles
Improving 20% of Fuel Economy
Expected Number of Vehicles in 2030
Gap for Energy Efficiency Improvement
Energy Efficiency Potential in 2030
27
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Proposed Target of fuel economy of vehicles
• Improving 20% of current average fuel economy of new
vehicles by 2030
• Type of vehicle
• Passenger Car
• Pick Up Truck
• Heavy-duty truck
• Bus
2010 203020202015 2025
% o
f fu
el
eco
no
my
(k
m/l
ite
r)
100
105
110
115
120
year
28
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Result of Energy Efficiency Improvement of
New Vehicles
29
(Source: EEDP, 2011)
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
EE Potentials & Targets in 2030
Economic sectorEstimated Saving
Potential(ktoe)*
Saving Target in 2030 compared to
BAU (ktoe)*%
Industry 17,349 16,100 42
Transport 16,294 15,100 40
Commercial & Residential- Large building- Small building & residential 3,877
3,671 3,600 3,400
99
Total 41,192 38,200 100
93% of maximum potential
* Final energy
30
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Target of Thailand 20-Year Energy Efficiency
Development Plan
31
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
20
10
20
30
Fin
al E
ne
rgy
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n (k
toe
)
ktoe 162,715
*GDP2030 at constant price 1988 = 10,650 billion baht
EI (2030)
11.7ktoe/billion
baht
BAU
EEDP
124,515
38,200(23% of BAU)
EI (2010)
15.6ktoe/billion
baht
Reduce 25%
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Thailand 20-Year Energy Efficiency
Development Plan
General Strategies to Achieve the Targets:
Strategy 1: Apply a combination of mandatory and incentive measures
Strategy 2: Introduce measures that will bring about a wide impact in terms of
awareness creation and behavior change
Strategy 3: Recognize the important role of private sector in the promotion and
implementation energy efficiency measures.
Strategy 4: Decentralize energy efficiency promotion and implementation task to
a wide spectrum of public, private and regional
agencies/organizations
Strategy 5: Maximize the use of EE professionals and Energy Services Companies
(ESCO)
Strategy 6: Increase reliance on indigenous technical know-how and innovation
32
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Thailand 20-Year Energy Efficiency
Development PlanStrategic Approaches:
33
Mandatory Requirements via Rules, Regulations and
Standards
Energy Conservation
Promotion and Support
Human Resources and Institutional Capability
Development
Public Awareness Creation
and Behavioral Change
Promotion of Technology Research, Development
and Innovations
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
EEDP Key Measures (1/5)
34
Mandatory Requirements via Rules, Regulations
and Standards :– Enforcement of the Energy Conservation
Promotion Act
– Mandatory energy efficiency labeling to
equipment/appliances, vehicles and buildings
– Enforcement of Minimum Energy Performance
Standards (MEPS) for equipment/appliances,
buildings and vehicles
– Introduction of Energy Efficiency Resource
Standards (EERS) for large energy businesses to
implement energy efficiency measures for their
customers
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
EEDP Key Measures (2/5)
Energy Conservation Promotion and Support :– Execution of a “voluntary agreement”
– Support and incentive provision to encourage
voluntary energy-efficiency labeling for highly
energy-efficient equipment/appliances,
buildings and vehicles
– Promoting traveling by mass transit systems and
freight transport via highly energy-efficient logistics
systems
– Subsidies for investment in implementing energy
efficiency measures by
• DSM Bidding scheme for large businesses, and
• Standard Offer Program (SOP) scheme for SMEs
– Support for ESCO operations 35
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
EEDP Key Measures (3/5)
Public Awareness (PA) and Behavioral
Change:– Step up public relations and educate the
general public
– Putting forth the concept and promoting
activities related to development of low
carbon society and low carbon economy
– Setting energy prices that reflect actual costs
and applying fuel or emission tax measures
with a view to fostering public awareness
and changing energy consumption behavior36
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
EEDP Key Measures (4/5)
Promotion of Technology Development
and Innovation:– Promote R&D to improve energy efficiency
and reduce costs, particularly those relating
to equipment/appliances with large markets
and manufacturing bases in Thailand
– Support demonstration of proven energy-
efficient technologies that have not been
commercialized in the domestic market
37
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
EEDP Key Measures (5/5)
Human Resources and Institutional
Capability Development:– Support development of EE professionals
for energy management and planning,
verification and monitoring, technical
consultancy, and engineering services
provision, etc.
38
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Challenges of implementation and
monitoring (1/3)• Management systems and management tools,
requires, e.g.
– Energy consumption database and reporting, verification
and assessment systems;
– A dedicated independent body with flexibility to
implement EE promotion measures; and
– A mechanism, at the policy level, to enhance cross-
ministerial EE promotion and monitoring.
• Funding
– Adequate and continuous budget allocation to support
work plans and activities, e.g. a rolling plan every 3-5 years39
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
Challenges of implementation and
monitoring (2/3)
• Human resources and institutional capacity
– Human resources and institutional capacity of
concerned agencies need continuous upgrading to
become more professional, and understand
private sector business practices.
• Lead by example by public sector
– Government agencies should set good example in
EE, e.g. green procurement, deployment of ESCO
services, implementing EE measures in
government buildings. 40
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
• Energy pricing policy
– Certain fuels and electricity still continue to be subsidized.
Great courage needed to remove such subsidies, and
measures that penalize excessive energy consumers must
be in place, e.g. Fuel or emission tax
• Structural adjustment to become less energy
intensive
– In the long term, policies needed to affect structural
change in favor of less energy-intensive industries, and of
more efficient transport systems: rail and mass transit
systems. 41
Challenges of implementation and
monitoring (3/3)
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
School of Energy, Environment and Materials
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Determined to be at the Forefront of Technology and Research
Committed to Searching for Knowledge
Maintaining the Development of Morally Correct and Proficient Graduates
End of presentation……
Thank you for your attention……
Questions and Answers……