day1-abap bw handbook

7/16/2019 Day1-ABAP BW Handbook

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Copyright IBM Corporation 2007

IBM Global Business Services

April 08ABAP Handbook for BW Developer

ABAP In BW Enhancements [Day 1]


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Copyright IBM Corporation 2007ABAP Handbook for BW Developer | May 132

Overview

The first day will consist of the following broad level topics

Overview of ABAP language

Working with Function Modules ,Function Groups, FM and Executable

Programs.

ABAP Dictionary Objects

Use Of ABAP in R/3 Side (BW Specific Requirements).


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Overview of ABAP Language


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The ABAP Editor(SE80) is used to create, maintain, and execute ABAPprograms.

Custom programs must start with a Y or a Z and can be up to 40 characters

in length.

In an ABAP program :

Each statement must end with a period. (full-stop)

Key words are always the first word in a statement

Words must be separated by at least one blank

ABAP statements can be indented and extend over several lines

ABAP programs must start with either the PROGRAM or REPORT statement.

Comments can be written by placing an asterisk (*) in column 1 or placing a

double quotation mark (") within a line.

Some basics about ABAP


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Data Declaration

The data declaration is done mainlythrough LIKE and TYPE. The different data

types are as shown in the graphic.

Data: L_NAME(10) type C,

L_AGE(3) type I.

Constants and defaults values can also be

given.

Constants:

L_NAME(10) type C VALUE SAM,

L_AGE(3) type I VALUE 45.


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Data Declaration (Contd.)

The normal method of declaring variables is

DATA:L_VARIABLE(length) TYPE .

We can declare types and reuse it internal table(s) many times .

Variables that you declare with the DATA statement live for as long as the context in which

they are defined. Therefore variables in an ABAP main program exist for the entire

runtime of the program, and local variables in procedures only exist for as long as the

procedure is running.

To retain the value of a local variable beyond the runtime of the procedure, you can

declare it using the STATICS statement. This declares a variable with the lifetime of the

context of the main program, but which is only visible within the procedure.

STATICS:L_VARIABLE(length) TYPE .


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Data Declaration (Contd.)

When we want to deal with data within a specific interval , we use RANGE in ABAP.Todeclare a RANGE, we use the following command.

RANGES:R_PLANT for /BIC/AZCOPCO0800-PLANT.

Here we see /BIC/AZCOPCO0800 is the Active table of the DSOZCOPCO08.Whileusing range we have to see that after the FOR clause , we have to use a flat structure.

The structure of the Range table is .


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Types of Database Tables

Transparent Table : Exists with the same structure both in dictionary as well asin database exactly with the same data and fields. E.g. CDHDR

Pooled Table : Pooled tables are logical tables that must be assigned to atable pool when they are defined. Pooled tables are used to store control

data. Several pooled tables can be combined in a table pool. The data ofthese pooled tables are then sorted in a common table in the database. E.g.Table DD02L Give TABCLASS as POOL you will get a list of tables

Cluster Table : Cluster tables are logical tables that must be assigned to atable cluster when they are defined. Cluster tables can be used to storecontrol data. They can also be used to store temporary data or texts, such asdocumentation. E.g. CDPOS


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1. Select-Endselect. This is the Basic and the most rudimentary form of a selectstatement .

2. Select single . We can also select a single value from a databasetable.

3. Select from where. This is the select statement with a condition attached to it.We can refer to this condition as a filter.

4. Select into . We can store the results of a select statement inlocally declared variables.

5. Select into table . We can select data from a database

table into an internal table .

6. Select into Corresponding Fields of . If the data fields name ofan internal table are same we can use this statement .Then we do not have to

take into account the sequence of the internal table.

Types of SELECT Statement


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System Variables

SY-SUBRC

0The execution of the select statement is success and output is not initial.

4The execution of the select statement is success and output is initial.

8The execution of the select statement is not successful. This is applicable fordynamic SQL calls.

It is based on the values returned for SY-SUBRC that the execution of the Select

statement should continue .

SY-TABIX

This is the system Index. This is predominantly used for Update or Insert

Statements .

This Practice is the start of Performance tuning concept. If our required

output is not achieved by the Select statement we will directly terminate

the program after showing an error message.


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Joins between database tables

Consider the two database tables as shown below.

Bill No Item Sold Price

1 PAPER 2/-

1 PEN 1/-

1 PEN 1/-

2 PENCIL 1/-

2 ERASER 1/-SALESHDR

SALESDTL

We need to find

(1) Total Items bought by Company ABC .

(2) Is there any company which did not buy any Items.

Bill. No Co. Name Date

1 ABC 1-Jan-08

2 ABC 1-Feb-08

3 DEF 1-Mar-08


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WRITE This statement shows the output on the Output screen of SE38.

/ This character denotes the new line . All portion after this is written into a new lineon the Output Screen

This Character denotes TAB. All portions after this is written after a TAB in the

Output Screen.

WRITE Statement


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Decision Making 1 - IF Statement

IF-ENDIF. Basic Variant of a IF Statement .If . ENDIF.

IF-ELSE-ENDIF. If . . ELSE.. ENDIF.

IF-ELSEIF-ENDIF. If . . ELSEIF. .ENDIF.

With the Innovative combinations of this statement we can give shape to mostof the situations which we can predict to face.


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Basic Exercise using the SELECT and SY-SUBRC

CHASSIS NO. MODEL DESCRIP

YEAR OF

MANUFAC COLOUR OWNER

MAR001 MAR MARUTI 800 2000 RED TOM

TATS002 TATS TATA SUMO 2002 WHITE JOHN

ZEN003 ZEN MARUTI ZEN 2004 BLACK SAM

SX4012 SX4 MARUTI SX4 2006 BLUE SAM

MAR002 OMNI MARUTI OMNI 2000 RED HARRY


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Decision Making 2 - CASE Statement

CASE-WHEN-ENDCASE. CASE .WHEN Value 1. . WHEN Value 2. .

ELSE. < executable statement >. ENDCASE.

This is the basic form of the CASE statement . The CASE Statement in

Logic is very much similar to the IF-ELSE-ENDIF statement .However

when both these statements are compared , there are some vital

differences between there execution methods. The CASE statement is

used to distinguish between mutually exclusive options.


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Decision Making 3 DO/WHILE Statement

A basic loop for repetitive jobs is LOOP-ENDLOOP. It is terminated by exit.

A DO loop is used to unconditionally execute a block of code multiple times.

DO 10 TIMES. WRITE Hello World. ENDDO.

WHILE loop conditionally executes a block of code, possibly multiple times.

WHILE . . ENDWHILE.

The CHECK statement is used to test a logical expression.

The EXIT statement unconditionally terminates a loop, subroutine, or

program.

The CONTINUE statement is used inside a loop. This ignores the present

iteration of the loop and goes to the next iteration.


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Internal Tables

Declaration

(1) data: begin of it_first occurs 0,

name(20) type c,

age(2) type I,

data: end of it_first.

This is the example of a table with header line.

(2) types: begin of ty_first,

name(20) type c,

age(2) type I,

end of ty_first.

data: it_first type standard table of ty_first.

This is the example of a table without header line.


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Types of Internal Tables

These are mainly of three types of Internal Tables .

Standard Table

data: it_first type standard table of ty_first.

Sorted Table

DATA: spfli_sort TYPE SORTED TABLE OF spfli WITH UNIQUE KEY carrid

connid.

Hashed TableDATA: spfli_tab TYPE HASHED TABLE OF spfli WITH UNIQUE KEY carrid

connid,


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Header Line / Work Area/Initial Size

Header LineData: it_first type standard table of ty_first with header line.

Work Area

Data: wa_first type ty_first

Initial Size

Data: it_first type standard table of ty_first initial size 0.


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Generic operations on Internal Tables

SORT : Sorting an internal table by some field values.

SORT IT_TABLE by COL1 COL2.

DELETE: Deletes an internal table based on a condition.

DELETE IT_TABLE where COL1 = VALUE1.

CLEAR: Frees the internal memory assigned to a variable/work area/internal table.

CLEAR IT_TABLE

REFRESH: Works same as CLEAR but applies to the body [] of an internal table.

REFRESH IT_TABLE[].

INSERT: Inserts lines in an internal table.

INSERT target FROM TABLE IT_TABLE ACCEPTING DUPLICATE KEYS.


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Generic operations on Internal Tables

MOVE : This statement is not very much related to internal table . It can be used as

an assignment statement . E.g. MOVE WA_1 to WA_2.

CORRESPONDING : If the the internal table into which the selection fields are taken

are not in the same order as the selection fields , then the ABAP compiler

generates an error . To avoid this we use the statement

SELECT COL1 COL2 from DBTAB into corresponding fields of table IT_TABLE.

INTO : A better method is to declare the fields in the internal table in the same

sequence as the selection clause . Then we can use

SELECT COL1 COL2 from DBTAB into table IT_TABLE.

This scores over the COORESPONDING statement as it does not use the ABAP

Memory to sort the fields in the required order.

G S


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Joins between database table and internal table

Consider the two tables we have seen earlier , SALESHDR is an internal tableand SALESDTL is a Database table

Bill No Item Sold Price

1 PAPER 2/-

1 PEN 1/-

1 PEN 1/-

2 PENCIL 1/-

2 ERASER 1/-SALESHDR

SALESDTL

Bill. No Co. Name Date

1 ABC 1-Jan-08

2 ABC 1-Feb-08

3 DEF 1-Mar-08

The difference between joining database tables and database table with an internal

table is

(1) You cannot put fields from the internal table in the SELECT cause of the Join.

(2) In a single query , we can join only one internal table.

(3) You cannot use the internal table in a WHERE clause after the join.

IBM Gl b l B i S i


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Reading from Internal Tables

This statement reads a row from internal table itab. You have to specify the row by

either naming values table_key for the table key, a free condition free_key or an

index. The latter choice is possible only for index tables. The output result

determines when and where the row contents are read.

If the row to be read is not uniquely specified, the first suitable row is read. In the

case of index tables, this row has the lowest table index of all matching rows.

IBM Gl b l B i S i


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Joining two Internal Tables

In most of the cases we shall encounter , we have to match two internal tables. The best method to do is looping through one and reading the other .The

main algorithm will be

Sort IT_TABLE2

Loop at IT_TABLE1 into WA_TABLE1.

read IT_TABLE2 into wa_table2 with key

COL1 = WA_TABLE1-COL1

COL2 = WA_TABLE1-COL2

binary search.

if sy-subrc = 0.

endif.

Endloop.

IBM Gl b l B i S i


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Selecting unique values from Internal Tables

This is also a frequent requirement where we eliminate repeating values froman internal table . The main sequence of commands are

Sort IT_TABLE1 by COL1 COL2.

Delete adjacent duplicates from IT_TABLE1 comparing COL1 COL2.

IBM Global B siness Ser ices


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Append

This statement is used to add rows to an internal table . The most common

format of this statement is .

append to .

However we can also use the variant

APPEND to SORTED BY < a field of itab>.



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Form/Perform

PERFORM command is used to call an ABAP subroutine (FORM) from any

program, subject to the normal ABAP runtime authorization checking. They canbe used to call subroutines for carrying out calculations, for obtaining data fromthe database that is needed at display or print time, for formatting data, and so on.

PERFORM commands are executed when a document is formatted for display orprinting.

The ABAP subroutine called via the command line stated above must be defined inthe ABAP report program as follows:

FORM TABLES IN_TAB STRUCTURE ITCSYOUT_TAB STRUCTURE ITCSY.

...

ENDFORM.The internal table OUT_TAB contains names and values of the CHANGING

parameters in the PERFORM statement. These parameters are local textsymbols, that is, character fields.



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AT Statement

The AT statement introduces a statement block that end with theENDAT statement. For Example, basic building block is

AT level.

ENDAT.

Probable control level changes are:

Level Meaning

FIRST First line of the internal table

LAST Last line of the internal table

NEW f Beginning of a group of lines with the same contents in the field f and in the fields left of f

END Of f End of a group of lines with the same contents in the field f and in the fields left of f

AT NEW f | AT END OF f.

...

ENDAT.



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COLLECT, CONCATENATE, CONDENSE NO-GAPS

Collect statement inserts the contents of a work area either as single row intoan internal table or adds the values of its numeric components to thecorresponding values of existing rows with the same key.

COLLECT INTO IT_TABLE [Result].

Concatenate: The contents of the data objects dobj1, dobj2, ... are

concatenated according to their sequence and assigned to the result fieldresult. If you use the SEPARATED BY addition, the content of the data objectsep is inserted between the contents of the consecutive data objects dobj1,dobj2 ....

CONCATENATE dobj1 dobj2 ... INTO result [SEPARATED BY sep].

Condense: In the variable text, leading and closing blanks are completelyremoved and any other directly consecutive blanks are all replaced by exactlyone space character or - if NO GAPS is specified - are also removedcompletely.

CONDENSE text [NO-GAPS].



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Good Coding Practices/Simple performance parameters

1) After all select and read statements check the value of sy-subrc.2) Put the selection fields in the same order as that in the table.

3) Use comments whenever it can augment the code , do not use it too much as it

might hamper the readability of the code . Comments can be given by using the

symbol * at the beginning of a line or a half-line comment can be given using .

4) Use Types and data: .. type standard table of whenever applicable.5) Whenever business rules permit, try to use an internal table which has unique rows

for the FOR ALL ENTRIES criteria.

6) Avoid repetitive database hits/statements i.e. avoid SELECT statements in a loop,

SORT statements within a loop.

7) Avoid LOOP within a LOOP.

8) Try to use BINARY SEARCH whenever possible. Dont forget to sort before that.

9) Avoid repetitive sorting of an internal table in different parts of a single code.



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Self Help

For the topics not covered in this introduction, participant scan visit theTCODE ABAPDOCU. This is the ABAP document by SAP. It features

explanations on the different ABAP Keywords along with search option and

sample codes.

Another feature provided by SAP is that when the user browses throughsome previously written code he/she can press F1 on any particular keyword

and the SAP compiler shows the documentation on the keyword which is

maintained in the system.

Other self help options on the internet are

1) http://help.sap.com/

2) https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn


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Working with Function Modules, Function Groups andExecutable Programs



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Function Group

Function groups are containers for function modules.

This contains three main programs TOP UXX FXX



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Creating a FM

A Function module is an ABAP Program which takes some values as Input andgives some values as Output . The transaction where we create FMs is SM37.



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Example of a Function Module

Let us consider a function module Z_GET_POSITION_MGR_DETAILS / OrUse any Function Module . We will look at the various parameters for this

Module.

Input Parameters

Output Parameters



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Example of a Function Module

Execution of a FM

The highlighted button is used for

execution.

Execution screen



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G oba us ess Se ces


Executable Program Using SE38

After going to the TCode

Following settings are needed to

make an Executable Program.

After clicking on save , the nextscreen allows the user to input

the code.



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Program types SE38

Serial No. Types Discussions on Type

1 Executable Programs

An invisible system program takes care of all the executable programs. The system program calls

processing blocks in the program in a pre-defined order. It displays the selection screen at the

beginning of the program and outputs a list at the end. Executable programs allow you to work

with logical databases.

2

Module Pools for Screen Painter

Screens

Contain processing steps for screen modules from the transaction and can only be executed with a

transaction code or a menu function.

3 Includes

Contain program code that cannot be run of its own. You call them from another program using

INCLUDE statements.

4 Subroutines

Contain parts of programs (FORM routines) that can be called using external PERFORM

statements.

5 Function Groups

Contain function modules. Function groups and function modules are managed in the Function

Builder. Program type F is set by the Function Builder, and cannot be changed in the program

attributes.

6 Interface Pools

Contain interfaces. Classes and interfaces are managed (administered) in the Class Builder;

program type J cannot be changed in the attributes. Class Pools (K) Contain interfaces. Classes

and interfaces are managed (administered) in the Class Builder; program type K cannot be

changed in the attributes



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Controls on SE38



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SE80

SE80 is the object navigator for SAP. Through this we can actually build andcustomize different objects in SAP. Following are the features available in SE80.

MIME Repository Displays all directories with MIME objects that were imported into the current system. The

Public folder is always output. A selection of BSP applications is also given.

Repository Browser This browser is initially used when you start SE80.

It outputs Repository objects in the form of object lists. The objects are selected by

category (packages, programs, classes, local objects, etc.)

Repository Information System Displays all the objects of the information system without pre-selection.

Tag Library Displays tags for Web applications. You can limit the list to the relevant tag in ITS-basedapplications or in BSP applications by pre-selection.

Transport Organizer Outputs Transport Organizer requests in the current system.


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Working with ABAP Dictionary Objects



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Database tables

Different Parts of a DB Table are



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SE11

One can view and browse through all delivered and custom dictionary objects in SE11



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View

There are mainly four types of view

1) Database View Maintained in SE11

2) Help View Maintained in SE54

3) Projection View

4) Maintenance view Maintained in SE54

The most commonly used view in BW is the Database View.



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Data Element

A data element describes either an elementary type or a reference type.

An elementary type is defined by the built-in data type, length and possibly the number of

decimal places. These type attributes can either be defined directly in the data element orcopied from a domain.

A reference type defines the types of reference variables in ABAP programs.

Domain

A domain describes the technical attributes of a field, such as the data type or the number ofpositions in a field. The domain defines primarily a value range describing the valid data

values for the fields referring to this domain.

Different technical fields of the same type can be combined in a domain. Fields referring to

the same domain are changed at the same time when a domain is changed. This ensures

the consistency of these fields.



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SE16

This is the data browser . It is very simple in operation . We just need to supply the tablename from where we need to examine the contents.

We can also select fields from the table and the selection parameters by our

convenience.


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ABAP on the R/3 Side



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Transaction Code CMOD

CMOD is used to write enhancement logic for business specific development purpose



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Developer has to create a project and assign RSAP0001 to this project to write

custom enhancement logic.

Projects in CMOD



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To enhance a data source, you have to code for populating the enhanced fields indifferent CMOD exits. Data source can be of four types, Transactional, Master Data

Attributes, Master Data Texts and Master Data Hierarchy.

Write your code at corresponding Exits.

Components of a Project in CMOD

Data Source CMOD Exit

Transactional data EXIT_SAPLRSAP_001

Master Data Attribute EXIT_SAPLRSAP_002

Master Data Text EXIT_SAPLRSAP_003

Master Data Hierarchy EXIT_SAPLRSAP_004



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EXIT_SAPLRSAP_001:

Writing Enhancement Code in CMOD

This is a Function Module where you can write your code clicking on the INCLUDEZXRSAU01. The ABAP editor looks like

Syntax Check: Ctrl+F2

Activation: Ctrl+F3

OR

Use Buttons on the Editing Screen



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Used to Install and Activate Delivered Data Sources

Transaction Code RSA5



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Transaction Code RSA6

Transaction Code RSA6 is used to view, edit and enhance Data Sources in

R/3 side.

It contains the total tree structure of SAP delivered or Custom Data Sources



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Why do we need Custom exits ?

As part of its business content, SAP delivers several standard extractors in SAP sourcesystems. These extractors, when implemented as part of the process of installing

DataSources from business content, enable you to extract data from your desired

application.

Often, users need to enhance these standard extractors to meet the specific needs of their

business or the application area. The process is well documented.

To quickly recap: In the source system, you activate your DataSource, analyze it, and find

that you need to enhance it. You edit the DataSource via transaction RSA6 where you

add (using an append structure) the fields you feel are missing from SAPs standard

extract structure. You populate these fields using SAP user exit RSAP0001.



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Enhancement of Data Sources in RSA6

Place cursor on the Data Source to enhance finding it in the Tree and click on

Enhance Extraction Structure button. Here we enhance 0CO_PC_01

It will automatically create a append structure



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Give proper Field Name (ZZ_AUART, ZZ_VAPLZ) and Data Element (AUFART,

GEWRK) to create the new structure along with the Short Text (Order Type and WorkCenter Enhancement) for the append Structure

Developing the Append Structure

Check & Activate the Append Structure and go back to activate the total extract

structure for the data source.



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Selection, Hide, Inversion, Field Only

Selection: Set this indicator to use a field from the Data Source as the selection field in

the Scheduler for BW.Due to the properties of the Data Source, not every field can be used as a

selection field. In this case, this property is not changeable.

Hide: To exclude a field in the extraction structure from the data transfer, set this

flag. The field is then no longer available in BW for determining transfer rules

and therefore cannot be used for generating transfer structures.

Inversion: The field is inverted in the case of reverse posting i.e. it is multiplied by (- 1).

For this, the extractor has to support a delta record transfer process, in which

the reverse posting is identified.

Field Only:The indicator Field known only in Exit is set for the fields in an append

structure, then by default, these fields are not passed to the

extractor in the field list and the selection table.



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Coding in CMOD

Important Internal Tables/ Fields in EXIT_SAPLRSAP_001:

C_T_DATA

I_T_SELECT

I_DATASOURCE

Pseudo Code For Enhancement:

IF I_Datasource = .

Assign c_t_data [] to another internal table < internal table 1> for manipulation.

Pick relevant data with select statement from data base table into < internal table 2>.

Looping at

READ TABLE < internal table 2> WITH KEY < joining key fields>.

When match occurs.Assign field values in corresponding fields of

< Internal table 1 >

ENDLOOP.

Return < Internal table 1 > data to c_t_data [].

ENDIF.



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Overview of ABAP Keyword: Statics

When an info package runs in BW taking packet wise data from R/3 side. Situation can

occur that any variable should persist for the following packet when the previous one istransferred to BW.

Also to minimize database hit developer may have to cut short the selection condition

in Select statement. In such a scenario, static table or variable may help you to

increase the performance of extraction.

Declaration:

STATICS: BEGIN OF itab OCCURS 0,

Field1 LIKE -,

Field2 LIKE -,

END OF itab.

To declare a variable of static type:STATICS: l_var (4) type c.

You can also declare the same using TYPE instead of LIKE while declaring a static

table.



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Transaction Code RSA3 (Extractor Checker)

RSA3 can be used to check values for the Enhanced Extracted Fields.

Data Records/ Calls: It determines the packet size for extraction in checker.

Display Extr. Calls: It determines the packet size for displaying the result after extraction.

Debug Mode can be used to get into the backend coding.



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Debugging Using Break Point

Keyword: Break-point.

Hard Break Point: Permanent break point mentioned in code

Soft Break Point: In Debug mode, double click on a statement to put a temporary one.

Red button on the editor introduce a soft break point.

When you run the data source in the extractor checker, the program control stops at the

hard break point in the code.

You can have a look at different variables, table contents in the debugger screen and

check whether you are getting the expected result.

You can also give soft break point to the statement you feel erroneous, and go to itdirectly without stopping at previous steps.



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Use of Function Module in CMOD Exit

To use a function module in CMOD, click on Pattern at the top of the ABAP

editor. A pop up will come asking you the name of FM you want to use. Whenyou enter the name of FM, and click on OK a new pattern will be automatically

introduced at the cursor position in ABAP editor.



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FM Pseudo Code in CMOD Exit

CALL FUNCTION < FM Name>

EXPORTING

=

=

=

IMPORTING =

=

=

CHANGING

=

=

= .

CMOD Editor Code For FM Looks Like



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Summary

A quick recap of the topics covered so far

Overview of ABAP language

Working with Function Modules ,Function Groups, FM and Executable

Programs.

ABAP Dictionary Objects

Use Of ABAP in R/3 Side (BW Specific Requirements).

day1-abap bw handbook

Documents

abap handbook

abap editorse80

abap main program

bw developerabap

abap dictionary objects

bw enhancements day

bw specific requirements

data statement