ddce utkal university3 ddce utkal university m.a. (hindi) paper - xixsemester - iv courses of study...

$: DDCE Utkal University3 DDCE UTKAL UNIVERSITY M.A. (Hindi) PAPER - XIXSemester - IV COURSES OF STUDY ^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` {gÕm V Unit - I Unit - II Unit - III A H$ {d^mOZ : VrZ AmbmoMZmË_H$$
1

DDCE Utkal University

qhXr (E_.E.)M.A. (Hindi)

Semester - IV

PAPER - XIX

^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` {gÕm§V^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` {gÕm§V^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` {gÕm§V^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` {gÕm§V^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` {gÕm§V

boIH$boIH$boIH$boIH$boIH$

S>m°. bú_rYa XmeS>m°. bú_rYa XmeS>m°. bú_rYa XmeS>m°. bú_rYa XmeS>m°. bú_rYa Xme

Certified that Syllabus & Courses of

Study have been prepared

According to the UGC guidelines

2

DDCE UTKAL UNIVERSITY

M.A. (Hindi)

Semester - IV

PAPER - XIX


boIH$boIH$boIH$boIH$boIH$

S>m°. bú_rYa XmeS>m°. bú_rYa XmeS>m°. bú_rYa XmeS>m°. bú_rYa XmeS>m°. bú_rYa Xme

3

DDCE UTKAL UNIVERSITY

M.A. (Hindi)

PAPER - XIX

Semester - IV

COURSES OF STUDY


Unit - I

Unit - II

Unit - III

A§H$ {d^mOZ :A§H$ {d^mOZ :A§H$ {d^mOZ :A§H$ {d^mOZ :A§H$ {d^mOZ :

VrZ AmbmoMZmË_H$ àíZ 12×3 = 36

VrZ bKyÎmar àíZ 8×3 = 24

Xmo {Q>ßnUr _ybH$ àíZ 5 × 2 = 10

___________

Hw$b = 70

gÌr` H$m © = 30

_____________________

Hw$b A§H 100

4

nmR²>`H«$_nmR²>`H«$_nmR²>`H«$_nmR²>`H«$_nmR²>`H«$_^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` {gÕm§V^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` {gÕm§V^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` {gÕm§V^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` {gÕm§V^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` {gÕm§V

UNIT - I

1. CÔoí` CÔoí` CÔoí` CÔoí` CÔoí`

1.1 ^mfm H$s n[a^mfm

1.2 ^mfm H$s {deofVmE±

1.3 ^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$maU

1.4 ^mfm H$s àH¥${V

1.5 ^mfm Ho$ nj

1.6 ^mfm Ho$ {d{dY ê$n

1.7 ^mfm Am¡a ~mobr

UNIT - II

2. qhXr Ho$ {d{dY ê$nqhXr Ho$ {d{dY ê$nqhXr Ho$ {d{dY ê$nqhXr Ho$ {d{dY ê$nqhXr Ho$ {d{dY ê$n

2.1 amO^mfm

2.2 amï> mfm

2.3 g§Mma mfm

2.0 CÔoí`

2.1 Üd{Z {dkmZ

2.2 dm½ §Ì

2.3 ^m{fH$ Üd{Z`m± : ñda

2.4 _mZ ñda Am¡a Jm¡U _mZ ñda

2.5 g§w º$ ñda

5

2.6 ì §OZ

2.6.1 CƒmaU Ho$ ñWmZ na

2.6.2 CƒmaU Ho$ AmYma na

2.7 AmB©. nr. E. MmQ>©

AmB©. nr. E. MmQ>© (qhXr g§ñH$aU)

2.8. I§So>Va Üd{Z`m±

UNIT - III 3.0 CÔoí`

Ÿ 3.1 {d{^Þ Ñ{ï>`m| go dmŠ`

3.2 dmŠ` -aMZm -à{H«$`m

3.3 {H«$`m H$s àYmZVm H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ`

3.4 g§aMZmË_H$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| dmŠ`

3.5 AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` Ho$ oX

3.6 àH$m © H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ`

3.7 dmŠ` -n[adV©Z

3.8 AW© {dkmZ : AW© H$s AdYmaUm

3.9 eãX Am¡a AW© H$m g§~§Y

3.10 EH$mW©H$ mãX

3.11 AZoH$mW©H$ eãX

3.12 {dbmo_ eãX

3.13 AW© n[adV©Z H$s {XemE±

6

Unit - I


1.1 ^mfm, mfm H$s n[a^mfm

1.2 ^mfm H$s {deofVmE±

1.3 ^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$maU

1.4 ^mfm H$s àH¥${V

1.5 ^mfm Ho$ nj

1.6 ^mfm Ho$ {d{dY ê$n

1.7 ^mfm Am¡a ~mobr

7

Unit - I



Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn :

* ^mfm Ho$ ~mao _| gm_mÝ` kmZ àmá H$a gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* ^mfm H$s {d{^Þ Ñ{ï>`m| go n[a^mfmAm| H$mo OmZ gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* ^mfm H$s {deofVmAm| go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* ^mfm {dH$mg Ho$ {d{^Þ H$maUm| H$mo OmZ gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* ^mfm H$s àH¥${V Am¡a BgHo$ njm| go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* mfm Ho$ {d{dY ê$nm| H$mo OmZ gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* ^mfm Am¡a ~mobr _| nmB© OmZo dmbo A§e H$mo nhMmZ gH|$Jo Ÿ&

1.1 ^mfm :^mfm :^mfm :^mfm :^mfm :

h_ gm_mÝ`V: md H$s A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE à wº$ {d{dÞ gmYZm| H$mo mfm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

Bg AW© _| new-n{j`m| H$s ~mobr r mfm h¡ Ÿ& _Yw_ŠIr _Yw H$s CnbpãY H$s XyaVm ~VmZo

Ho$ {bE gy`© H$mo H|$Ð ~ZmH$a ~‹S>o d¥Îm _| Am¡a {ZH$Q>Vm ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE N>moQ>o d¥Îm _| MŠH$a H$mQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

Hw$Îmm, {~ëbr Am{X {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ ñda {ZH$mbH$a ào_, H«$moY Am¡a ^` H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do

Ho$db gr{_V pñW{V _| gr{_V ^mdm| H$mo na§nam go grIH$a ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

_Zwî` emar[aH$ Moï>mAm| Ûmam ^r ^md ì`º$ H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& hmW {hbmH$a ~wbmZm `m _Zm

H$aZm, Am±I Ho$ Bemao go H«$moY `m ào_ àH$Q> H$aZm, {ga H$mo ZrMm H$aHo$ ñdrH¥${V Am¡a XmE± -~mE±

{hbmH$a AñdrH¥${V XoZm Vmo g§ d h¡ Ÿ& na o gyú_ Am¡a A_yÎm© mdm| H$mo ì`º$ Zht H$a gH$Vo Ÿ& BZH$m

joÌ r gr{_V h¡ Ÿ&

8

_Zwî` {d{^Þ g§Ho$Vm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ^md ^r ì`º$ H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& XadmOm ImobZo Ho$ {bE

XadmOo na R>H$R>H$ H$aHo$, nmZr Ho$ {bE {Jbmg {hbmH$a ^md àH$Q> {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Mm¡amho na

bmb ~Îmr Am¡a har ~Îmr éH$Zo Am¡a OmZo H$m g§Ho$V XoVr h¡ Ÿ&

o g§Ho$V ñd § e{º$_mZ Zht hmoVo Ÿ& BZ na e{º$ H$m Amamon {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g§Ho$V g§X^© go

e{º$ àmá H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go Mm¡amho H$s bmb~Îmr Am¡a nyOm ñWb r bmb ~Îmr Ho$ AW© _| A§Va

h¡ Ÿ& ~g Ho$ H$S>§ŠQ>a H$s grQ>r Am¡a {eew H$s grQ>r {^Þ AW© ÚmoVH$ h¢ Ÿ&

g§Ho$V Ñí` AWdm lì` hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE g§Ho$V XmVm Am¡a g§Ho$V J«hrVm - XmoZm| H$s

CnpñW{V A{Zdm © h¡ Ÿ&

`o g^r mfm Ho$ Jm¡U ê$n h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ _mÜ`_ go gr{_V mfm H$mo ì`º$ {H$`m Om h¡ Ÿ& o g§nyU©

A{ZpíMV Am¡a Añnï> r hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ _mÜ`_ go J§ ra Am¡a A_yV© ~mVm| H$mo A{^ì`º$ Zht {H$`m

Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

dmJoÝÐr` go Cƒ[aV {OZ Üd{Z g§Ho$Vm| H$s ghm`Vm go _Zwî` AnZo ^mdm| Am¡a {dMmam| H$mo

ì`º$ H$a gH$Vm h¡, dhr dmñVd _| mfm h¡ Ÿ& hr mfm H$m _w»` ê$n h¡ Ÿ& Üd{Z g§Ho$Vm| H$s mfm Ho$

_mÜ`_ go gmao ^mdm| Am¡a {dMmam| H$mo nyU©Vm Am¡a ñnï>Vm Ho$ gmW A{^ì`º$ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

^mfm eãX mf² Ÿ YmVw go CËnÞ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& {OgH$m AW© h¡ - ì`º$ dmUr & ^mfm _Zwî` H$m B©ídar`

daXmZ h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm Ho$ H$maU _Zwî` g¥{ï> _| gd©loð> Ord ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ&

dm{JpÝÐ` go Agr{_V Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡§ Ÿ& CZ_| go Hw$N> Üd{Z`m| H$mo H$moB©

^mfm J«hU H$aVr h¡ Am¡a CZ na EH$ ì`dñWm H$m Amamon H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& m{fH$ Üd{Z`m ± mfm -ì`dñWm

Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVr h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ CƒmaU Ho$ {bE {ZpíMV ñWmZ Am¡a à`ËZ ahVm h¡ Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a Ho$ gm_Zo _w±h

ImobVo g_` amoJr O~ nr‹S>m gyMH$ "Am' H$hVm h¡ V~ dh gm_mÝ` Üd{Z H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ& O~ EH$ mfm

_| "Am' AmZo H$m AmXoe ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ V~ dh Cg ^mfm H$s ^m{fH$ Üd{Z H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ&

^mfm H$s n[a^mfm :^mfm H$s n[a^mfm :^mfm H$s n[a^mfm :^mfm H$s n[a^mfm :^mfm H$s n[a^mfm :

^mfm `mX²¥>pÀN>H$ Üd{Z -àVrH$m| H$s dh ì`dñWm h¡ {OgHo$ ghmao H$moB© gm_m{OH$ g_wXm`

nañna gh`moJ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

(A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group

Co-operates.)

mfm dmH²$ Üd{Z`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {dMmam| H$s A{^ì`{º$ h¡ Ÿ&

9

(Language may be defined as the expression of thought by means of speech -

sounds.Henry Sweet- History of Language)

{dMmam| H$s A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE Üd{Z -àVrH$m| Ho$ à`moJ H$mo ^mfm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

(The common definition of speech is the use of articulate sound symbols for expres-

sion of thought .(A H Gardiner/ Speech and Language.)

{dMmam|, ^mdZmAm| Am¡a BÀN>mAm| H$mo ñdoÀN>m go CËnÞ àVrH$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g§ào{fVm H$aZo

H$s {dewÕ _mZdr` Am¡a `ËZO nÕ{V H$mo ^mfm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& CƒmaU -Ad`dm| go CËnÞ _mÜ`_-

àVrH$ àmW{_H$V : lmd{UH$ $ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&

(Language is purely human and non I stictive method of communication ideas,imotions

and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.These symbols are , in the

first instance , auditory and they are produced by the so-called organs of speech.

Edward Sapir, Language)

^mfm H$m gmaVËd h h¡ {H$ dh EH$ _mZdr` g{H«$`Vm h¡ _Zwî` -_Zwî` Ho$ ~rM nmañn[aH$

~moY Ho$ {bE EH$ g{H«$`Vm, Vm{H$ dº$m Ho$ _Z H$r ~mV H$mo lmoVm g_P gHo$ Ÿ&

(The essence of language is human activity - activity on the part of an individual to

make himself understood by another and activity on the part of that other to understand what

was in the mind of the first

Jesperson Otto , Philosophy of Grammar)

^mfm Eogo na§namJV {MÝhm| H$s mfm h¡ Ÿ& {OÝh| ñdoÀN>Vm go _Zwî` H$^r r CËnÞ H$a gH$Vm

h¡ Ÿ&

(language is a system of conventional signs that can be voluntarily produced at any

time.) Ebbin Gaus

^mfm gr{_V Üd{Z`m| go g§ mo{OV ì`dñWm h¡, {OgH$m CÔoí` A{^ì`{º$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

(Language is articulated limited sound organised sond for the purpose of expres-

sion.) Croce- Aesthetics

AnZo ì`mnH$ AW© _| mfm Ho$ A§VJ©V Eogo Üd{ZàVrH$m| H$m nyU© moJ AmVm h¡,Ÿ {OZHo$ Ûmam

h_ AnZo {dMmam| Am¡a AZw y{V`m| H$mo ì`º$ H$a gH$Vo h¢, VWm {OÝh| ñdoÀN>mZwgma CËnÞ {H$`m Am¡a

Xmoham`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

10

(Language in its widest sense means the sum-total of such signs of our thoughts and

feelings as are capable of external perception and as could be produced and repeted at will.)

P D Gune, An Introduction to comparative Philology

_Zwî` _Zwî` Ho$ ~rM dñVwAm| Ho$ {df` _| AnZr BÀN>m Am¡a _{V H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aZo Ho$

{bE ì`º$ Üd{Z g§Ho$Vm| H$m Omo ì`dhma hmoVm h¡, Cgo ^mfm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

S>m°. í`_m gwÝXa Xmg :- ^mfm {dkmZ :

^mfm dh gmYZ h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam _Zwî` AnZo {dMma Xygam| na ^br^m±{V àH$Q> H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a

Xygam| Ho$ {dMma Amn ñnï>V`m g_P gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

"" AmMm © H$m_Vm àgmX Jwé n«ñVmdZm, {hÝXr ì`H$aU ''

{OZ Üd{Z {MÝhm| Ûmam _Zwî` nañna {dMma -{d{Z`_ H$aVm h¡, CgH$mo g_m{ï> ê$n go ^mfm

H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

S>m°. ~m~yam_ gŠXoZm : gm_mÝ` mfm {dkmZ

{OgH$s ghm`Vm go _Zwî` nañna {dMma {d{Z_` m gh`moJ H$aVm h¡, Cg mÑpÀN>H$ ê$‹T>

Üd{Z - g§Ho$V- àUmbr H$mo ^mfm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

AmMm © XodoÝÐZmW e_m© : - mfm{dkmZ H$s y{_H$m

mfm CƒmaU Ad`dm| go Cƒm[aV _ybV: àm`: mÑpÀN>H$ Üd{Z àVrH$m| H$s dh ì`dñWm

h¡, {OgHo$ Ûmam {H$gr ^mfm -g_mO Ho$ bmoJ Amng _| {dMmam| H$m AmXm_ -àXmZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

S>m°. mobmZmW {Vdmar : mfm{dkmZ

1.2 ^mfm H$s {deofVmE± : ^mfm H$s {deofVmE± : ^mfm H$s {deofVmE± : ^mfm H$s {deofVmE± : ^mfm H$s {deofVmE± :

1. ^mfm _mZd _wImoƒ[aV hmoVr h¡^mfm _mZd _wImoƒ[aV hmoVr h¡^mfm _mZd _wImoƒ[aV hmoVr h¡^mfm _mZd _wImoƒ[aV hmoVr h¡^mfm _mZd _wImoƒ[aV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ:-Ÿ:-Ÿ:-Ÿ:-Ÿ:- ^mfm _ybV: _wI go Cƒm[aV hmoVr

h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s Üd{Z`m| Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ {bE {ZpíMV ñWmZ Am¡a à`ËZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm H$m {b{IV ê$n

{b{n-àVrH$m| Ûmam {Z §{ÌV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm H$s gr{_V Üd{Z`m| go Agr{_V {dMma ì`º$ hmo gH$Vo

h¢ Ÿ&

2. ^mfm H$s {deofVmE± : -^mfm H$s {deofVmE± : -^mfm H$s {deofVmE± : -^mfm H$s {deofVmE± : -^mfm H$s {deofVmE± : - ^mfm `mÑpÀN>H$ Üd{Z -àVrH$m| H$s ì`dñWm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr

EH$ dñVw Ho$ {bE àË oH$ mfm _| g_mZ Üd{Z àVrH$ Zht hmoVo Ÿ& A§J«oOr _| (Tree), {hÝXr _| no‹S> h¡ Ÿ&

Bg eãX Ho$ {bE XmoZm| mfmAm| Ho$ Üd{Z àVrH$ AbJ-AbJ h¢ Ÿ& dñVw Am¡a Üd{Z àVrH$m| H$m g§~§Y

11

{H$gr mfm g_mO Ho$ Ûmam {ZpíMV Am¡a ñdrH¥$V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr r mfm _| Üd{Z m Üd{Z -g_yh go

~Zm eãX {deof AW© H$m dmMH$ hmoH$a na§nam go nyU©V: mÑpÀN>H$ (EopÀN>>H$) ê$n go à wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

Bg{bE Xygar ^mfm _| Cg dñVw Ho$ {bE {^Þ eãX CnbãY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

3. ^mfm _| Xmo _yb^yV BH$mB`m± hmoVr h¢ :-^mfm _| Xmo _yb^yV BH$mB`m± hmoVr h¢ :-^mfm _| Xmo _yb^yV BH$mB`m± hmoVr h¢ :-^mfm _| Xmo _yb^yV BH$mB`m± hmoVr h¢ :-^mfm _| Xmo _yb^yV BH$mB`m± hmoVr h¢ :- àË`oH$ ^mfm _| Xmo _yb^yV

BH$mB`m± h¢ - Üd{Z Am¡a eãX Ÿ& Üd{Z ^mfm H$s Ý yZV_ BH$mB© h¡ Ÿ& Üd{Z `m Üd{Z`m± go ~Zr ~‹S>r

BH$mB© H$mo eãX H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& h mfm H$s Ý yZV_ gmW©H$ BH$mB© h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr mfm _| \$²$, A, b, Üd{Z`m±

AbJ -AbJ AmZo go H$moB© AW© ì`º$ Zht H$a gH$Vt Ÿ& na o VrZm| Üd{Z`m±EH$ gmW AmH$a "\$b'

eãX ~ZmVr h¡§ Ÿ& "\$b' gmW©H$ eãX hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

4. ^mfm EH$ ì`dñWm h¡ :- ^mfm EH$ ì`dñWm h¡ :- ^mfm EH$ ì`dñWm h¡ :- ^mfm EH$ ì`dñWm h¡ :- ^mfm EH$ ì`dñWm h¡ :- ^mfm _| Mma ì`dñWmE± hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& ñdZ ì`dñWm, ê$n

ì`dñWm, AW© ì`dñWm Am¡a ì`mH$aU ì`dñWmŸ & ^mfm _| eãX Ho$ {bE Üd{Z`m| H$m Am¡a dmŠ` Ho$

{bE nXm| H$m EH$ {ZpíMV H«$_ hmoVm h¡,Ÿ Omo Cg g_mO Ho$ Ûmam ñdrH¥$V hmo Ÿ& dº$m AnZo AZw^d -

joÌ go ~mha Ho$ {bE Üd{Z -H«$_ m eãX H«$_ H$mo ñdrH$ma Zht H$a gH$Vm Ÿ& CgHo$ {bE _², b² , A,

H$, Üd{Z H«$_ go H$moB© gmW©H$ eãX (ê$n) Zht ~ZVm Ÿ& har Kmg H$s OJh, nrbr Kmg Am¡a nËWa

ObVr h¡, ŸCgHo$ {bE {ZmW©H$ h¡ Ÿ& dmŠ` _| eãX ~Xb OmZo go AW© ^r ~Xb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr _|

dmŠ` _| H$Vm©, H$_©, {H«$`m H$m H«$_ ahVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm _| ì`mH$aU ì`dñWm hmoVr h¡, Omo ^mfm H$mo

{Z §{ÌV, ì`dpñWV Am¡a gwg§~Õ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE {H$gr mfm H$m mfmd¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï> go {ddoMZ

Am¡a {díbofU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

5. ^mfm gm_m{OH$ g§n{Îm h¡ :- ^mfm gm_m{OH$ g§n{Îm h¡ :- ^mfm gm_m{OH$ g§n{Îm h¡ :- ^mfm gm_m{OH$ g§n{Îm h¡ :- ^mfm gm_m{OH$ g§n{Îm h¡ :- EH$ ì`{º$ ^mfm H$m ì`dhma H$aHo$ AnZo ^mdm|

Am¡a {dMmam| H$mo Xygam| VH$ nh±þMmVm h¡ Ÿ& dº$m Omo g§Xoe XoZm MmhVm h¡ lmoVm `{X dhr g§Xoe J«hU

H$aVm h¡ V~ mfm H$m g§àofU H$m © g\$b hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& nmañn[aH$ ~moYJå` hmoZm mfm H$s A{Zdm ©Vm

h¡ Ÿ& o dº$m Am¡a lmoVm EH$ mfm g_mO Ho$ gXñ` hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& mfm Bg mfm`r g_mO H$s g§n{Îm hmoVr

h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm {H$gr EH$ ì`{º$ H$s g§n{Îm Zht hmo gH$Vr Ÿ& ~mbH$ g_mO go hr ^mfm grIVm h¡ Ÿ& dh

ì`{º$ AnZr BÀN>mZwgma mfm _| H$moB© n[adV©Z Zht H$a gH$Vm Ÿ& dh mfm H$mo r AnZo VH$ gr{_V

Zht aI gH$Vm Ÿ& O~ mfm H$mo ~mobZo dmbm nyam g_mO n[adV©Z H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡, V~$ mfm _|

n[adV©Z hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& mfm AnZo à`moº$m H$mo EH$Ì H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ~mø OJV go CZH$mo g§~Õ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&

dh gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m - H$bmnm| H$mo {Z §{ÌV H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& dh CZ ^mfm`r g_mO H$s g§ñH¥${V H$mo dhZ

H$aZo Ho$ gmW -gmW gm_m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$ àË oH$ A§J H$mo dhZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&

6. ^mfm n[adV©Zerb h¡ :- ^mfm n[adV©Zerb h¡ :- ^mfm n[adV©Zerb h¡ :- ^mfm n[adV©Zerb h¡ :- ^mfm n[adV©Zerb h¡ :- Xygar dñVwAm| H$s ^m±{V ^mfm _| n[adV©Z H$m H«$_

A{Zdm © h¡ Ÿ& `h n[adV©Z ^mfm H$s Üd{Z, eãX, ì`mH$aU Am¡a AW© Am{X _| n[ab{jV hmo gH$Vm

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h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr mfm-g_mO Ho$ bmoJ AnZr gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ Am{X H$maUm|

go Amdí`H$VmZwgma ZdrZ eãX ~ZmVo h¢ Ÿ`m Xygar ^mfm go eãX J«hU H$aHo$ ZdrZ ^mdm| Am¡a

{dMmam| H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bggo mfm H$s eãX-g§nXm H$m\$s ~‹T>Vr h¡ Am¡a mfm g_W© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

H$^r-H$^r gm_mÝ` dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo EH$ _mZH$ ^mfm Ho$ ewÕ CƒmaU H$aZo Am¡a Cgo

g_PZo _| H${R>ZmB© CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& V~ do Cg_| Hw$N> n[adV©Z H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& dhr n[adV©Z ~mX _|

{Xemb ê$n boVm h¡ Am¡a EH$ ZB© ^mfm H$mo OÝ_ XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma g§ñH¥$V go nm{b, nm{b go

àmH¥$>V, àmH¥$>V go An «§e Am¡a An «§e go {hÝXr Ho$ {dH$mg H$s à{H«$`m nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

7. ^mfm H$m àdmh A{dpÀN>Þ h¡ :-^mfm H$m àdmh A{dpÀN>Þ h¡ :-^mfm H$m àdmh A{dpÀN>Þ h¡ :-^mfm H$m àdmh A{dpÀN>Þ h¡ :-^mfm H$m àdmh A{dpÀN>Þ h¡ :- ^mfm H$s Ymam gVV àdh_mZ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

g_mO _| hr mfm H$s J{VerbVm ~Zr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& O~ VH$ _mZd g_mO ahoJm, CgHo$ gmW CgH$s mfm

^r ahoJr Ÿ& ì`{º$ -{deof MmhZo na r {H$gr mfm _| n[adV©Z Zht H$a gHo$Jm, ~Zm r Zht gHo$Jm,

{_Q>m r Zht gHo$Jm Ÿ& mfm H$mbmVrV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr C{º$ H$m à^md joÌ H$mb-{deof VH$ gr{_V

Zht hmoVm, CgH$m à^md Am¡a _hËd {MaH$m{bH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& XoeH$mb oX go ^mfm H$m ê$nm§VaU _mÌ

hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

8. ^mfm _| CËnmXZ j_Vm hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm _| CËnmXZ j_Vm hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm _| CËnmXZ j_Vm hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm _| CËnmXZ j_Vm hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm _| CËnmXZ j_Vm hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm H$s CËnmXZ - j_Vm `m

gO©ZmË_H$ j_Vm H$m AW© h¡ {H$ h_ n[a{_V Üd{Z`m| H$r ghm`Vm go «n[a{_V dmŠ` {Z_m©U H$a gH$Vo

h¢, Am¡a CÝh| g_P gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& `h H$m © ^r h_ ghOVm go Am¡a {~Zm {H$gr qMVZ go$ H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&

h_ Eogm ZdrZ dmŠ` ^r ~Zm gH$Vo h¢ , {Ogo h_Zo Z H$^r n‹T>m hmo, Z H$^r gwZm hmo Ÿ&

9. ^mfm _| ì`{Vhm[aVm H$m JwU h¡ :-^mfm _| ì`{Vhm[aVm H$m JwU h¡ :-^mfm _| ì`{Vhm[aVm H$m JwU h¡ :-^mfm _| ì`{Vhm[aVm H$m JwU h¡ :-^mfm _| ì`{Vhm[aVm H$m JwU h¡ :-ì`{Vhm[aVm H$m AW© h¡ "g§Xoe' àofH$

Am¡a g§Xoe à{fVr Ho$ H$m © H$s AXbm-~Xbr hmo gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² EH$ ì`{º$ g§Xoe ^oO gH$Vm h¡

Am¡a Cgo àmá r H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> _Zwî oVa àm{U`m| H$s ~mo{b`m± qbJ Ho$ AmYma na AbJ=AbJ

hmo gH$Vr h¢, na _mZdr` ^mfm _| à`moº$m nwéf hmo `m ór, ì`{Vhm[aVm na CgH$m H$moB© à^md Zht

n‹S>Vm Ÿ&

10. ^mfm A{O©V dñVw h¡ :-^mfm A{O©V dñVw h¡ :-^mfm A{O©V dñVw h¡ :-^mfm A{O©V dñVw h¡ :-^mfm A{O©V dñVw h¡ :- _Zwî` _| ^mfm grIZo H$s Z¡g{J©H$ e{º$ h¡ Ÿ& dh

à`mgnyd©H$ H$moB© r mfm grI gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& ghO ñdm^m{dH$ n[adoe _| ~ƒm g_mO go AZwgaU Ûmam

^mfm grI OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr mfm-{deof H$m kmZ boH$a dh OÝ_ Zht hmoVm Ÿ& EH$ {hÝXr mfr ~ƒm

Xygao ^mfm -joÌ _| OmH$a ahVm h¡ Vmo dh Cgr XjVm go ZB© ^mfm grI OmVm h¡, {Og XjVm go _yb

^mfm-^mfr mfm grIVo h¢ Ÿ& mfm H$m ì`dhma {OVZm A{YH$ hmoJm mfm`r j_Vm CVZr X¥‹T> hmoJr Ÿ&

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11. ^mfm gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go ñV[aV hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go ñV[aV hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go ñV[aV hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go ñV[aV hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go ñV[aV hmoVr h¡ :- ^mfm Ho$ g^r à`moº$mAm|

H$m gm_m{OH$ ñVa, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñVa, e¡{jH$ ñVa, Am{W©H$ ñVa Am¡a ì`dgm` H$m ñVa EH$ O¡gm

Zht hmoVm Ÿ& g^r bmoJ g^r eãXm| na A{YH$ma Zht aIVo `m ì`mH$aU H$m g§nyU© kmZ Zht aIVo Ÿ& do

AnZo - AnZo ñVa Ho$ AZwgma mfm H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ _OXya H$s mfm Am¡a EH$ Xme©{ZH$ H$s

^mfm _| A§Va AmEJm Ÿ& {d{^Þ noem| _| à wº$ hmoZo dmbo eãX ^r AbJ-AbJ h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE EH$

dH$sb H$s mfm Am¡a EH$ {H$gmZ H$s mfm _| A§Va ahVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ mfm -^mfr Xmo ì`{º$ ñWmZ-ôX

go ^r {^Þ -{^Þ eãXm| VWm e¡{b`m| H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

12. ^mfm pñWarH$aU go à^m{dV hmoVr h¡^mfm pñWarH$aU go à^m{dV hmoVr h¡^mfm pñWarH$aU go à^m{dV hmoVr h¡^mfm pñWarH$aU go à^m{dV hmoVr h¡^mfm pñWarH$aU go à^m{dV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ:-Ÿ:-Ÿ:-Ÿ:-Ÿ:- ^mfm _| gXm Xmo {damoYr

àd¥{Îm`m± H$m_ H$aVr h¡ -

1) Ho$ÝXm{^Jm_r Ÿ& 2) Ho$ÝÐmnJm_r Ÿ&

Ho$ÝÐm{^Jm_r àd¥{Îm ^mfm Ho$ n[adV©Z H$s J{V H$mo amoH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& pñWaVm aIVr h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm H$mo

n[aîH¥$V Am¡a gwa{jV aIVr h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm _mZH$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Ho$ÝÐmnJm_r àd¥{Îm ^mfm _| n[adV©Z bmVr

h¡ Ÿ& Zd-OrdZ H$m g§Mma H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& mfm _| BZ Xmo nañna {damo{Y`m| _| g§Kf© MbVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& mfm

_| pñWaVm ahZm gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& na§namàmá gm{hË`, Ho$ÝÐr` emgZ, {ejm H$m

_mÜ`_ g_mMmanÌ, ao{S>`mo, Q>obr{dOZ Am{X gmYZ mfm H$s pñWaVm ~ZmE aIZo _| _XX H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

13. ^mfm ñd^mdV: ñdV§Ì hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm ñd^mdV: ñdV§Ì hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm ñd^mdV: ñdV§Ì hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm ñd^mdV: ñdV§Ì hmoVr h¡ :-^mfm ñd^mdV: ñdV§Ì hmoVr h¡ :- ^mfm nhm‹S>r ZXr H$s Vah ~hZm

MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& ñdV§Ì ahZm CgH$m ñd^md h¡ Ÿ& nhm‹S>r ZXr H$m J{VamoY hmoZo go dh Cg ~mYm H$mo Vmo‹S> H$a

AmJo ~‹T> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma ^mfm Ho$ àdmh _| gm{hpË`H$ ^mfm Am¡a ì`mH$aU ~ÕVm Ho$ Zm_ na

`{X J{VamoY CËnÞ H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ Vmo dh g^r ~mYmAm| H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a EH$ AbJ OZ^mfm Ho$ ê$n _|

{dH${gV hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE àËòH$ ^mfm _| Xmo ê$n CnbãY hmoVo h¢ -

1) gm{hpË`H$ mfm ê$n Ÿ& 2) OZ^mfm ê$n Ÿ&

14.. àËòH$ ^mfm H$s g§MaZm AbJ hmoVr h¡àËòH$ ^mfm H$s g§MaZm AbJ hmoVr h¡àËòH$ ^mfm H$s g§MaZm AbJ hmoVr h¡àËòH$ ^mfm H$s g§MaZm AbJ hmoVr h¡àËòH$ ^mfm H$s g§MaZm AbJ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ:-Ÿ:-Ÿ:-Ÿ:-Ÿ:- àËòH$ ^mfm Üd{Z,

eãXmdbr, CƒmaU, eãX ê$n, YmVwê$n, dmŠ` -g§aMZm, ì`mH$aU H$s Ñ{ï> go Xygar ^mfm go {^Þ

hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V _| qbJ -dMZ VrZ-VrZ h¢, O~ {H$ {hÝXr _| Xmo-Xmo h¢ Ÿ& J«rH$ _| "M' Üd{Z Zht

hmoVr Ÿ& ê$gr _| "h' Üd{Z Zht h¡ Ÿ& V{_b _hmàmUËd Zht h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr _| ò h¢ Ÿ&

15. ^mfm g§àofU H$m _m¡{IH$ gmYZ h¡ :- ^mfm g§àofU H$m _m¡{IH$ gmYZ h¡ :- ^mfm g§àofU H$m _m¡{IH$ gmYZ h¡ :- ^mfm g§àofU H$m _m¡{IH$ gmYZ h¡ :- ^mfm g§àofU H$m _m¡{IH$ gmYZ h¡ :- ^mfm Ho$ Ûmam g§àofU H$m © nyam

hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm Ho$ Xmo ê$n h¡ -

¡ 1) _mo{IH$ , 2) {b{IV Ÿ&

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àË oH$ ^mfm _| _m¡{IH$ ê$n CnbãY h¡ & A{dH${gV ^mfm H$m {b{IV ê$n Zht hmoVm Ÿ& ^mfm H$m

_m¡{IH$ ê$n {dH${gV Zht hmoZo Ho$ ~mX {b{IV ê$n {dH${gV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cƒm[aV ^mfm _| ñda Ho$

Amamon - Adamoh, H$mHw$, ~bmKmV Am{X Ûmam md {OVZr ñnï>Vm go ì`º$ {H$ o Om gH$Vo h¢ {b{IV

^mfm Ûmam Eogm g§^d Zht h¡ Ÿ& Ho$db nmR>H$ H$mo mfm na {d{^Þ §{J_mAm| H$mo Amamo{nV H$aHo$ n‹T>Zm

n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& _m¡{IH$ ^mfm gàmU h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m g§~§Y g_mO H$s g_H$mbrZ nr‹T>r go h¡, O~{H$ {b{IV

^mfm H$m g§~§Y yV, {dî` Am¡a g_H$mbrZ dV©_mZ nr‹T>r go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

1.3 ^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$maU :^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$maU :^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$maU :^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$maU :^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$maU :

n[adV©Z g¥{ï> H$m {Z`_ h¡ Ÿ& n[adV©Z H$mo hr {dH$mg H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {OgH$s CËn{Îm hþB© h¡

CgH$m {dH$mg hmoJm Am¡a A§V _| CgH$m {dZme hmoJm Ÿ& ~ƒo H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh wdH$ ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ&

nm¡Yo H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡, dh {demb d¥j ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& mfm _| AZoH$ n[adV©Z, n[adY©Z Am¡a g§emoYZ

hmoVo ahVo h¢ Ÿ& ^maV _| eH$, hÿU, Hw$fmU, `dZ, nwV©Jmbr, \«$m§grgr, A§J«oO Am{X {d{^Þ Om{V`m|

Am¡a g§ñH¥${V`m| Ho$ bmoJ AmE Ÿ& n[aUm_ -ñdê$n maVr` mfmAm| Zo CZHo$ g¡H$‹S>m| eãX AnZmE Ÿ& h

^mfm H$m {dH$mg h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm H$m {dH$mg `m n[adV©Z H$mb- oX go ^r hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥$V go

g§ñH¥$V, nm{b, àmH¥$V, An «§e, {hÝXr Am{X H$m {dH$mg H$mb- oX Ho$ H$maU hþAm h¡ Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$

^maVr` Am © ^mfmAm| H$s _yb OZZr ^mfm g§ñH¥$V hmoZo na ^r ñWmZ - oX Ho$ H$maU do {hÝXr,

Amo{‹S> m, ~§Jbm, JwOamVr, _amR>r, Ag_r Am{X Ho$ ê$n _| {d{^Þ mfmE± {dH${gV hþB© Ÿh¢ Ÿ& amOZr{VH$,

Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Am{X n[apñW{V`m± H$s {^ÞVm Ho$ H$maU ^r ^mfm _| n[adV©Z `m {dH$mg

hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Ho$ÝÐr` gÎmm _| A§J«oO ahZo Ho$ H$maU maVr` mfmAm| _| {dXoer A§J«oOr eãX A{YH$ àdoe

H$aZo _| g_W© hþE Ÿ& I‹S>r ~mobr {Xëbr, _oaR> Ho$ Amgnmg ~mobr OmZodmbr ~mobr ê$n _| nhbo ahZo Ho$

H$maU {dH${gV hmoH$a ^mfm -ê$n H$mo àmá hmo JB© Ÿ& A~ AÝVam©ï´>r` ^mfm ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ&

`h n[adV©Z ^mfm Ho$ nm±M ñVam| na CnbãY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& do h¢ -

i) Üd{Z n[adV©Z Ÿ&

ii) eãX- n[adV©Z Ÿ&

iii) nX -n[adV©Z Ÿ&

iv) dmŠ` n[adV©Z Ÿ&

v) AW© -n[adV©Z Ÿ&

à`ËZ bmKd AnyU© AZwH$aU, {_Ï`m gmÑí` Am{X H$maUm| go Üd{Z`m| _| n[adV©Z hmo OmVm

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h¡ Ÿ& ñWmbr H$m Wmbr, ñVZ H$m WZ, _oK H$m _oh hmo OmZm Bg àH$ma Ho$ n[adV©Z h¢ Ÿ&

{Û, gn©, MH«$, H$U© Am{X VËg_ eãXm| H$m H«$_e: - Xmo, gm±n, MmH$, H$mZ Am{X VX² d

eãXm| _| n[adV©Z hmo OmZm eãX n[adV©Z Ho$ CXmhaU h¢ Ÿ&

g§ moJmË_H$ ^mfm g§ñH¥$V H$s ê$n aMZm {hÝXr _| {d`moJmË_H$ ^mfm {hÝXr H$s ê$n aMZm go

{^Þ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V _| ~mbH$ñ` eãX _| AW©VËd Am¡a g§~§Y VËd {_b H$a AmVo h¢ , O~{H$ {hÝXr

_| ~mbH$ H$m eãX _| AW© VËd Am¡a g§~§Y VËd AbJ-AbJ AmVo h¢ Ÿ& "H$m' g§~§Y VËd ì`º$

H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

g§ñH¥$V _| dmŠ` -aMZm Eogr hmoVr h¡ {H$ nXm| H$mo AmJo-nrN>o H$aZo na ^r AW© _| H$moB© A§Va

Zht AmVm Ÿ& {hÝXr _| pñW{V Bggo AbJ h¡ Ÿ& "gmohZ _mohZ' H$mo XoIVm h¡ H$mo gmohZ _mohZ H$mo XoIVm

h¡ Ÿ& H$a XoZo go AW© ~Xb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr _| dmŠ` g§aMZm _| H$Vm©-{H«$`m -H$_© H$m H«$_ ahVm h¡ Ÿ&

H«$_ ~XbZo go AW© ~Xb OmVm h¡ O¡go Ram killed Ravan and Ravan killed Ram Ho$ AW© _| O_rZ

-Amg_mZ H$m A§Va Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _yb eãX Ho$ AW© -n[adV©Z H$mo h_ AmgmZr go mfm _| XoIVo h¢ Ÿ&

Hw$eb (Hw$e H$mQ>Zo _| mo½`) AW© N>mo‹S>H$a MVwa H$m n`m© dmMr ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& àdrU (drUm -dmXH$)

A~ Xj Ho$ AW© _| à`wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& _¥J(new) A~ {haZ H$m dmMH$ ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ&

^mfm _| n[adV©Z `m {dH$mg Ho$ H$maUm| H$mo Xmo dJm] _| ~m±Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

i) Amä §Va H$maU

ii) ~mø H$maU

{Og n[adV©Z H$m g§~§Y ñd § mfm go hmoVm h¡ m mfm à`moº$m go hmoVm h¡, Cgo Amä §Va H$maU

_mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {Og n[adV©Z H$m g§~§Y mfm Ho$ ~mha Ho$ VËdm| go hmoVm h¡ Cgo ~mø H$maU _mZm OmVm

h¡ Ÿ&

Amä`§Va H$maU Amä`§Va H$maU Amä`§Va H$maU Amä`§Va H$maU Amä`§Va H$maU :

1..... à`ËZ bmK` - à`ËZ bmKd H$m AW© h¡ - H$_ l_ go H$m_ nyam H$a boZm Ÿ& Bggo

g_` H$s ~MV r hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& H$_ l_ go A{YH$ H$m_ H$aZm _Zwî` H$s àd¥{Îm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr àíZ Ho$ CÎma

_| {X g§ d hmo Vmo h_ hm±, Zht, m EH$ -Xmo eãXm| go AnZm A{^àm` ì`º$ H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Q>obr\$moZ H$s

OJh `{X {g\©$ \$moZ H$hZo go H$m_ Mb OmVm h¡ , Vmo Q>obr\$moZ H$hZo Ho$ {bE A{YH$ l_ Am¡a g_`

IM© H$aZm AZmdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& y. EZ. Amo., EZ. gr. B© .Am.a Q>r, AmB©.E.Eg Am{X g§{já H$aHo$ H$hZo

Ho$ nrN>o hr à`ËZ bmKd àd¥{Îm H$m_ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg àd¥{Îm go Am{XË`dma H$mo h_ BVdma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

16

à`ËZ bmKd Ho$ H$maU mfm _| Üd{Z -n[adV©Z, dU© -{dn © , g_rH$aU, {df_`rH$aU,

ñda^{º$ Am{X Ÿhmo gH$Vm h¡ &

{H$gr eãX Ho$ g§ wº$mja H$m CƒmaU O~ AmgmZ Zht bJVm, V~ à`moº$m AnZr gw{dYm Ho$

{bE Cg_| EH$ ñda `m ì §OZ Omo‹S>H$a CƒmaU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - ñHy$b H$mo BñHy$b, ñWm`r H$mo

AñWm`r, AñWm`r H$mo A- AñWm`r, ñVw{V H$mo AñVw{V, __© H$mo _a_, nyd© H$mo nyad, emn H$mo gamn

H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& h AmJ_ mfm Ho$ {b{IV ê$n _| Zht, Ho$db _m¡{IH$ ê$n _| nm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BZH$m

à`moJ n‹T>o-{bIo bmoJ àm`: Zht H$aVo Ÿ&

Cgr àH$ma, g§ wº$mja Ho$ CƒmaU _| gw{dYm H$s Ñ{ï> go H$moB© Üd{Z CƒmaU Z H$aHo$ N>mo‹S >Xr

OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bgo bmon H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - Á`oð> - OoR>, Xw½Y - XyY, loð> H$mo goR>, ñQ>oeZ - Q>ogZ Ÿ&

C~‹S>Im~‹S> O_rZ H$mo ~am~a H$aZo Ho$ {bE JS²>T>o _| {_Q²>Q>r S>mbZo Am¡a D°§$>Mo Q>rbo go {_Q²>Q>r

H$mQ>Zo H$m H$m_ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX amh MbZo dmbo H$mo H$moB© VH$br\$ Zht hmoVr Cgr àH$ma

g§ wº$mja dmbo eãX H$mo CƒmaU H$s gwH$aVm Ho$ {bE H$ht Üd{Z AmJ_ Am¡a Vmo H$ht bmon H$a {X`m

OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

CƒmaU H$s gw{dYm Ho$ {bE H$^r-H$^r à`moº$m {H$gr Üd{Z H$m n[adV©Z H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ&

O¡go - H¥$îU - H$mÝhm Ÿ& _oK - _oh, hñV - hmW, ñVZ - WZ Ÿ& Bg n[adV©Z H$mo {dH$ma H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

O~ CƒmaU H$aVo g_` dUm] H$m H«$_ CbQ> OmVm h¡ V~ Cg à{H«$`m H$mo {dn © H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

{dn © Xmo àH$ma go hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& nhbm H$maU h¡ ~mobZo H$s VoOr Am¡a Xygam H$maU h¡ «m§V

ldU Ÿ&

~mobVo g_` _Z Am¡a dm{JpÝÐ`m± XmoZm| gmW-gmW {H«$`merb ahVr h¢ Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r _Z H$s

J{V dm{JpÝÐ`m| H$s J{V go Vrd« hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AmJo H$s H$s Üd{Z na _Z Ho$ A§e nh±þM OmZo Ho$ g_`

O~ dm{JpÝÐ`m± nrN>o H$s Üd{Z na ah OmVr h§¡, V~ ~mX H$s Üd{Z nhbo Am¡a nhb>o H$s Üd{Z ~mX _|

Cƒm[aV hmoVr h¡, O¡go - H$mJO-H$mOJ, AmX_r-Am_Xr, Sy>~Zm - ~y‹S>Zm, A_ê$X - Aa_yX Ÿ& hr

dU© -{dn © h¡ Ÿ& gwZZo _| JbVr hmo OmZo go `m JbV ê$n go eãX _Z _| ~¡R> OmZo go CƒmmaU H$aVo

g_` dU© - {dn © hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

O~ Xmo {^Þ Üd{Z`m± nmg-nmg ahZo go g_ hmo OmVr h¢, V~ Cg à{H«$`m H$mo g_rH$aU H$hVo

h¢, O¡go - Xydm© - Xy~, H$_© - H$m_, ~ëH$b - ~mH$b, dmÎmm© - ~mV, Ap½Z - AmJ, nÌ - nÎmm , am{Ì

- amV, {ZÐm - ZtX &

O~ EH$ hr àH$ma H$s Üd{Z`m± nmg -nmg ahVr h¢ V~ CZ_| oX H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg

17

à{H«$`m H$mo {df_rH$aU H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

O¡go - H§$H$Z>>> H$J§Z, àH$Q>>>> >> àJQ>, H$m_ >> H$mJ Ÿ&

H$^r-H$^r g§ wº$ ì §OZ Ho$ CƒmaU _| hþB© Agw{dYm H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xmo ì §OZm| (g§ wº$

ì §OZ) Ho$ ~rM EH$ ñda aI {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - _y{V© -_yaV, H$_© - H$a_, Z_© - Za_, ñ_aU -

gw{_aZ Bg n«{H«$`m H$mo ñda^{º$ `m _Ü`ñdamJ_ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

2..... ~b -~b -~b -~b -~b - h_ ~mobVo g_` dmŠ` m eãX Ho$ {H$gr Ad`d na ~b XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bgr{bE gM

Ho$ ñWmZ na gƒ, nH$m Ho$ ñWmZ na nŠH$m H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Bgr md Ho$ A{YH$Vm Ho$ H$maU h_ EH$ eãX

H$mo Xmo ~ma ^r H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go -Ja_- Ja_mJa_, \$Q> - \$Q>m\$Q> Ÿ& h_ ào_ H$s A{YH$Vm go ~oQ>r H$mo

{~Q>dm `m {~{Q>`m Am¡a am_ H$mo a_wAm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

3..... AZwH$aU H$s AnyU©Vm - AZwH$aU H$s AnyU©Vm - AZwH$aU H$s AnyU©Vm - AZwH$aU H$s AnyU©Vm - AZwH$aU H$s AnyU©Vm - ^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg na AZwH$aU H$s àH¥${V H$m à^md

n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& _mZ{gH$ g§KQ>Z H$m ^r AZwH$aU na à^md n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ à{V^membr ~mbH$ eãX H$mo

{Og ê$n _| J«hU H$aoJm, EH$ _§X~w{Õ ~mbH$ Cgr ê$n _| J«hU Zht H$aoJm Ÿ& AWm©V² XmoZm| Ho$ AZwH$aU

_| oX nm`m OmEJm Ÿ&

^mfm H$m à`moº$m Üd{Z H$m AZwH$aU gwZH$a Am¡a Ad``m| Ho$ g§MmbZ H$mo XoI H$a H$aVm

h¡ Ÿ& Bg g_` dh mfm Ho$ Hw$N> A§e AZOmZ _| N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡ m AnZr Amoa go Hw$N> Omo‹S> XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh

AnyU© AZwH$aU H$aVm h¡ Vmo Ìw{Q>nyU© CƒmaU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Üd{Z`m| H$m ñnï> CƒmaU r dm½ §Ì na {Z ©a

H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dm½`§Ì _| Xmof hmoZo go Cƒ[aV Üd{Z r Cggo à^m{dV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

^mfm-J«hU EH$$$ _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm gwZH$a grIr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm gwZVo g_`

AgmdYmZ ahZo go AZwH$aU r Ìw{Q>nyU© hmoJm Ÿ&

A{e{jV bmoJ àm`: ewÕ CƒmaU Zht H$aVo Ÿ& CZH$m AZwH$aU gXm Xmof`wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

A{e{jV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU , do ~-d, e - g, j - ÀN>, U -Z H$m oX Zht H$a nmVo Ÿ& do JwU H$mo JwZ,

Xoe H$mo Xog, j{Ì` -N>>{Ì`, {ZJwU© H$mo {ZaJwZ CƒmaU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {dXoer mfm Ho$ eãX H$m CƒmaU

H$aVo g_` Üd{Z H$m n[adV©Z hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - {g½Zb - qgJb, AmS>©ëbu - AaXbr, JmS>© -

JmaS> Ÿ&

AkmZVm r mfm-{dH$mg H$m EH$ H$maU h¡ Ÿ& Cn w©º$ H$mo Cnamoº$, A{^k H$mo {^k, AYrZ

H$mo AmYrZ H$hZm AkmZVm h¡ Ÿ&

EH$ ì`{º$ {X AewÕ gwZVm h¡, Vmo dh AewÕ CƒmaU H$mo ñ_aU aIoJm Am¡a ~mX _| AewÕ

CƒmaU H$aoJm Ÿ&

18

4..... {b{n H$s AnyU©Vm -{b{n H$s AnyU©Vm -{b{n H$s AnyU©Vm -{b{n H$s AnyU©Vm -{b{n H$s AnyU©Vm - àË oH$ ^mfm _| Hw$N> {d{eï> Üd{Z`m±hmoVr h¢, {OÝh| Xygar

^mfm _| {bIZm g§ d Zht h¡ Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V H$s _yY©Ý` Üd{Z`m±, Aa~r H$s H$mH$ë` Üd{Z`m± Xygar mfm _|

ewÕ ê$n _| {bIr Zht Om gH$Vr Ÿ& {bß §VaU H$aVo g_` ^r AemoH$ H$mo A§J«oOr _| AemoH$m {bIm

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$m°boO H$mo H$m{bO {bIZm {b{n H$s AnyU©Vm H$m H$maU ^r h¡ Ÿ&

5. . . . . OmVr` _Zmod¥{ÎmOmVr` _Zmod¥{ÎmOmVr` _Zmod¥{ÎmOmVr` _Zmod¥{ÎmOmVr` _Zmod¥{Îm - OmVr` _Zmod¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU ^r ^mfm _| n[adV©Z hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

Om{V H$s {deofVm H$m ^mfm na grYm à^md n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& \«$m§gr{g`m| _| H$mo_bVm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE

CZH$s mfm _| gwHw$_maVm, H$mo_bVm h¡ Ÿ& O_©Z bmoJ n[al_ Am¡a H$R>moa hmoVo h¢, Bg{bE CZH$s mfm

_| H$R>moaVm nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oO g_`{ZîR> hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE CZH$s mfm _| YmVw Ho$ H$mb(Tense) na

~hþV ~b h¡ Ÿ& Am © àJ{Verb aho h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE CZ_| JË`W©H$ YmVwAm| H$s g»`m A{YH$ h¡ Ÿ& Am`©

Y_© H$mo A{YH$ _hËd XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE A§J«oOr H$s VwbZm _| g§ñH¥$V _| Y_©-H$_© go g§~§{YV eãXm| H$s

~hþbVm h¡ Ÿ& ^maV _| Om{V oX A{YH$ ahZo Ho$ H$maU ^maV _| g§ñH¥$V, nm{b, àmH¥$V, An «§e Ho$

gmW-gmW AZoH$ AÝ` mfmE± àM{bV Wt Ÿ&

6. . . . . gmÑí` -gmÑí` -gmÑí` -gmÑí` -gmÑí` - {H$gr ^r ^mfm _| gmÑí` Ho$ AmYma na ^r eãX AnZo ñdm^m{dH$ {dH$mg

-H«$_ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygao àH$ma go ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& VwP Ho$ gmÑí` Ho$ AmYma na _wP , ÛmXe Ho$ gmÑí`

Ho$ AmYma na EH$mXe, g¥{ï> Ho$ gmÑí` Ho$ AmYma na g¥ï>>m Ho$ gmÑí` Ho$ AmYma na should eãX Eogo

~Zo h¢ Ÿ&

7. ZdrZrH$aU H$s àd¥{Îm -. ZdrZrH$aU H$s àd¥{Îm -. ZdrZrH$aU H$s àd¥{Îm -. ZdrZrH$aU H$s àd¥{Îm -. ZdrZrH$aU H$s àd¥{Îm - ^mfm Ho$ à~wÕ dJ© ^mfm _| Hw$N> Z`mnZ bmZo Ho$ {bE

eãXm| H$mo g§ñH¥$V{Zð> m {hÝXr {Zð> ~ZmH$a ZE eãX ~Zm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& AboH$Oo§S>a - AbjoÐ, Q>opŠZH$b

- VH$ZrH$s, qbp½dpñQ>H$Šg - m{fH$s, {\${OŠg - m¡{VH$s, Am°pŠgOZ - AmofOZ Eogo eãX h¢ Ÿ&

~mø H$aU :~mø H$aU :~mø H$aU :~mø H$aU :~mø H$aU :

^mfm _| Hw$N> n[ad©VZ ~mø H$maUm| go hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& do h¢ -

1. m¡Jmo{bH$ à^md

2. Eo{Vhm{gH$ à^md

3. gm§ñH¥${VH$ à^md

4. gm{hpË`H$ à^md

5. d¡km{ZH$ à^md

6. d¡ {º$H$ à^md

19

7. gm_m{OH$ à^md

8. gä`Vm H$m à^md

^m¡Jmo{bH$ à^md -^m¡Jmo{bH$ à^md -^m¡Jmo{bH$ à^md -^m¡Jmo{bH$ à^md -^m¡Jmo{bH$ à^md - ^mfm n[ad©VZ na ^m¡Jmo{bH$ à^md H$mo _mZZo _| ^mfmd¡km{ZH$

nañna {damoYr _V aIVo h¢ Ÿ& hoB[aI _o a -~oÝ\$s H$m{bËg, n§VO{b, mñH$ mfm -n[ad©VZ Ho$ {bE

^m¡Jmo{bH$ H$maU H$mo _hËdnyU© _mZVo h¢, O~{H$ oñng©Z Bgo H$moB© _hËd Zht XoVo Ÿ&

`h ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ {H$ àmH¥${VH$ n{apñW{V`m| H$m à^md _Zwî` Ho$ ~mø Am¡a Am§V[aH$ {dH$mg

na n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& nhm‹S>r joÌm| Am¡a _é y{_`m| _| ahZo dmbo Or{dH$m - CnmO©Z Ho$ {bE H${R>Z n[al_ H$aVo

h¢ Am¡a do XwY©f© hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ ì`dhma _| Ñ‹T>Vm, H$ï> -g{hîUwVm Am¡a nm¡éf Ho$ JwU Am OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

BgHo$ {dnarV _¡XmZr joÌ _| ahZo dmbo H$_ n[al_ _| AmOr{dH$m Mbm boVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE CZHo$

ì`{º$Ëd _| H$mo_bVm CnbãY hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& OrZo Ho$ {bE gVV g§Kf©erb bmoJ à«m`: {OÔr hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

do AmgmZr go AnZo ì`dhma, _mÝ`VmE±, mfm-~mobr Zht N>mo‹S>Vo Ÿ& Bgr àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU CZH$s mfm _|

n[ad©VZ H$m _mJ© CÝ_wº$ Zht ahVm Ÿ& Xygar ^mfmAm| H$s VwbZm _| CZH$s ^mfm nwamZo ê$n _| A{YH$

{ZH$Q> nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

n§Om~r Am¡a ~§Jmbr bmoJm| H$s| ^mfm _| n[apñW{VOÝ` g§Kf© H$s A{YH$Vm Am¡a Ý yZVm Ho$

H$maU H«$_e: H$R>moaVm Am¡a H$mo_bVm nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ& `hr ~mV nd©Vr` joÌ _| ahZodmbm| H$s O_©Z

^mfm Am¡a _¡XmZr joÌ _| ahZo dmbm| H$s A§J«oOr ^mfm _| nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr eãX "~yH$' O_©Z _|

"~wI' h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥$V Am¡a AdoñWm ^mfm _| Üd{Z-n[ad©VZ nm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V

gá eãX AdoñVm _| hâV h¡ Ÿ& n§VO{b Zo ^r Xoe-^oX go ^mfm -^oX hmo OmZo H$s ~mV ñnï> H$aZo Ho$

{bE H$hm h¡ {H$ Xe§Vr Ho$ {bE nyd© _| Xm{V Am¡a CÎma _| XmÌ eãX àM{bV h¡ Ÿ&

{Og àH$ma hma_mo{Z`_ H$s mWr Ho$ Omoa go X~mZo Ho$ g_` CËnÞ hmoZo dmbr Üd{Z Am¡a Yrao-

Yrao X~mZo Ho$ g_` CËnÞ hmoZo dmbr Üd{Z _| A§Va Am OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma \o$\$‹S>m| go A{YH$ dm w -

àdmh Ûmam Cƒm[aV Üd{Z _| H$_ dm w - àdmh Ûmam Cƒm[aV Üd{Z H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ ~b n‹S>Vm

h¡ Ÿ& `hr ~b AmJo MbH$a Üd{Z -n[ad©VZ H$m H$maU ^r ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ&

god Ho$ nm¡Yo Am¡a A§Jya H$s bVmE± H$í_ra _| O¡go \$b XoVo h¢, {Xëbr _| d¡go \$b Zht XoVo Ÿ&

`h m¡Jmo{bH$ à^md h¡ Ÿ& {X no‹S>-nm¡Ym| na m¡Jmo{bH$ n« md n‹S>Vm h¡, V~ _Zwî` H$s mfm H¡$go Cg

à^md go _wº$ ah gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&

`h gË` h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ wJ _| mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZm| _| Am¡a Xyag§Mma _| AmemVrV H«$m§{V Am

OmZo go {d{^Þ mfmE± nañna g§nH©$ _| AmVr h¢ ŸAm¡a CZ_| n[ad©VZ H$s g§^mdZmE± ~‹T> OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

20

Eo{Vhm{gH$ à^md - Eo{Vhm{gH$ à^md - Eo{Vhm{gH$ à^md - Eo{Vhm{gH$ à^md - Eo{Vhm{gH$ à^md - ^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg _| B{Vhmg H$m à^md A{YH$ ahVm h¡ Ÿ&

Eo{Vhm{gH$ à^md _| amOgÎmm _| n[ad©VZ, H«$m§{V, ~mø Om{V`m| H$m AmJ_Z, ì`mnm[aH$ g§~§Y Am{X

~mV| AmVr h¢, eãXmdbr AmVr h¢ Am¡a dmŠ` g§aMZm r Aà^m{dV Zht ah gH$Vr Ÿ& {hÝXr _| A§J«oOr

go Am°, Aa~r -\$magr go µH$, I, µJ, µµµO, Am¡a µ\$ Üd{Z`m± Am¡a _amR>r go µi Üd{Z AmB© h¢ Ÿ& {hÝXr _|

A§J«oOr, Aa~r-\$magr, VwH$s©, nwV©Jmbr eãXm| H$s a_ma h¡ Ÿ& emgH$ AnZr mfm Ho$ eãXm| H$m à`moJ

em{gV bmoJm| H$s ^mfmAm| _| ~‹T>mVm h¡ Am¡a em{gH$ Om{V BÀN>m go hmo `m A{ZÀN>m go, emgH$ H$s

^mfm AnZmVm h¡ Ÿ& n[aUm_ -ñdê$n mfm _| n[ad©VZ H$s g§ mdZm ~‹T> OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

Hw$N> ñWbm| na Xygar ^mfm Ho$ ì`mH$aU Ho$ {Z`_ ^r àdoe H$a OmVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - {OëX-

{OëXgmO, _ohZV - _ohZVH$e, _H$mZ - _H$mZmV, H$mJO - H$mJOmV, boQ>a - boQ>g©, S²> yQ>r -

S²> y{Q>O Ÿ& {hÝXr Ho$ {Z`m_mZwgma r eãX -ê$n ~Xb OmVo h¢ - O¡go H$mboO-H$mboOm|, àog, àogm|, \w$Q>

- \w$Q>m| Ÿ& H$^r -H$^r eãXm| H$m {hÝXr -ê$nm§VaU r hþAm h¡ Ÿ& A{\$ga-A\$ga, boÝQ>Z© - bmbQ>oZ,

[anmoQ>© - anQ> , ½bmg -{Jbmg Am{X Ÿ&

gm§ñH¥${VH$ à^md -gm§ñH¥${VH$ à^md -gm§ñH¥${VH$ à^md -gm§ñH¥${VH$ à^md -gm§ñH¥${VH$ à^md - g§ñH¥${V H$mo {H$gr Om{V H$s A§VíMoVZm H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§nXm {H$gr Om{V Ho$ CËWmZ Am¡a nVZ H$m ~moY H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& g§ñH¥${V r {d{^Þ g§ñH¥${V`m|

Ho$ {_bZ go, _hmnwéfm| Ho$ Am{d^m©d go, {d{^Þ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ JR>Z Am¡a H$m © -H$bmnm|

go à^m{dV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

A§J«oOr gä`Vm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ à^md go ~§Jmb _| ~«m÷ g_mO H$s à{Vð>m hþB© Ÿ& ~«m÷ g_mO

Ûmam ^maV _| nwZOm©JaU hþAm Am¡a ZE-ZE eãX {dH${gV hþE Ÿ& _hmË_mJm§Yr Ho$ Aqhgm^md,

Am§XmobZ Ho$ g_` ZE-ZE eãX {dH${gV hþE Ÿ& ñdm_r X`mZÝX gañdVr Ho$ Am © g_mO Zo {hÝXr Ho$

àMma -àgma _| _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ {X`m Ÿ& Bgr g_` {hÝXr _| g§ñH¥$V {Zð> eãXm| H$m à`moJ ~‹T>Zo

bJm Ÿ&

Ð{d‹S> g§ñH¥${V go {_bZ go g§ñH¥$V _| Ð{d‹S> eãXm| H$m ^r àdoe hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ&

gm{hpË`H$ à^md -gm{hpË`H$ à^md -gm{hpË`H$ à^md -gm{hpË`H$ à^md -gm{hpË`H$ à^md - gm{hpË`H$ à^md Ho$ H$maU ^mfm _| ^s n[ad©VZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr

_| `h à^md O~aXñV h¡ Ÿ& ar{VH$mbrZ gm{hË` _| bjU J«§Wm| H$s aMZm H$s OmZo go ^mfm _| AZoH$

n[ad©VZ {XImB© n‹S>o Ÿ& am_^{º$ H$mì` Am¡a H¥$îU ^{º$ H$mì` aMZm Ûmam X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ _| AZoH$ ZE

eãX- à`moJ ~‹T> JE Ÿ& N>m`mdmXr H$mì` Zo {hÝXr H$mo àm¡‹T> H$mì` ^mfm - ê$n àXmZ {H$`m Ÿ& {ÛdoXr

wJrZ à^md go B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm H$m àmYmÝ` ahm Ÿ& àJ{VdmXr _| gnmQ> ~`mZr Am¡a `WmW© {MÌU na

_hËd {X`m J`m Ÿ& à`moJdmX Ho$ g_` H$mì` Ho$ H$Ï` Am¡a {eën _| ZE-ZE à`moJ {H$E OmZo bJo Ÿ&

_Ü` wJ _| nwZOm©JaU -H$mb _| yamon _| bm{VZ H$m à^md H$_ hþAm Am¡a joÌr` mfmAm| H$m {dH$mg

21

hmoZo bJm Ÿ&

d¡km{ZH$ à^md - d¡km{ZH$ à^md - d¡km{ZH$ à^md - d¡km{ZH$ à^md - d¡km{ZH$ à^md - {dkmZ Ho$ Bg `wJ _| ZB©-ZB© ImoOm| Am¡a Am{dîH$mm| a Ho$ H$maU ZE

-ZE VËdm| Ho$ Zm_H$aU Ho$ {bE Ag§»` eãX ~ZmE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$ eãXmdbr H$mo àË oH$ ^mfm

AnZm ahr h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm Ho$ à{V d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï> ^r {dH${gV hmo OmZo go h_mar VH©$-àYmZ Ñ{ï> {Za§Va

{dH${gV hmoVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& Bggo ^mfm-{dkmZ _| ZE àË`` Am¡a ZE eãX ~ZVo JE h¢ Ÿ& nm[a^m{fH$

eãXmdbr Ho$ {dH$mg go eãXm| Ho$ {bE g§Ho$V eãXm| H$m à`moJ ~‹T>m h¡ Ÿ&

d¡`{º$H$ à^md -d¡`{º$H$ à^md -d¡`{º$H$ à^md -d¡`{º$H$ à^md -d¡`{º$H$ à^md - _hmnwéf Am¡a _hËdnyU© ì`{º$ ^mfm H$mo à^m{dV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$

à^md go ^mfm _| n[ad©VZ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg Zo AdYr H$mo, gyaXmg Zo ~«O^mfm H$mo,

X`mZÝX gañdVr Zo qhXr H$mo ~hþV à^m{dV {H$`m Ÿ& _hmË_mJm§Yr Ho$ amï´>r` Am§XmobZ Ho$ g_` ZE-ZE

àË`` Am¡a eãX {dH${gV hþE Ÿ& ^maV _| {hÝXwñVmZr ^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg _| _hmË_mJm§Yr H$m `moJXmZ

_hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& AmMm © _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo {hÝXr ^mfm H$mo ì`H$aUgå_V Am¡a g_` H$s _m§J Ho$

AZwê$n ~Zm`m Ÿ&

gm_m{OH$ à^md -gm_m{OH$ à^md -gm_m{OH$ à^md -gm_m{OH$ à^md -gm_m{OH$ à^md - g_mO Ho$ Xn©U Ho$ ê$n _| ^mfm g_ñV {dMmam| H$mo A{^ì`º$

H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& g_mO H$s pñWaVm, ApñWaVm, wÕ -em§{V, O`-namO` na ^mfm H$m nyam à^md n‹S>Vm

h¡ Ÿ& em§{V Ho$ g_` gm{hË`, H$bm, g§JrV, Y_© Am¡a Xe©Z H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ZE eãXm| Am¡a ZE

{dMmam| H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& wÕ Ho$ g_` ZE Aó-eóm| Ho$ Zm_m| , eó {dÚm, g¡Ý` -{ejm,

CX²~moYZ _ybH$ JrVm|, amï´>ào_ _ybH$ H${dVmAm| H$m {dH$mg hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& h_mao nmg AmO g_` H$s

H$_r h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE g§{já eãXmdbr H$m à`moJ ~‹T> J`m h¡ Ÿ& ^m¡{VH$ CnbpãY`m| Ho$ {bE _Zwî` A~

g§Kf© H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE amoOJma Ho$ joÌ {dH${gV hþE h¢ Ÿ& kmZ-{dkmZ H$s ZB©-ZB© emImE± {dH${gV

hþB© h¢ Ÿ& VXZwê$n eãX - {Z_m©U eãX à`moJ hmo aho h¢ Ÿ&

gä`Vm H$m à^md -gä`Vm H$m à^md -gä`Vm H$m à^md -gä`Vm H$m à^md -gä`Vm H$m à^md - g_mO Ho$ ~mhar ê$n _| gä`Vm à{Vq~{~V hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& g_mO Ho$

~mhar ê$n _| H¥${f, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, dm{UÁ`, H$bm, gm{hË`, _Zmoa§OZ, doe- yfm, Iob, nmoemH$,

àgmYZ gm_J«r , {dkmZ, Xe©Z, ofO, mñH$ ©, ZB© _erZ§o Am{X ~hþV -gr MrO| AmVr h¢ Ÿ& àË oH$

dñVw Ho$ {bE ZE-ZE Zm_ AmVo h¢ Ÿ& Hw$N> nwamZo eãX ZE g§X^© _| ZE AW© àXmZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Hw$N> nwamZo

eãX AàM{bV hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& gä`Vm {OVZr {dH${gV hmoVr OmVr h¡, CgH$m {dMma -joÌ , eãX

g§nXm CVZr {dH${gV hmoVr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s A{^ì`{º$ _| nyU©Vm AmVr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& gä`Vm H$s J{V Ho$

gmW mfm r n[ad©VZ H$m _mJ© AnZm boVr h¡ Ÿ&

22

1.4 ^mfm H$s àH¥${V :^mfm H$s àH¥${V :^mfm H$s àH¥${V :^mfm H$s àH¥${V :^mfm H$s àH¥${V :

^mfm`r j_Vm _Zwî` H$m OÝ_OmV A{YH$ma h¡ Ÿ& Bg j_Vm Ho$ H$maU _Zwî` H$m ñVa BVa

àm{U`m| go BVZm _hmZ ~Z gH$m h¡ Ÿ& ~mobZm CgH$s Z¡g{J©H$ Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Ÿ& ~mobZo H$s e{º$ CgHo$

nmg hmoZo na r dh g_mO _| ahH$a hr mfm grIVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mO Ho$ {~Zm CgH$m ApñVËd Ag§ d h¡ Ÿ&

Bg{bE g_mO _| ahH$a {Za§Va à`ËZ H$aHo$ dh ^mfm grIVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg ^mfm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go dh AnZo

^md Am¡a {dMma Xygam| H$mo g§ào{fV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Xygam| Ho$ md Am¡a {dMma J«hU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& mfmO©Z

Ho$ gmYZm h¡ g_mO H$m gmhM © Am¡a bmoH$ ì`dhma Ÿ&

_h{f© nm[U{Z Zo Aî`mÜ`m` _| H$hm h¡ -

àYmZàË``mW© dMZ_² AWñ`mÝ` à_mUËdmV² Ÿ&

n§VO{b Zo _hm^mî` _| H$hm h¡ -

bmoH$Vmo@W©à wºo$ eãX à`moJo emóoU Y_© {Z`_:

AmMm © OJXre eãXmW© kmZ (^mfm -kmZ) Ho$ {bE AmR> gmYZm| H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡ -

e{º$J«h§, ì`mH$aUmon_mZ

H$moemádmŠ`mX² ì`dhmaVíM

dmŠ`ñ` eofmX² {dd¥Vd©X§{V

gm{ÞÜ`V: {gÕnXñW d¥Õm:

1. ì`mH$aU Ÿ&

2 Cn_mZ(gÑedñVw) Ho$ Ûmam

3. H$moeJ«§Wm| Ho$ Ûmam

4. AmádmŠ` go

5. bmoH$: ì`dhma go

6. àH$aU go

7. {ddaU go

8. kmVnX Ho$ gmhM © go Ÿ&

^mfm g§gma H$s gdm}ËH¥$ï> Á`mo{V h¡ Ÿ& h Á`mo{V _mZd Ho$ öX` Ho$ A§YH$ma H$mo Xya H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&

AmMm © XÊS>r Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ `{X eãX ê$nr Á`mo{V g§gma _| Z ObVr Vmo g§gma _| Mmam| Amoa A§YH$ma

hr ahVm Ÿ&

23

BX_ÝYV_: H¥$ËñZ§ Om oV² wdZÌ`_²

`{X eãXmh²d`§ Á`mo{Vamg§gma§ Z Xrß`Vo Ÿ& ( H$mì`mXe©)

^mfm _Zwî` H$s EH$ _hËdnyU© CnbpãY h¡ Am¡a h EH$ A{Zdm © Amdí`H$Vm r h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî`

^mfm Ho$ gh`moJ go AnZr OrdZ -`mÌm gabVm go nyU© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& "dmMm_od àgmXoZ bmoH$`mÌm

àdV©Vo Ÿ&'' nV§O{b Zo {bIm h¡ {H$ EH$ eãX H$m gå`H$ kmZ Am¡a à`moJ ñdJ© Am¡a bmoH$ _| Ma_ gwI

H$m H$maU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

""EH$: eãX: gå`J² kmV: gwà wº$:

ñdJ©bmoHo$ H$m_YwJ ^d{V Ÿ&''

^mfm _Zwî` g_mO H$mo Or{dV aIVr h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm Ho$ à^md {~Zm _Zwî` -g_mO H$s H$ënZm

Zht H$s Om gH$Vr Ÿ& mfm g_mO H$m {Z~§YZ H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW g§nyU© _mZd -g_mO H$m r {Z~§YZ

H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& F$½doX _| ^mfm H$mo amï´> (amï´> {Z_m©Ìr ) Am¡a g§J_Zr (g§~Õ H$aZo dmbr) H$hm J`m h¡ -

Ah§ amï´>r g§J_Zr dgyZm_² Ÿ&

^V¥©h[a Zo "dmŠ`nXr`' _| mfm H$mo {díd {Z~§YZr H$hm h¡ -

eãXoîdodm{lVm e{º${d©ídñ`mñ` {Z~§YZr Ÿ&

^mfm Am¡a _Zwî` -^mfm Am¡a _Zwî` -^mfm Am¡a _Zwî` -^mfm Am¡a _Zwî` -^mfm Am¡a _Zwî` - Om{V A{dpÀN>Þ h¢ Ÿ& ^mfm H$s Ymam _Zwî` gmnoj h¡ Ÿ& O~ VH$

_Zwî`- Om{V Or{dV ahoJr V~ VH$ mfm ahoJr Ÿ& ì`{H$ -g_mO H$m A§J hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo g_mO _| ahH$a

à`ËZnyd©H$ mfm AO©Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh g_` Ho$ àdmh _| Cg_| Hw$N> n[adV©Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh n[adV©Z

g_mO Ûmam ñdrH¥$V hmoZo go ^mfm _| Mb n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

Vm§S²>` _hm~«m÷U _| H$hm J`m h¡ -

gm(dmH²$) D$Üdm¡XmVZmoX Wm@nm§Ymam gV§V¡d_²

{Og àH$ma ZXr H$s Ymam {Za§Va ~hVr ahVr h¡ Cgr àH$ma mfm r {ZË` ZyVZ gag hmoVr hþB©

gXm A{d{N>Þ ê$n go àdm{hV hmoVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ&

EoVoao` ~«m÷U _| ^mfm H$mo g_wX« Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$s JB© h¡ - dmJd¡ g_wÐ Ÿ& ^mfm öX` H$mo

à^m{dV H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE Om{V -^oX Am¡a Y_©-^oX hmoZo na r mfm Ho$ H$maU bmoJm| _| EH$Vm ~Zr

ahVr h¡ Ÿ& mfm H$mo öX` Ho$ Ûmam gag Am¡a ~w{Õ Ho$ Ûmam n[aîH¥$V {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& F$½doX _| H$hm J`m

h¡ -

gå`H$ òd§{V g[aVmo Z YoZm AÝVö§Xm _Zgm ny _mZm:

24

^mfm H$mo gd© ì`mnH$ H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

dmŠ`nXr` _| ^V¥©h[a Zo H$hm h¡ -

B{V H$Îm©ì`Vm bmoHo$ gdm© eãX ì`nml`

g_ñV bm¡{H$H$ H$Îm©ì` ~moY mfm na Am{lV h¡ Ÿ&

F$½doX _| ^mfm H$mo dm w Ho$ g_mZ gd©Jm_r e{º$ ~Vm`m J`m h¡ -

Ah_od dmV Bd à dm{_ Ama^_mUm wdZm {Z {dídm Ÿ&

eVnW ~«m÷U _| ^mfm ñdê$n H$mo {damQ> H$hm J`m h¡ Ÿ& dm½d¡ {damQ> -

`Owd}X _| dmH²$ VËd H$mo {dídH$_m© Zm_ {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| g~ Hw$N> H$m_ H$aZo H$s e{º$

h¡ - dmJ² d¡ {dídH$_}{f© Ÿ& dmMm hrX§ gd© H¥$V_²

^mfm _| _yV© -A_yV© , gV² - AgV², kmZ - AkmZ - g^r H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$aZo H$s j_Vm

h¡ Ÿ&

1.5 ^mfm Ho$ nj :^mfm Ho$ nj :^mfm Ho$ nj :^mfm Ho$ nj :^mfm Ho$ nj :

à{gÕ ^mfm {dkmZr X gmogya Zo ^mfm Ho$ VrZ njm| H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

i) d¡ {º$H$ nj

ii) gm_m{OH$ nj

iii) gm_mÝ` m gmd© m¡_ nj

d¡`{º$H$ nj -d¡`{º$H$ nj -d¡`{º$H$ nj -d¡`{º$H$ nj -d¡`{º$H$ nj - Bgo X gmogya Zo nmamob (Parole) H$hm h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr _| Bgo (Spech)

Am¡a {hÝXr _| ì`{º$dmMH²$ H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

ì`{º$ g_mO go mfm grIVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s mfm Ho$ Xmo nhby hmoVo h¢-~moYZ Am¡a A{^ì`{º$ Ÿ&

dh ~moYZ Ho$ Ûmam md «hU H$aVm h¡ ŸAm¡a A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ Ûmam md àH$me H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$^r dº$m

~ZVm h¡ Vmo H$^r lmoVm ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& ~moYZ Am¡a A{^ì`{º$ H$m {gb{gbm Omar ahZo go dh ^mfm H$m

{Z_m©Vm hmoVm h¡ Am¡a mfm H$m àgma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& mfm Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ Ûmam dh mfm Ho$ {Za§Va àdmh

_| à_wI y{_H$m {Z^mVm h¡ Ÿ& dh mfm H$mo r Hw$N> àXmZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AHo$bm mfm _| AnZr BÀN>m

go Hw$N> n[adV©Z Zht H$a gH$Vm Ÿ& O~ ~hþV go bmoJm| Ho$ Ûmam H$moB© n[adV©Z hmoVm ahVm h¡ V~ Bgo

g_mO Ûmam ^mfm _| ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

25

gm_m{OH$ nj -gm_m{OH$ nj -gm_m{OH$ nj -gm_m{OH$ nj -gm_m{OH$ nj - ^mfm H$m Cn`moJ g_mO _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ì`{º$ H$s gr_m nma H$aHo$ ^mfm

gm_m{OH$ n[adoe _| AmH$a {dñV¥V joÌ _| à wº$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& X gmogya Zo mfm Ho$ gm_m{OH$ nj H$s bm§J

(Langue) Zm_ {X`m h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr _| Bgo Q>§J(Tongue) Am¡a {hÝXr _| g_{ï> dmH²$ H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

{díd H$s g_ñV ^mfmE± Bg H$mo{Q> _| AmVr h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mobZo dmbm| H$s H$moB© {ZpíMV g§»`m Zht

hmoVr Ÿ& ^mfm H$m `h nj gZmVZ hmoVo hþE ^r {ZË` -ZyVZ h¡, n[adV©Zerb hmoVo hþE ^r emídV h¡ Ÿ&

ì`{º$ {H$gr m{fH$ g_wXm` H$m A§J hmoVo hþE r AHo$bo _| mfm _| CËnÞ Zht H$a gH$Vm Z n[adV©Z

H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

^mfm Ho$ gm_m{OH$ nj Ho$ {bE dº$m Am¡a lmoVm - XmoZm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE mfm

H$m ÜdZZ Am¡a ldU - XmoZm| Amdí`H$ h¡§ Ÿ& dº$m Ho$ _Z _| nhbo {H$gr md m dñVw H$m àË`` CËnÞ

hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& àË`` eãXq~~ (g§Ho$V) H$m ê$n J«hU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& eãX-q~~ ÜdZZ Ho$ ê$n J«hU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

lmoVm Ho$ _Z _| àË`` (g§Ho$V) CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& "dº$m Am¡a lmoVm Ho$ àË`` g_mZ hmoZo _| hr mfm H$s

Cn`mo{JVm ${gÕ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

gmd©^m¡_ nj - gmd©^m¡_ nj - gmd©^m¡_ nj - gmd©^m¡_ nj - gmd©^m¡_ nj - ^mfm Ho$ gm_m{OH$ nj Ho$ ~mX `h gmd© m¡_ nj AmVm h¡ Ÿ& {Oggo

_Zwî` -_mÌ H$mo mfm H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& hm± {hÝXr, A§J«oOr, O_©Z, CXy©, Am{X mfmAm| H$m oX {_Q>

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h ^mfm H$m AÛ¡Vê$n h¡ Ÿ& Bggo _mZd -^mfm H$s g_{ï> H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± ^mfm

g§àofU H$m gm_mÝ` gmYZ ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bgo X gmogya Zo bm§JmO (Langage ) Zm_ {X`m h¡ Ÿ&

1.6 ^mfm Ho$ {d{dY ê$n :^mfm Ho$ {d{dY ê$n :^mfm Ho$ {d{dY ê$n :^mfm Ho$ {d{dY ê$n :^mfm Ho$ {d{dY ê$n :

^mfm H$m à`moJ ì`{º$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& àË oH$ ì`{º$ H$s mfm ~mobZo H$m T>§J AbJ-AbJ hmoVm

h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m CƒmaU , eãX à`moJ, dmŠ` {dÝ`mg ^r Xygao go AbJ-AbJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go

{OVZo ì`{º$ hm|Jo, ^mfm CVZo àH$ma H$s hmoJr Ÿ& àË oH$ ì`{º$ Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd H$s N>mn CgH$s ^mfm na

n‹S>Vr h¡ , Mmho dh {e{jV hmo m A{e{jV Ÿ& ào_M§X H$s mfm Am¡a àgmX H$s mfm _| A§Va h¡ Ÿ& EH$

H${dVm gwZH$a H$moB© AmgmZr go ~Vm XoJm {H$ dh H${dVm n§V H$s h¡ `m Ako H$s Ÿ&

dº$m Ho$ ^oX go ^mfm Ho$ AZoH$ ê$n hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& ì`{º$ H$s {ejm-Xrjm, g§ñH$ma, g§ñH¥${V,

Om{V, ì`dgm` Am¡a n[adoe Ho$ oX go CgH$s mfm r ~Xb OmVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ S>mŠQ>a H$s mfm Am¡a EH$

Xme©{ZH$ H$s mfm _| A§Va nm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ {e{jV ì`{º$ Am¡a EH$ A{e{jV ì`{º$ H$s mfm _|

A§Va nm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& yJmob, amOZr{V , Am{W©H$ pñW{V, gm_m{OH$ -pñW{V Am{X H$m ^r à^md

^mfm na n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ H$maU ^mfm -ê$n ~Xb OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

26

^mfm g_mO gmnoj h¡ Am¡a BgH$s Cn`mo{JVm g_mO _| hr {gÕ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& mfm Ho$ {d{^Þ ê$nm|

na MMm© H$aVo g_` gm_m{OH$ nj na ^r Ü`mZ XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE {díd ^mfm (^mfm H$mo

gmd© m¡_ ê$n) ^mfm H$m A_yV© ê$n hmoZo go Bgo N>mo‹S>H$a ì`{º$ Am¡a g_mO H$mo AYma _mZ H$a ^mfm

ê$nm| H$s MMm© H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

n[a{Z{ð>V ^mfm :n[a{Z{ð>V ^mfm :n[a{Z{ð>V ^mfm :n[a{Z{ð>V ^mfm :n[a{Z{ð>V ^mfm :

n[a{Z{ð>V mfm {d^mfm H$m hr EH$ n[aîH¥$V ê$n h¡ Ÿ& h AmXe© mfm m Q>H$gmbr mfm m

_mZH$ mfm (Standand Language) h¡ Ÿ& Omo mfm {e{jV OZ -g_wXm` Ûmam à wº$ hmoVr h¡, {ejm

-Xrjm H$m _mÜ`_ ~ZVr h¡,Ÿ amOH$mO _| {OgH$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡,Ÿ {Og_| gm{hpË`H$ aMZmE± CnbãY

hm|, {OgH$m EH$ {ZpíMV Am¡a d¡km{ZH$Vm wº$ ì`mH$aU hmo Cgo n[a{Z{ð>V ^mfm H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg

^mfm Ho$ _m¡{IH$ Am¡a {bIV XmoZm| ê$n {_bVo h¢ Ÿ& ^mfm Ho$ _m¡{IH$ ê$n _| gabVm, ñdm^m{dH$Vm

ahVr h¡ Am¡a {b{IV ê$n _| H¥${Ì_Vm,$ Amb§H$m[aH$Vm ahVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ d¥hÎma g_wXm` _| {dMmam| Ho$

AmXmZ- àXmZ H$s mfm Ho$ ê$n _| n[a{Z{ð>V mfm à wº$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr, Amo{‹S>Am, ~§Jbm, A§J«oOr,

\«$m§grgr Am{X mfmE± h¢ Ÿ&

n[a{Z{ð>V mfm {H$gr mfm H$s Cg {d^mfm (Dialect) H$mo H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {Ogo gm{hpË`H$

Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï> go AÝ` {d^mfmAm| H$s VwbZm _| daoÊ`Vm àmá hmo OmVr h¡, VWm {Ogo AÝ`

{d^mfm -^mfr gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go gdm©{YH$ Cn wº$ mfm ñdrH$ma H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ&

AmMm © í`m_gwÝXa Xmg Zo n[a{Z{ð>V mfm H$mo Bg àH$ma n[a^m{fV {H$`m h¡ :

H$B© {d^mfmAm| _| ì`döV hmoZo dmbr EH$ {eï> n[aJ¥hrV {d^mfm hr mfm (Q>H$gmbr mfm)

H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ&

{d^mfm {d^mfm {d^mfm {d^mfm {d^mfm (((((Dialect)))))

EH$ n[a{Z{ð>V mfm Ho$ A§VJ©V AZoH$ {d^mfmE± m ~mo{b`m± hmoVr h¡§ Ÿ& ñWmZ - oX go mfm Ho$

à`moJ _| oX nm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ ~hþV Xya VH$ {H$gr mfm _| EH$agVm Zht nmB© OmVr Ÿ& {\$a r

{d^mfmAm| _| ~moYJå`Vm ahVr h¡ Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE {hÝXr ^mfm _| ~«O^mfm, ^moOnwar, _Jhr,

{d^mfmE± h¢ Ÿ& {hÝXr {H«$`m "OmVm h±ÿ' Ho$ {bE ~«O^mfm _| "OmV hm¢' moOnwar _| "OmV hB©' Am¡a _Jhr

_| "Om hr' H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& h oX BVZm A{YH$ Zht h¡ {H$ g_P _| Z Am gHo$ Ÿ& na oX A{YH$

ì`mnH$ hmoH$a mfmAm| H$s ~moYJå`Vm IV_ hmo OmVr h¡, Vmo dh {d^mfm Z hmoH$a EH$ ñdV§Ì mfm ~Z

OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

27

_o[a`mo noB© Zo {d^mfm H$s n[a^mfm Bg àH$ma Xr h¡ - {d^mfm {H$gr ^mfm {deof H$s EH$

emIm AWdm EH$ d[að> ê$n h¡, {OgH$m à`moJ EH$ {ZpíMV y mJ _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CƒmaU, ì`mH$aU,

eãXmdbr Am{X H$s Ñ{ï> go h mfm (n[a{Z{ð>V mfm) go {^Þ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma H$s {^ÞVmAm| Ho$

AmYma na h AnZm ñdV§Ì ApñVËd aIVr h¡, bo{H$Z ApñVËd H$s h ñdV§ÌVm Cg gr_m VH$ Zht

hmoVr {H$ Cgo ^mfm H$m XOm© àmá hmo gHo$ Ÿ& ^mfm H$s Anojm BgH$m joÌ n`m©á gr{_V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&''

~mobr ~mobr ~mobr ~mobr ~mobr (Sub -Dialect) :

{d^mfm Ho$ AÝVJ©V H$B© ~mo{b`m± hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& h {d^mfm H$m AnojmH¥$V N>moQ>m ê$n h¡ Ÿ& H$m¡adr

Ho$ A§VJ©V _oaR>r, _wOâ\$a ZJar, ghmaZnwar Am{X ~mo{b`m± AmVr h¢ Ÿ&

AmMm © í`m_gwÝXa Xmg Zo ~mobr H$mo Bg àH$ma n[a^m{fV {H$`m h¡ -

~mobr go h_mam A{^àm` Cg ñWmZr` Am¡a Kaoby ~mobr go h¡, Omo V{ZH$ ^r gm{hpË`H$ Zht

hmoVr Am¡a ~mobZo dmbo Ho$ _wI _| hr ahVr h¡ Ÿ&

~mobr _| ñWmZr` a§J hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ AmYma na nVm Mb OmVm h¡ {H$ ~mobZo dmbm {H$g

ñWmZ H$m h¡ Ÿ&

ì`{º$ ~mobrì`{º$ ~mobrì`{º$ ~mobrì`{º$ ~mobrì`{º$ ~mobr (((((Idiolect):):):):):

ì`{º$~mobr mfm H$s g~go N>moQ>r BH$mB© h¡ àË oH$ ì`{º$ H$s ^mfm Xygao ì`{º$ go AbJ

hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& eãX, e¡br, ñda - oX, gwa - oX, CƒmaU Am{X Ho$ AmYma na h_ {H$gr r AmdmO H$mo

A§Yoao _| ^r nhMmZ gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& ^mfm -e¡brJV d¡{eîQ²>` Ho$ H$maU h_ boIH$m| H$s H${dVmAm| H$mo

Ho$db gwZH$a nhMmZ gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ AÜ`mnH$ H$jm _| O¡gr ^mfm H$m à`moJ H$aoJm, O¡gm ì`dhma

H$aoJm, d¡gr mfm H$m à`moJ dh Kaoby ì`mnma _| Zht H$aoJm Ÿ& CZHo$ ì`dhma _| r n[adV©Z n[ab{jV

hmoJm Ÿ&

ì`{º$ ~mobr H$mo Bg àH$ma n[a^m{fV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ - ì`{º$ ~mobr gm_mÝ` mfm à`moJ

H$m d¡ {º$H$ ê$n h¡ ; Bg_| ì`{º$ -{deof Ho$ CƒmaU, m{fH$ {dÝ`mg Am{X H$m _hËdnyU© moJXmZ

ahVm h¡ Ÿ& _o[aAmo noB© Ho$ AZwgma ì`{º$ ~mobr ì`{º$ H$s AmXV Am¡a eãXm| Ho$ M`Z g§~§Yr d¡{eï²>`

Ho$ gmW ^mfm H$m d¡ {º$H$ à`moJ h¡ Ÿ&

28

An^mfm An^mfm An^mfm An^mfm An^mfm (((((Slang) :) :) :) :) :

A{eï>, Agä`, An[aîH¥$V Am¡a ì`mH$aU- {déÕ ^mfm H$mo An ^mfm H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

n§VO{b Zo _hm^mî` _| nhbr ~ma An^mfm H$s Amoa Ü`mZ {X`m Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo {bIm Wm - ~«m÷UoZ Z

åbopÀN>Vd¡ Zmn^m{fV d¡ Ÿ& (~«m÷U m {dÛmZ H$mo åboÀN> mfm Am¡a AewÕ mfm H$m à`moJ Zht H$aZm

Mm{hE Ÿ&

An^mfm _| ì`mH$a{UH$ {Z`_m| H$s Cnojm H$s OmVr h¡ - _¢Zo ~mobm {H$ Voao H$mo Hw$N> Zht

{_boJm Ÿ& A^Ð ^mfm H$m à`moJ {_bVm h¡ - A~o _wJu Ho$ ~ƒo Ÿ&

An[aîH¥$V _whmdam| , bmoH$mo{º$`m| H$m ^r à`mooJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ - H$My_a {ZH$mbZm, ~mn Z

_mar _|T>H$s ~oQ>m VraÝXmO Ÿ&

gm_mÝ`V: A{eï> ,Ag§ñH¥$V, A{e{jV, gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go {ZåZ dJ© Ho$ bmoJ, g_d`ñH$

bmoJ, hmñ` -{dZmoX _| An^mfm H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo ^mfm -à`moJ go ì`{º$ Ho$ gm_m{OH$ -

gm§ñH¥${VH$ - e¡{jH$ ñVa H$m nVm Mb OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

{d{eï> ^mfm{d{eï> ^mfm{d{eï> ^mfm{d{eï> ^mfm{d{eï> ^mfm ( ( ( ( (Professionl Language ) :) :) :) :) :

ì`{º$ g_mO H$m A§J hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo AnZr AmOr{dH$m MbmZo Ho$ {bE {d{^Þ noem| _| bJm

ahVm h¡ Ÿ& àË oH$ noeo m ì`dgm` H$s AnZr eãXmdbr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {Ogo ì`{º$ X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ _| h_oem

à`moJ H$aVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gmZr go g§~§{YV eãXmdbr H$s Amdí`H$Vm EH$ nwamo{hV Ho$ {bE OmZZm

Oê$ar Zht h¡ Ÿ& nwamo{hV Ho$ Ûmam à wº$ eãXmdbr go {H$gmZ H$m H$moB© ZmVm Zht ahVm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma

gaH$ma, dH$sb, S>m°ŠQ>a, B§Or{Z`a, {ejH$, _OXya, {H$gmZ, bwhma, Hw$åhma H$s eãXmdbr AbJ-

AbJ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma {d{^Þ {df`m| O¡go - amOZr{V {dkmZ, g_mO emó, AW©emó, _Zmo{dkmZ,

^mfm {dkmZ, Xe©Z, {dkmZ, yJmob g§~§Yr eãXmdbr AbJ-AbJ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

Hy$Q> ^mfm :Hy$Q> ^mfm :Hy$Q> ^mfm :Hy$Q> ^mfm :Hy$Q> ^mfm :

gm_mÝ`V: ^mdm{^ì §OZm Ho$ {bE h_ ^mfm H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢, {H$ÝVw ^mfm H$m Am¡a EH$

Cn`moJ h¡ - {_Ï`m mfU Ûmam {H$gr ~mV H$s gË`Vm H$mo JmonZ aIZm Ÿ& ã`mOmo{º$ Am¡a No>H$mnõZw{V

Ab§H$ma _| ^r EH$ ~mV H$hH$a Agb _| CgHo$ {dnarV ^md na àH$me S>mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

{Og ^mfm _| Hw$N> ~VmH$a Hw$N> {N>nmZo H$m CÔoí` hmo, Cgo Hy$Q> ^mfm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ Xmo

CÔoí` h§¡- 1) _Zmoa§OZ Ÿ& 2) JmonZ Ÿ& H$mì` _| BgHo$ à`moJ H$m CÔoí` _Zmoa§OZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& gm§àXm{`H$

29

{gÕm§V H$m {Zê$nU H$aVo g_` Hy$Q> ^mfm H$m à`moJ ^r hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - H$~ra H$s CbQ>~m±{g`m± Ÿ&

VñH$a, ì`mnmar, H«$m§{VH$mar, JwáMa, g¡{ZH$ Bg Hy$Q> mfm H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢, Vm{H$ Ho$db CZHo$ dJ©

Ho$ m gh`moJr bmoJ BgH$m Agbr AW© g_P gH|$ Ÿ& Bg_| eãX ñdrH¥$V gm§Ho${VH$ ê$n gm_mÝ` AW©

_| à`wº$ Z hmoH$a Amamo{nV AW© _| à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg gm§Ho${VH$ ^mfm Ho$ g§Ho$V H$mo Z g_PZo go dh

{ZaW©H$ Am¡a g_P gH$Zo go gmW©H$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Mmoam| H$s mfm _| ~mamV _| OmZo H$m AW© h¡ - Mmoar H$aZo

OmZm, ggwamb H$m AW© h¡ - Oob Ÿ& ag {_bm Xmo H$m AW© h¡ - {df {_bm Xmo Ÿ&

[aídV Ho$ {bE XodVm H$mo |Q> M‹T>mZm Ÿ& _maZm -nrQ>Zo H$mo nyOm H$aZm, YZdmZ Ho$ {bE

aËZmH$a eãX H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

g¡{ZH$ {e{da _| eÌw nj go gmdYmZ ahZo Ho$ {bE CZHo$ àdoe H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE àË oH$ {XZ

g¡{ZH$m| H$mo ì`dhma Ho$ {bE EH$ Z`m eãX ~mob {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {Ogo do g§Var H$mo ~VmH$a {e{da Ho$

~mha `m ^rVa Am`m -Om`m H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bggo H$moB© eÌw doe ~XbH$a ahñ` OmZZo Ho$ {bE Kwg Zht

OmVm Ÿ&

Hy$Q> ^mfm H$m Xygam ê$n h¡ dU©-{dn © Ÿ& nmZr H$mo Zrnm H$hH$a Bg Vah ^md àH$Q> {H$`m

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h ~ƒm| Ho$ _Zmoa§OZ H$m gmYZ h¡ Ÿ& `h ê$n gab h¡ Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r eãX Ho$ ~rM _| H$moB©

Üd{Z m Aja S>mb {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& "_XZ' H$mo M_MXMZ H$hZm m eãX H$s _mÌm H$mo AmJV dU© _|

Omo‹S>H$a h_mao H$mo ha\$ _a\$m aa\o$ H$hZm Bg nÕ{V H$s {deofVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogo H$WZ H$mo Wmo‹S>m-gm

A~moY ~ZmH$a CËgwH$Vm ~‹T>m Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bggo Ho$db gm_mÝ` ahñ` H$mo JmonZ aIm Om gH$Vm h¡,

Jy‹T> ahñ` H$mo Zht Ÿ&

Am¡a EH$ ê$n h¡ - A§H$mË_H$ Hy$Q> ^mfm AZmdí`H$ dUm|ª H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a ~mH$s dUmªo H$mo

CbQ>\o$a H$aHo$ CZHo$ H«${_H$ g§»`m {ZYm©[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo EH$ gyÌ Ho$ ê$n _| mX {H$`m OmVm

h¡ Ÿ& ^mÌmAm| H$mo ^r Cgr ê$n _| {bIm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go -

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

B E Am Amo C H$ n Q> V n ...

MnmVr H$mQ>mo = 7 10 9 r 6 T 8 mo ...

H¥${Ì_ ^mfm (H¥${Ì_ ^mfm (H¥${Ì_ ^mfm (H¥${Ì_ ^mfm (H¥${Ì_ ^mfm (Artificial Language ):):):):):

JhZ-_ZZ qMVZ Ho$ ~mX Eogr EH$ mfm nmB© OmVr h¡ Omo g^r mfmAm| Ho$ {bE EH$ gm_mÝ`

^mfm H$m H$m_ H$ao Ÿ& AÝVam©ï´>r` ì`dhma Ho$ {bE Bgo àñVwV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m CÔoí` h¡ hOmam|

30

^mfmAm| _| nmE OmZo dmbo oX H$mo {_Q>mZm mZr mfm -Xrdma H$mo {_Q>mH$a {díddm{g`m| Ho$ {bE EH$ hr

^mfm aI XoZm - Bg àH$ma H$s ^mfm Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE ~hþV à`mg hþE Ÿ& g¡H$‹S>m| ^mfmE± ^r ~Zt Ÿ&

na do H$mb-H$d{bV hmo JE Ÿ&

H¥${Ì_ ^mfm Ho$ g§~§Y _| _o[aAmo noB© H$m {dMma Bg àH$ma h¡ - `h ^mfm {H$gr ì`{º$ AWdm

ì`{º$`m| Ho$ g_yh Ûmam ~ZmB© AWdm CËnÞ H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& `h A§Vam©ï´>r` g§nH©$ AWdm {H$gr {d{eï>

g_yh Ho$ à`moJ Ho$ {bE hmoVr h¡ -

Artificial language is a language constructed or created by an individual or a group of

indivuals for purposes of international communication , or for use by a special group.

S>m°. Eb. Eb. Om_oZhm©\$ Zo 1887 _| Eogr ^mfm "EñßamÝVmo' H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Ÿ& BgH$mo

{d{^Þ Xoem| Zo AnZm`m Ÿ& Bg mfm _| _m¡{bH$ nwñVH$m| H$so r aMZmE± hþBª Ÿ& AZwdmX r {H$E JE Ÿ&

gmogya (Saussure) Zo EñnoamÝVmo _| Hw$N> gwYma H$aHo$ "EñnoampÝVhmo' ^mfm H$s aMZm H$s Ÿ&

1904 _| byB© X ã`y\«$mo (Louis de Beafront ) Zo EH$ ZB© ^mfm H$s aMZm H$s,Ÿ Am¡a CgH$m Zm_ aIm

"BS>mo' Ÿ& bo{H$Z Cg H¥${Ì_ mfm H$mo AnZmZo _| H$B© H${R>ZmB`m± AmVr h¢ Ÿ&

1) `h X¡{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ ì`dhma Ho$ {bE H$m_ MbmD$ h¡, na J§ ra {df`m| Ho$ {bE

Cn wº$ Zht h¡ Ÿ&

2) {dH$mg _ybH$ JwUm| go ~§{MV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bg_| CƒH$mo{Q> Ho$ _m¡{bH$ gm{hË` H$s

aMZm H$aZm Ag§ d h¡ Ÿ& Bg mfm _| H$moB© r d¡Mm[aH$ g§doXZm CËnÞ Zht hmo gH$Vr Ÿ&

àË oH$ ì`{º$ AnZr _mV¥ mfm _| aMZm H$aZo _| A{YH$ g\$bVm àmá H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Xygar

^mfm _| Zht Ÿ& A§J«oOr mfm _| ~hþV go maVr` {dÛmZ aMZm H$aZo _| àd¥Îm hþE Ÿ& na g\$b Zht hþE Ÿ&

_mV¥ mfm _| {bIH$a Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg, {dídH${d adrÝÐZmW R>mHw$a, {dÚmn{V, ào_MÝX Am{X

A_a hmo JE h¢ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ _mV¥ mfm öX` H$s mfm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& öX` Ho$ CX²Jmam| H$mo WmdV² _mV¥^mfm Ho$

_mÜ`_ go g§ào{fV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& _mV¥ mfm Ho$ à{V ghO AmH$f©U hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& An[a{MV mfm

Ho$ à{V d¡gm bJmd Zht hmoVm Ÿ&

OrdZ ag Am¡a ^mdmË_H$ bJmd Ho$ A^md _| H¥${Ì_ ^mfm H$m Or{dV ahZm g§ d Zht h¡ Ÿ&

g~go _hmËdnyU© ~mV h h¡ {H$ H¥${Ì_ mfm Ûmam mfm - oX {_Q>mZm g§ d Zht h¡ Ÿ& à`moº$m

na _mV¥ mfm Ho$ CƒmaU H$m à^md ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE {d{^Þ mfm -^mfr Bg H¥${Ì_ mfm H$s Üd{Z`m|

H$mo {d{^Þ àH$ma go CƒmaU H$aZo go BgHo$ CÔoí` H$s g\$bVm _| g§Xoh CËnÞ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

31

{_{lV ^mfm {_{lV ^mfm {_{lV ^mfm {_{lV ^mfm {_{lV ^mfm (((((Mixed Language )))))

hëHo$ -\w$bHo$ ì`mnm[aH$ CÔoí` go {_{lV ^mfm H$m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma H$s ^mfm Ho$

_mÜ`_ go {d{^Þ ^mfm ^mfr dñVw H$m ^md -_mob, IarX-{~H«$s Am{X H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& MrZ _|

{dH${gH$ {nOZ B§J{be (Pidgin English) Bg àH$ma H$s mfm h¡, {OgHo$ eãX A§J«oOr Ho$ h¢, Am¡a

CƒmaU Üd{Z -ì`mdñWm VWm ì`mH$aU MrZr mfm Ho$ h¢ Ÿ&

y_Ü` gmJa Ho$ ~§XaJmh _| Eogr EH$ ^mfm "g~ra' ~mobr OmVr h¡, {Og_| \«$m§grgr, ñnoZr,

BVmbdr, J«rH$ Am¡a Aa~r Am{X mfmAm| H$m {_lU h¡ Ÿ&

Eogr mfm _| Z H$moB© gm{hË` H$s aMZm H$s Om gH$Vr, Z BgH$m H$moB© d¡km{ZH$ VWm ì`dpñWV

ì`mH$aU H$s aMZm H$aZm g§ d h¡ Ÿ&

na Eogr ^mfm Ho$ ApñVËd H$m AmYma ~hþV -gr OrdÝV Am¡a g_¥Õ ^mfmAm| _| hmoZo go Bgo

EH$ ghm`H$ mfm (Auxiliary Language) Ho$ ê$n _| ì`dhma {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

pñW{V Ho$ AmYma na ^mfm - ôX :pñW{V Ho$ AmYma na ^mfm - ôX :pñW{V Ho$ AmYma na ^mfm - ôX :pñW{V Ho$ AmYma na ^mfm - ôX :pñW{V Ho$ AmYma na ^mfm - ôX :

^mfmAm| H$m gm{hpË`H$ _hËd kmZ H$s A{^ì`{º-$ j_Vm, à`moJ -joÌ Am¡a à`moº$mAm| H$s

g§»`m ~‹T> OmZo go ^mfmAm| H$mo pñW{VJV _hËd àmá hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h pñW{V KQ> OmZo go ^mfmAm| H$m

_hËd KQ> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg AmYma na mfmAm| H$s VrZ pñW{V`m± g§ d h¡§ Ÿ& O¡go - amï´>^mfm, amO^mfm

Am¡a AÝVam©ï´>r` mfm Ÿ&

amï´>^mfm :amï´>^mfm :amï´>^mfm :amï´>^mfm :amï´>^mfm :

amï´>^mfm {H$gr amï´> H$s à{V{Z{Y hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& amï´>^mfm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ^mdmË_H$ EH$Vm Am¡a

amï´>r` Jm¡ad H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& maV EH$ ~hþ mfr Xoe h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr mfm H$mo maV H$s amï´>^mfm _mZm

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr _mÜ`_ go g^r àm§Vm| Ho$ bmoJ {^Þ-{^Þ ^mfm -^mfr hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX qhXr ^mfm Ho$

_mÜ`_ go g§nH©$ aIVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ gmd© m¡_ amï´> _| amï´>^mfm H$m hmoZm An[ahm © h¡ Ÿ& amï´>^mfm Ho$ _mÜ`_

go amï´> Ho$ {Xb H$s Y‹S>H$Z Zmnr Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& h bmoJm| H$s {dídmg_`r Am¡a ào__`r mfm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

Bg{bE _hmË_mJm§Yr Zo H$hm Wm {H$ amï´>^mfm {~Zm amï´> Jy§Jm h¡ Ÿ& amï´>^mfm _| AnZr g§ñH¥${V, Xe©Z,

kmZ, {dkmZ H$s A{^ì`º$ H$aZo H$s nyar j_Vm ahVr h¡ Ÿ& bmoJ amï´>^mfm ~mobH$a {Og Jm¡ad H$m ~moY

H$aVo h¢, dh Jm¡ad nam`r mfm ~mobH$a {_b Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& amï´>^mfm amï´> Ho$ ñdm{^_mZ H$mo nwï> H$aVr

h¡ Ÿ& amï´>r` EH$Vm Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm Ho$ g§dY©Z Ho$ {bE VWm ^maV Ho$ AÝVàm§{V` ì`dhma Ho$

{bE amï´>^mfm H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

32

AmMm © ZÝXXwbmao dmOno r Ho$ AZwgma ""amï´>^mfm H$s H$ënZm Bggo (amÁ`^mfm go$) {^Þ

h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m nX Am¡a r ~‹S>m h¡ Ÿ& Cgr mfm H$m Jm¡ad g~go A{YH$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a dhr amï´>^mfm

H$hbm gH$Vr h¡, {OgH$mo g~ OZVm g_PVr hmo Am¡a {OgH$m ApñVËd gm_m{OH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$

Ñ{ï> go _hËdnyU© hmo Ÿ&''

H$mH$m H$mbobH$a Ho$ AZwgma ""amï´>^mfm H$mo h_ Am¡a ^r H$B© Zm_ X|Jo, CgH$mo "g~H$s

~mobr' H$h|Jo, "H$m¡_r OdmZ' H$h|Jo "öX` H$s ^mfm' H$h|Jo "ñZoh ^mfm' `m "EŠ` ^mfm' H$h|Jo Am¡a

g~go ~‹T>H$a 'ñdamÁ` mfm' H$h|Jo Ÿ&

amO^mfm :amO^mfm :amO^mfm :amO^mfm :amO^mfm :

amO^mfm amOH$mO _| à wº$ hmoZo dmbr mfm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AmMm © ZÝX Xwbmao dmOno r Ho$ {dMma

go amÁ`^mfm(amO^mfm) Cgo H$h|Jo, Omo Ho$ÝÐr` Am¡a àmXo{eH$ gaH$mam| Ûmam nÌ-ì`dhma, amOH$m ©

Am¡a AÝ` gaH$mar {bIm-n‹T>r Ho$ H$m_ _| bmB© OmE Ÿ& AV: amO^mfm EH$ AÝV:àmXo{eH$ _Ü`d{V©Zr

^mfm hmoVr h¡, Omo {^Þ ^mfm -^mfr àXoem| Ho$ ~rM g§nH©$ ñWmnZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& qhXr ^maV (g§K) H$s

amO^mfm h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwÀN>oX 343 Ho$ AZwgma g§K H$s amO^mfm qhXr Am¡a {b{n

XodZmJar hmoJr Ÿ& g§K Ho$ amOH$s` à`moOZ Ho$ {bE à`moJ hmoZo dmbo A§H$m| H$m ê$n maVr` A§H$m| H$m

AÝVam©ï´>r` ê$n hmoJm Ÿ&

EH$ ñdmYrZ amï´> Ho$ g§X © _| amO^mfm hr Cg amï´> H$s amï´>^mfm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& na EH$ namYrZ amï´>

_| emgH$ H$s mfm hr amO^mfm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& maV naV§Ì O~ Wm Cg g_` A§J«oOr amO^mfm Wr, na qhXr

amï´>^mfm Wr Ÿ& amO^mfm H$mo emgZ H$s ñdrH¥${V {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&

AÝVam©ï´>r` ^mfm :AÝVam©ï´>r` ^mfm :AÝVam©ï´>r` ^mfm :AÝVam©ï´>r` ^mfm :AÝVam©ï´>r` ^mfm :

{d{^Þ amï´>m| _| nmañn[aH$ g§àofU H$s ^mfm H$mo AÝVam©ï´>r` ^mfm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& {díd g§ñWmAm|

H$m H$m © MbmZo Ho$ {bE AÝVam©ï´>r` ^mfm H$s Amdí`H$Vm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& `mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZ Am¡a

Xyag§Mma Ho$ {dH$mg Ûmam Xyar Am¡a Xoar g_má hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg {XZ XyZm amV

Mm¡JwZm hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& {^Þ Xoem| Ho$ {Zdm{g`m| Ho$ g§nH©$ H$s g§ mdZm ~hþV ~‹T> JB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go A§J«oOr

EH$ AÝVam©ï´>r` mfm h¡ Ÿ& yZoñH$mo Zo A§J«oOr, \«$m§grgr Am¡a ñnoZr mfmAm| H$mo AÝVam©ï´>r` XOm© àXmZ

{H$`m h¡ Ÿ& amï´>g§K Ûmam A§J«oOr, \«$m§grgr, ñnoZr, ê$gr Am¡a MrZr mfmAm| Ûmam H$m ©-g§nmXZ {H$`m

OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

33

1.7 ^mfm Am¡a ~mobr :^mfm Am¡a ~mobr :^mfm Am¡a ~mobr :^mfm Am¡a ~mobr :^mfm Am¡a ~mobr :

^mfm Am¡a ~mobr _| H$moB© _hËdnyU© A§Va Zht hmoVm Ÿ& ñWyb ê$n go h_ H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ EH$

^mfm -joÌ Ho$ rVa ~mo{b`m± AbJ-AbJ bmoJm| Ûmam AbJ-AbJ joÌm| _| Hw$N> {d oXH$ {deofVmAm|

Ho$ gmW ~mobr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& `{X H$moB© ~mobr {H$Ýht H$maUm| go à_wIVm àmá H$a boVr h¡, Cƒ ñVar`

qMVZ -__Z H$m n[aîH¥$V ê$n àmá H$a boVr h¡, V~ dh mfm ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ H$maUm| go r H$moB© ~mobr mfm H$s _mÝ`Vm àmá H$a boVr h¡ Ÿ& amOZr{VH$

Ho$ÝÐ {Xëbr Ho$ Amgnmg ~mobr OmZo Ho$ H$maU I‹S>r~mobr ~mobr Ho$ ñVa go CR> H$a ^mfm ~Z JB© Ÿ&

Bg{bE mfm{dX² Eb. EM. J«o Ho$ AZwgma mfmAm| Am¡a ~mo{b`m| _| {d^mOH$ aoImE± ItMZm Ag§ d

h¡ Ÿ& It is impossible to draw exact lines of demarcation between either dialects or Languages.

^mfm Am¡a ~mobr Ho$ ^oXH$ VËd {ZåZ àH$ma go h¢ -

1) ^mfm Ho$ A§VJ©V nmB© OmZo dmbr ~mo{b`m| _| Hw$N> A§Va ahVo hþE ^r ~moYJå`Vm ahVr

h¡ Ÿ& I‹S>r~mobr ~mobZo dmbm ~«O^mfm `m H$Zm¡Or g_P gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& na {hÝXr ^mfm ~mobZo dmbm

A§J«oOr `m V{_b g_P Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& ^mfm H$m joÌ ì`mnH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² EH$ {dñV¥V joÌ _| mfm

H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& O~{H$ ~mobr H$m à`moJ EH$ gr{_V joÌ _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ mfm joÌ _| H$B© ~mo{b`m±

hmo gH$Vr h¢, na EH$ ~mobr -joÌ _| H$B© ^mfmE± Zht hmoVr Ÿ&

^mfm H$m à`moJ gm_mÝ`V: gm{hË`, {ejm Am¡a emgZ- joÌ _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z ~mo{b`m| _|

H$^r-H$^r CËH¥$ï> aMZmE± r {_bVr h¢ Ÿ, O¡go AdYr _| am_M[aV _mZg m _¡{Wbr _| {dÚmn{V H$s

nXmdbr `m ~«O _| gyaXmg Ho$ nX Ÿ&

~mobr H$m mfm ~Z OmZo H$m à_wI H$maU h¡ bmoJm| Ho$ nmañn[aH$ g§nH©$ _| d¥{Õ Ÿ& O~ g§nH©$

_| Xyar Am OmE Vmo ~mo{b`m| _| ^oX ~‹T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& g§nH©$ go ~mobr H$s XjVm KQ> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh n[a_m{O©V

hmoH$a g^r ^mdm| Am¡a {dMmam| H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$aZo _| g_W© hmo OmVr h¡, Am¡a ^mfm ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

{ZåZ{b{IV VËd g§nH©$ ~¥{Õ _| ghm`H$ h¢ : {ZåZ{b{IV VËd g§nH©$ ~¥{Õ _| ghm`H$ h¢ : {ZåZ{b{IV VËd g§nH©$ ~¥{Õ _| ghm`H$ h¢ : {ZåZ{b{IV VËd g§nH©$ ~¥{Õ _| ghm`H$ h¢ : {ZåZ{b{IV VËd g§nH©$ ~¥{Õ _| ghm`H$ h¢ :

1) àmH¥${VH$ H$maU -àmH¥${VH$ H$maU -àmH¥${VH$ H$maU -àmH¥${VH$ H$maU -àmH¥${VH$ H$maU - nhbo nhm‹S>, O§Jb, ZXr _é y{_ Ho$ H$maU Am¡a AmdmJ_Z

H$s gw{dYm Z ahZo Ho$ H$maU bmoJ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o joÌm| _| ahVo Wo, ~mha H$s mfmAm| Ho$ g§nH©$ _| Zht Am

nmVo Wo Ÿ& Bg{bE AmO H$s pñW{V H$s VwbZm _| nhbo ~mo{b`m| H$s g§»`m A{YH$ Wr Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ wJ

_| àmH¥${VH$ ~mYmE± àm`: g_má hmo MwH$s h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE nhbo H$s VwbZm _| ~mo{b`m| H$s g§»`m H$_ hmo

JB© h¡ Ÿ& à_wI ~mobr H$m gr_m -{dñVma hmoH$a dh ^mfm ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

34

gm_m{OH$ H$maU - gm_m{OH$ H$maU - gm_m{OH$ H$maU - gm_m{OH$ H$maU - gm_m{OH$ H$maU - EH$ hr ^mfm H$s {^Þ-{^Þ ~mo{b`m± ~mobZo dmbo da-~Yy O~

{ddmh -~§YZ _| Am~Õ hmo OmVo h¢, m Iob -Hy$X Ho$ _obo _| O~ EH$ hr mfm H$s {^Þ-{^Þ ~mo{b`m±

~mobZo dmbo BH$Q²>R>o hmoVo h¢, V~ do AnZr -AnZr ~mobr H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a n[a{Z{îR>V mfm _| ~mVMrV H$aVo

h¢ Ÿ& Bg pñW{V _| mfm H$m àgma hmoVm h¡ ŸAm¡a ~mo{b`m| H$m ì`dhma g§Hw${MV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~ƒo Iob

Ho$ _¡XmZ _| AnZo gm{W`m| go ^mfm ^r OëXr grI OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

Ym{_©H$ H$maU - Ym{_©H$ H$maU - Ym{_©H$ H$maU - Ym{_©H$ H$maU - Ym{_©H$ H$maU - ^maV Ho$ bmoJ A{YH$ Ym{_©H$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& do {d{^Þ Ym{_©H$ ñWbm| _|

OmVo h¢ Ÿ& dhm± {^Þ-{^Þ mfm-^mfr bmoJ AmVo - OmVo ahZo go do EH$ gd©J«mø mfm "qhXr' H$m à`moJ

H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& am_oída hmo `m ~ÐrZmW, nwar hmo `m ÛmaH$m gd©Ì {hÝXr H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Ym{_©H$Vm Ho$

H$maU g§ñH¥$V Am¡a nm{b H$m àgma ì`mnH$ hmo gH$m Ÿ&

gm{hpË`H$ ^mfm -gm{hpË`H$ ^mfm -gm{hpË`H$ ^mfm -gm{hpË`H$ ^mfm -gm{hpË`H$ ^mfm - ~mo{b`m| _| à`m©á gm{hË` H$s aMZm hmoZo go CZH$m {dH$mg hmoVm

h¡, do ^mfm H$s gr_m _| nh±þM gH$Vr h¢ Ÿ& gm{hË` H$s CnbpãY Ho$ H$maU ^mfm XrK©Ordr hmoVr h¡,

Am¡a ~mo{b`m± {_Q> OmVr h¢ Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Bg g_¥Õ gm{hË` Ho$ H$maU AmO Or{dV h¡ O~{H$ Bg

g_` H$s H$moB© ~mobr AmO Zht h¡, `h ^r g§ d h¡ {H$ AdYr _| am_M[aV _mZg , ~«O _| gyagmJa,

_¡{Wbr _| {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdbr g_¥Õ gm{hË` h¢, {\$a ^r o Ho$db EH$ hr {dYm "H${dVm' VH$ hr

gr{_V ah JB©ª Ÿ& gm{hË` H$s AÝ` {dYmAm| - JÚ ê$n, ZmQ>H$, CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, EH$m§H$s, OrdZr

aoIm{MV, g§ñ_aU Am{X Ho$ joÌ _| BZ ^mfmAm| _| gm{hË` CnbãY Zht hþAm Ÿ& o ^mfmE± ì`mnH$

Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© Zht H$a gH$s¨ {Og ~mobr H$m gm{hË`, Xe©Z, {dkmZ, VH$ZrH$s Ho$ {dMma-

g§àofU Am{X _| Cn`moJr hmo OmE, dh mfm ~Z gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&

^mfm {ejm H$m _mÜ`_^mfm {ejm H$m _mÜ`_^mfm {ejm H$m _mÜ`_^mfm {ejm H$m _mÜ`_^mfm {ejm H$m _mÜ`_ - ^mfm ~ZVr h¡ O~{H$ ~mobr bmoH$-^mfm, bmoH$ gm{hË`,

bmoH$ JrV, ~mob Mmb H$m _mÜ`_ ~ZH$a ah OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

amOZr{VH$ H$maU amOZr{VH n¥îR>nmofH$Vm àmá H$aHo$ {H$gr ^mfm H$m àMma hmoVm h¡ Am¡a

dh mfm à{Vdoer mfmAm| H$s VwbZm _| ì`mnH$ joÌ _| A{YH$ àgm[aV hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& g_«mQ> AemoH$

Ho$ H$maU nm{b ^mfm {dXoem| _| àgm[aV hmo JB© Ÿ& amOZr{VH H$maU go ~mobr Ho$ ê$n _| ahZo dmbr

\«$m§grgr H$s VwbZm _| A§J«oOr {díd ^a _| \¡$b OmZo H$m H$maU h¡ BgH$m Cn{ZdoedmX Ÿ& amOZr{VH

n¥ð>nmofH$Vm Ho$ A^md _| ^mfm ê$n _| ahZo dmbr ~«O^mfm ~mobr Ho$ ñVa na Am JB© Ÿ&

g¡{ZH$ -godm H$m H$maU - g¡{ZH$ -godm H$m H$maU - g¡{ZH$ -godm H$m H$maU - g¡{ZH$ -godm H$m H$maU - g¡{ZH$ -godm H$m H$maU - {díd wÕ Ho$ g_` {d{^Þ ^mfm -^mfr amï´>m| Ho$ g¡{ZH$m|

H$mo EH$ gmW ahZm n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& ^mdm| Ho$ {d{Z_` Ho$ {bE CZH$mo EH$ à_wI ^mfm A§J«oOr AnZmZr

n‹S>r Ÿ& maVr` -goZm _| Vu hmoZo dmbo {d{^Þ mfm -^mfr g¡{ZH$ X¡Z§{XZ H$m © Ho$ {bE gm_mÝ` mfm

35

qhXr H$m ì`dhma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go ^mfm Ho$ àMma-àgma Ho$ {bE g¡{ZH$ -godm H$m ^r `moJXmZ

ahVm h¡ Ÿ&

e¡{jH$ H$maU - e¡{jH$ H$maU - e¡{jH$ H$maU - e¡{jH$ H$maU - e¡{jH$ H$maU - g^r ~mo{b`m| Ho$ _mÜ_` go g_ñV kmZ-{dkmZ H$s {ejm XoZm

Ag§^d h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z EH$ gm_mÝ` _mÜ`_ Ho$ ê$n _| mfm H$mo AnZmZo go gmar H${R>ZmB`m± Xya hmo OmVr

h¢ Am¡a A~moÜ`Vm H$s Ame§H$m g_má hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& A{e{jV bmoJ AnZr ~mobr Ho$ Xmào _| ^bo hr

gr{_V ah| , na {e{jV OZ-g_wXm` ~mobr Ho$ Xmào go _wº$ hmoH$a {eï> bmoJm| Ho$ gmW ^mfm Ho$ Ûmam

g§àofU H$m`© nyam H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

Am{W©H$ H$maU -Am{W©H$ H$maU -Am{W©H$ H$maU -Am{W©H$ H$maU -Am{W©H$ H$maU - {d{^Þ mfm-^mfr bmoJ$ amoOJma H$s Vbme _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm| _|

nh±þMVo h¢ Ÿ& CÝh| g§àofU H$m © nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE gd©ñdrH¥$V ^mfm AnZmZr n‹SVrr h¡ Ÿ& Xygao ^mfm -

^mfr joÌ _| OmH$a ì`mnma H$aZo dmbm| H$mo ^r ì`mnma _| gw{dYm H$s Ñ{ï> go o ñWmZr` ^mfm grIZr

n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE {Og joÌ _| ~hþV go bmoJ amoOr -amoQ>r Ho$ {bE BH$Q²>R>o hmoVo h¢ , CZH$mo dhm± H$s mfm

grIZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Am¡a Cg ^mfm H$m àMma-àgma hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

d¡km{ZH$ H$maU -d¡km{ZH$ H$maU -d¡km{ZH$ H$maU -d¡km{ZH$ H$maU -d¡km{ZH$ H$maU - `mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZ, _wÐU-`§Ì Ho$ Am{dîH$ma, g_mMma nÌ-

n{ÌH$mAm|, nwñVH$m| Ho$ àH$meZ, ao{S>`mo, XyaXe©Z, {gZo_m Ho$ àgma Ho$ n[aUm_ -ñdê$n ^mfm _|

EH$ê$nVm Am¡a pñWaVm AmZo Ho$ Adga CnbãY hþE h¢ Ÿ& ^mfm H$mo n[a{Z{ð>V ê$n àXmZ H$aZo _|,

CƒmaU H$s ewÕVm bmZo _| Am¡a eãX ^§S>ma H$s d¥{Õ _| ò gmYZ _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ XoVo h¢ Ÿ&

gm_m{OH$ H$maU - gm_m{OH$ H$maU - gm_m{OH$ H$maU - gm_m{OH$ H$maU - gm_m{OH$ H$maU - ~mo{b`m| H$m ì`dhma H$aZo dmbo Ho$ _Z _| AnZr AbJ nhMmZ

{XImZo H$s ^mdZm ahVr h¡ Ÿ& {Xëbr _| ahZodmbo bmoJ `{X {hÝXr H$m à`moJ Z H$aHo$ _Jhr, _¡{Wbr,

^moOnwar, AdYr, ~«O^mfm Am{X ~mo{b`m| H$m à`moJ H$a|Jo, V~ AmgmZr go qhXr g_P gH$Zo dmbo

Xygao mfm -^mfr CZH$s ~mV| g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ& AWm©V² Bg joÌ _| ~mo{b`m± g§àofU -H$m © _| ~mYH$ ~Z

H$a I‹S>r hmo§Jr Ÿ& bmoJ gm_mÝ`V: ~mo{b`m| _| {Kao ahZo dmbm| H$mo AZn‹T>, g§H$sU© ^mddmbo g_PVo

h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE n‹T>o-{bIo bmoJ gm_m{OH$ _`m©Xm àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~mobr Ho$ Xmào go _wº$ hmoH$a

n[a{Z{ð>V ^mfm H$m à`moJ H$aZo H$mo ào[aV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&

^mfm Am¡a ~mobr _| H$moB© _m¡{bH$ A§Va Zht h¡ Ÿ& h Ho$db ì`dhma -joÌ, {ejm Ho$ _mÜ`_,

Xygam| H$s J«hUerbVm Ho$ àíZ, _mZH$ ê$n, {demb gm{hË` §S>ma, amï´>r` g§ñH¥${V go {ZH$Q>Vm

Am¡a {dMma mdm| Ho$ g§nyU© àH$meZ Am{X VËdm| na, g§nH$; mfm Ho$ _mÜ`_, à{Vð>m {Z ©a H$aVm h§¡ Ÿ&

***

36

UNIT - II

BH$mB© H$s ê$naoImBH$mB© H$s ê$naoImBH$mB© H$s ê$naoImBH$mB© H$s ê$naoImBH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm

2.0 CÔoí`

2.1 Üd{Z {dkmZ

2.2 dm½ §Ì

2.3 ^m{fH$ Üd{Z`m± : ñda

2.4 _mZ ñda Am¡a Jm¡U _mZ ñda

2.5 g§w º$ ñda

2.6 ì §OZ

2.6.1 CƒmaU Ho$ ñWmZ na

2.6.2 CƒmaU Ho$ AmYma na

2.7 AmB©. nr. E. MmQ>©

AmB©. nr. E. MmQ>© (qhXr g§ñH$aU)

2.8. I§So>Va Üd{Z`m±

37

2.0 CÔoí` CÔoí` CÔoí` CÔoí` CÔoí`

Bg AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX AmnBg AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX AmnBg AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX AmnBg AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX AmnBg AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn

* dm½ §Ì H$m n[aM` àmá H$a gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* ñda VWm ì §OZ Üd{Z`m| H$m A§Va g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* {hÝXr Ho$ ñda VWm ì §OZ Üd{Z`m| H$m dJuH$aU H$a gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* {hÝXr ^mfm H$s gm_J«r H$mo AmB©. nr. E. _| {bI gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* {hÝXr H$s I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m| H$s àH¥${V go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&

2.1 Üd{Z {dkmZ : Üd{Z {dkmZ : Üd{Z {dkmZ : Üd{Z {dkmZ : Üd{Z {dkmZ :

^mfm {dkmZ _| ^mfm H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm -{dkmZ H$s {d{^Þ emImE± h¢ -

Üd{Z-{dkmZ, ê$n {dkmZ, dmŠ` {dkmZ Am¡a AW© {dkmZ Ÿ&

Üd{Z -{dkmZ (Phonetics) - mfm _mÌ H$s Üd{Z`m| m ñdZm| H$s CƒmaU à{H«$`m, ñdZm|

H$s àH¥${V Am¡a ñdZm| Ho$ oXm| Ho$ AÜ``Z H$mo ñdZ {dkmZ `m Üd{Z {dkmZ H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

_Zwî` ñdZm| H$m CƒmaU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Cƒ[aV ñdZ dm`w-Va§Jm| Ho$ ê$n _| lmoVm VH$ nh±þMVm

h¡ Ÿ& lmoVm H$mZm| Ûmam BZ Va§Jm| H$mo J«hU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mZ Va§Jm| Ho$ ê$n _| AmE ñdZm| H$mo _pñVîH$ VH$

nh±þMmVo h¢ Ÿ&

Bg Ñ{ï> go ñdZ {dkmZ H$s VrZ CnemImE± hmoVr h¢ - do h¢ -

i) CƒmamË_H$ ñdZ -{dkmZ

ii) Va§JmË_H$ ñdZ {dkmZ

iii) ldUmË_H$ ñdZ {dkmZ

ñd{Z_ {dkmZ ñd{Z_ {dkmZ ñd{Z_ {dkmZ ñd{Z_ {dkmZ ñd{Z_ {dkmZ (((((Phonemics) -) -) -) -) - ^mfm {deof Ho$ g§X © _| ñdZ H$mo ñd{Z_ H$hm OmVm

h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr mfm Ho$ ñd{Z_ {dkmZ _| ñd{Z_m| H$s g§»`m, CƒmaU ñWmZ Am¡a à`ËZ H$s Ñ{ï> go CZH$s

{deofVmAm|, CZH$s àH¥${V H$s MMm© H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ñd{Z_ mfm {deof H$s$ Ý yZV_ ÜdÝ`mË_H$ BH$mB©

h¡, Omo AW© n[adV©Z H$s j_Vm aIVr hmo Ÿ&

38

ê$n {dkmZ-ê$n {dkmZ-ê$n {dkmZ-ê$n {dkmZ-ê$n {dkmZ- ê$n-{dkmZ _| {H$gr ^mfm Ho$ ê${n_m| H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ê${n_

{H$gr mfm H$s bKwV_ gmW©H$ BH$mB© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

_Zwî` AbJ-AbJ ñd{Z_m| H$m CƒmaU Z H$aHo$ EH$ `m EH$m{YH$ ñd{Z`m| H$s BH$mB© H$m

eãX Ho$ ê$n _| à`moJ H$aVm h¡, {OgH$m H$moB© AW© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& "Ka' eãX _| VrZ ñd{Z_m| H$m g§ moJ hþAm

h¡, {OgH$m EH$ AW© h¡ Ÿ& "Ka' EH$ ê${n_ h¡ Ÿ& Bg ê${n_ H$mo I§{S>V H$aHo$ gmW©H$ BH$mB© àmá Zht

H$s Om gH$Vr Ÿ& Kam| _| h_| Xmo gmW©H$ BH$mB`m± {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& do h¢ -

Ka-Am|, "Ka' go EH$ dñVw H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Am¡a "Am|' go ~hþdMZ H$m AW© Úmo{VV$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

ê${n_ H$mo h_ Xmo ^mJm| _| aIVo h¢ -

i) _wº$ ê${n_

ii) ~Õ ê${n_

_wº$ ê${n_ H$m ñdV§Ì à`moJ hmoVm h¡, O~{H$ ~Õ ê${n_ ñdV§Ì ê$n go Z AmH$a _wº$ ê${n_ Ho$

gmW AmH$a CgH$s Hw$N> {deofVmE± ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ê$n {dkmZ _| ê${n_ Ho$ {dVaU Am¡a {díbofU H$s

à{H«$`m na MMm© H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

dmŠ` {dkmZdmŠ` {dkmZdmŠ` {dkmZdmŠ` {dkmZdmŠ` {dkmZ -dmŠ` {dkmZ _| dmŠ` H$s MMm© H$s OmVr h¡, Omo AW© `m ^md H$s Ñ{ï>

go EH$ nyU© BH$mB© h¡ Ÿ& ê${n_ EH$ {ZpíMV mfm`r ì`dñWm _| {Z[MV H«$_ go AmH$a dmŠ` _| nyU© AW©

ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& dmŠ` Ho$ bjU, àH$ma, ñWmZm§VaU, ê${n_m| Ho$ n[adV©Z Ho$ AmYma Am{X H$s MMm©

dmŠ` {dkmZ Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVr h¢ Ÿ&

AW© {dkmZ AW© {dkmZ AW© {dkmZ AW© {dkmZ AW© {dkmZ - AW© {dkmZ _| {H$gr ^mfm Ho$ H$Ï` `m AW©VËd H$s MMm© H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

Bg AW© Ho$ _mÚ_ go mfm à`moº$m A{^ì`{º$ go dñVw VH$ Am¡a dñVw go A{^ì`{º$ VH$ nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ&

AW© {dkmZ _| AW© -eãX -g§~§Y, AW© Ho$ àH$ma, AW© n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maU, AW© n[adV©Z H$s {XemAm|

na MMm© H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

2.2 dm½`§Ì : dm½`§Ì : dm½`§Ì : dm½`§Ì : dm½`§Ì :

Üd{Z {dkmZ Ho$ EH$ AÜ oVm H$mo dm½ §Ì Ho$ {d{^Þ mJm| Am¡a H$m`m] H$m kmZ hmoZo go dh AnZr

_mV¥ mfm Ho$ A{V[aº$ AÝ` mfm H$s Üd{Z`m| H$m Hw$ebVm go CƒmaU H$a gHo$Jm Ÿ& AÝ` mfm H$s

Üd{Z`m| Ho$ {ejU Ho$ g_` Cgo {H$gr àH$ma H$s H${R>ZmB`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm Zht n‹S>oJm Ÿ& Bg{bE

Cgo dm½ §Ì Ho$ {d{^Þ Ad`dm| H$m kmZ hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ&

39

dm½ §Ì H$s ghm`Vm go {OVZr Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ H$s Om gH$Vr h¢, do g^r m{fH$ Üd{Z Ho$ ê$n _|

J¥hrV Zht hmoVo Ÿ& CZ_| go Hw$N> Üd{Z`m| H$s ghm`Vm go ^mfm H$m H$m © MbVm h¡ Ÿ&

\o$\$‹S>m| go {ZH$bZo dmbr hdm Üd{Z H$m _yb H$maU h¡ Ÿ& Bg dm`w H$mo dm½`§Ì Ho$ {d{^Þ

Ad`dm| Ûmam {d{^Þ ê$n XoH$a Üd{Z _| ~Xb {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

dm½`§Ì H$m dU©Z Am¡a H$m`©H$m[aVm :dm½`§Ì H$m dU©Z Am¡a H$m`©H$m[aVm :dm½`§Ì H$m dU©Z Am¡a H$m`©H$m[aVm :dm½`§Ì H$m dU©Z Am¡a H$m`©H$m[aVm :dm½`§Ì H$m dU©Z Am¡a H$m`©H$m[aVm :

1 . . . . . Am|R> - Am|R> - Am|R> - Am|R> - Am|R> - XmoZm| Am|R> Üd{Z -{Z_m©U _| ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ZrMo H$m Am|R> D$na Ho$ Am|R>

H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ J{Verb ahVm h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| AmoR>m| H$s ghm`Vm go Cƒ[aV hmoZo dmbr Üd{Z H$mo

Û² moð²>`> (n) Üd{Z H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Xm±V Am¡a Am|R> H$s ghm`Vm go Cƒ[aV hmoZo dmbr Üd{Z H$mo X§Ë`moð²>`

(µ\$) Üd{Z H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

Am§oR>m| H$s AmH¥${V Ho$ AmYma na ñda Üd{Z`m| H$mo VrZ ^mJm| _| ~m±Q>m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

i) CXmgrZ - Bg_| XmoZm| Am|R> ñdm^m{dH$ AdñWm _| ahVo h¢ Ÿ&

O¡go - _mZñda ñda a) Ho$ CƒmaU _|

ii) JmobmH$ma pñW{V - Bg g_` XmoZm| Am|R> EH$ a§Y« H$s g¥{ï> H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Am|R>m| Ho$

XmoZm| H$moU nmg Am OmVo h¢ - O¡go - _mZñda (u)

iii) {dñV¥V pñW{V- Bg g_` Am|R>m| Ho$ XmoZm| H$moU A{YH$ go A{YH$ Xyar na ahVo

h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - _mZñda (I)

Xm±V -Xm±V -Xm±V -Xm±V -Xm±V - Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU _| D$na Ho$ Xm±Vm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ZrMo Ho$ Am|R> Am¡a

Xm±V VWm {Oh²dm H$s ZmoH$ VWm Xm±V H$s ghm`Vm go H«$_e: XÝË`moð>² Am¡a XÝË` Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ hmoVr

h¢ Ÿ& qhXr _| µ\$ X§Ë`moð²>` Am¡a V, W, X, Y XÝË` Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

dËñ`© -dËñ`© -dËñ`© -dËñ`© -dËñ`© - D$na Ho$ Xm±Vm| Ho$ _yb go H$R>moa Vmbw Ho$ àma§ VH$ H$m ñWmZ dËg© H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ&

{Oh²dm H$s ZmoH$ Am¡a dËg© Ho$ gh`moJ go Cƒ[aV Üd{Z H$mo dËñ © H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& qhXr _| a, b, dËñ ©

Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

H$R>moaVmbw -H$R>moaVmbw -H$R>moaVmbw -H$R>moaVmbw -H$R>moaVmbw - dËg© go boH$a H$mo_bVmbw VH$ Omo H$R>moa ñWmZ nm`m OmVm h¡, Cgo

H$R>moaVmbw H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg ñWmZ go Cƒ[aV Üd{Z H$mo Vmbì` Üd{Z H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& {hÝXr Ho$ M, N>, O,

P, `, Vmbì` Üd{Z`m± h¢

_yYm© -_yYm© -_yYm© -_yYm© -_yYm© - H$R>moaVmbw Am¡a H$mo_bVmbw Ho$ ~rM H$m ñWmZ _yYm© H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg ñWmZ go

~mobr OmZo dmbr Üd{Z _yY©Ý` h¡ Ÿ& Q>, R>. S>, T> {hÝXr H$s _yY©Z Üd{Z`m± h§¡ Ÿ&

40

H$mo_bVmbw -H$mo_bVmbw -H$mo_bVmbw -H$mo_bVmbw -H$mo_bVmbw - _yYm© Ho$ ~mX Omo A§e H$mo_b àVrV hmoVm h¡ Cgo H$mo_bVmbw H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

H$mo_bVmbw D$na -ZrMo hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& `h dm½ §Ì H$m EH$ _hËdnyU© A§J h¡ Ÿ& `h _wI a§Y« Am¡a

Zmgma§Y« Ho$ ~rM {H$dm‹S-> gm H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mob_Vmbw D$na CR>H$a Zmgma§Y« H$m _mJ© ~§X H$a XoZo

go {ZaZwZm{gH$ Üd{Z`m| H$m CƒmaU hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ZrMo PwH$H$a _wIa§Y« H$mo ~§X H$a XoZo go g_ñV dm w

Bg g_` Zmgm a§Y« _mJ© go {ZH$bVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg g_` Cƒ[aV hmoZo dmbr Üd{Z`m| H$mo Zm{gŠ` Üd{Z`m±

H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Äm, L>, U. Z, _ Am{X H$mo {hÝXr _| Zm{gŠ`$ Üd{Z`m± H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& {Oh²dmníM Am¡a

H$mo_bVmbw H$s ghm`Vm go Omo Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ hmoVr h¢, CÝh| H§$R²>` Üd{Z`m± H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& {hÝXr _| H$, I,

J, K H§$R²>` Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

A{b{Oˆm `m H$m¡Am -A{b{Oˆm `m H$m¡Am -A{b{Oˆm `m H$m¡Am -A{b{Oˆm `m H$m¡Am -A{b{Oˆm `m H$m¡Am - H$mo_bVmbw Ho$ A§{V_ N>moa na bQ>H$Vo hþE N>moQ>o -go

JmobmH$ma _m§gqnS> H$mo A{b{Oˆm m H$m¡Am H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

H$mo_b Vmbw Ho$ gmW D$na-ZrMo hmoH$a H$m¡Am Üd{Z CËnmXZ _| ghm`Vm àXmZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

H$m¡Am {Oh²dmníM go {_bH$a µH$ (q) Üd{Z CËnÞ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

{Oˆm -{Oˆm -{Oˆm -{Oˆm -{Oˆm - ^mfU Ad`dm| _| {Oh²dm H$m ñWmZ à_wI h¡ Ÿ& {Oh²dm gabVm go _wI {dda _|

D$na-ZrMo , AmJo - nrN>o hmoH$a Am|R> go H$mo_bVmbw VH$ H$m ñne© H$aHo$ {d{^Þ Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ H$a

gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& {Oh²dm ~rM _| Zmbr ~Z H$a ^r Üd{Z CËnÞ H$a gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& {Oh²dm H$mo {d{^Þ ^mJm| _|

h_ ~m±Q>Vo h¢, {OZgo AbJ-AbJ Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&

{Oˆm H$s ZmoH$ -{Oˆm H$s ZmoH$ -{Oˆm H$s ZmoH$ -{Oˆm H$s ZmoH$ -{Oˆm H$s ZmoH$ - {Oh²dm H$s ZmoH$ g~go A{YH$ J{Verb h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> Üd{Z`m| Ho$ CƒmaU

_| {Oh²dm H$s ZmoH$ CXmgrZ hmoH$a ahVr h¡, `mZr ZrMo Ho$ Xm±Vm| Ho$ _yb _| ahVr h¡ Ÿ&

`h D$na Ho$ Xm±Vm| H$m ñne© H$aHo$ V[t], W [th] Am{X X§Ë` {Oh²dm`m± CËnÞ H$aZo _| ghm`Vm

H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& dËg© Ho$ nmg AmH$a g§Kfu Üd{Z g [s] CËnÞ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg OJh go CËnÞ Üd{Z dËñ ©

ñne© `m dËñ © g§Kfu H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ& \o$\$‹S>m| go AmZo dmbr dm w Ûmam `h {dVm{‹S>V hmoH$a ~ma-~ma

{hbH$a `m bw§{R>V hmoH$a a[r] Üd{Z CËnÞ hmoZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& `h dËñ © H$m _Ü` {~ÝXw ñne©

H$aVo g_` EH$ `m C^` nmíd© O~ Iwbo ahVo h¢ Vmo nm{e©dH$ Üd{Z CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& qhXr H$s b[L]

Üd{Z nmpíd©H$ Üd{Z h¡ Ÿ& h nrN>o H$s Amoa _w‹S>r hþB© ahH$a _yYm© H$mo ñne© H$aHo$ _yY©Ý` Üd{Z Q> [t], R>

[th] Am{X CËnÞ hmoZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&

{MÌ -1

41

{Oˆm- \$bH$ -{Oˆm- \$bH$ -{Oˆm- \$bH$ -{Oˆm- \$bH$ -{Oˆm- \$bH$ - {Oh²dm H$m ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go ~mha Omo A§e {ZH$b gH$Vm h¡ Cgo

{Oh²dm \$bH$ H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& h dËg© Ho$ R>rH$ {dnarV ahVm h¡ Ÿ& {Oh²dm-\$bH$ D$na Ho$ Xm±Vm| Am¡a

dËg© Ho$ g§ moJ go Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

{OˆmJ« -{OˆmJ« -{OˆmJ« -{OˆmJ« -{OˆmJ« - H$R>moa Vmbw Ho$ {dnarV ahZo dmbo {Oh²dm- A§e H$mo - {Oh²dmJ« H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

{Oh²dmJ« Am¡a H$R>moaVmbw Ho$ ñne© go CËnÞ hmoZo dmbr Üd{Z`m± Vmbì` ì §OZ Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ& ñdam| Ho$

CƒmaU _| {Oh²dmJ« H$R>moaVmbw H$s Amoa CR>H$a AJ«ñdam| B [i] , E [e] Am{X Üd{Z CËnmXZ _| ghm`Vm

H$aVr h¢ Ÿ&

{OˆmníM -{OˆmníM -{OˆmníM -{OˆmníM -{OˆmníM - {Oh²dm H$m eof ^mJ {Oh²dmníM H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h {d{^Þ _mÌm _|

H$mo_bVmbw H$s Amoa CR>H$a níMñda C [u] , Amo [o] Am{X Ho$ CËnÞ _| ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `h

H$mo_bVmbw H$m ñne© H$aHo$ H$ [ k] Am¡a H$m¡E H$m ñne© H$aHo$ µH [q] Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ H$aZo _| ghm`Vm

H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

{OˆmníM H$mo_bVmbw Am¡a H$m¡E Ho$ nmg nh±þMH$a dm w {ZJ©_Z-_mJ© H$mo g§H$sU© H$aHo$ Am¡a

nrN>o hQ>H$a Jb{db -_mJ© H$mo g§H$sU© H$aHo$ g§Kfu Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ H$aZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& o

Üd{Z`m± Aa~r mfm _| gwZmB© n‹S>Vr h¡§ Ÿ&

Cnm{b{Oh²dm `m Jb{db - Cnm{b{Oh²dm `m Jb{db - Cnm{b{Oh²dm `m Jb{db - Cnm{b{Oh²dm `m Jb{db - Cnm{b{Oh²dm `m Jb{db - Cnm{b{Oh²dm `m Jb{db Zmgma§Y« Am¡a ñda

§ÌmdaU Ho$ ~rM Am¡a {Oh²dm_yb Ho$ nrN>o Ho$ Imbr ñWmZ H$mo H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& `h EH$ Mm¡amhm O¡go ñWmZ

h¡, Ohm± ZmH$, _wI Am¡a moOZ Zbr Ho$ amñVo {_bVo h¢ Ÿ& {Oh²dmníM H$mo nrN>o hQ>m H$a Jb{db H$mo

{d{^Þ AmH$ma XoH$a {deof àH$ma H$s Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&

ñda`§ÌmdaU - ñda`§ÌmdaU - ñda`§ÌmdaU - ñda`§ÌmdaU - ñda`§ÌmdaU - {Oh²dm_yb Ho$ ZrMo nÎmo Ho$ g_mZ CR>o hþE _m§gb ^mJ H$mo ñda §ÌmdaU

H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Üd{Z CËnÞ H$aZo _| BgH$m moJXmZ Z hmoZo na r ñda §Ì H$s ajm H$aZm BgH$m H$m_ h¡ Ÿ&

ñda`§Ì - ñda`§Ì - ñda`§Ì - ñda`§Ì - ñda`§Ì - ^rVa H$s Amoa ídmg Zbr Ho$ A§V _| ~Šgo Ho$ AmH$ma H$m Omo C^am hþA A§e

{XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡ , dhr ñda`§Ì h¡ Ÿ& gm_mÝ`V: h_ Bgo H§$R> H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| AmJo go nrN>o H$s Amoa

{dñV¥V Xmo V§{Ì`m± h¢ Ÿ& BÝh| ñdaV§{Ì`m± H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& o ídmg Zbr Ho$ T>ŠH$Z H$m H$m_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& o XmoZm|

V§{Ì`m± àgm[aV hmoH$a ídmg _mJ© H$mo amoH$ XoVr h¢ Am¡a g§Hw${MV hmoH$a Cgo CÝ_wº$ H$a XoVr h¢ Ÿ& `o

\o$\$‹S>m| go AmZodmbr hdm H$mo {Z §{ÌV H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& ñdaV§{Ì`m| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ ñWmZ H$mo H$mH$b H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

`h gm_mÝ`V: ídmg -àídmg Ho$ g_` Iwbm ahVm h¡ Am¡a ^mar H$m_ H$aVo g_` ~§X ahVm h¡ Ÿ&

ñdaV§{Ì`m| H$s ghm`Vm go Bgo {d{^Þ AmH$ma XoH$a Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ H$s OmVr h¢ Ÿ& Üd{Z`m| Ho$ CƒmaU

_| _w»`V: ñdaV§{Ì`m| H$s Mma pñW{V`m± hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&

42

{MÌ -2

nhbr pñW{V _| XmoZm| ñdaV§{Ì`m± EH$ Xygao go BVZr Xya ahVr h¢ {H$ dm w CZgo {~Zm aJ‹S> ImE

{ZH$b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg pñW{V _| ñdaV§{Ì`m| _| H$moB© H§$nZ Zht hmoVm Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _| Omo Üd{Z CËnÞ

hmoVr h¡, dh AÚmof Üd{Z H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ& n [p], g [s], V [t], H$ [k] Am{X AKmof Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

MÌ -3

Xygar pñW{V _| XmoZm| ñdaV§{Ì`m± EH$ Xygao go BVZm {ZH$Q> Am OmVr h¡§ {H$ dm`w CZgo aJ‹S>

ImH$a {ZH$bVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg g_` Omo Üd{Z CËnÞ hmoVr h¡, dh gKmof Üd{Z H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ& Am(a), B

[i], C [u], J [g], S>> [d], ~ [b] Am{X gKmof Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

{MÌ -4

43

Vrgar pñW{V _| ñdaV§{Ì`m± gm_mÝ` {e{Wb ahVr h¢ Am¡a ídmg -àídmg gm_mÝ` J{V go

àdm{hV hmoVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg g_` {H$gr r Üd{Z H$m CƒmaU Zht hmoVm Ÿ&

MÌ -5

Mm¡Wr pñW{V _| ñdaV§{Ì`m± Bg Vah ahVr h¢ {H$ H$mH$b H$m àm`: 3/4 mJ ~§X ahVm h¡ Am¡a

1/4 ^mJ Iwbm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg pñW{V _| Cgo \w$g\w$gmhQ> H$s Üd{Z gwZmB© n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& Bg g_`

ñdaV§{Ì`m| _| H§$nZ Zht hmoVm, mZr gmar Üd{Z`m± AKmof ahVr h¢ Ÿ& \w$g\w$gmhQ> Üd{Z CËnÞ H$aZo Ho$

Mma Cnm` h¢ Ÿ&

i) ñdaV§{Ì`m± nmg-nmg Am OmVr h¢, na CZHo$ {H$Zmam| _| BVZm VZmd hmoVm h¡ {H$

CZ_| H§$nZ H$s g§ mdZm Zht ahVr Ÿ&

ii) ñdaV§{Ì`m± nañna {_bZo H$s pñW{V _| AmZo na ^r ~rM _| Hw$N> ñWmZ Iwbm ah

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr Iwbo ^mJ go {ZH$bZo dmbr hdm go \w$g\w$gmhQ> H$s Üd{Z gwZmB©

n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ&

ii) ñdaV§{Ì`m| Ho$ D$na g_mZmÝVa Xmo H¥${Ì_ ñdaV§{Ì`m± h¢ Ÿ& _w»` ñdaV§{Ì`m± Iwbr

ahZo na ^r H¥${Ì_ ñda V§{Ì`m± nañna g_rndVu hmoH$a hdm Ho$ {ZJ©_Z Ho$ _mJ©

H$mo g§H$sU© H$a XoVr h¢ Ÿ& Bg g_` Cƒ[aV Üd{Z \w$g\w$gmhQ> H$s Üd{Z hmo OmVr

h¡ Ÿ&

iv) ñdaV§{Ì`m| H$s AKmof -gKmof H$s ~rMdmbr pñW{V _| ^r EH$ àH$ma H$s

\w$g\w$gmhQ> H$s Üd{Z gwZmB© n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ&

O~ ñdaV§{Ì`m± nañna Q>H$amH$a EH$ PQ>Ho$ Ho$ gmW AbJ hmo OmVr h¢, V~ H$mH$ë` ñne©

Üd{Z CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& h Üd{Z maVr` mfmAm| _| CnbãY Zht h¢ Ÿ&

44

ídmgZbr -ídmgZbr -ídmgZbr -ídmgZbr -ídmgZbr - \o$\$‹S>o go H§$R> VH$ b§~r Zbr H$mo ídmgZbr H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& ~mha go \o$\$‹Sm§>o VH$

dm w Ho$ AmZo - OmZo Ho$ {bE `hr EH$ _mÌ _mJ© h¡ Ÿ&

Zmgm{dda - Zmgm{dda - Zmgm{dda - Zmgm{dda - Zmgm{dda - gmYmaU pñW{V _| ídmg -àídmg boVo g_` dm w _wI{dda go Z OmH$a

Zmgm{dda go AmVr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {ZaZwZm{gH$ Üd{Z`m| Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ g_` H$mo_bVmbw D$na CR> H$a

Zmgm -{dda _mJ© H$mo nyU©V: ~§X H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h ZrMo PyH$H$a _wIa§Y« H$mo nyar Vah ~§X H$a XoVm h¡

Am¡a Bg g_` Zm{gŠ` Üd{Z`m± _ [m] , Z[n] Am{X Cƒ[aV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& H$^r -H$^r hdm _wI{dda

Am¡a Zmgm{dda XmoZm| {ddam| go {ZH$bVr h¡ Am¡a Bg g_` AZwZm{gH$ Üd{Z`m± Am±[ã]. B± [ Î ] Am{X

Cƒ[aV hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&

\o$\$‹S>o - \o$\$‹S>o - \o$\$‹S>o - \o$\$‹S>o - \o$\$‹S>o - \o$\$‹S>m| go {ZH$br dm w go hr Üd{Z H$m CƒmaU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& \o$\$‹S>m| na Omoa

bJmH$a A{YH$ àídmg H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ {H$gr Üd{Z na A{YH$ ~b {X`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

Cn w©º$ g^r A§Jm| H$mo dmH²$- §Ì `m dm{J§{Ð`m± H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| go Hw$N> Ad`d gMb A§J h¢,

O¡go - ZrMo H$m Am|R>, Or^, H$mo_b Vmbw Am{X Ÿ& BÝh| H$aU r H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> Ad`d AMb

ahVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go Vmbw Ÿ& Üd{Z CËnÞ H$aVo g_` H$^r Xmo Ad`d Amng _| {_b OmVo h¢ Vmo H$^r nmg-

nmg Am OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

2.3 ^m{fH$ Üd{Z`m± : ñda :^m{fH$ Üd{Z`m± : ñda :^m{fH$ Üd{Z`m± : ñda :^m{fH$ Üd{Z`m± : ñda :^m{fH$ Üd{Z`m± : ñda :

^m{fH$ Üd{Z`m| H$mo Xmo ^mJm| _| dJu©H¥$V {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& 1 ñda, 2. ì §OZ Ÿ&

1) ñda do Üd{Z`m± h¢ {OZHo$ CƒmaU _| \o$\$‹S>m| go AmZo dmbr dm w {~Zm {H$gr ê$H$mdQ>

Ho$ _wI{dda go ~mha {ZH$b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ñdam| H$m CƒmaU H$aVo g_` _wI-Ûma H$mo H$_ m A{YH$ Vmo

{H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, na nyar Vah go ~§X Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm m Z BVZm ~§X {H$ dm w H$mo aJ‹S> ImH$a

{ZH$bZm n‹S>o Ÿ&

ñda H$s n[a^mfm :ñda H$s n[a^mfm :ñda H$s n[a^mfm :ñda H$s n[a^mfm :ñda H$s n[a^mfm :

(vowels are modifications of the voiced sounds that involve no closure , friction or

contact of the tongue and lips.- ( Bloomfield.)

A vowel is defined as a voiced sound in forming which the air issues in a continuous

stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no obstruction and no narrowing such as

would cause audible friction. - ( Daniel Jones)

45

ñda dh gKmof Üd{Z h¡ {OgHo$ CƒmaU _| ídmg -Z{bH$m go AmVr hþB© ídmg Ymam -àdmh go

A~mY J{V go _wI go {ZH$bVr OmVr h¡ Am¡a _wI-{dda _| Eogm H$moB© g§H$moM Zht hmoVm {H$ {H$qMV_mÌ

^r g§Kf© `m ñne© hmo ( ~m~ybmb gŠgoZm )

do Üd{Z`m±, {OZHo$ CƒmaU _| {ZJ©V ídmg _| H$ht AdéÕVm Z hmo, ñda H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ&

(CX`Zmam`U {Vdmar)

ñda dh Kmof (H$^r -H$^r AKmof ^r) Üd{Z h¡, {OgHo$ CƒmaU _| hdm AdmY J{V go

_wI{dda go {ZH$b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ( àmo. XodoÝÐZmW e_m©)

ñdam| H$m dJuH$aU : ñdam| H$m dJuH$aU : ñdam| H$m dJuH$aU : ñdam| H$m dJuH$aU : ñdam| H$m dJuH$aU :

ñdam| Ho$ dJuH$aU Ho$ {bE {ZåZ{b{IV AmYma h¢ :

H$) hm|R>m| Ho$ AmYma na : ñdam| Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ g_` AmH$ma {^Þ -{^Þ àH$ma H$m ahVm h¡ Ÿ&

B©, B Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ g_` Am|R> \¡$bo ahVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg g_` Cƒ[aV Üd{Z`m| H$mo Ad¥ÎmmH$ma `m {dñV¥V

Üd{Z`m± H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& D$, C, Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ g_` Am|R> JmobmH$ma hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg g_` Cƒ[aV Üd{Z`m|

H$mo d¥ÎmmH$ma `m gV¥©b Üd{Z`m± H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& B, B©, E , Eo Ad¥VmH$ma Am¡a C, D$, Amo , Am¡, Am,

d¥ÎmmH$ma h¢ Ÿ&

I) {Oˆm Ho$ D$na CR>o ^mJ H$s Ñ{ï> go ñdam| Ho$ CƒmaU _| {Oˆm H$aU H$m H$m_ H$aVr

h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> ñdam| Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ g_` {Od²hm H$m AJ« mJ D$na CR>Vm h¡, Hw$N> ñdam| Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$

g_` {Oˆm H$m _Ü`^mJ D$na CR>Vm h¡, Hw$N> ñdam| Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ g_` {Oˆm H$m níM ^mJ D$na

CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go ñdam| H$mo VrZ ^mJm| _| aIm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

qhXr _| -

i) AJ«ñda - B©, B, E, Eo

ii) _Üdñda - A

iii) níMñda- C, D$>, Amo, Am¡a, Am

J) {Oˆm H$s D±$MmB© H$s Ñ{ï> go h_ XoIVo h¢ {H$ "B©' Ho$ CƒmaU _| {Oˆm {OVZr D±$MmB©

VH$ CR>Vr h¡, "E' Ho$ CƒmaU _| Cggo H$_ Am¡a "Eo' Ho$ CƒmaU _| Cggo Am¡a H$_ D±$MmB© VH$ CR>Vr

h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma "D$' Ho$ CƒmaU _| {Oˆm {OVZr D±$MmB© VH$ CR>Vr h¡, "Amo' Ho$ CƒmaU _| Cggo H$_

Am¡a "Am¡' Ho$ CƒmaU _| Cggo Am¡a H$_ D±$MmB© VH$ CR>Vr h¡ {Oˆm H$_ D±$MmB© VH$ CR>oJr Vmo

46

_wI{dda A{YH$ IwboJm Am¡a {Oˆm A{YH$ D±$MmB© VH$ CR>oJr ŸVmo _wI{dda H$_ D±$MmB© VH$

IwboJm Ÿ& Or^ {H$VZr D±$MmB© VH$ CR>Vr h¡ Am¡a \$bñdê$n _wI{dda {H$VZm IwbVm h¡ CgHo$

AmYma na ñdam| H$mo Mma ^mJm| _| aIm J`m h¡ Ÿ&

i) ñda Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ {bE {Oˆm H$s g~go D±$Mr pñW{V _| Am¡a _wI{dda H$s

A{YH$ _mÌm _| IwbZo H$s pñW{V _| g§d¥Îm ñda CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

ii) ñda Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ {bE {Oˆm H$s g~go ZrMr pñW{V _| Am¡a _wI{dda H$s H$_

_mÌm _| IwbZo H$s pñW{V _| "{dd¥V ñda' CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

iii) g§d¥V go Wmo‹S>r ZrMr Am¡a AY© {dd¥V go Wmo‹S>r D$na dmbr {Oˆm H$s pñW{V _| AY©

- g§d¥Îm' ñda CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

4) {dd¥Îm go Wmo‹S>r D$na Am¡a AY© -g§d¥[Îm go Wmo‹S>r ZrMo dmbr {Oˆm H$s pñW{V _|

"AY©-{dd¥V' ñda CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

qhXr _| B, C g§d¥V, E, Amo AY© g§d¥V Eo, Am¡, A AY© {dd¥V Am¡a Am {dd¥V Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

ñdaV§{Ì`m| H$m AmYma :ñdaV§{Ì`m| H$m AmYma :ñdaV§{Ì`m| H$m AmYma :ñdaV§{Ì`m| H$m AmYma :ñdaV§{Ì`m| H$m AmYma :

Üd{Z`m| Ho$ CƒmaU _| H$^r ñdaV§{Ì`m| _| H§$nZ hmoVm h¡, Vmo H$^r-H$^r gm_mÝd` g^r ñda

gKmof hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Hw$N> mfmAm| _| AKmof ñda nmE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& AmB©. nr. E. _| AKmof ñda H$mo Xem©Zo Ho$

{bE ñda g§Ho$V Ho$ ZrMo eyÝ` (0) `m CëQ>m v(∧) {MÝh {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

dm`w {ZJ©_Z _mJ© Ho$ AmYma na :dm`w {ZJ©_Z _mJ© Ho$ AmYma na :dm`w {ZJ©_Z _mJ© Ho$ AmYma na :dm`w {ZJ©_Z _mJ© Ho$ AmYma na :dm`w {ZJ©_Z _mJ© Ho$ AmYma na :

\o$\$‹S>m| go {ZH$br dm w go ñda H$m CƒmaU H$aVo g_` dm þ -{ZJ©_Z Ho$db _wI {dda go m

_wI{dda VWm Zmgm {dda go hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& nhbr pñW{V _| Cƒ[aV ñda H$mo _m¡{IH$ ñda `m

{ZaZwZm{gH$ ñda VWm Xygar pñW{V _| Cƒ[aV ñda H$mo AZwZm{gH$ ñda H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& A, Am, B© Am{X

ñda h¢ Vmo A±, Am±, B± Am{X AZwZm{gH$ ñda h¢ Ÿ& AmB©-nr.E. _| AZwZm{gH$Vm H$m g§Ho$V ” h¡ Ÿ&

CƒmaU _| g_` H$s _mÌm Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU _| g_` H$s _mÌm Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU _| g_` H$s _mÌm Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU _| g_` H$s _mÌm Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU _| g_` H$s _mÌm Ho$ AmYma na :

Hw$N> ñdam| Ho$ CƒmaU _| H$_ g_` bJVm h¡ Vmo Hw$N> ñdam| Ho$ CƒmaU _| A{YH$ g_`

bJVm h¡ Ÿ& A{YH$ g_` bJZo dmbo ñda H$mo XrK© ñda H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& XrK© ñda Ho$ CƒmaU _|$ õñd

47

ñda go XwJwZm g_` bJVm h¡ Ÿ& A, B, C õñd ñda h¢ Vmo Am, B©, D$, E, Eo, Amo, Am¡ Am¡a XrK© ñda

h¢ Ÿ&

Ñ‹T>Vm -Ñ‹T>Vm -Ñ‹T>Vm -Ñ‹T>Vm -Ñ‹T>Vm - Hw$N> ñdam| Ho$ CƒmaU _| {Oˆm H$s _m§gno{e`m± T>rbr ahVr h§¡ Vmo Hw$N> _| VZr

hþB© Ÿ& Bg AmYma na ñda Üd{Z`m± Xmo àH$ma H$s h¢ Ÿ&

Ñ‹T> Am¡a {e{Wb -Ñ‹T> Am¡a {e{Wb -Ñ‹T> Am¡a {e{Wb -Ñ‹T> Am¡a {e{Wb -Ñ‹T> Am¡a {e{Wb - A§JyR>o H$mo {M~wH$ VWm H§$R> Ho$ ~rM aIH$a Ñ‹T> Üd{Z`m| Ho$ CƒmaU

Ho$ g_` _m§gno{e`m| Ho$ VZmd H$mo AZw d {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ ^mfm _| Hw$N> Üd{Z`m± AÝ`

Üd{Z`m| H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ Ñ‹T> hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& Hw$N> ^mfmE± ^r AÝ` ^mfmAm| H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ Ñ‹T>

hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& A§J«oOr H$s VwbZm _| \«$mgrgr H$s Am¡a Amo{S>Am H$s VwbZm _| qhXr H$s Hw$N> Üd{Z`m± A{YH$

Ñ‹T> hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&

2.4 _mZñda Am¡a Jm¡U_mZ ñda :_mZñda Am¡a Jm¡U_mZ ñda :_mZñda Am¡a Jm¡U_mZ ñda :_mZñda Am¡a Jm¡U_mZ ñda :_mZñda Am¡a Jm¡U_mZ ñda :

_mZñda H$m g§~§Y {H$gr mfm {deof go Zht hmoVm Ÿ& {d{^Þ mfmAm| _| nmE OmZo dmbo ñdam| Ho$

{bE h EH$ _mZH$ m AmXe© h¡ Ÿ& AmR> _mZH$ ñdam| H$mo {Oˆm Ho$ mJ, {Oˆm H$s D±$MmB© Am¡a Am|R>m|

Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ AmYma na ñda {ÌH$moU _| {XIm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$ÝVw `{X h_ Ad¥ÎmmH$ma ñdam| H$mo

d¥ÎmmH$ma ñdam| H$s m±{V Am¡a d¥ÎmmH$ma ñdam| H$mo Ad¥VmH$ma ñdam| H$s m±{V ~mob§o Vmo Eogo ñda Jm¡U_mZ

ñda H$hbmVo h¢ Ÿ&

\$moQ>mo

48

_mZñdam| H$m dU©Z : _mZñdam| H$m dU©Z : _mZñdam| H$m dU©Z : _mZñdam| H$m dU©Z : _mZñdam| H$m dU©Z :

1. I g§d¥V, AJ«, Ad¥ÎmmH$ma

2. e AY© g§d¥V, AJ«, Ad¥ÎmmH$ma

3. 6 AY© {dd¥V AJ«, Ad¥ÎmmH$ma

4. a {dd¥V AJ«, Ad¥ÎmmH$ma

5. a {dd¥V níM d¥ÎmmH$ma (ñdën)

6. ) AY© {dd¥V níM d¥ÎmmH$ma (ñdën)

7. o AY© g§d¥V níM d¥ÎmmH$ma

8. u g§d¥V níM d¥ÎmmH$ma

_mZñda H$s {defVmE± :_mZñda H$s {defVmE± :_mZñda H$s {defVmE± :_mZñda H$s {defVmE± :_mZñda H$s {defVmE± :

1. o {H$gr ^mfm Ho$ ñda Zht h¢ Ÿ& AWm©V² `mÅ>pÀN>H$ ñda h¢ Ÿ&

2. o ñda g^r Ho$ {bE kmV h¢ Ÿ& `o Cn_mZ H$s Vah h¢

3. o ñda joÌ H$s n[a{Y na pñWV h¢ Ÿ& Bg n[a{Y _| ~mha H$moB© ñda Zht h¡ Ÿ&

4. àË oH$ Xmo {ZH$Q>ñW _mZñdam| _| g_mZ ÜdÝ`mË_H$ Xyar ahVr h¡ Ÿ&

5. BZH$s g§»`m AmR> h¡ Ÿ&

2.5 g§`wº$ ñda :g§`wº$ ñda :g§`wº$ ñda :g§`wº$ ñda :g§`wº$ ñda :

g§ wº$ ñda Ho$ CƒmaU _| ^mfU - Ad`d EH$ CƒmaU pñW{V go {ZH$bH$a Xygar CƒmaU

pñW{V _| nh±þM OmVo h¢ Ÿ& [AB] Am¡a [AC] g§`wº$ ñda h¢ Ÿ& [AC] Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ g_` Am|R>m| H$s

AdñWm ~XbVr h¡ Am¡a(AB) D$na H$s Amoa {Oˆm CR>Vr h¡ & BgHo$ CƒmaU _| {Oˆm Ho$ EH$ ñWmZ go

Xygao ñWmZ na EH$ gm±g _| nh±þMZo Ho$ H$maU CÝh| MbÜd{Z `m lw{V H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

g§ wº$ ñda H$mo Amamohr, Adamohr Zm_ go Xmo ^mJ _| ~m±Q>m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Amamohr g§ wº$mja H$m

àW_ ñda Jm¡U ahVm h¡ Am¡a Xygam _w»` Ÿ& `h g§d¥V H$s Amoa go {dd¥V H$s Amoa OmVr h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V²

{Oˆm D$na go ZrMo H$s Amoa AmVr h¡ Ÿ& Adamohr g§ wº$mja _| àW_ ñda A{YH$ _wIa Am¡a Xygam ñda

õmgmoÝ_wI hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| àW_ ñda ~bmKmV wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {ÛVr` ñda ~bmKmV a{hV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

Bg_| Üd{Z {dd¥V go g§d¥Îm H$s Amoa OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

49

\$moQ>mo

2.6 ì`§OZ :ì`§OZ :ì`§OZ :ì`§OZ :ì`§OZ :

ì §OZ do Üd{Z`m± h¢, {OZHo$ CƒmaU _| ^mfU- §Ì _| H$^r Vmo hdm {~bHw$b éH$ OmVr h¡

Am¡a H$^r mfU Ad`dm| Ûmam Ûmam {Z{_©V g§H$sU© _mJ© go {ZH$bVr h¡ {Oggo Kf©U CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

n[a^mfm± :n[a^mfm± :n[a^mfm± :n[a^mfm± :n[a^mfm± : ì §OZ do Üd{Z`m± h¢ {OZHo$ CƒmaU H$aVo g_` {Zídmg H$ht Z H$ht

AdamoY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& (àmo. Ho$XmaZmW e_m© - mfm{dkmZ H$s y{_H$m )

ì §OZ dh Üd{Z h¡, {OgHo$ CƒmaU _| hdm A~mY J{V go Zht {ZH$bZo nmVr Ÿ& `m Vmo Cgo

nyU© AdéÕ hmoH$a AmJo ~‹T>Zm n‹S>Vm h¡ m g§H$sU© _mJ© go Kf©U ImVo hþE {ZH$bZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& m _Ü`

aoIm go hQ>H$a EH$ `m XmoZm| nmídm] go {ZH$bZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma dm w _mJ© _| nyU© `m AnyU©

AdamoY CnpñWV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& (S>m°. mobZmW {Vdmar, mfm {dkmZ)

A consonant conversely , is a sound for whose production the air -current is com-

pletely stopped by an occlusion of the larynx or the oral passage or is forced to squeeze

through a narrow construction, or is deflected from the median line of its channel.through a

lateral opening, causes one of the supraglottal organs to vibrate.

( Bloch and Tragor. Outlines of Linguistic Analysis)

( ì §OZ dh Üd{Z h¡ {OgHo$ CƒmaU _| \o$\$‹S>m| go AmZodmbr dm w ñdaV§Ìr, `m _wI _mJ© _|

H$ht nyU©V`m amoH$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& m AË §V g§Hw${MV _mJ© go {ZH$bVr h¡, m _wI{dda H$s ñda gr_m go

hQ>Vo hþE {Oˆm Ho$ EH$ `m XmoZm| Amoa go {ZH$bVr h¡, `m ñdaV§Ìr go D$na dmbo {H$gr dmJ² Ad`d _|

H§$nZ n¡Xm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&)

50

ì`§OZm| H$m dJuH$aU :ì`§OZm| H$m dJuH$aU :ì`§OZm| H$m dJuH$aU :ì`§OZm| H$m dJuH$aU :ì`§OZm| H$m dJuH$aU :

CƒmaU H$s Ñ{ï> go _wI{dda H$mo Xmo mJm| _| ~m±Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ D$na H$m, Omo pñWa h¡,

Xygam ZrMo H$m, Omo ApñWa h¡ Ÿ& «pñWa Ad`dm| H$mo "H$aU' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& D$na Am|R>, Xm±V, dËg©,

H$R>moaVmbw, _yYm© Am¡a ZrMo Am|R>, Or^, Xm±V AmVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ g~H$mo CƒmaU -Ad`d H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

_w±h Ho$ {ZMbo mJ H$m H$moB© Ad`d {X D$na Ho$ {H$gr Ad`d H$mo ñne© H$aVm h¡, CZ ñWmZ H$mo

CƒmaU ñWmZ H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `{X Or^ H$s Zm|H$ dËg© H$mo Ny>Vr h¡, V~ dËg© EH$ CƒmaU ñWmZr h¡ Ÿ&

h_| Üd{Z CËnÞ H$aVo g_` XoIZm n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ hdm {H$g àH$ma {ZH$bVr h¡ Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r Xmo

Ad`d nañna H$mo ñne© H$aVo h¢ Vmo hdm H$m {ZJ©_Z _mJ© {~bHw$b AdéÕ hmo OmVr h¡, Bg g_`

Cƒ[aV hmoZo dmbr Üd{Z H$mo ñne© Üd{Z H$hm OmEJm Ÿ& O~ Xmo Ad`d EH$-Xygao Ho$ nmg AmH$a hdm

{ZJ©_Z H$m _mJ© g§H$am H$a XoVo h¢, Bg g_` hdm Kf©U H$aVr hþB© {ZH$bVr h¡ Vmo Bg Üd{Z H$mo g§Kfu

Üd{Z H$hm OmEJm Ÿ& CƒmaU Ho$ ñWmZ Am¡a à`ËZ Ho$ AmYma na ì §OZm| H$m r dJuH$aU {H$`m OmVm

h¡ Ÿ&

AWm©V² ì`§OZm| Ho$ dJuH$aU Ho$ _w»` Xmo AmYma h¢ -

1) CƒmaU Ho$ ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na

2) CƒmaU -à`ËZ Ho$ AmYma na Ÿ&

2.6.1 CƒmaU ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na :

1. Û² moð²>` Bg àH$ma H$s ì §OZ -Üd{Z CËnÞ hmoZo Ho$ {bE ZrMo H$m Am|R> D$na Ho$ Am|R>

H$m ñne© H$aHo$ hdm H$mo nyar Vah _wI- {dda _| AdamoY H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& hdm Ho$ X~md go AdamoY

ñ\$moQ>Z Ho$ gmW EH$mEH$ Iwb OmVm h¡ Am¡a Üd{Z gwZmB© n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& qhXr H$s n²,\²$, ,~², ², _², Û² moð²>`

Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

2. X§Ë`moð²>` -X§Ë`moð²>` -X§Ë`moð²>` -X§Ë`moð²>` -X§Ë`moð²>` - BZ Üd{Z`m| Ho$ CƒmaU _| ZrMo H$m Am|R> D$na Ho$ Xm±V Ho$ nmg Am

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& d² Am¡a µ\²$ Bg àH$ma H$s Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

3. X§Ë` -X§Ë` -X§Ë` -X§Ë` -X§Ë` - {Oˆm H$s ZmoH$ Xm±Vm| H$m ñne© H$aZo go `h Üd{Z CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& qhXr H$s

V², W², X², Y² X§Ë` Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

4. dËñ`© -dËñ`© -dËñ`© -dËñ`© -dËñ`© - dËñ © Üd{Z`m| Ho$ CƒmaU _| {Oˆm H$s ZmoH$ dËg© H$mo ñne© H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&

qhXr H$s Z², g², a², b² Üd{Z`m± dËñ © h¢ Ÿ&

51

5. Vmbì` -Vmbì` -Vmbì` -Vmbì` -Vmbì` - dËg© Ho$ nrN>o H$s Amoa H$m H$R>moa ñWmZ H$R>moaVmbw H$hbmVm h¡ {Oˆm

H$s ZmoH$ `m {OˆmJ« Am¡a H$R>moaVmbw Ho$ ñne© go Vmbì` Üd{Z`m± CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& M², N>², O², P², Äm²,

e², ² qhXr H$s Vmbì` Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

6. _yY©Ý` -_yY©Ý` -_yY©Ý` -_yY©Ý` -_yY©Ý` - H$R>moa Vmbw go Am¡a nrN>o H$m ^mJ _yYm© H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& _yY©Ý` Üd{Z Ho$

CƒmaU _| {OˆmJ« CbQ>H$a _yYm© H$mo ñne© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr H$s Q²>, R²>, S²>, T²>, U² Üd{Z`m± _yY©Ý`

Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

7 . H§$R²>` -H§$R²>` -H§$R²>` -H§$R²>` -H§$R²>` - _yYm© Ho$ nrN>o H$m¡do VH$ Ho$ ^mJ H$mo H$mo_bVmbw `m H§$R> H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg

Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU _| {Oˆm níM H$mo_bVmbw H$m ñne© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr H$s H²$, I², J², K², L²> H§$R²>`

Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

8. H$mH$ë` -H$mH$ë` -H$mH$ë` -H$mH$ë` -H$mH$ë` - ñda §Ì Ûma `m H$mH$b go Cƒ[aV hmoZo dmbr Üd{Z H$mo H$mH$ë`

Üd{Z H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& qhXr H$s h² H$mH$ë` Üd{Z h¡ Ÿ&

2.6.2 CƒmaU à`ËZ Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU à`ËZ Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU à`ËZ Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU à`ËZ Ho$ AmYma na :CƒmaU à`ËZ Ho$ AmYma na :

CƒmaU-à`ËZ H$s Ñ{ï> go ì §OZ {ZåZ àH$ma Ho$ h¢ :

1. ñne© -ñne© -ñne© -ñne© -ñne© - ñne© ì`§OZ Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU _| Xmo H$m_ hmoVo h¢ - hdm H$m AdamoY Am¡a

CÝ_moMZŸ& ñne© Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ {bE Xmo ^mfU Ad`d nañna {_bH$a dm w _mJ© H$mo nyU©V: ~§X

H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Cgr g_` \o$\$‹S>m| go {ZH$bZo dmbr hdm H$m X~md n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& V~ AdamoY ñ\$moQ>Z Ho$ gmW

EH$mEH$ Iwb OmVm h¡, Bg g_` gwZmB© n‹S>Zo dmbr Üd{Z H$mo ñne© Üd{Z H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU go nhbo AdamoY Ho$ g_` ñda §Ì H$s ñdaV§{Ì`m| _| H§$nZ hmoZo go Üd{Z

gKmof hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a H§$nZ Z hmoZo go Üd{Z AKmof hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

ñne© ì §OZ Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ g_` \o$\$‹S>m| _| dm w H$_ Am gH$Vr h¡, Am¡a A{YH$ ^r Ÿ& dm`w

H$s _mÌm Ho$ AmYma na ñ\$moQ>Z {e{Wb hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Vrd« r Ÿ& H$_ dm þ Am¡a {e{Wb ñ\$moQ>Z Ho$

gmW Omo Üd{Z gwZmB© n‹S>Vr h¡ Cgo AënàmU VWm A{YH$ dm w Am¡a Vrd« ñ\$moQ>Z Ho$ gmW gwZmB© n‹S>Zo

dmbr ñne© Üd{Z H$mo _hmàmU ì §OZ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

ñne© Üd{Z H$mo ^r nyU© `m AnyU© ê$n go Cƒ[aV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& g§ wº$mja _| àW_

Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU _| CÝ_moMZ go nhbo mfU -Ad`d Xygar Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ {bE V¡ ma hmo OmZo

go àW_ ñne© Ho$ ñ\$moQ>Z H$m Adga Zht {_bVm Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _| àW_ Üd{Z H$mo AnyU© ñne© ì §OZ

H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ñdV§Ì ê$n go Cƒ[aV ñne© ì §OZ `m g§ wº$mja {ÛVr` ñne© ì §OZ H$mo nyU© ñne©

52

ì §OZ H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ^º$ eãX _| H²$[k] AnyU© ì`§OZ h¡ Am¡a V[t] nyU© ì`§OZ h¡ Ÿ&

{Og g§ wº$ ì §OZ _| {ÛVr` ì §OZ Zm{gŠ` hmoVm h¡, CgHo$ àW_ {ZaZwZm{gH$ Üd{Z Ho$

CƒmaU _| ñ\$moQ>Z _wI{dda _| Z hmoH$a Zmgm{dda _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _| àW_ ì §OZ H$mo

Zm{gŠ`moÝ_wº$ ñne© -ì §OZ _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ËZ eãX _| V²[t] Eogr Üd{Z h¡ Ÿ&

XmoZm| Am|R>m| H$mo ñne© H$aHo$ Û`moð²>` ñne© Üd{Z`m| H$m CƒmaU {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& n², \²$, ~², ²,

V² , W², X², Y², Q²>, R²>, S²>, T²>, H²$, I², J², K² Eogr Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

Zm{gŠ` :Zm{gŠ` :Zm{gŠ` :Zm{gŠ` :Zm{gŠ` : Zm{gŠ` Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU _| H$mo_bVmbw ZrMo PwH$ OmVm h¡, Zmgm -{dda

nyU© ê$n go Iwb OmVm h¡ Am¡a g§nyU© dm w Zmgm{dda go hmoH$a ~mha {ZH$bVr h¡ Ÿ& _wI{dda _| ñne©

ì §OZ H$s Vah {H$gr Z {H$gr g_` na nyU© AdamoY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& _², Z², U², Äm², L²> Ho$ CƒmaU _| nyU©

AdamoY H«$_e: Am|R>m|, Xm±V, _yYm©, Vmbw Am¡a H§$R> na hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

ñne© g§Kfu : ñne© g§Kfu : ñne© g§Kfu : ñne© g§Kfu : ñne© g§Kfu : ñne© g§Kfu Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU _| nhbo Xmo ^mfU Ad`dm| H$m Vmo ñne©

hmoVm h¡, na CÝ_moMZ EH$mEH$ Z hmoH$a Yrao-Yrao hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Xmo Ad`d Yrao-Yrao AbJ hmoZo Ho$

n[aUm_ ñdê$n dm w H$mo Wmo‹S>o g_` Ho$ {bE g§H$sU© _mJ© {_b OmVm h¡ Am¡a dh g§Kf© H$aVo hþE ~mha

{ZH$bVr h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| M², N²>, O², P² Üd{Z`m± ñne© -g§Kfu ì §OZ Üd{Z`m± h¡§ Ÿ&

b§w{R>V : b§w{R>V : b§w{R>V : b§w{R>V : b§w{R>V : Bg dJ© H$s Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ {bE {Oˆm H$s ZmoH$ \o$\$‹S>m| go AmZo dmbr dm w

Ho$ à^md go ~‹S>r VoOr go {hbH$a dËg© go Q>H$amVr h¡ Ÿ& qhXr H$s Üd{Z a², dËñ © bw§{R>V ì §OZ Üd{Z

h¡ Ÿ& {Og Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU _| H$m¡Am H§${nV hmoH$a {OˆmníM go Q>H$amVm h¡ Cgo bw§{R>V A{b{Oˆr`

ì`§OZ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& \«$m§grgr Am¡a O_©Z mfm _| h Üd{Z gwZmB© n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ&

bw§{R>V Üd{Z`m± g§Kfu Am¡a g§Kf©hrZ XmoZm| àH$ma go CËnÞ H$s Om gH$Vr h§¡ Ÿ& {X AdamoY Ho$

_Ü` dm w H$mo {ZH$bZo H$m à`m©á amñVm {_bVm h¡ Vmo g§Kf© CËnÞ Zht hmoVm Ÿ& {H$ÝVw amñVm g§H$sU© hmoZo

go g§Kf© CËnÞ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Eogr Üd{Z g§Kfu bw§{R>V Üd{Z H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ&

CpËjá : CpËjá : CpËjá : CpËjá : CpËjá : C{já Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU _| CƒmaU Ad`d CƒmaU ñWmZ go Q>H$amH$a ~‹S>o doJ

go dmng Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| dm`w -_mJ© H$m nyU© AdamoY Vmo hmoVm h¡, na j{UH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ñne©

ì §OZm| H$s VwbZm _| ^mfU Ad`d H$_ joÌ H$mo Ny> nmVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| ‹S²> Am¡a ‹T²> Üd{Z`m± CpËjá h¢ Ÿ&

BZH$m CƒmaU H$aZo Ho$ {bE {OˆmZmoH$ D$na CR>Vr h¡, nrN>o H$s Amoa _w‹S>Vr h¡, Am¡a Vmbw Ho$ AJ« mJ

H$m ñne© H$aVo hþE ~‹S>o doJ go bm¡>Vr h¢ Ÿ&

nmpíd©H$ :nmpíd©H$ :nmpíd©H$ :nmpíd©H$ :nmpíd©H$ : qhXr H$s$ "b' Üd{Z nmpíd©H$ Üd{Z h¡ Ÿ& "b' Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ g_` {Oˆm H$s

ZmoH$ dËñ`© H$s Amoa OmVr h¡ Am¡a dm`w Ho$ {ZJ©_Z H$m _mJ© ~§X hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$ÝVw {Oˆm H$s ZmoH$ go

53

XmoZm| Va\$ go dm w ~mha {ZH$bZo H$m amñVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& nmíd© go dm w {ZH$bZo go Bg Üd{Z H$mo nmpíd©H$

ì §OZ Üd{Z H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& nmíd© amñVo H$mo n`m©á g§H$sU© H$aHo$ AKmof nmpíd©H$ g§Kfu Üd{Z CËnÞ H$s Om

gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& ñdaV§{Ì`m| _| H§$nZ CËnÞ H$aHo$ gKmof nmpíd©H$ g§Kfu Üd{Z CËnÞ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&

AÝ` mfmAm| _| h Üd{Z CnbãY h¡ Ÿ& {Oˆm H$s ZmoH$ H$mo nrN>o H$s Amoa _mo‹S>H$a H$R>moaVmbw H$m ñne©

H$aHo$ AënàmU gKmof _yY©Ý` nmpíd©H$ ì §OZ Üd{Z CËnÞ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& h [l]Amo{‹S>Am mfm _|

~hþVm`V go gwZmB© n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

gKfu -gKfu -gKfu -gKfu -gKfu - g§Kfu Üd{Z Ho$ CƒmaU _| {Oˆm H$m H$moB© mJ BVZr D±$MmB© VH$ CR> OmVm h¡ > {H$

dm`w _mJ© AË`§V g§H$sU© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {Oˆm D$na Ho$ {H$gr Ad`d H$m ñne© Zht H$aVr Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _|

dm w aJ‹S> ImVr hþB© m g§Kf© H$aVr hþB© _wI{dda go ~mha AmVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogr Üd{Z`m| H$mo g§Kfu Üd{Z`m±

H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr H$s g², e², µ\²$, µO², Eogr Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ& [ g] Ho$ CƒmaU _| {Oˆm "ZmoH$' Am¡a {Oˆm

\$bH$ dËg© Ho$ {dnarV ahVo h¢ Ÿ& Xm±Vm| Ho$ nrN>o H$m _mJ© g§H$sU© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dm w _mJ© EH$ Zmbr Ho$ ê$n

_| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {Oˆm Ho$ XmoZm| {H$Zmao D$na CR> OmZo go Am¡a ~rM _| EH$ Zmbr-gr ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dm`w Bg

Zmbr go aJ‹S> ImH$a {ZH$bVr h¡ Ÿ& `h [ g] AKmof dËñ © g§Kfu ì §OZ Üd{Z h¡ Ÿ& [ e] Ho$ CƒmaU

_| {Oˆm \$bH$ Ho$ ZrMo Am¡a ZrMo Ho$ Xm±Vm| Ho$ nrN>o EH$ bKw{dda ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cggo dm w aJ‹S> ImH$a

{ZH$bVr h¡ Ÿ&

AY©ñda :AY©ñda :AY©ñda :AY©ñda :AY©ñda : {OZ Üd{Z`m| Ho$ CƒmaU _| dm w_mJ© n`m©á {dd¥Îm hmoVm h¡, {Oggo dm w _|

g§Kf© CËnÞ Zht hmoVm, Cgo g§Kf©hrZ gàdmh Üd{Z H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& g^r AY©ñda Am¡a ñda g§Kf©hrZ

gàdmh Üd{Z h¢ Ÿ& qhXr _| [ ] Am¡a [ d] AY©ñda h¢ Ÿ& BZH$m CƒmaU Z Vmo R>rH$ ñda H$s m±{V hmoVm

h¡, Z R>rH$ ì`OZm| H$s ^m±{VŸ& Bg{bE BÝh| AY©ñda H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

[ `] Ho$ CƒmaU _| {Oˆm EH$ àH$ma Ho$ [i] Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ {bE V¡ ma hmoH$a EH$mEH$

AnojmH¥$V {dd¥V pñW{V H$s Amoa ~‹T>Vr h¡ Ÿ& {Oˆm_Ü` H$R>moaVmbw H$s Amoa CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| Am|R> \¡$bo

ahVo h¢ Ÿ& `h Vmbì` g§Kmof AY©ñda h¢ Ÿ&

[ d ] Ho$ CƒmaU _| {Oˆm nhbo [u] Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ {bE V¡ ma hmoH$a EH$mEH$ dhm± go

AnojmH¥$V {dd¥V pñW{V H$s Amoa AJ«ga hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| Am|R> JmobmH$ma hmoH$a Hw$N> AmJo H$s Amoa

{ZH$b n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& `h Û² moð²>` Üd{Z h¡ Ÿ&

54

Üd{Z`m| H$m dU©Z :Üd{Z`m| H$m dU©Z :Üd{Z`m| H$m dU©Z :Üd{Z`m| H$m dU©Z :Üd{Z`m| H$m dU©Z :

B© {dñV¥V AJ« g§d¥V XrK©

B {dñV¥V AJ« g§d¥V õñd

E {dñV¥V AJ« AY©g§d¥V XrK©

Eo {dñV¥V AJ« AY©{dd¥V XrK©

D$ dV¥©b níM g§d¥V XrK©

C dV¥©b níM g§d¥V õñd

Amo {dV¥©b níM AY©g§d¥V XrK©

Am¡ dV¥©b níM AY© {dd¥V XrK©

Am dV¥©b níM {dd¥V XrK©

A CXmgrZ _Ü` AY{d§d¥V õñd

-------------------------------------------------------

H$ H§$R²>` ñne© AKmof AënàmU

I ,, ,, ,, _hmàmU

J ,, ,, g§Kmof AënàmU

K ,, ,, ,, _hmàmU

---------------------------------------------------------

M Vmbì` ñdg§Kefu AKmof AënàmU

N> ,, ,, ,, _hmàmU

O ,, ,, g§Kmof AënàmU

P ,, ,, ,, _hmàmU

---------------------------------------------------------

Q> _yY©Ý` ñne© AKmof AënàmU

R> ,, ,, ,, _hm àmU

S> ,, ,, g§Kmof AënàmU

T> ,, ,, ,, _hmàmU

55

V X§Ë` ñne© AKmof AënàmU

W ,, ,, ,, _hmàmU

X ,, ,, g§Kmof AënàmU

Y ,, ,, ,, _hmàmU

--------------------------------------------------------

n Û`moð²> ,, AKmof AënàmU

\$ ,, ,, ,, _hmàmU

~ ,, ,, g§Kmof AënàmU

^ ,, ,, gKmof _hmàmU

----------------------------------------------------------

L> H§$R²>` Zm{gŠ` gKmof AënàmU

Äm Vmbì` ,, ,, ,,

U _yY©Ý` ,, ,, ,,

Z dËñ © ,, ,, ,,

_ Û`moð²> ,, ,, ,,

-----------------------------------------------------

` Vmbì` AY©ñda ,, ,,

a dËñ © bw§{R>V ,, ,,

b dËñ © nm{e©dH$ ,, ,,

d Û`moð²> AY©ñda ,, ,,

-------------------------------------------------------

e Vmbì` g§Kfu AKmof ,,

g dËñ © ,, ,,

h H$mH$më` ,, gKmof _hmàmU

‹S> _yY©Ý` CpËjá ,, AënàmU

‹T> ,, ,, ,, _hmàmU

-------------------------------------------------------

56

2.8 I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m± :I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m± :I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m± :I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m± :I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m± :

Üd{Z`m± Xmo àH$ma H$s hmoVr h§¡ :

1) I§S>t` Üd{Z`m± Ÿ&

2) I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m±

ñda Am¡a ì §OZ I§Sr` Üd{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ&

^mfU àdmh _| ñda Am¡a ì §OZ EH$ Xygao Ho$ ~mX AmVo h¢ ,"ñda -ì §OZ -ñda -ì §OZ -

ì`§OZ -ñda' AWm©V² Xmo ñdam| Ho$ ~rM EH$ ì`§OZ Am¡a Xmo ì`§OZm| Ho$ ~rM EH$ ñda AmVm h¡ Ÿ& ñda

Am¡a ì`OZm| H$m `h H«$__wI- {dda Ho$ H«$_e: IwbZo Am¡a ~§X hmoZo go Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡ Ÿ& CƒmaU

Ad`d Vrd«Vm go BZ Xmo {^Þ pñW{V`m| _| go JwOaVo h¢ Ÿ& CƒmaU -à`ËZ H$s o Xmo {^Þ pñW{V`m±

(_wI{dda Ho$ IwbZo Am¡a ~§X hmoZo H$mo) EH$ Xygao H$mo n[agr{_V `m I§{S>V H$aVr hþB© MbVr h¢ Ÿ& BZ

I§{S>V CƒmaU pñW{V`m| go ñda Am¡a ì`§OZ Ow‹S>o hþE h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE ñda Am¡a ì §OZ I§S>r` Üd{Z`m±

H$hbmVo h¢ Ÿ& I§S>r` Üd{Z`m| H$m ñdV§Ì CƒmaU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& "_mohZ' eãX _| nm±M Üd{Z`m±

h¢ - _² - Amo -h² -A -Z² Ÿ& Bg eãX H$s Üd{Z`m| H$mo h_ I§S> m AbJ-AbJ H$a gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a

CZH$m AÜ``Z H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& eãX _| AW© Úmo{VV H$aZo Ho$ {bE Üd{Z`m± EH$ {ZpíMV H«$_ _| AmVr

h¢ Ÿ&

I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m± do Üd{Z`m± h¢ Omo m Vmo ~m±Q>r Zht Om gH$Vt m I§S>r` Üd{Z`m± H$s Vah H«$_

_| Zht AmVt Ÿ&

I§S>r` Am¡a I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m| _| A§Va :I§S>r` Am¡a I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m| _| A§Va :I§S>r` Am¡a I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m| _| A§Va :I§S>r` Am¡a I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m| _| A§Va :I§S>r` Am¡a I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m| _| A§Va :

1. I§S>r` Üd{Z`m| H$m ñdV§Ì ê$n go CƒmaU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a BZH$m

{d^mOZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& O~{H$ I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m| H$m CƒmaU I§S>r` Üd{Z Ho$

gmW hr hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& BZH$m {d^mOZ H$aZm g§ d Zht h¡ Ÿ&

2. I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m| H$m grYm g§~§Y Aja (Syelable) go h¡, BgHo$ {H$gr I§S> go

Zht Ÿ& `h Aja EH$ `m EH$m{YH$ Üd{Z`m| H$m hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

3. I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m± eãX H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr h¢ ŸAm¡a dmŠ` H$s nyar n[aaoIm(Contour)

H$mo ^r & I§S>r` Üd{Z`m± Eogm Hw$N> Zht H$aVr Ÿ& I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m| _| ~bmKmV AmVm

h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr eãX Ho$ àW_ Aja na ~bmKmV hmoZo go dh g§km H$m AW© XoVm h¡ Am¡a

57

{ÛVr` Aja na ~bmKmV hmoZo go dh {H«$`m H$m AW© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma AZwVmZ ^r I§S>oVa Üd{Z

h¡ Ÿ& AZwVmZ H$mo ~Xb H$a {H$gr dmŠ` H$mo àíZmË_H$ `m gyMZmË_H$ ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

^mfm _| AWm©{^ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE VrZ gmYZ h¡ - nhbm gmYZ h¡ -ñda Am¡a ì §OZ Ûmam {Z{_©V

eãX Am¡a ì`mH$a{UH$ H$mo{Q>`m| Ûmam {Z{_©V ê$n aMZm Ÿ& Xygam gmYZ h¡ - eãX H«$_ Ÿ& Vrgam gmYZ

h¡ - I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m±, Omo dmŠ`- CƒmaU Ho$ {d{^Þ VarH$m| Ûmam {d{^Þ _Zmo mdm| H$mo ì`º$ H$a

gH$Vr h§¡ Ÿ&

I§S>oVa Üd{Z`m| Ho$ A§VJ©V ~bmKmV (Stress) VmZ(Tone) AZwVmZ (intonation) g§{hVm

(Juncture) XrK©Vm Am¡a {ÛËd Ÿ&

~bmKmV -~bmKmV -~bmKmV -~bmKmV -~bmKmV - Üd{Z`m| H$m CƒmaU H$aVo g_` dm wXmd \o$\$‹S>m| Ho$ H$maU `m ñdaV§{Ì`m| Ho$

H$maU `m XmoZm| Ho$ H$maU CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dm wXmd {OVZm Vrd« hmoJm, Üd{Z na Omoa `m ~bmKmV

CVZm Vrd« hmoJm Ÿ& ~bmKmV go A§J«oOr _| ì`mH$a{UH$ H$mo{Q> ~Xb OmVr h¡ Ÿ& (import) eãX _|

(im) na ~b XoZo go dh eãX g§km ~ZVm h¡ Am¡a (port) na ~b XoZo go dh {H«$`m H$m AW© XoVm h¡ Ÿ&

Cgr àH$ma ('present) g§km h¡ Am¡a (Pre'sent)({H«$`m) h¡ Ÿ& ~bmKmV H$mo {XImZo Ho$ {bE "Ÿ&' {M•

bJm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~bmKmV eãX Ho$ {Og Aja na hmoVm h¡, Cggo nyd© `h {MÝh bJm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

qhXr _| ~bmKmV Ûmam ì`mH$a{UH$ AW© Zht ~XbVm Ÿ& Ho$db dmŠ` H$s AW©-ì §OZm _| Hw$N>

A§Va AmVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| dmŠ` Ho$ {H$gr eãX na ~bmKmV hmoVm h¡, {Oggo AW© ì §OZm _| Wmo‹S>m

n[adV©Z Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& "_mohZ Ka Om ahm h¡' - Bg dmŠ` _| "_mohZ' m "Ka' m "Om ahm h¡' na ~b

XoH$a AW© -ì §OZm _| A§Va bm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& _mohZ na ~b XoZo go AW© hmoJm -Ho$db _mohZ Ka

Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& Ka na ~b XoZo go AW© hmoJm -_mohZ Ka hr Om ahm h¡, Am¡a H$ht Zht & Om ahm h¡ na ~b

XoZo go AW© hmoJm - dh Om ahm h¡, Am¡a Hw$N> Zht H$aVm Ÿ&

gwa -gwa -gwa -gwa -gwa - ^mfm H$mo EH$ hr gwa _| ~mobm Zht OmVm Ÿ& gwa H$m CVma -M‹T>md ñdaV§{Ì`m| H$s

Amd¥{Îm g§»`m m H§$nZ-g§»`m na {Z ©a h¡ Ÿ& gwa H$m CVma-M‹T>md O~ eãX _| H$m_ H$aVm h¡, V~ Cgo

VmZ H$hVo h¢ ŸAm¡a O~ dh dmŠ` _| H$m_ H$aVm h¡ V~ Cgo AZwVmZ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

ñdaV§{Ì`m± EH$ hr AZwnmV go nyao g_` VH$ àH§${nV hm§o, Eogm Zht hmoVm Ÿ& eãXm| Ho$ CƒmaU

Ho$ ewê$ _| àH§$nZ à{V goH§$S> _| H$_ hmo Am¡a CƒmaU Ho$ A§{V_ g_` _| A{YH$ hmo, Vmo Cgo eãX _|

CR>Vr VmZ (risiing tone) hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ Ama§ _| àH§$nZ H$s g§»`m A{YH$ hmo Am¡a A§{V_ g_` _|

H$_ hmo Vmo Cgo {JaVr VmZ ( Falling tone ) H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& {X ha g_` àH§$nZ g_mZ hmo Vmo Cgo gm_mÝ`

VmZ level tone H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& "Jmbr' Zm_H$ mfm _| EH$ eãX h¡ - "A`mo' Ÿ& BgH$m CƒmaU {JaVr VmZ

58

go H$aZo go AW© hmoJm -gmg Ÿ& CR>Vr VmZ go CƒmaU H$aZo go AW© hmoJm Or^ Ÿ& {Og ^mfm _| VmZ Ho$

H$maU eãX Ho$ H$moer` AW© _| n[adV©Z Am OmVm h¡, Cgo VmZ mfm tone eanguage H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& MrZr,

OmnmZr Am{X mfmE± VmZ mfmE± h¢ Ÿ& qhXr Eogr Zht h¡ Ÿ&

AZwVmZ AZwVmZ AZwVmZ AZwVmZ AZwVmZ - dmŠ` Ho$ CƒmaU Ho$ g_` AmdmO Ho$ CVma -M‹T>md H$mo AZwVmZ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

Bggo dº$m Ho$ {d{^Þ _Zmo md- BÀN>m, AmíM ©, {Okmgm, ñdrH$mamo{º$ Am{X ì`º$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& qhXr _|

AZwVmZ H$m _hËd h¡ Ÿ& Jmonmb J`m - Bg dmŠ` H$mo Adamohr AZwVmZ _| gm_mÝ` H$WZ Ho$ ê$n _|

Am¡a Amamohr AZwVmZ _| àíZ Ho$ ê$n _| A{^ì`º$ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

{dd¥{Îm {dd¥{Îm {dd¥{Îm {dd¥{Îm {dd¥{Îm (((((Juncture) :) :) :) :) :

AnZo H$WZ H$mo ~moYJå` H$aZo Ho$ {bE eãXm| H$s gr_m ñnï>> hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& ñdam|, ì §OZm| m

ñdamKmV Ho$ ~rM gr_mE± {ZYm©[aV Z hmoZo go mfm _| Aì`dñWm H$s pñW{V Am OmEJr Ÿ& Bg gr_m _|

Xmo Üd{Z`m| Ho$ ~rM j{UH$ {dam_ {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgo {dd¥{Îm(.Juncture) H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& {dd¥{Îm Ho$

H$maU AW© ^r ~Xb OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

qhXr _| {dd¥{Îm Xmo Ajam| na hmoVr h¡ -

1. nX~§Y ñVa na

i) AMma Ho$ {bE {gaH$m bmAmo Ÿ&

_oao {ga H$m XX© A~ ~§X h¡ Ÿ&

ii) Kmg {\$a go CJ AmB© &

_¢Zo {\$a go Kmg CJmB© &

iii) h d¥j Ob-gm pñWa bJ ahm h¡ &

`h Obgm {\$a bJ ahm h¡ Ÿ&

o g~ nX~§Y ñVar` {dd¥{V h¢ Ÿ&

2. dmŠ` ñVa na :

i) amoH$mo, _V OmZo Xmo Ÿ&

amoH$mo _V, OmZo Xmo Ÿ&

ii) dh J`m, Zht Am`m Ÿ&

dh J`m Zht, Am`m &

59

`hm± {dd¥{Îm H$m ñWmZ ~Xb OmZo go dmŠ` Ho$ AW© _| n[adV©Z hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bgo dmŠ` ñVar`

{dd¥{Îm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

_mÌm -_mÌm -_mÌm -_mÌm -_mÌm - _mÌm Üd{Z H$s CƒmaU - pñW{V H$s Ad{Y na {Z ©a h¡ Ÿ& O~ {H$gr ñda H$m

CƒmaU Hw$N> XrK© g_` VH$ {H$`m OmVm h¡, V~ Cgo XrK© ñda H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma Cgr ñda

H$m CƒmaU H$_ g_` VH$ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Vmo Cgo õñd ñda H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| A, C, B õñd

ñda h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ XrK© ñda Am, D$, B© XrK© ñda h¢ Ÿ& qhXr _| XrK©Vm Ho$ H$maU AW© ~Xb OmVm h¢ Ÿ&

O¡g :-

H$b- H$mb , {XZ- XrZ

Mb - Mmb, Hw$b - Hy$b

AZwZm{gH$Vm - AZwZm{gH$Vm - AZwZm{gH$Vm - AZwZm{gH$Vm - AZwZm{gH$Vm - "A' go "Am¡' VH$ qhXr Ho$ g^r ñdam| H$mo AZwZm{gH$ Ho$ ê$n _|

Cƒ[aV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ CƒmaU Ho$ g_` _wI{dda Am¡a Zmgm{dda XmoZm| Iwbo ahVo h¢ Ÿ& o

h¢ - A±$, Am±, B±, Bª, C±, D±>, Eo±, E|, Am|, Am¢ Ÿ& o AZwZm{gH$ ñda h¢ Ÿ& AZwZm{gH$Vm go eãX Ho$ AW©

~Xb OmVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go -

gmg - gm±g

nyN> - ny±N>

JmoX - Jm|X

h¡ - h¢

ImD$ - ImD±$

***

{MÌ 9

60

UNIT - III

BH$mB© H$s ê$naoImBH$mB© H$s ê$naoImBH$mB© H$s ê$naoImBH$mB© H$s ê$naoImBH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm

3.0 CÔoí`

Ÿ 3.1 {d{^Þ Ñ{ï>`m| go dmŠ`

3.2 dmŠ` -aMZm à{H«$`m

3.3 {H«$`m H$s àYmZVm H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ`

3.4 g§aMZmË_H$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| dmŠ`

3.5 AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` Ho$ oX

3.6 àH$m © H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ`

3.7 dmŠ` -n[adV©Z

3.8 AW© {dkmZ : AW© H$s AdYmaUm

3.9 eãX Am¡a AW© H$m g§~§Y

3.10 EH$mW©H$ eãX

3.11 AZoH$mW©H$ eãX

3.12 {dbmo_ eãX

3.13 AW© n[adV©Z H$s {XemE±

61

3.0 CÔoí` :CÔoí` :CÔoí` :CÔoí` :CÔoí` :

Bg BH$mB© Ho$ ~mX Amn :

dmŠ` H$mo EH$ AW©naH$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| {ddoMZ H$aZo go dmŠ` H$s n[a^mfm hmoJr -

" dmŠ` ì`mH$a{UH$ g§aMZm H$s dh g~go ~‹S>r BH$mB© h¡, {Oggo ^md `m {dMma nyar Vm¡a na

àH$Q> {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ&

ãby_\$sëS> Am{X AmYw{ZH$ ^mfmd¡km{ZH$ dmŠ` H$mo AW© go n¥WH²$ EH$ g§aMZm Ho$ ê$n _|

{ddoMZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& dmŠ` EH$ aMZm h¡ Ÿ& aMZm aMH$m| go ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& ñd{Z_m| go ê${n_ (eãX) ~ZVm h¡;

ê${n_m| go nX~§Y ~ZVm h¡ ; nX~§Ym| go CndmŠ` ~ZVm h¡ Am¡a CndmŠ`m| go dmŠ` ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& dmŠ`

^mfm H$s g~go ~‹S>r aMZm h¡ Ÿ& dh {H$gr H$m A§e Zht ~Z gH$Vm Ÿ& AWm©V² "dmŠ` EH$ Eogr aMZm

(ê$n) h¡, Omo {H$gr C{º$ {deof _|, AnZo go ~‹S>r aMZm H$m A§J `m aMH$ Zht ~Z gH$Vr Ÿ&''

dmŠ` {dÝ`mg H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` _| H$_ -go-H$_ Xmo g§aMH$ hmoVo h¢ - CÔoí` Am¡a {dYo Ÿ&

CÔoí` dh h¡, {OgHo$ ~mao _| Hw$N> H$hm OmE Ÿ& {dYo dh h¡ Omo CÔoí` Ho$ ~mao _| H$hm OmE Ÿ& AV:

dmŠ` Ho$ ñdê$n na {ddoMZ H$aVo g_` VrZ ~mVm| na Ü`mZ {X`m OmVm h¡ -

i) dmŠ` ì`mH$a{UH$ g§aMZm H$s g~go ~‹S>r BH$mB© h¡

ii) dmŠ` EH$ ^md `m {dMma H$mo nyar Vm¡a na ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

iii) dmŠ` _| CÔoí` Am¡a {dYo H$m hmoZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ&

`{X dmŠ` _| g^r A§J {dÚ_mZ hm|, V~ h_ Cgo nyUmªJ dmŠ` H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo dmŠ` go g§àofU

nyam hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r h_ nyam dmŠ` Z H$hH$a ^r EH$ eãX `m nX~§Y _| H$hVo h¢ Am¡a Cggo

g§X^© Ho$ AZwgma A{^ì`{º$ àH$Q> hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogo dmŠ` H$mo Aënm§J dmŠ` H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Z_ñH$ma

H$hZo go AW© hmoJm {H$ _¢ AmnH$mo Z_ñH$ma H$aVm h±ÿ Ÿ& àíZ Ho$ CÎma Ho$ g§X © _| hm±, Zht go A{^ì`{º$

nyar hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

dmŠ` _| nX g{H«$` BH$mB`m± h¢ Ÿ& _r_m§gH$ nX Am¡a dmŠ` Ho$ g§~§Y _| Xmo {gÕm§V XoVo h¢ Ÿ&

i) A{^{hVmÝd`dmX

ii) ApÝdVm{^YmZdmX

62

A{^{hVmÝd`dmXr nXm| H$mo _hËd XoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s _mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ nXm| Ho$ g§ moJ go dmŠ` ~ZVm

h¡ Ÿ& do nXdmXr H$hbmVo h¢ Ÿ&

ApÝdVm{^YmZdmXr dmŠ` H$mo _hËd XoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma dmŠ` H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo go nX ~ZVo h¢ Ÿ&

o nXm| H$s n¥WH$ gÎmm ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVo Ÿ& o dmŠ`dmXr H$hbmVo h¢ Ÿ& mfm{dkmZ _| dmŠ` H$mo mfm

H$s gmW©H$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ^V¥©h[a Zo ^r Bg àH$ma H$m {dMma aIm h¡ Ÿ& "dmH²$nXr`'

_| CÝhm|Zo {bIm h¡ -

nXo Z dUm© {dÚÝVo dU}îd`dm Z M

dmŠ`mV² nXmZm_Ë`ÝV§ à{ddoH$mo Z H$íMZ Ÿ&&

({Og àH$ma dUm] _| Ad`d Zht hmoVo, Cgr àH$ma nXm| _| dU© `m dmŠ` _| nX Zht hmoVo Ÿ&)

^mdm| `m {dMmam| H$s nyU© A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE ^mfm H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h nyU©

A{^ì`{º$ dmŠ` Ûmam g§ d h¡ Ÿ& {dMma EH$ AI§S> àdmh Ho$ ê$n _| AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àdmh _|

dmŠ` go ZrMo CVaZo na AW© H$m ê$n I§{S>V hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: dmŠ` hr dh BH$mB© h¡,

{Oggo AW© H$s àVrVr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

A{^{hVmÝd`dmX Ho$ AZwgma nXm| Ho$ moJ go dmŠ` H$s {Zñn{Îm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE VrZ ~mV|

Ano{jV h¢ Ÿ& `o h¢ -

i) AmH$m§jm

ii) mo½`Vm

iii) Amg{Îm

AmH$m§jm :AmH$m§jm :AmH$m§jm :AmH$m§jm :AmH$m§jm :

AmH$m§jm H$m AW© h¡ AW© H$s AnyU©Vm Ÿ& AW© H$s nyU© àVrVr Z hmoZo VH$ lmoVm H$s AmH$m§jm

(A{YH$ OmZZo H$s BÀN>m) ~Zr ahVr h¡ & "_mohZ' H$h XoZo go AW© -~moY Zht hmo OmVm Ÿ& "_mohZ {MÆ>r

{bIVm h¡', H$hZo go lmoVm nyar ~mV g_P OmVm h¡, Am¡a OmZZo H$s BÀN>m Zht ahVr Ÿ& hm± H$hZo H$m

AW© ñnï> ê$n go g_P _| Am OmZo go ^mfm H$m g§àofU -H$m © g\$b _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmH$m§jm H$s

{Zd¥{Îm hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

`mo½`Vm : `mo½`Vm : `mo½`Vm : `mo½`Vm : `mo½`Vm : `mo½`Vm H$m AW© h¡ - nXm| _| nañna AÝd` _| ~mYm H$m A^md Ÿ& nXm| Ho$ AÝd`

_| ~mYm CËnÞ hmoZo H$s Xmo pñW{V`m± hmo gH$Vr h¢ Ÿ& H$) AW©_ybH$ ~mYm Ÿ& I) ApÝd{V_ybH$ ~mYm Ÿ&

63

"nhm‹S> ZmMVm h¡' dmŠ` _| AW© _ybH$ ~mYm CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Vmbm IwbVr h¡ ; b‹S>Ho$ Xm¡‹S>Vm

h¡ Ÿ; do n‹T>Vm h¡ Am{X dmŠ`m| _| H«$_e: qbJ, dMZ Am¡a nwéf {df`H$ ~mYmE± CËnÞ hþB© h¢ Ÿ& AÝd`

H$s Ñ{ï> go `hm± ì`mH$a{UH$ {Z`_m| H$m AZwgaU Zht {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE nXm| _| AW© Am¡a

nañn[aH$ AÝd` (g§~§Y) H$m C{MV à`moJ Z hmoZo go dmŠ` _| `mo½`Vm H$m A^md ahVm h¡ Ÿ&

Amg{Îm : Amg{Îm : Amg{Îm : Amg{Îm : Amg{Îm : Amg{Îm H$m AW© h¡ - g_rnVm Ÿ& dmŠ` Ho$ nXm| H$mo Xoe Am¡a H$mb XmoZm| H$s

Ñ{ï>`m| go nañna nmg-nmg ahZm Mm{hE Ÿ& do Xya n‹S> OmE± Vmo AW©- ~moY _| ~mYm CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

h_ "am_' eãX H$m CƒmaU H$aHo$ nm°§M {_ZQ> Ho$ ~mX Ka Am¡a nm°§M {_ZQ> Ho$ ~mX OmVm h¡ H$h|Jo Vmo

AW©~moY Zht hmoJm Ÿ& {X dmŠ` _| g^r Amdí`H$ nX Vmo hm|Jo, na nXm| _| Amg{Îm H$m H«$_ Zht ahoJm

Vmo r AW© ~moY Zht hmoJm Ÿ& O¡go "OmD±$Jm ñHy$b H$b _¢ Ÿ&' nX {dÝ`mg mfm H$s ñdrH¥${V nÕ{V go

hmoZo go AW© ñnï> hmo gHo$Jm Ÿ&

VmËn`© d¥{V :VmËn`© d¥{V :VmËn`© d¥{V :VmËn`© d¥{V :VmËn`© d¥{V : VmËn`© d¥{Îm H$m AW© h¡ - àg§J gmnojVm Ÿ& àg§J {Zanoj H$WZ , `mo½`Vm,

AmH$m§jm Am¡a Amg{Îm H$s eVm] H$m nmbZ H$aZo na ^r ì`W© gm{~V hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&

dmŠ` {dkmZ :dmŠ` {dkmZ :dmŠ` {dkmZ :dmŠ` {dkmZ :dmŠ` {dkmZ : dmŠ` g§aMZm Ho$ {d{^Þ KQ>H$m| Ho$ ~rM nmañn[aH$ g§~§Y H$m {dMma

dmŠ` -{dkmZ _| {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

3.1 [d{^Þ Ñ{ï>`m| go dmŠ`[d{^Þ Ñ{ï>`m| go dmŠ`[d{^Þ Ñ{ï>`m| go dmŠ`[d{^Þ Ñ{ï>`m| go dmŠ`[d{^Þ Ñ{ï>`m| go dmŠ`

* dmŠ` H$s n[a^mfm OmZ|Jo Ÿ&

* {H«$`m H$s àYmZVm H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` H$mo g_P|Jo Ÿ&

* gaMZmË_H$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| dmŠ` H$mo g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* AW© Am¡a àH$m © H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` - oX g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* eãX - AW© g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* EH$mW©H$, AZoH$mW©H$ Am¡a {dbmo_ eãXm| H$mo g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

* AW©-n[adV©Z H$s {XemAm| H$mo g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

dmŠ` mfm H$s gdm©{YH$ _hËdnyU© BH$mB© h¡ Ÿ&

dmŠ` H$s n[a^mfmE± {^Þ-{^Þ àH$ma go Xr OmVr h¢ Ÿ& dmŠ` _| aMZm -nj H$mo _hËd {X`m

OmE m à`moOZ nj H$mo Ÿ& dmŠ` H$mo AW© H$mo EH$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m OmE m _Zmod¡km{ZH$

BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| `m gm_m{OH$ g§X © H$s EH$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| Ÿ& dmŠ` nXm| go {_bH$a ~ZVm h¡ `m

dmŠ`m| H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo go nX ~ZVo h¢, dmŠ` {dkmZ _| EH$m{YH$ CndmŠ`m| go ~Zo dmŠ` H$s g§aMZm Ho$

64

{Z`_m| H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m OmVm h¡ `m ì`mH$a{UH$ w{º$`m| (nXH«$_, H$maH$ g§~§Y, ApÝd{V, AW©

g§J{V , AÜ`mhma) H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m OmVm h¡, `m g^r H$m _hËd h¡ - BZ ~mVm| na {^Þ -{^Þ

Ñ{ï>`m| go {dMma {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

3.2 dmŠ` aMZm à{H«$`m : dmŠ` aMZm à{H«$`m : dmŠ` aMZm à{H«$`m : dmŠ` aMZm à{H«$`m : dmŠ` aMZm à{H«$`m :

EH$ dmŠ` aMZm H$aVo g_` h_| nm±M à{H«$`mAm| na Ü`mZ XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& `o h¢ -

M`Z, eãX H«$_, AZwVmZ, ApÝd{V Am¡a A{YemgZ Ÿ&

M`Z - M`Z - M`Z - M`Z - M`Z - h_mao _pñVîH$ Ho$ Ag§»` eãXm| H$m §S>ma gwa{jV ahVm h¡ Ÿ& h_ àg§J Ho$ AZwgma

eãX M`Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& H$WZ _| Am¡nMm[aH$ Am¡a AZm¡nMm[aH$ pñW{V Ho$ AZwgma eãX M`Z _| A§Va

AmVm h¡ Ÿ& Am w , ì`{º$, pñW{V , {ejm, _ZmoXem, _Zmo md Am{X VËd eãX-M`Z H$mo à^m{dV

H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& dmŠ`m| _| eãXm| Ho$ àH$m`© Am¡a ñWmZ r {ZpíMV ahVo h¡§ Ÿ& qhXr dmŠ`m| _| nhbo H$Vm© AmVm

h¡ Am¡a A§V _| {H«$`m Ÿ& àH$m © Ho$ AZwgma g§km, {deofU, gd©Zm_, Aì`` Am¡a {H«$`m H$m M`Z

{H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

eãX-H«$_ :eãX-H«$_ :eãX-H«$_ :eãX-H«$_ :eãX-H«$_ : dmŠ` _| eãX H«$_ H$m _hËd h¡ Ÿ& eãX -H«$_ ~Xb OmZo go AW© ^r ~Xb

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - _wPo OJV H$mo gm¡ én`o XoZo h¡§ Ÿ& `hm± H$Vm© -g§àXmZ H$m ñWmZ ~Xb OmZo go AW©

~Xb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gm°§n _|T>H$ ImVm h¡ Ÿ& _|T>H$ gm°§n ImVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± H$Vm©-H$_© H$m ñWmZ ~Xb OmZo go

AW© ~Xb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dmŠ` àíZdmMH$ ~ZmZm hmo Vmo "Š`m' dmŠ` Ho$ nhbo Am¡a ZH$mamË_H$ dmŠ` hmo

Vmo "Zht' à`moJ {H«$`m Ho$ nhbo hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ&

AZwVmZ :AZwVmZ :AZwVmZ :AZwVmZ :AZwVmZ : qhXr _| dmŠ` aMZm H$aVo g_` AZwVmZ H$m _hËd ahVm h¡ Ÿ& bhOo `m AZwVmZ

~XbZo go dmŠ` _| _Zmo^md _| n[adV©Z hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gm°§n {ZH$b Am`m Ÿ& Bg dmŠ` H$mo gm_mÝ`

àíZdmMH$ `m {dñ_`gyMH$ dmŠ` _| ~Xb {X`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

ApÝd{V :ApÝd{V :ApÝd{V :ApÝd{V :ApÝd{V : dmŠ` _| àË oH$ A§Jm| H$mo ~rM EH$ ì`mH$a{UH$ ì`dñWm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| EH$

eãX Ho$ AZwgma Xygam eãX à^m{dV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h à^md qbJ, dMZ, H$maH$ Am{X na {Z ©a ahVm

h¡ Ÿ& b‹S>H$m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& b‹S>H$s OmVr h¡ (qbJ H$s ApÝd{V)

b‹S>H$m n‹T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& b‹S>Ho$ n‹T>Vo h¢ (dMZ H$s ApÝd{V)

_¢ JB© Ÿ& Amn JBª (nwéf H$s ApÝd{V)

_¢ AmnH$mo ~wbmVm h±ÿ Ÿ& _¢ AmnH$mo nyN>Vm h±ÿ Ÿ& ( H$mo -go H$m {H«$`m nX go ApÝd{V)

nhbm b‹S>H$m Ÿ& nhbr b‹S>H$s & ({deoî` - {deofU H$s ApÝd{V)

65

CgZo EH$ Ho$bm Im`m Ÿ& CgZo Xmo Ho$bo Im`o & ( H$_© -{H«$`m H$s ApÝd{V)

_mohZ Zo Jmonmb H$mo XoIm Ÿ& _wPgo V¡am Zht OmVm ( {H«$`m H$s ñdV§Ì pñW{V - nwqbJ ,

EH$dMZ AÝ` nwéf)

CgH$mo ~wIma h¡ Ÿ& a_oe H$mo Iwer hþB© & ( AZw mdH$ H$Vm© Ho$ gmW "H$mo' H$m à`moJ)

Cgo H$m°\$s nrZr Mm{hE Ÿ& AmnH$mo Xmo \$b ImZo Mm{hE Wo & ("Mm{hE' Ho$ g§ moJ go H$Vm© "H$mo'

`wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& )

A{YemgZ : A{YemgZ : A{YemgZ : A{YemgZ : A{YemgZ : O~ dmŠ` _| EH$ eãX m ê$n Ûmam Xygam eãX m ê$n {ZYm©[aV hmoVm h¡, Cgo

A{YemgZ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& {X dmŠ` yVH$mb _| hmo, nyU©Vm H$m ÚmoVH$ hmo, {H«$`m gH$_©H$ hmo Vmo H$Vm©" Zo'

`wº$ hmoJm Ÿ& H$Vm© "Zo' `wº$ hmoZo go H$_© Ho$ qbJ -dMZ Ûmam {H«$`m à^m{dV hmoJr, H$Vm© Ho$

AZwgmaZht Ÿ& nyN>Zm, b‹S>Zm, H$hZm, ~mobZm, AZwamoY H$aZm Am{X {H«$`mE± AmZo go H$_©-"go' wº$

hmoJm Ÿ&

(am_ Zo amdU H$mo ~mU go _mam Ÿ& H$Vm© -H$_© -H$aU H«$_ go AmE h¢ Ÿ& )

amOm Zo Jar~ H$mo énE {XE Ÿ&

(H$Vm© -g§àXmZ -H$_© H«$_ go AmE h¢ Ÿ&

3.3 {H«$`m H$s àYmZVm H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` :{H«$`m H$s àYmZVm H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` :{H«$`m H$s àYmZVm H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` :{H«$`m H$s àYmZVm H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` :{H«$`m H$s àYmZVm H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` :

BZ dmŠ`m| _| {H«$`m dmŠ` H$m {Z §ÌU H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& {H«$`m H$s AmH$m§jm Ho$ AZwgma dmŠ` Ho$

A{Zdm © KQ>H$m| H$s g§»`m Am¡a ñdê$n {ZYm©[aV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {H«$`m àYmZ dmŠ`m| H$mo N>h ^mJm| _| aIm

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `o h¢ -

1. AH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :AH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :AH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :AH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :AH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` : {Og dmŠ` _| AH$_©H$ {H«$`m AmVr h¡, Cg_§o Xmo

A{Zdm © KQ>H$ AmVo h¢ - H$Vm© - Am¡a {H«$`m Ÿ&

_N>br V¡aVr h¡ Ÿ& H$m¡dm C‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

~§Xa Hy$XVm h¡ Ÿ& Mmoa ^mJVm h¡ Ÿ&

2. gh Aì``mË_H$ AH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ`m :gh Aì``mË_H$ AH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ`m :gh Aì``mË_H$ AH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ`m :gh Aì``mË_H$ AH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ`m :gh Aì``mË_H$ AH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ`m : Eogo dmŠ` _| AW© H$s

ny{V© Ho$ {bE EH$ gh Aì`` ({H«$`m {deofU) H$s AmH$m§jm ahVr h¡ Ÿ&

dh Ka na nh±þM J`m

Mmoa Jbr go {ZH$bm Ÿ&

66

H$ma no‹S> go Q>H$amB© Ÿ&

Vw_ dhm± R>hamo Ÿ&

3. gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` : {Og dmŠ` _| gH$_©H$ {H«$`m h¡, Cg_| VrZ A{Zdm ©

KQ>H$ h¢ - H$Vm©, H$_© Am¡a {H«$`m

Ÿ dh nnrVm ImVm h¡ Ÿ& (g§km H$_© Ho$ ê$n _|)

b‹S>Ho$ Zo nwñVH$ IarXr ( g§km H$_© Ho$ ê$n _|)

dh _¥X§J ~OmZm OmZVm h¡ Ÿ& ({H«$`mW©H$ g§km H$_© Ho$ ê$n _|)

CgZo gmoMm {H$ _¢ Am Zht nmD±$Jm ( CndmŠ` H$_© Ho$ ê$n _| )

4. gh Aì``mË_H$ gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :gh Aì``mË_H$ gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :gh Aì``mË_H$ gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :gh Aì``mË_H$ gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` :gh Aì``mË_H$ gH$_©H$ {H«$`m H$m dmŠ` : Eogo dmŠ` _| AW© H$s ny{V©

Ho$ {bE gh Aì`` ({H«$`m -{deofU) H$s AmH$m§jm ahVr h¡ Ÿ&

_¢Zo H$b_ XamO _| aIr

Vw_ `h {MQ²>R>r nÌ -noQ>r _| S>mb Xmo Ÿ&

5. ghnmÌr` gH$_©H$ {H«$`m dmŠ` :ghnmÌr` gH$_©H$ {H«$`m dmŠ` :ghnmÌr` gH$_©H$ {H«$`m dmŠ` :ghnmÌr` gH$_©H$ {H«$`m dmŠ` :ghnmÌr` gH$_©H$ {H«$`m dmŠ` : Eogo dmŠ` _| AW© H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE

A{Zdm © KQ>H$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$_© Ho$ gmW-gmW EH$ ghnmÌ H$s AmH$m§jm ahVr h¡ Ÿ&

amOm Zo ~«m÷U H$mo JmoXmZ {X`m Ÿ& ( ghnmÌ - g§àXmZ H$maH$ _|)

CgZo _wPgo {H$Vm~ bo br Ÿ& ( ghnmÌ - AnmXmZ H$maH$ _|)

_mohZ Zo _XZ go H$hm {H$ _¢ H$b Zht AmD±$Jm Ÿ&

( ghnmÌ - AndmŠ` Ho$ H$_© Ho$ ê$n _|)

6. H$_©nyaH$ :H$_©nyaH$ :H$_©nyaH$ :H$_©nyaH$ :H$_©nyaH$ : Eogo dmŠ` _| A{Zdm © KQ>H$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$_© Ho$ gmW-gmW EH$ H$_©-nyaH$

H$s AmH$m§jm ahVr h¡ Ÿ&

dh _wPo Mmoa bJVm h¡ Ÿ&

_¢ Cgo B©_mZXma g_PVm h±ÿ Ÿ&

h_Zo Jmonmb H$mo _{ZQ>a MwZm

Y«wdñdm{_Zr am_Jwá H$mo Šbrd _mZVr h¡ Ÿ&

67

3.4 g§aMZmË_H$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| dmŠ` :g§aMZmË_H$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| dmŠ` :g§aMZmË_H$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| dmŠ` :g§aMZmË_H$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| dmŠ` :g§aMZmË_H$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| dmŠ` :

g§aMZmdmXr mfm d¡km{ZH$ dmŠ` H$mo EH$ _yV© aMZm Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma

dmŠ` Hw$N> KQ>H$m| (eãXm|, nX~§Ym|, CndmŠ`m|) go {_bH$a ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& {Og àH$ma Üd{Z eãX H$m A§J

h¡, eãX nX~§Y H$m A§J h¡, nX~§Y CndmŠ` H$m A§J h¡, CndmŠ` dmŠ` H$m A§J h¡, Cgr àH$ma dmŠ`

{H$gr H$m A§J Zht hmoVm Ÿ& dmŠ` AnZo go ~‹S>r {H$gr aMZm H$m A§J Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& AWm©V² dmŠ`

^mfm H$s g~go ~‹S>r BH$mB© h¡ Ÿ& ãby_\$sëS> Ho$ AZwgma "dmŠ` EH$ Eogr aMZm h¡ Omo {H$gr C{º$ {deof

_| AnZo go ~‹S>r {H$gr aMZm H$m A§J Zht ~Z gH$Vr Ÿ&'

eãX -eãX -eãX -eãX -eãX - EH$ dmŠ` h¡ - dmh ! dh gmohZ Am¡a _mohZ Ho$ gmW nwamZo {H$bo _| A^r nh±þMm ! Bg_|

nXm| Ho$ ê$n _| Omo eãX AmE h¢ do h¢ -

dmh - {dñ_`m{X ~moY Aì``, dh - gd©Zm_, _mohZ -g§km, Am¡a- g_wƒm`~mYH$ Aì``,

Ho$ gmW- g§~§Y ~moYH$, nwamZo -{ deofU, {H$bo -g§km, _| - na>gJ© , A^r - {H«$`m {deofU, nh±þMm

-Ÿ {H«$`m &

nX~§Y -nX~§Y -nX~§Y -nX~§Y -nX~§Y - O~ EH$ nX `m H$B© nX Am§V[aH$ ê$n go g§Jw§{\$V hmoH$a EH$ BH$mB© H$m H$m_ H$aVo

h¢, V~ Cgo nX~§Y H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& nX~§Y _| nhbm KQ>H$ A{Zdm © hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo erf© H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& AÝ`

KQ>H$ EopÀN>H$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& CÝh| {deofH$ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& nX~§Y nm±M àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&

1) g§km nX~§Y 2) gd©Zm_ nX~§Y

3) {deofU nX~§Y 4) {H«$`m {deofU nX~§Y

5) {H«$`m nX~§Y

g§km nX~§Y :g§km nX~§Y :g§km nX~§Y :g§km nX~§Y :g§km nX~§Y : g§km nX~§Y g§km Ho$ ñWmZ na AmVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| erf© g§km hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& JmZo

dmbr b‹S>H$s Jm§°d Mbr JB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg dmŠ` _| b‹S>H$s erf© (A{Zdm © KQ>H$) Am¡a JmZo dmbr CgH$m

{deofH$ (Eo{ÀN>H$ KQ>H$ h¡ Ÿ&

g§km nX~§Y VrZ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ :

1) H$Vm© nX~§Y- H$mbm Kmo‹S>m Xm¡‹S> ahm h¡ Ÿ&

2) H$_© nX~§Y - CgZo bmb H$b_ IarXr Ÿ&

3) nyaH$ nX~§Y - lr aW J{UV {ejH$ h¢ (H$Vm©nyaH$)

_¢ CÝh| _hmZ Xme©{ZH$ _mZVm h±ÿ (H$_©nyaH$)

gd©Zm_ nX~§Y :gd©Zm_ nX~§Y :gd©Zm_ nX~§Y :gd©Zm_ nX~§Y :gd©Zm_ nX~§Y : Bg_| erf© gd©Zm_ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a {deofH$ {deofU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

VoOr go ^mJVm hþAm dh H$ht Xya Z Mbm OmE Ÿ&

68

{deofU nX~§Y -{deofU nX~§Y -{deofU nX~§Y -{deofU nX~§Y -{deofU nX~§Y - Bg_| erf© {deofU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AÝ` KQ>H$ {deofH$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& g~go

MVwa b‹S>H$m BZm_ OrV J`m Ÿ&

{H«$`m {deofUnX~§Y : {H«$`m {deofUnX~§Y : {H«$`m {deofUnX~§Y : {H«$`m {deofUnX~§Y : {H«$`m {deofUnX~§Y : Bg_| {H«$`m {deofU EopÀN>H$ KQ>H$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h ñWmZ, ar{V,

à`moOZ, H$mb, H$maU Am{X H$mo ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `h ñdV§Ì ê$n go `m g§km VWm nagJ© Ho$ `moJ go

~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& H$_ao Ho$ ~mha {nVmOr ~¡R>o h¢ Ÿ&

{H«$`m nX~§Y : {H«$`m nX~§Y : {H«$`m nX~§Y : {H«$`m nX~§Y : {H«$`m nX~§Y : {H«$`m nX~§Y _w»` {H«$`m `m _w»` {H«$`m VWm ghm`H$ {H«$`m Ho$ _ob go

~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& ~ƒm ZrMo {Ja n‹S>m Ÿ&

CndmŠ` :CndmŠ` :CndmŠ` :CndmŠ` :CndmŠ` :

aMZm H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` VrZ àH$ma Ho$ h¢ -

i) gab dmŠ`

ii) {_l dmŠ`

iii) g§ wº$ dmŠ` Ÿ

{Og dmŠ` _| EH$ hr CÔoí` Am¡a EH$ hr {dYo hmo Cgo gab `m gmYmaU dmŠ` H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

O¡go - _XZ Ka Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&

{Og dmŠ` _| EH$ _w»` dmŠ` Am¡a EH$ `m EH$m{YH$ Am{lV CndmŠ` hm|, Cgo {_l dmŠ`

H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Am{lV CndmŠ` VrZ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ :

i) g§km CndmŠ`

ii) {deofU CndmŠ`

iii) {H«$`m {deofU CndmŠ`

g§km CndmŠ` :g§km CndmŠ` :g§km CndmŠ` :g§km CndmŠ` :g§km CndmŠ` : Omo CndmŠ` _w»` dmŠ` _| g§km Ho$ ê$n _| AmVm h¡, Cgo g§km CndmŠ`

H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

CgZo H$hm {H$ H$b ~m[ae hmo gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&

({H$ H$b ~m[ae hmo gH$Vr h¡ - H$_© Ho$ ê$n _| g§km Cn~§Y )

{deofU CndmŠ` : {deofU CndmŠ` : {deofU CndmŠ` : {deofU CndmŠ` : {deofU CndmŠ` : Omo Am{lV CndmŠ` _w»` dmŠ` _| g§km H$s {deofVm ~VmVm h¡,

Cgo {deofU CndmŠ` H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

69

dh b‹S>H$m AmO Mmoar H$aVo hþE nH$‹S>m J`m, Omo H$b Mm¡amho na OmXy {XIm ahm Wm Ÿ&

(Omo ... ahm Wm, "dh b‹S>H$m' H$s {deofVm ~Vmdo Zo {deofU CndmŠ` h¡)

{H«$`m {deofU CndmŠ` :{H«$`m {deofU CndmŠ` :{H«$`m {deofU CndmŠ` :{H«$`m {deofU CndmŠ` :{H«$`m {deofU CndmŠ` : Omo Am{lV CndmŠ` _w»` dmŠ` H$s {H«$`m H$s {deofVm

~VmVm h¡, Cgo {H«$`m {deofU CndmŠ` H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo CndmŠ`m| _| O~, Á`m| hr, Ohm±, O¡gm , {OVZm,

Š`m|{H$, Vm{H$, AJa, `Ú{n Am{X eãX AmVo h¢ Ÿ& O~ K§Q>r ~Or, V~ àmW©Zm ewê$ hþB© Ÿ& (

H$mbdmMH$ {H«$`m {deofU nX~§Y)

_¢ dhm± Zht OmD±$Jm, Š`m|{H$ _wgo ~wbm`m Zht J`m h¡ Ÿ&

(H$maUdmMH$ {H«$`m {deofU nX~§Y)

do ñWmZ n{dÌ hmo JE, Ohm± -Ohm± g§V Ho$ nm§d n‹S>o Ÿ&

(ñWmZdmMH$ {H«$`m {deofU nX~§Y)

g§`wº$ dmŠ` : g§`wº$ dmŠ` : g§`wº$ dmŠ` : g§`wº$ dmŠ` : g§`wº$ dmŠ` : {Og dmŠ` _| Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ gab dmŠ`, `m EH$ gab dmŠ` VWm

EH$ {_l dmŠ` `m Xmo {_l dmŠ`, g§ wº$ ê$n go AmVo h¢ Cg dmŠ` H$mo g§ wº$ dmŠ` H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

Vw_ n‹Tmo Am¡a _wPo n‹T>Zo Xmo Ÿ&

dh b‹S>H$m Omo H$b Am`m Wm, dh b‹S>H$s Omo AmO AmB© h¡, XmoZm| {_bH$a JmZm JmE±Jo Ÿ&

3.5 AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ`m| Ho$ ôX :AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ`m| Ho$ ôX :AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ`m| Ho$ ôX :AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ`m| Ho$ ôX :AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ`m| Ho$ ôX :

AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ`m| Ho$ AmR> ôX hmoVo h¢ -

1))))) {dYmZdmMH$ ({ZíM`dmMH$) -{dYmZdmMH$ ({ZíM`dmMH$) -{dYmZdmMH$ ({ZíM`dmMH$) -{dYmZdmMH$ ({ZíM`dmMH$) -{dYmZdmMH$ ({ZíM`dmMH$) - Bg àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ` go {H$gr H$m © Ho$ hmoZo

H$s gyMZm Xr OmVr h¡

H$mo b Hy$H$Vr h¡ Ÿ&

2) {ZfoYdmMH$ -{ZfoYdmMH$ -{ZfoYdmMH$ -{ZfoYdmMH$ -{ZfoYdmMH$ - Bg àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ` go {H$gr H$m © Ho$ Z hmoZo H$s gyMZm {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&

H$b nmR>embm ~§X Zht hmoJr Ÿ&

3) AmkmdmMH$ -AmkmdmMH$ -AmkmdmMH$ -AmkmdmMH$ -AmkmdmMH$ - Bg àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ` _| Amkm, AmXoe, AZwamoY, àmW©Zm, gbmh ,

CnXoe Am{X H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

Vw_ dhm± OëXr nh±þMmo Ÿ&

Amn H¥$n`m _oar _XX H$a X| Ÿ&

70

4) àíZdmMH$ -àíZdmMH$ -àíZdmMH$ -àíZdmMH$ -àíZdmMH$ - Bg àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ` go àíZ H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

H$m¡Z Om ahm h¡ ?

5) {dñ_`dmMH$ -{dñ_`dmMH$ -{dñ_`dmMH$ -{dñ_`dmMH$ -{dñ_`dmMH$ - Bg àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ` _| hf©, emoH$, AmíM © Am{X ^md àH$Q> hmoVo

h¢ Ÿ&

dmh ! `h {H$VZm gwÝXa h¡ Ÿ&

Amh ! dh Mb dgm Ÿ&

6) g§XohdmMH$ -g§XohdmMH$ -g§XohdmMH$ -g§XohdmMH$ -g§XohdmMH$ - Bg àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ` _| g§Xoh m g§ mdZm H$m md ì`º$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

dh Im MwH$m hmoJm Ÿ& g§^dV: dh AmVm hmo Ÿ&

7) BÀN>mdmMH$ -BÀN>mdmMH$ -BÀN>mdmMH$ -BÀN>mdmMH$ -BÀN>mdmMH$ - Bg àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ` _| BÀN>m , H$ënZm, Am{ef Am{X H$m ^md

àH$Q> hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&

B©ída Vwåhmam ^bm H$ao Ÿ&

Vwåh| e {_bo Ÿ&

8) g§Ho$VdmMH$ -g§Ho$VdmMH$ -g§Ho$VdmMH$ -g§Ho$VdmMH$ -g§Ho$VdmMH$ - Bg àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ` _| {H$gr H$m © Ho$ {bE g§Ho$V `m eV©

^md ì`º$ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

AJa Vw_ _Z bJmH$a n‹T>mo Vmo nmg hmo OmAmo Ÿ&

`{X dfm© g_` na hmoVr Vmo \$gb AÀN>r hmoVr Ÿ&

3.6 àH$m`© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` :àH$m`© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` :àH$m`© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` :àH$m`© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` :àH$m`© H$s Ñ{ï> go dmŠ` :

dmŠ` _| {d{^Þ KQ>H$m| H$m àH$m © H$maH$-H$mo{Q>`m| Ûmam A{^ì`º$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g§km `m gd©Zm_

eãX Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgH$m g§~§Y dmŠ` Ho$ AÝ` eãX/eãXm| Ho$ gmW gy{MV `m àH$Q> hmoVm h¡, Cgo

H$maH$ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& qhXr _| H$maH$ AmR> h¢ Ÿ& àË oH$ H$maH$ Ho$ {bE AbJ -AbJ H$maH$ {M• (nagJ©)

à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&

H$maH$m| Ho$ Zm_ H$maH$ {MÝh

1. H$Vm© Zo, H$mo, go, Ho$

2. H$_© H$mo, go

3. H$aU go, Ho$ Ûmam

4. g§àXmZ H$mo, Ho$ {bE

71

5. AnmXmZ go

6. g§~§Y H$m, Ho$, H$s, am, ao, ar, Zm, Zo Zr

7. A{YH$aU _|, na

7. g§~moYZ ho, Aao, Or

H$Vm© -H$Vm© -H$Vm© -H$Vm© -H$Vm© - ({H«$`m H$m H$aZo dmbm) b‹S>H$m IobVm h¡ Ÿ&

H$_© -H$_© -H$_© -H$_© -H$_© - ({Og na {H«$`m H$m à^md `m \$b n‹S>o) b‹S>H$m Am_ ImVm h¡ Ÿ&

H$aU -H$aU -H$aU -H$aU -H$aU - ( {Og gmYZ go {H«$`m hmo)dh H$b_ go {bIVm h¡ Ÿ&

g§àXmZ -g§àXmZ -g§àXmZ -g§àXmZ -g§àXmZ - ( {OgH$s {hV-ny{V© {H«$`m go hmo) CgZo a_oe H$mo Xmo gm¡ én`o {XE Ÿ&

AnmXmZ -AnmXmZ -AnmXmZ -AnmXmZ -AnmXmZ -({Oggo AbJmmd hmo) {h_mb` go J§Jm {ZH$br h¡ Ÿ&

g§~§Y -g§~§Y -g§~§Y -g§~§Y -g§~§Y - (Xmo nXm| H$m g§~§Y A{^ì`º$ hmoVm h¡) lram_ Ho$ ^mB© bú_U Zo naewam_ go

H$Qw>dMZ H$ho Ÿ&

A{YH$aU -A{YH$aU -A{YH$aU -A{YH$aU -A{YH$aU - ({H«$`m -g§MmbZ H$m AmYma) _oO na {H$Vm~ h¡ Ÿ&

g§~moYZ -g§~moYZ -g§~moYZ -g§~moYZ -g§~moYZ -( {H$gr H$mo nwH$maZo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡) Aao _mhZ ! OëXr OmAmo Ÿ&

3.7 dmŠ` n[adV©Z :dmŠ` n[adV©Z :dmŠ` n[adV©Z :dmŠ` n[adV©Z :dmŠ` n[adV©Z :

ê$nm§VaU d¡ mH$aUm| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ AmYma yV(_yb) dmŠ`m| na Hw$N> {d{eï> {Z`_ bmJy

H$aZo AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ g§X © g§JV dmŠ` ~ZmE Om gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go -

1. H$_bm Jm§d Om ahr h¡ Ÿ&

- Š`m H$_bm Jm§d Om ahr h¡ ? ( àíZdmMH$ ê$nm§VaU)

2. CgZo gmar {_R>mB`m± Im bt Ÿ&

CgZo gmar {_R>mB`m± Zht Im`t Ÿ& (ZH$mamË_H$ ê$nm§VaU)

3. b‹S>Ho$ A§Xa JE Ÿ&

- b‹S>H$mo ! AÝXa AmAmo Ÿ& ( AmkmW©H$ ê$nm§VaU)

4. brbm JrV Jm ahr h¡

- brbm JrV Jm gH$Vr h¡ ( gH$- ê$nm§VaU)

72

5. AÜ`j Zo gyMZm Xr Ÿ&

- gyMZm Xr JB© Ÿ& (H$_©dmÀ` ê$nm§VaU)

6. _¢ H$‹S>r Yyn _| Mb Zht gH$Vm Ÿ&

- _wPgo H$‹S>r Yyn _| Mbm Zht OmVm Ÿ&(^mddmÀ` ê$nm§VaU)

7. H$b ~m[ae hmoJr Ÿ&

- g§ dV: H$b ~m[ae hmo Ÿ& ( g§ mdZmW©H$ ê$nm§VaU)

8. _¢ Omoa go Xm¡‹S> H$a dhm± nh±þMm

- _¢ Omoa go Xm¡‹S>m Am¡a dhm± nh±þMm Ÿ& (g§ wº$dmŠ` ê$nm§VaU)

9. CgZo AnZo H$mo ñdñW ~Vm`m Ÿ&

- CgZo ~Vm`m {H$ _¢ ñdñW h±ÿ Ÿ& ( {_l dmŠ` ê$nm§VaU)

10. dh ~hþV H«y$a h¡

- dh BVZm H«y$a h¡ Ÿ! ( {dñ_`m{X ~moYH$ dmŠ` _| ê$nm§VaU)

11. CgZo H$hm -_wPo H$b_ Mm{hE

- CgZo H$hm {H$ _wPo H$b_ Mm{hE Ÿ& ( namoj C{º$ _| dmŠ` ê$nm§VaU)

3.8 AW© H$s AdYmaUm (AW© {dkmZ)AW© H$s AdYmaUm (AW© {dkmZ)AW© H$s AdYmaUm (AW© {dkmZ)AW© H$s AdYmaUm (AW© {dkmZ)AW© H$s AdYmaUm (AW© {dkmZ)

gmW©H$Vm ^mfm H$m bjU h¡ Ÿ& AW© Úmo{VV Z H$a nmZo dmbr ^mfm ^ma-ñdê$n h¡ Ÿ& AW© Ho$

_hËd H$mo à{Vnm{XV H$aVo hþE `mñH$ Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ {Og àH$ma {~Zm Ap½Z Ho$ ewîH$ BªYZ àÁd{bV

Zht hmo gH$Vm, Cgr àH$ma {~Zm AW© g_Po Omo eãX Xwham`m OmVm h¡ ,dh H$^r A^rpßgV {df` H$mo

àH$m{eV Zht H$a gH$Vm Ÿ&

`X² J¥hrV_{dkmV§ {ZJXoZ¡d eãXVo Ÿ&

AZ½Zm{dd ewîH§¡$Ymo Z VÁÁdb{V H${h©{MV² Ÿ& {Z‚m$º$ : 1.18

AW© H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE eãX _mÜ`_ h¡ Ÿ& AW© H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE Xmo eãX -"ê$n'

Am¡a "Zm_' H$mo OmZZm Mm{hE Ÿ& h_ g§gma _| {OVZr dñVwE± `m àm{U`m| H$mo XoIVo h¢, CZH$s AbJ-

AbJ gÎmm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg gÎm>m Ho$ {bE h_ "ê$n' eãX H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg _yV© gÎmm -ê$nm| H$mo h_

H$moB© Z H$moB© Zm_ XoH$a nwH$maVo h¢ Ÿ& "Kmo‹S>m' àmUr ê$n Ho$ {bE Kmo‹S>m "eãX' H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

"Kmo‹S>m' XoIH$a h_| " Kmo‹S>m' eãX `mX Am OmVm h¡ `m Kmo‹S>m eãX gwZVo hr h_mao gm_Zo "Kmo‹S>m' ê$n

73

gmH$ma hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogo gmhM © ~moY go ê$n Am¡a Zm_ Ho$ ~rM Omo g§~§Y ñWm{nV hmo OmVm h¡, Cgo

AW© H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& ê$n dmÀ` h¡ Am¡a Zm_ dmMH$ h¡ Ÿ& dmMH$ -dmÀ` g§~§Y H$m Zm_ "AW©' h¡ Ÿ&

AW© kmZ H¡$go hmoVm h¡ :AW© kmZ H¡$go hmoVm h¡ :AW© kmZ H¡$go hmoVm h¡ :AW© kmZ H¡$go hmoVm h¡ :AW© kmZ H¡$go hmoVm h¡ :

eãX Ho$ Ûmam Omo àVr{V hmoVr h¡, Cgo AW© H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& àVr{V àË`` `m kmZ ^mfm H$m _mZ{gH$

nj h¡ Ÿ& _Z _| {dMma CR>Vo h¢ Ÿ& dº$m ^mfm Ûmam CÝh| lmoVm VH$ ào{fV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& lmoVm CÝh| H$mZ go

gwZVm h¡ Vmo CgHo$ _Z _| CZHo$ AWm] H$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& mfm H$m CX²J_ Am¡a AW© kmZ ê$nr n[aU{V

XmoZm| _mZ{gH$ nj h¢ Ÿ&

AW© H$s àVr{V Xmo àH$ma H$s hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

i) AmË_ -àË`j (AmË_ AZw d )

ii) na àË`j (na - AZw d )

1) AmË_ -àË`j -AmË_ -àË`j -AmË_ -àË`j -AmË_ -àË`j -AmË_ -àË`j - ñd § {H$gr dñVw H$mo AnZr Am±Im| go XoIZo `m AZw d H$aZo H$mo

AmË_ -àË`j H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Kmo‹S>m, no‹S>, nhm‹S> H$mo XoIH$a `m Zr~y, g§Vao H$m ag MIH$a Omo

àË`jrH$aU hmoVm h¡ dh AmË_- àË`j h¡ Ÿ& AmË_- àË`j Ûmam CËnÞ àVr{V A{YH$ ñnï,> ñWm`r

Am¡a àm_m{UH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AmË_- àË`j Ho$ Xmo ^oX h¢ -

H$) ~mø BpÝÐ` OÝ`

I) AÝV[apÝÐ` OÝ`

Am±I, ZmH$, H$mZ, ËdMm Am¡a {Oˆm Ûmam H«$_e: XoIH$a, gy§KH$a, gwZH$a, Ny>H$a Am¡a

MIH$a _yV© dñVwAm| H$m Omo kmZ m AZw d àmá {H$`m OmVm h¡ dh ~mø BpÝÐ` OÝ` kmZ m AZw d

h¡ Ÿ& AÝV[apÝÐ` AÝV:H$aU m _Z h¡ Ÿ& Xw:I$, H«$moY, yI, jmo Am{X A_yV© dñVwAm| H$m AZw d

_Z Ûmam hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

2) na-àË`j -na-àË`j -na-àË`j -na-àË`j -na-àË`j - na `m Xygam| Ûmam àË`j hþAm kmZ h_ ñdrH$ma H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ& {h_mb`

H$mo ñd § Z XoIZo na r Xygam| Ho$ XoIZo H$mo à_mU _mZH$a h_ ñdrH$ma H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ& na àË`j _| doX,

emó AmádmŠ`, B{Vhmg, yJmob, {dkmZ g~ AmVo h¢ Ÿ&

74

3.9 eãX Am¡a AW© H$m g§~§Y :eãX Am¡a AW© H$m g§~§Y :eãX Am¡a AW© H$m g§~§Y :eãX Am¡a AW© H$m g§~§Y :eãX Am¡a AW© H$m g§~§Y :

$"Jm`' H$hZo go "Jm`' new H$m AW© {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& "Kmo‹S>o' H$m Zht Ÿ& ^mfm _| e~a gmW©H$

hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& dh eãX {H$gr AW© (dñVw) {deof H$m ~moY H$amVm h¡ `m AW© H$mo g§Ho${VV$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `h

g§Ho$V `mÑpÀN>H$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mO Ûmam ñdrH¥$V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ hr eãX (`m Üd{Z g_yh) H$m AW©

^mfm oX go ~Xb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jmo H$m AW© A§J«oOr _| OmZm h¡ Vmo g§ñH¥$V _| Jm` h¡ Ÿ& Üd{Z g_yh go dñVw

Ho$ ~moY `m eãX go AW© Ho$ ~moY H$s à{H«$`m H$mo e{º$ J«h `m g§Ho$VJ«h H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h g§Ho$VJ«h

bmoH$ -ì`dhma Ed§ AZw^d go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

AmMm © OJXre Zo "eãXe{º$ àH$m{eH$m' _| g§Ho$VJ«h m AW© kmZ Ho$ AmR> gmYZ _mZo

h¢ -

e{º$J«h ì`mH$aUmon_mZ H$moemádmŠ`mX²,

ì`dhmaVíM, dmŠ`ñ` eofmV² {dd¥Vod©XpÝV gm{ÞÜ`V: {gÕnXñ` d¥ÛÕm:

1. ì`mH$aU, 2. Cn_mZ, 3. H$moe, 4. AmßVmdmŠ`, 5.ì`dhma, 6. dmŠèof

(àH$aU), 7. {dd¥{V ({ddaU, ì`m»`m), 8. à{gÕ nX H$m gm{ÞÕ`

ì`mH$aU -ì`mH$aU -ì`mH$aU -ì`mH$aU -ì`mH$aU - eãXm| Ho$ AW© OmZZo Ho$ {bE ì`mH$aU H$s ghm`Vm br OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ì`mH$aU go

àH¥${V- àË``, eãXê$n, g_mg, V{ÕV, CngJ©, H¥$V² àË``m|, órqbJ àË``m| Am{X H$m ~moY hmoVm

h¡ Ÿ& dmgwXod H$hZo go "dgwXod Ho$ nwÌ (dgwXod+A) H$m ~moY hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& n‹T>Zm {H«$`m H$m qbJ -

nwéf- dMZ Ho$ ôXm| go AZoH$ ê$n hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& BZH$m AW©~moY ì`mH$aU H$amVm h¡ Ÿ&

Cn_mZCn_mZCn_mZCn_mZCn_mZ ----- Cn_mZ H$m AW© h¡ gmÑí` Ÿ& `{X {H$gr àmUr `m dñVw H$mo nyN>Zo dmbo Ho$ gm_Zo

àË`j Zht H$am`m Om gH$Vm, V~ ~VmZo dmbm CgHo$ g_rn H$s {H$gr n[a{MV dñVw H$m CëboI H$aHo$

H$hVm h¡ {H$ dh BgHo$ g_mZ h¡ Ÿ& ZrbJm` H$mo ~VmZo Ho$ {bE H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ dh Jm` Ho$ g_mZ h¡ Ÿ&

H$moe -H$moe -H$moe -H$moe -H$moe - eãXH$moe _w»`V: eãXm| Ho$ AW© ~VmVm h¡ Ÿ& h_ àm`: X¡{ZH$ OrdZ _| H$m_ _| Z

AmZo dmbo eãXm| Ho$ AW© `mX Zht H$a nmVo Ÿ& CZHo$ AW© h_ H$moe H$s ghm`Vm go OmZ boVo h¢ Ÿ&

AmádmŠ` -AmádmŠ` -AmádmŠ` -AmádmŠ` -AmádmŠ` - `WmW© dº$m H$mo "Amá' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& doX, emó, Jwé, _mVm-{nVm Am{X Amá

h¢ Ÿ& Amám| H$mo {df` H$m àË`j kmZ ahVm h¡ m do {df` Ho$ {deofk hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s ~mV _mZH$a h_

~MnZ go gmao eãX Am¡a CZHo$ AW© OmZVo h¢ Ÿ&

ì`dhma - ì`dhma - ì`dhma - ì`dhma - ì`dhma - AW© ~moY H$m ì`mnH$ à_wI gmYZ h¡ bmoH$-ì`dhma Ÿ& ~ƒm d`ñH$ bmoJm| go

AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ` gwZVm h¡, CZH$s {H«$`mAm| H$mo XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& dh eãXm| Ho$ AWm] H$m kmZ CZgo

àmá H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ì`{º$ OrdZ â Bgr gmYZ go AnZr eãXmdbr ~‹T>mVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ&

75

dmŠ` -eof(àH$aU) -dmŠ` -eof(àH$aU) -dmŠ` -eof(àH$aU) -dmŠ` -eof(àH$aU) -dmŠ` -eof(àH$aU) - dmŠ` _| à`moJ hmoZo na àH$aU Ho$ AZwgma AW© J«hU {H$`m

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ag eãX Ho$ H$B© AW© {bE Om gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& fS> ag H$hZo go _Ywa, {Vº$, Aåb Am{X agm|

H$m, Zd ag H$hZo go ûm¥§Jma, hmñ`, H$éU Am{X gm{hpË`H$ agm| H$m "ag nr{OE' H$hZo go ea~V H$m,

AmnH$s ~mV _| ~hþV ag {_bVm h¡' H$hZo go AmZÝX H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma nmZr AW© àg§J Ho$

AZwgma ~XbH$a Ob, gm¢X © hmo OmEJm Ÿ& "_wPo Ob Mm{hE' Am¡a "Ka Ob ahm h¡' - BZ XmoZm| dmŠ`m|

_| Ob H$m AW© AbJ -AbJ h¡ Ÿ& nhbo _| dh dñVw H$m AW© XoVm h¡ Vmo Xygao _| {H«$`m H$m AW© Ÿ&

H$^r -H$^r {H$gr dmŠ` H$m AW© {H$gr AÝ` dmŠ` Ho$ AW© na AmYm[aV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go -

"A^r -A^r dmOno rOr Zo amï´>g§K _| AnZm A{^^mfU aIm h¡ Ÿ& h H$Xm{MV nhbm Adga Wm {H$

^maV Ho$ H$moB© àYmZ_§Ìr qhXr _| mfU X| Ÿ&' Bggo ñnîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ maV Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr dmOno rOr

Zo amï´>g§K _| nhbr ~ma qhXr _| ^mfU {X`m h¡ Ÿ&

{dd¥{V -{dd¥{V -{dd¥{V -{dd¥{V -{dd¥{V - {dd¥{V H$m AW© h¡ - {ddaU `m ì`m»`m Ÿ& Eogo eãX h¢ {OZHo$ AW© EH$ hr eãX

Ûmam ~Vm`m Zht Om gH$Vm Ÿ& CZH$s ì`m»`m H$aZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& {dd¥{V Ûmam eãX Ho$ {d{dY njm| H$mo

CXmhaU, oX-Cn oX Am{X Ûmam ñnï> {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& nm[a^m{fH$, VH$ZrH$s m Xme©{ZH$ eãXm| H$mo

{~Zm ì`m»`m Ho$ Zht g_Pm Om gH$Vm Ÿ&

à{gÕ nX H$m gm{ÞÜ` -à{gÕ nX H$m gm{ÞÜ` -à{gÕ nX H$m gm{ÞÜ` -à{gÕ nX H$m gm{ÞÜ` -à{gÕ nX H$m gm{ÞÜ` - h_ dmŠ` Ho$ EH$ -Xmo AkmV eãXm| Ho$ AW© kmV ({gÕ)

nXm| H$s g_rnVm Ho$ AmYma na n‹T>Vo h¢ - ~mJ _| Jwbm~, ~obm, M_obr, Jwbeã~mo {Ibo h¢ - V~ OmZ

OmVo h¢ {H$ Jwbeã~mo r EH$ \y$b h¡ Ÿ& J|hÿ±, MZm, Om¡, _Q>a, H$a§OwAm Zm_ EH$ gmW boZo na h_ g_P

OmVo h¢ {H$ H$a§OwAm EH$ AZmO h¡ Ÿ& "~g§V _| Am_ H$s S>m{b`m| _| {nH$' gwZVo hr h_ ~g§V Am¡a Am_

H$s S>mbr eãXm| Ho$ AmYma na "{nH$' H$m AW© "H$mo b' g_P OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

3.10 EH$mW©H$ eãX :EH$mW©H$ eãX :EH$mW©H$ eãX :EH$mW©H$ eãX :EH$mW©H$ eãX :

eãX _w»`V: Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ :

1. EH$mW©H$, 2. AZoH$mW©H$ Ÿ&

EH$mW©H$ EH$mW©H$ EH$mW©H$ EH$mW©H$ EH$mW©H$ -EH$mW©H$ eãX Cgo H$hVo h¢ , Ohm± {H$gr ^mfm (AW©) _| EH$ ê$nH$ Ho$ {bE

AZoH$ Zm_ (eãX) à wº$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& "Ka' EH$ ê$n h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ Zm_ AZoH$ h¢ O¡go - J¥h, Joh, {ZHo$VZ,

AmJma, dZ Ÿ&

MÝÐ_m EH$ ê$n h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ AZoH$ Zm_ h¢ Ÿ& O¡go gwYmH$a, Mm±X, M§Ð, M§Xm, aOZrH$a, {ZemH$a

Am{X Ÿ&

76

AZoH$mW©H$ -AZoH$mW©H$ -AZoH$mW©H$ -AZoH$mW©H$ -AZoH$mW©H$ - AZoH$mW©H$ eãX Cgo H$hVo h¢, Ohm± {H$gr ^mfm _| EH$ Zm_(eãX) H$m

à`moJ AZoH$ ê$nm| Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& KZí`m_ EH$ ê$n h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ Xmo AW© h¢ -_oK Am¡a H¥$îU Ÿ&

EH$mAW© eãX : EH$ AW© _| {d{^Þ eãX à`wº$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU :

1. . . . . ~hþ^m{fH$Vm H$s pñW{V :~hþ^m{fH$Vm H$s pñW{V :~hþ^m{fH$Vm H$s pñW{V :~hþ^m{fH$Vm H$s pñW{V :~hþ^m{fH$Vm H$s pñW{V :

{d{^Þ ^mfm -^mfr bmoJ, n ©Q>Z, ì`mnma, H$bm, gm{hË`, amOZr{V, Ym{_©H$, {ejm Am{X

Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE EH$ Xygao Ho$ Xoe _| O~ OmVo h¢, EH$ Xygao H$s mfm go à^m{dV hmoVo

h¢, V~ ~hþ m{fH$Vm H$s pñW{V CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {X EH$ ZE ê$n(AW©) Ho$ {bE EH$ Z`m Zm_ (eãX)

XmVm-^mfm go AmVm h¡ Vmo pñW{V ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ Ÿ& na {X J«hrVm -^mfm _| Cgr ê$n(AW©) Ho$ {bE

Zm_(eãX) nhbo go CnbãY hmo, Am¡a XmVm -^mfm go Z`m Zm_ J«hU H$aZo H$s ~mÜ`Vm m Amdí`H$Vm

`m BÀN>m hmo Vmo Eogr pñW{V _| EH$ ê$n Ho$ {bE Xmo Zm_ Mb n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go Ý`m`mb`- H$Mhar,

{dÚmb` -ñHy$b, ndZ- hdm, gwÝXa- Iy~gyaV, {H$ÝVw- bo{H$Z Am{X Ÿ&

2. . . . . Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$s pñW{V :Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$s pñW{V :Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$s pñW{V :Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$s pñW{V :Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$s pñW{V :

qhXr H$s {dH$mg -à{H«$`m _| g§ñH¥$V -nm{b-àmH¥$V -An §«e Am¡a nwamZr qhXr Am{X Ÿ^mfmAm|

H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m moJXmZ h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma {damgV _| qhXr H$mo ~‹S>r eãX -g§nXm {_br h¡ Ÿ& EH$ ê$n(AW©)

Ho$ {bE g§ñH¥$V Ho$ VËg_ eãXm| Ho$ Abmdm VËg_ Ho$ AZoH$ VX² d eãX (Zm_) {dH${gV hþE h¢ Ÿ&

O¡go - _wI- _w±h, nwîn-\y$b, {dÚwV -{~Obr, gn© -gm°§n, {eŠ`_² -qN>H$m, H¥$îU -H$mÝhm, n¥ð>-nrR>,

{Oˆm -Or^, ñdßZ -gnZm Ÿ&

3..... {dXoer eãXm| H$m AZwdmX :{dXoer eãXm| H$m AZwdmX :{dXoer eãXm| H$m AZwdmX :{dXoer eãXm| H$m AZwdmX :{dXoer eãXm| H$m AZwdmX :

Ú{n {H$gr mfm _| {H$gr ê$n Ho$ {bE nhbo go H$moB© Zm_ (eãX) CnbãY hmo, bo{H$Z {\$a r EH$

Z`m Zm_ Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg pñW{V _| EH$ AW© H$mo Úmo{VV$ H$aZo dmbo Xmo AbJ-AbJ eãX ì`dhma

_| Am OmVo h¢ Ÿ& equator Ho$ {bE nhbo go "{dfwdX² aoIm' eãX {dÚ_mZ Wm Ÿ& {\$a ^r EH$ Z`m eãX

y_Ü`aoIm àMbZ _| Am J`m Ÿ& Linguistics Ho$ {bE mfm-{dkmZ, mfm -emó Am¡a m{fH$s Am{X

Zm_ àM{bV hmo JE h¢ Ÿ&

77

4..... Aíbrb, A_§Jb n[ahma Ho$ {bE :Aíbrb, A_§Jb n[ahma Ho$ {bE :Aíbrb, A_§Jb n[ahma Ho$ {bE :Aíbrb, A_§Jb n[ahma Ho$ {bE :Aíbrb, A_§Jb n[ahma Ho$ {bE :

gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go Aíbrb Am¡a A_§Jb H$s ^mdZm H$mo ì`º$ H$aZo dmbo A{^YmW©H$ eãXm| H$m

à`moJ Z H$aHo$ {^Þ eãXm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& "Q>Q²>Q>r H$aZo H$s OJh {Xem OmZm, {nem~ Ho$

{bE ~ƒm| H$mo "ey' H$aZm {gImZm, _aZo H$mo JmobmoH$dmgr hmoZm, ñdJ©dmg hmoZm, Xohm§V hmoZm H$hZo Ho$

nrN>o hr md {N>nm hþAm h¡ Ÿ&

gm{hpË`H$ boIZ _| :gm{hpË`H$ boIZ _| :gm{hpË`H$ boIZ _| :gm{hpË`H$ boIZ _| :gm{hpË`H$ boIZ _| :

h_ {OZ àmH¥${VH$ VËdm| Ho$ g§nH©$ _| AmVo h¢, CZHo$ {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ JwU hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& {d{^Þ JwUm|

Ho$ AmYma na CZHo$ {d{^Þ Zm_H$aU hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& MÝÐ_m Ho$ JwU Am¡a pñW{V Ho$ AmYma na CZHo$ Zm_

CnbãY hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& o Zm_ ~mob-Mmb H$s ^mfm H$s Anojm gm{hpË`H$ à`moJm| _| ~hþbVm go ì`döV

hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - {gVm§ew, ídoV {H$aUm| Ho$ {bE, V_moha (A§Yoam hQ>mZo Ho$ H$maU), aOZre (amV go

g§~§{YV) {h_m§ew( erVb {H$aUm| Ho$ {bE) eem§H$ (~rM _| IaJmoe H$m {M• ahZo go) gwYmew§ (A_¥V

H$m AmYma hmoZo go), H$bmYa (H$bmE± KQ>Vo -~‹T>Vo ahZo go), Hw$_wX(Hw$Bª go g§~§{YV hmoZo go), ZjÌoe

(Vmam| H$m n{V hmoZo go) [g§YwX² d (g_wÐ go {ZH$bZo Ho$ H$maU) {edeoIa ({ed -_ñVH$ na emo m

nmZo Ho$ H$maU)

`m¡{JH$ eãX ~Z gH$Zo H$s j_Vm aIZo Ho$ H$maU qhXr _| n`m© dmMr eãX ~hþbVm go CnbãY

hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go ~mXb Ho$ {bE - ObYa, dm[admh, n`moYa, A§~wdmh Ÿ&

N>§Xmo~Õ nÚ aMZm H$aVo g_` EH$ ñWmZ na EH$ eãX aIZm g_rMrZ Z hmoZo go CgH$s OJh

Xygao n`m© dmMr eãX à`moJ H$aZm Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

O¡go - {Xdg H$m AdgmZ g_rn Wm

JJZ Wm Hw$N> bmo{hV hmo Mbm

Vé$ {eIm na Wr A~ amOVr

H$_{bZr Hw$b ~ëb^ H$s à^m Ÿ&

`hm± bKw -Jwé {dÝ`mg Bg àH$ma h¡ - Ÿ&&&@Ÿ&& @Ÿ&& @Ÿ&@ A§{V_ n§{º$ _| Ÿ&&&@ bKw Jwé H$m

{dÝ`mg Amdí`H$ Wm Ÿ& Bg{bE H$_b eãX H$m à`moJ hmo gH$Vm Wm Ÿ& H$_{bZr `hm± Cn wº$ eãX

h¡ Ÿ& EH$ hr AW© H$mo Úmo{VV H$aZo dmbo {d{^Þ eãX ^r g§ñH¥${V H$s {^ÞVm Ho$ H$mU Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N>

AW©ÀN>m`>m aIVo h¢ Ÿ& d¡Ú -hH$s_ -S>m°ŠQ>a {M{H$Ëgm go g§~§{YV hmoZo na ^r {d{^Þ {M{H$Ëgm -

nÕ{V`m| Ho$ {deofkm| Ho$ ê$n _| n[a{MV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& ñHy$b Am¡a _Xagm eãX {ejm Ho$ {d{^Þ ^mfm -

78

_mÜ`_ go g§~§{YV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

àíZ CR>Vm h¡ {H$ H$m¡Z-gm AW© J«mø h¡ Am¡a H$m¡Z-gm AW© J«mø Zht h¡-Bg {ZU©`$ H¡$go H$a| ?

AW© {ZU© Ho$ gmYZ Š`m h¢ - - - - - Bg na AmMm © {dídZmW Ho$ gm{hË`Xn©U _| Xg gmYZ {JZmE

JE h¢ -

dŠV¥ -~moÕì` dmŠ`mZm_Ý` g{Þ{Y dmÀ`m`mo:

àñVmd Xoe H$mbmZm§ H$mH$moíMoï>m{XH$ñ` M

d¡{eîQ²>`mXÝ`_Wª m ~moY oV² gmW©g§ dm Ÿ&&

AWm©V² o h¢ - dº$m, lmoVm, dmŠ`, dmÀ`, AÝ`g{Þ{Y, àñVmd, Xoe, H$mb, H$mHw$, Moï>m Ÿ&

dº$m -dº$m -dº$m -dº$m -dº$m - dº$m Ho$ ôX go EH$ hr C{º$ H$m AW© ôX hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& "em_ hmo JB©' - `h H$hZo go

nwOmar Ho$ {bE AW© h¡ - g§Ü`m AmaVr H$m g_` hmo J`m Ÿ& ~mbH$ Ho$ {bE AW© h¡ - Iob A~ ~§X

H$amo Ÿ& amhr Ho$ {bE AW© hmoJm - n‹S>md na éH$ OmE± Ÿ& ào_r AnZr ào gr go amZr g§~moYZ H$aZo go hm±

amZr H$m AW© "{à`m' hmoJm Ÿ&

~m¡Õm (lmoVm) -~m¡Õm (lmoVm) -~m¡Õm (lmoVm) -~m¡Õm (lmoVm) -~m¡Õm (lmoVm) - AW© àVrVr _| ^r lmoVm H$m _hËd h¡ Ÿ& {~hmar Zo _hmamO O`qgh Ho$

{bE EH$ Xmohm {bIm Wm -

Zqh namJ Z§{h _Ywa _Yw Zqh {dH$mg B{h H$mb Ÿ&

Abr, H$br hr V| ~±Ü`mo, AmJo H$m¡Z hdmb Ÿ&&

Bggo _hmamO O`qgh g_P JE {H$ Zdmo‹T>m nËZr Ho$ ào_-Omb go _wº$ hmoH$a amOH$mO _| Ü`mZ

XoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& AÝ`mo{º$ _| H$ho JE nX Bg àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&

dmŠ` -dmŠ` -dmŠ` -dmŠ` -dmŠ` -ñdV§Ì ahZo na eãX H$m Omo AW© hmoVm h¡ dmŠ` _| Cg eãX H$m AW© ^r ~Xb OmVm

h¡ Ÿ& "Z' {ZfoYmW©H$ Aì`` h¡ Ÿ& na `{X `h dmŠ` H$hm OmE - Vw_ OmAmoJo Z Ÿ& `hm± "Z' H$m AW©

{dÜ`W©H$ h¡ Ÿ& "A~ XoIVm h±ÿ Vw_ H¡$go OmVo hmo ?' `h dmŠ` àíZdmMH$ {XImB© n‹S>Zo na ^r

{ZfoYmW©H$ AW© XoVm h¡ Ÿ&

dmÀ` (dº$ì`) -dmÀ` (dº$ì`) -dmÀ` (dº$ì`) -dmÀ` (dº$ì`) -dmÀ` (dº$ì`) - dº$m Ho$ A{^àm` Ho$ AZwgma dmŠ` _| eãX H$m AW© ~Xb OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

`{X H$hm OmE -"AÀN>m hþAm nmnr Mbm J`m Ÿ&' V~ dº$ì` Ho$ d¡{eï²>` Ho$ H$maU "Mbm J`m' AW©

hmoJm - _a J`m Ÿ& `h emàr h¡ -

IwXm g~H$mo ~MmE amh H$s R>ÊS>r hdmAm| go

{H$ gmoVm ah J`m _¢, H$m{\$bm _§{Ob n¡ Om nh±þMm Ÿ&&

79

BgH$m AW© h¡ - Amam_ H$aZo dmbm Ohm± -H$m-Vhm± ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na à`ËZerb ì`{º$ bú`

VH$ nh±þM OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

AÝ` g{Þ{Y -AÝ` g{Þ{Y -AÝ` g{Þ{Y -AÝ` g{Þ{Y -AÝ` g{Þ{Y - AÝ` ì`{º$ H$s CnpñW{V _| (Vrgao ì`{º$ , dº$m -lmoVm go {^Þ) eãX

Ho$ AW© _| A§Va n‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& eHw§$Vbm - Xwî`ÝV Ho$ dmÎmm©bmn Ho$ g_` Jm¡V_r Ho$ Am OmZo go H$moB©

ZonÏ` go g§Ho$V XoVm h¡ - "MH$dr ! AnZo gmWr go {dXm bmo & amV Am JB©' &

`hm± MH$dr(eHw§$Vbm) H$mo gmWr (Xwî`ÝV) go AbJ hmo OmZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ Jm¡V_r(amV)

Am JB© h¡ Ÿ&

àH$aU -àH$aU -àH$aU -àH$aU -àH$aU - àH$aU `m àg§J go AW© ^oX hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& àH$aU Ho$ AZwgma "gy m}X` hþAm'

dmŠ` Ho$ {^Þ-{^Þ AW© hm|Jo -

~ƒmo ! CR>mo !, g§Ü`m H$amo, ñZmZ H$amo, H$m_ na OmAmo Am{X Ÿ&

Xoe Am¡a H$mb -Xoe Am¡a H$mb -Xoe Am¡a H$mb -Xoe Am¡a H$mb -Xoe Am¡a H$mb - ñWmZ Am¡a g_` Ho$ A§Va go AW© ~Xb OmVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ dmŠ` "K§Q>r hmo

JB©' Ÿ& Ho$ AW© Xoe-H$mb Ho$ A§Va go AbJ-AbJ hm|Jo Ÿ& narjm dZ _| K§Q>r H$m Omo AW© h¡, ñQ>oeZ

na dhr AW© Zht h¡ Ÿ&

H$mHw$(ì`§½`) -H$mHw$(ì`§½`) -H$mHw$(ì`§½`) -H$mHw$(ì`§½`) -H$mHw$(ì`§½`) - H$mHw$ `m dH«$mo{º$ go AW© _| A§Va Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& "d¥hñn{V nYma aho h¢'

H$hZo go AW© hmoJm - `h _yI© Am ahm h¡ Ÿ& Vw_Zo AÀN>m `mX {Xbm`m ! BgH$m AW© h¡ {H$ Vw_Zo `mX

Zht {Xbm`m Ÿ& _¢Zo Vw_go H$hm ? BgH$m AW© h¡ {H$ _¢Zo Vw_go Zht H$hm Ÿ& Bg_| H$mHw$ H$m à`moJ AbJ-

AbJ eãXm| na H$aHo$ {^Þ-{^Þ AW© ^r {H$E Om gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&

Moï>m -Moï>m -Moï>m -Moï>m -Moï>m - g§Ho$V, Bemam `m Am§{JH$ A{^Z` go A{^àm` ì`º$ H$aZo H$mo Moï>m H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

"VrZ B§M H$m AmX_r ' H$hZo go {H$gr ì`{º$ Ho$ ZmQ>onZ H$m g§Ho$V {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& {~hmar Ho$ Xmoho _| Jmonr

Am¡a H¥$îU H$m AZwamJ ì`º$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE CZH$s Moï>m Xe©Zr` h¡ Ÿ&

"b{I JwéOZ -{~M H$_b gmo§ grg N>wdm`mo ñ`m_

h[a-gZ_wI H$[a Amagr, {h ¡ bJmB© ~m_ Ÿ&

H$hV ZQ>V arPV {IPV {_bV {IbV b{O`mV

^ao ^m¡Z _| H$aV h¡§ Z¡Z Zrgm| g~ ~mV Ÿ&&

^mfm H$m EH$-EH$ eãX Ag§»` AWm] H$m ÚmoVH$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ H$mHw$, Moï>m,

_Zmo^md Am{X go hm± H$m AW© "Zht' Am¡a "Zht' H$m AW© "hm±' {b`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go

g§ñH¥$V H$s bmoH$mo{º$ "gd} gdm©W© dmMH$' Ÿ& (g^r eãX g^r AWm] H$m ~moY H$am gH$Vo h¢) gmW©H$

àVrV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

80

3.11 AZoH$mW©Vm :AZoH$mW©Vm :AZoH$mW©Vm :AZoH$mW©Vm :AZoH$mW©Vm :

eãX _w»`V: Xmo àH$ma Ho$ h¢ - EH$mW© Am¡a AZoH$mW© Ÿ& Hw$N> eãXm| H$m EH$ hr AW© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

AZoH$mW©Vm dh ê$n g§~§Y h¡, Ohm± EH$ Zm_ Ho$ Ûmam AZoH$ ê$nm| H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - H$a H$m

à`moJ hmW, Q>¡Šg Am¡a gy`© apí_ Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| AZoH$mW© eãX ~hþbVm go CnbãY h§¡ Ÿ&

h_mar mfm _| {d{^Þ òmoVm| go eãX AmZo go H$^r-H$^r eãXm| _| Üd{Z`m| H$s g_mZVm CnbãY hmoVr

h¡ Ÿ& Bg pñW{V _| _yb AW© AbJ-AbJ hmoZo go AZoH$mW©Vm H$s pñW{V CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$^r

àË``m| Ho$ H$maU AZoH$mW©Vm CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& _yb mfm go CX²^d mfm _| Hw$N> n[adV©Z hmo OmZo, ZE

eãX ~ZZo go mfm _| eãXm| H$s AZoH$mW©Vm nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

{hÝXr _| eãX ñVar` AZoH$mW©Vm :{hÝXr _| eãX ñVar` AZoH$mW©Vm :{hÝXr _| eãX ñVar` AZoH$mW©Vm :{hÝXr _| eãX ñVar` AZoH$mW©Vm :{hÝXr _| eãX ñVar` AZoH$mW©Vm :

H$) {damgV _| {_br AZoH$mW©Vm {hÝXr g§ñH¥$V go {dH${gV hþB© h¡ Ÿ& _yb g§ñH¥$V _| AZoH$mW©H$

eãXm| H$s ~hþbVm ahZo go {hÝXr _| CZH$m CnbãY hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V _| "h[a' eãX Ho$

AZoH$ AW© h¢ - {dîUw, BÝÐ, {ed, ~«÷m, `_, gy ©, MÝÐ_m, _Zwî`, ~mZa, Aíd, Am¡a gn© Am{X

gma§J eãX Ho$ ^r AZoH$ AW© àmá hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& do h¢ - _moa, gm°§n, _oK, ór, XrnH$, Am±Mb Am{X Ÿ&

"H$', "I' Am{X dUm] Ho$ r H$B© AW© hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& "H$' Ho$ AW© h¢ - ~«÷m, {dîUw, H$m_Xod, Ap½Z, gy ©,

njr, _Z, H$mb, Am{X Ÿ& Eogo Hw$N> eãXm| H$m à`moJ gm{hË` _| M_ËH$ma {XImZo Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& na

gm_m{OH$ ñVa na ^r ~hþV go AZoH$mW©H$ eãX hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - nÌ(nÎmm, {MQ²>R>r), A§H$({JZVr,

JmoX), H$a (hmW, {H$aU, _mbJwOmar) nj (n§I, n§Ðh {XZ H$m g_` Ÿ&

(I)(I)(I)(I)(I) Eo{Vhm{gH$ Üd{Z à{H«$`m n[adV©Z Am¡a AmXmZ Ho$ ÜdÝ`¡Š` go CËnÞ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Üd{Z à{H«$`m n[adV©Z Am¡a AmXmZ Ho$ ÜdÝ`¡Š` go CËnÞ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Üd{Z à{H«$`m n[adV©Z Am¡a AmXmZ Ho$ ÜdÝ`¡Š` go CËnÞ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Üd{Z à{H«$`m n[adV©Z Am¡a AmXmZ Ho$ ÜdÝ`¡Š` go CËnÞ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Üd{Z à{H«$`m n[adV©Z Am¡a AmXmZ Ho$ ÜdÝ`¡Š` go CËnÞ

AZoH$mW©Vm :AZoH$mW©Vm :AZoH$mW©Vm :AZoH$mW©Vm :AZoH$mW©Vm :

qhXr _| g§ñH¥$V- nmbr-àmH¥$V - An «§e - nwamZr qhXr go JwOaVo hþE H$B© eãX ÜdÝ`mË_H$

n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW AmE h¢ Ÿ& Eogo eãX VX² d eãX H$hbmVo h¢ Ÿ& _yb eãX VËg_ eãX hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& H$^r-

H$^r VËg_ - VX² d, VX² d - VX² d _| Üd{Z -gmå` pñW{V Am OmZo go AZoH$mW©Vm H$s pñW{V

CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go -

H$m_ - H$m_ {dH$ma (VËg_), H$_© (VX² d)

~oa - ~Xa (VX²^d), ~obm(VX²^d)

ZmH$ - ñdJ© (VËg_ ), Zm{gH$m(VX² d)

81

H$^r -H$^r {dXoer ^mfmAm| - Aa~r, µ\$magr, A§J«oOr Ho$ Ho$ eãX AmYw{ZH$ ^mfmAm|

~§Jbm, Amo{‹S>`m, _amR>r, JwOamVr Ho$ eãX Am OmZo go r eãX _| ÜdÝ ¡Š` H$s pñW{V Am gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&

O¡go - Am_ - Am_«(VËg_), gm_mÝ` (Aa~r)

Oam - ~mY©Š`(VËg_), V{ZH$ (Aa~r)

na - naÝVw(VËg_), n§I(\$magr)

nmoVm -nwÌ H$m nwÌ(VX²^d), Myëhm - Mm¡H$m nmoVZo H$m H$n‹S>m

Zd eãX {Z_m©U go CËnÞ AZoH$mW©Vm :Zd eãX {Z_m©U go CËnÞ AZoH$mW©Vm :Zd eãX {Z_m©U go CËnÞ AZoH$mW©Vm :Zd eãX {Z_m©U go CËnÞ AZoH$mW©Vm :Zd eãX {Z_m©U go CËnÞ AZoH$mW©Vm :

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX A~ qhXr _| eãX ^§S>ma H$m {dH$mg ÐþVJ{V go hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& A~ d¡km{ZH$,

VH$ZrH$s, àemg{ZH$ eãXmdbr H$m A{YH$ go A{YH$ {Z_m©U hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& _§Ìr eãX H$m _yb g§ñH¥$V

_| AW© Wm -gbmhH$ma, AmO g§X^© _| AW© h¡ - Minister

àË``m| Ho$ H$maU AZoH$mW©Vm :àË``m| Ho$ H$maU AZoH$mW©Vm :àË``m| Ho$ H$maU AZoH$mW©Vm :àË``m| Ho$ H$maU AZoH$mW©Vm :àË``m| Ho$ H$maU AZoH$mW©Vm :

EH$ hr àË`` {^Þ {^Þ AWm] Ho$ ÚmoVH$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& "AmB©' àË`` go ~Zo eãX YwbmB© _| Xmo AW©

h¢ - YmoZo H$s _OXyar Am¡a YmoZo H$s {H«$`m Ÿ& nhm‹S>r -nhm‹S> na ahZo dmbm, N>moQ>m nhm‹S> gåbnwar -

gå~bnwa {Zdmgr, g§å~bnwa _| CËnÞ (gm‹S>r) Ÿ& àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m "{_bmZm' Ho$ VrZ AW© hmoVo h¢ -

ImZm {IbmZm, H$br H$mo {IbmZm, Iob -{IbmZm Ÿ&

no‹S>m-~hþdMZ _| no‹S>o - ~mgr no‹S>m| H$mo AbJ aImo Ÿ&

no‹S> - ~hþdMZ _| no‹S> - Am_ Ho$ no‹S>m| H$s {JZVr H$amo Ÿ&

_m°§J - {H«$`m - AJa do én`o _m°§JVo Vmo h_ XoVo Ÿ&

_m±J - g§km - `h h_mar _m±J h¡ Ÿ&

Om{VdmMH$ eãX go AZoH$mW©Vm :Om{VdmMH$ eãX go AZoH$mW©Vm :Om{VdmMH$ eãX go AZoH$mW©Vm :Om{VdmMH$ eãX go AZoH$mW©Vm :Om{VdmMH$ eãX go AZoH$mW©Vm :

AZoH$ Om{VdmMH$ eãX AnZo g^r gXñ`m| H$mo B§{JV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& \$b H$hZo go h_ g§Vam, Ho$bm,

Am_, Om_wZ, H$Q>hb, brMr Am{X \$bm| H$mo g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& {_R>mB© H$hZo go Cg_| agJwëbm, Jwbm~

Om_wZ, ag_bmB©, M_M_, ~\$s©, Obo~r Am{X AÝV w©º$ hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

g §J íbof Ûmam ^r AZoH$mW©Vm H$s pñW{V CËnÞ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& nr{b`m - nr -{b`m Ÿ&

82

AmO_oa JE - AmO _a JE Ÿ& Imbr - Im br Ÿ& AgaH$mar - Aga H$mar, nrVm§~a - nrV Aå~a

(dó)

AZoH$mW©Vm H$s pñW{V _| AW© {d{ZíM` :AZoH$mW©Vm H$s pñW{V _| AW© {d{ZíM` :AZoH$mW©Vm H$s pñW{V _| AW© {d{ZíM` :AZoH$mW©Vm H$s pñW{V _| AW© {d{ZíM` :AZoH$mW©Vm H$s pñW{V _| AW© {d{ZíM` :

EH$ eãX Ho$ {X AZoH$ AW© hmoVo h¢ V~ Cg pñW{V _| H$m¡Z-gm AW© J«mø h¡,Ÿ Bg g_ñ`m H$m

g_mYmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^V¥©h[a "dmŠ`nXr`' _| Xmo H$m[aH$mE± Xr h¢ -

g§ moJmo {dà`moJíM gmhM © {damo{YVm

AW© : àH$aU§qbJ§ eãXñ`mÝ`ñ` g{Þ{Y Ÿ&&

gm_mÏ © _^m¡{MVr Xoeo H$mbmoì`{º$ : ñdamX`:

eãXmW©ñ`mZd ÀN>oXo {deof ñ_¥{V hoV~: Ÿ&

AWm©V g§ moJ, {dà`moJ, gmhM ©, {damo{YVm, AW©, àH$aU, qbJ, eãX gm{ÞÜ`, Am¡{MË`,

Xoe, H$mb, ì`{º$, ñda, eãXmW© H$m AZdÀN>oX, {deof ñ_¥{V AZoH$mW©Vm H$mo dm{YV H$aZo dmbo

{ZUm© H$ gmYZ h¡ Ÿ&

g§`moJ : - g§`moJ : - g§`moJ : - g§`moJ : - g§`moJ : - AZoH$mWu eãX Ho$ AW© H$m {ZU© H$aZo Ho$ {bE gmW _| AmZodmbo AÝ` eãX H$m

à`moJ ghm`Vm àXmZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

g§e§IMH«$mo h[a :-g§e§IMH«$mo h[a :-g§e§IMH«$mo h[a :-g§e§IMH«$mo h[a :-g§e§IMH«$mo h[a :- _| e§I -MH«$ H$m CëboI hmoZo Ho$ H$maU h[a H$m AW© {dîUw h¡ Ÿ&

"Jmo' eãX Ho$ AZoH$ AW© h¢ - Jm`, n¥Ïdr, dmUr, {H$aU, B§{Ð` Ÿ& "gdËgm Jm¡' H$hZo go dËgm Ho$

H$maU Jmo H$m AW© Jm` h¡ Ÿ&

{dà`moJ({d`moJ) : -{dà`moJ({d`moJ) : -{dà`moJ({d`moJ) : -{dà`moJ({d`moJ) : -{dà`moJ({d`moJ) : - à{gÕ dñVw - g§~§Y Ho$ A^md H$mo {d`moJ H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ZJ

{~Zm gyZr _y±Xar' _| _y±Xar Ho$ H$maU ZJ Ho$ Xmo AW© - nhm‹S> ZJrZm, _| go ZJrZm AW© ñdrH$ma {H$`m

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± ZJ Ho$ AW© H$m {ZU© {d`moJ Ho$ AmYma na hþAm Ÿ&

gmhM`© :-gmhM`© :-gmhM`© :-gmhM`© :-gmhM`© :- à{gÕ gmhM © ( gmW ahZm) go AW© {ZU© _| ghm`Vm {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& gmhM ©

_| XmoZm| eãXm| Ho$ ~rM àH¥$>{VJV gmå` CnbãY hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^r_mOw©Z _| ^r_ Ho$ gmhM © go AOw©Z H$m

AW© nmÊS>d AOw©Z hmoVm h¡ Z {H$ H$m{V©dr © AOw©Z m AOw©Z Zm_H$ no‹S> Ÿ& am_-bú_U eãX _| bú_U

Ho$ gh`moJ go am_ H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ - XeaW ZÝXZ am_, Z naewam_, Z ~bam_ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma am_ Ho$

gmhM`© go bú_U H$m AW© h¡ am_ Ho$ N>moQ>o ^mB© Z Xw`m}YZ -nwÌ bú_U Ÿ&

{damoY : -{damoY : -{damoY : -{damoY : -{damoY : - H$Um©Ow©Z _| AOw©Z Ho$ à~b {damoYr H$U© H$m CëboI hmoZo go AOw©Z nmÊS>dm| H$m

83

AOw©Z h¡ Z {H$ H$m{V©dr © AOw©Z Ÿ& am_-amdU H$hZo go am_ eãX XmeaWr H$m AW© XoJm Z {H$ naewam_

`m ~bam_ H$m Ÿ&

AW© : -AW© : -AW© : -AW© : -AW© : - {Z{hV AW© - `m à`moOZ go ^r AZoH$mW©Vm ~m{YV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ñWmUw ~§Xo H$hZo go

"{ed H$s ~§XZm' AW© AmVm h¡ Ÿ& ñWmUw Ho$ Xmo AW© h¢ - {ed Am¡a I§^m Ÿ& H$moB© I§ô H$s ~§XZm Zht

H$aVm Ÿ& EH$ nX h¡ -

gma§J Zo gma§J Jømo gma§J ~moë`mo Am`

Omo gma§J gma§J H$h¡, Vmo gma§J {ZH$ñ`mo Om` Ÿ& `hm± à`moOZ Ho$ AZwgma gma§J Ho$ VrZ

AW© {bE OmVo h¢ - _moa, gm°§n, _oK Ÿ& nX H$m AW© h¡ - _moa Zo gm§°n H$mo nH$‹S>m Ÿ& V^r ~mXb JaOm Ÿ&

`{X _moa _oK -_oK H$hoJm Vmo gm°§n {ZH$b OmEJm Ÿ& `hm± gma§J J¥hrV Ho$ AÝ` AW© -ór, XrnH$,

Am±Mb Am{X J¥hrV Zht hmoVo Ÿ&

àH$aU :-àH$aU :-àH$aU :-àH$aU :-àH$aU :- àH$aU H$m AW© h¡ àg§J Ÿ& àg§J -ôX go AW© ôX hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& "_Yw go Xdm

Im bmo' - Bg dmŠ` _| Xdm H$m àg§J h¡ Vmo _Yw H$m AW© hmoJm ehX Z ~g§V F$Vw Ÿ& àg§J go

bjUm_ybH$ AW© ^r {ZH$bVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr Ho$ à{V O~ H$hm OmVm h¡ -

dh JYm h¡ - V~ JYo H$m AW© _yI© {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

qbJ :- qbJ :- qbJ :- qbJ :- qbJ :- qbJ H$m AW© h¡ -{MÝh bjU, nhMmZ, {Oggo {H$gr {deof AW© H$m ~moY hmoVm

h¡ Ÿ& JJZ _| KZí`m_ N>mE h¢ - Bg dmŠ` _| "N>mE h¢' {M• Ûmam KZí`m_ H$m AW© h¡ ~mXb, Z {H$

H¥$îU Ÿ& _H$aÜdO Ho$ Xmo AW© h¢ - H$m_Xod Am¡a g_wÐ Ÿ& Hw${nV _H$aÜdO H$hZo go AW© hmoJm H$m_Xod,

Z {H$ g_wÐ - a{h_Z nmZr am{IE {~Z nmZr g~ gyZ Ÿ&

nmZr JE Z D$~ao _moVr, _mZwg MyZ Ÿ&&

`hm± _moVr, _Zwî` , MyZ Ho$ bjU Ûmam nmZr Ho$ VrZ AW© hm|Jo - Am^m, ñdm{^_mZ, Ob Ÿ&

AÝèãX gm{ÞÜ` : -AÝèãX gm{ÞÜ` : -AÝèãX gm{ÞÜ` : -AÝèãX gm{ÞÜ` : -AÝèãX gm{ÞÜ` : - eãX H$s g{Þ{Y go ^r AW© ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm§Yr , Zohê$

H$hZo go h_ g_P OmVo h¢ {H$ _hmË_m Jm§Yr Am¡a Odmhabmb Zohê$ H$s ~mV H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& am_

Om_X½Ý` H$hZo go am_ H$m AW© hmoJm - naewam_ Ÿ&

Am¡{MË` : -Am¡{MË` : -Am¡{MË` : -Am¡{MË` : -Am¡{MË` : - à`moJJV `mo½`Vm H$mo ^r Am¡{MË` H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& {ÛOn§{º$ C‹S>Vr Om ahr h¡ - _|

C‹S>Zo H$m md hmoZo go {ÛO H$m AW© hmoJm njr , Z {H$ ~«m÷U Ÿ& d¥j na njYa ~¡R>o h¢ - h H$hZo go

d¥j na ~¡R>Zo H$m ^md hmoZo go njYa H$m AW© hmoJm njr Z {H$ g_W©H$ Ÿ&

Xoe : -Xoe : -Xoe : -Xoe : -Xoe : - Xoe H$m AW© h¡ ñWmZ Ÿ& MÝÐ Ho$ Xmo AW© h¢ - MÝÐ_m Am¡a H$nya Ÿ& MÝÐ JJZ _|

emo m`_mZ h¡ Ÿ& Bg dmŠ` _| MÝÐ H$m AW© h¡ - MÝÐ_m Ÿ& Vm~w§b _| MÝÐ H$hZo go M§Ð H$m AW© h¡ -

84

H$nya Ÿ& IobZ h[a {ZH$go ~«OImoar Ÿ& ~«OImoar (~«O H$s J{b`m| _| ) kmZ Ho$ H$maU h[a H$m AW© h¡ -

Iob Ÿ&

H$mb : -H$mb : -H$mb : -H$mb : -H$mb : - g_` Ho$ H$maU ^r AW© -{ZU© _| ghm`Vm {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& _Yw_Îm H$mo{H$b _| _Yw

H$m AW© ~g§V {b`m OmEJm Ÿ& Z {H$ ehX `m _{Xam Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ H$mo`b ~g§V _| hr _Îm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

{MÌ^mZw Ho$ Xmo AW© h¢- gy`©, MÝÐ_m Ÿ& {Z{e {MÌ^mZw Am¡a {Xdm{MÌ^mZw _| AW© H«$_e: MÝÐ_m Am¡a

gy`© {bE OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

ì`{º$ : -ì`{º$ : -ì`{º$ : -ì`{º$ : -ì`{º$ : - ì`{º$ H$m AW© qbJ -^oX Ÿ& qbJ -^¡X go eãX Ho$ AW© {ZpíMV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&

g§ñH¥$V _| {_Ì : - nw§qbJ _| AW© h¡ - gy`© Ÿ& {_Ì_² - Znw§gH$ qbJ _| AW© h¡ - XmoñV Ÿ& qhXr _| Q>rH$m

H$m à`moJ órqbJ _| H$aZo go AW© hmoJm - ì`m»`m Ÿ& n§wqbJ _| à`moJ hmoZo go AW© hmoJm - {VbH$ Ÿ&

ñda : -ñda : -ñda : -ñda : -ñda : - ñda H$m VmËn © h¡ ñda H$m Amamoh - Adamoh, {Oggo AW© -{ZU© _| ghm`Vm

{_bVr h¡ Ÿ& "AÀN>m Ÿ&' Bgo CXmÎm ñda go H$hZo go AW© hmoJm - Vwåhmar `h {hå_V, _¢ XoI b°y§Jm Ÿ&

AZwXmÎm à`moJ go AW© hmoJm - hm±, H$_Omoar nH$‹S>r JB© Ÿ& ñd[aV à`moJ go AW© hmoJm - h_ ñdrH¥${V XoVo

h¢ Ÿ& EH$ H$Wm h¡ - d¥Îmmgwa Zo BÝÐ H$m dY H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ `k {H$`m Ÿ& Cg_| BÝÐeÌwd©Yñd'

A{^Mma _§Ì H$m On AÝV - CXmÎm CƒmaU H$aZm Wm, bo{H$Z CgH$m AmXÖ`-CXmÎm CƒmaU go

{H$`m J`m Ÿ& _§Ì JbV hmo J`m Ÿ& BÝÐ Ho$ ñWmZ na ñd § d¥Îm H$m {dZme hþAm Ÿ&

_moQ>o Vm¡a na AZoH$mW©Vm H$s pñW{V _| EH$ AW© H$mo gw{ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xmo VarHo$ AnZmE

Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

1) ghnmR>r` (Co-textual)

2) àH$aU (Cantextual)

nhbr pñW{V _| dmŠ` Ho$ rVa AmZo dmbo eãX Ûmam Am¡a Xygar pñW{V _| dmŠ` Ho$ ~mha ~mø

OJV H$s pñW{V Ûmam AW© {ZU© Ÿ& ImZm ImZo Ho$ g_` g§¡Yd bmZo H$m AW© h¡ Z_H$ Ÿ& na m _mÌm Ho$

g_` g¢Yd$ bmZo H$m AW© h¡ -Kmo‹S>m Ÿ&

3.12 {dbmo_Vm : {dbmo_Vm : {dbmo_Vm : {dbmo_Vm : {dbmo_Vm :

EH$ eãX H$m {dnarVmW©H$ eãX Š`m hmoJm Ÿ& Bg na {d{^Þ Ñ{ï>H$moUm| go {ddoMZ {H$`m OmVm

h¡ Ÿ& do {ZåZ àH$ma Ho$ h¢ :

1..... Y«wdr` {dbmo_Vm : -Y«wdr` {dbmo_Vm : -Y«wdr` {dbmo_Vm : -Y«wdr` {dbmo_Vm : -Y«wdr` {dbmo_Vm : - Bg_| Xmo eãX Xmo N>moam| na hmoVo h¢, Ÿ O¡go - Or{dV Am¡a

_¥V Ÿ& Omo Or{dV Zht h¡ Cgo _¥V H$hm OmEJm Am¡a Omo _¥V Zht h¡, Cgo Or{dV H$hm OmEJm Ÿ& o {dbmo_

85

eãX XmoZm| pñW{V`m| _| go EH$ pñW{V Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ Ûmam Z VwbZm H$s Om

gH$Vr h¡ `m H$_mo~oe H$s YmaUm Xr Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& Xoer -{dXoer, Hw$_mar-{ddm{hVm, Xoer -{dXoer

ór - nwéf, ñWmda -O§J_

Ÿ 2..... H«${_H$s` {dbmo_Vm : -H«${_H$s` {dbmo_Vm : -H«${_H$s` {dbmo_Vm : -H«${_H$s` {dbmo_Vm : -H«${_H$s` {dbmo_Vm : - Bg_| Xmo Eogo JwUdmMH$ {debofU AmVo h¢, {OZ_|

Ý yZm{YH$ Am¡a VwbZmË_H$ pñW{V CnbãY hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go ^mar -hëH$m- ^mar, H«y$a-X`mbw, D±$Mm -

ZrMm, gab -H${R>Z, AÀN>m-~wam, gwI -Xw:I, H$‹S>dm - _rR>m, _rR>m - IQ>Q²>Q>m , Q>o‹T>m -grYm Ÿ& h

VwbZmË_H$ {dMma ì`{º${Zð> hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r pñW{V XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM H$m g_Vwbr` hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

O¡go - H$moB© ì`{º$ Z Xw:Ir hmo gH$Vm h¡, Z gwIr Ÿ&

3. g§~§Yr {dbmo_Vm : -g§~§Yr {dbmo_Vm : -g§~§Yr {dbmo_Vm : -g§~§Yr {dbmo_Vm : -g§~§Yr {dbmo_Vm : - Eogr g§kmE± {H$gr g§~§Y go ~§Yr hþB© ahVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go n{V-

nËZr, ^mB© -~hZ, Jwé-{eî`, {M{H$ËgH$ - amoJr, nyd©O - d§eO Ÿ&

4. AZwdVu {dbmo_Vm : -AZwdVu {dbmo_Vm : -AZwdVu {dbmo_Vm : -AZwdVu {dbmo_Vm : -AZwdVu {dbmo_Vm : - Hw$N> {H«$`mE± Eogr h¢ Omo EH$ Xygao H$s AZwdVu hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&

ImobZo H$s pñW{V AmVr h¡ O~ nhbo go Hw$N> ~§X hmo Ÿ& Eogo CXmhaU h¢ - MbZm -éH$Zm, IwbZm -~§X

hmoZm, aZm -Imbr H$aZm Ÿ&

5. _mnH«$_r` {dbmo_Vm : - {H«$`m {deofUm| _| Eogr pñW{V AmVr h¡ Ÿ& _mnH«$_

(Scale) _| nydm©na (H$mb, ñWmZ m {Xem) H$s pñW{V _| Eogr {dbmo_Vm XoIr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - AmJo

-nrN>o, nhbo -~mX _|, XmE± - ~mE±, D$na -ZrMo Ÿ&

{dbmo_ eãX ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE H$^r ZH$mamË_H$ CngJm] H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go -BÀN>m-

A{ZÀN>m, Mmb-Hw$Mmb, KmV - à{VKmV, H$mZyZr - J¡aH$mZyZr, JwU - AdJwU, Cn`moJ -Xwén`moJ,

{dídmg -A{dídmg Ÿ&

Hw$N> {dbmo_ eãX CngJm] H$m n[adV©Z H$aHo$ ~VmE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - Am`mV -{Z`m©V, CËH$f©

-AnH$f©, AmH$f©U-{dH$f©U, {dn{Îm - g§n{Îm, gag-Zrag, gw_{V -Hw$_{V, gmH$ma -{ZamH$ma Ÿ&

Hw$N> {dbmo_$ eãX {^Þ eãXm| go ~ZVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - A§YH$ma -àH$me, D±$Mm - ZrMm, H$mon -

H¥$nm, A_¥V - {df, hma - OrV, qZXm - ñVw{V, {XZ-amV, R>mog -Vab, _w»` - Jm¡U, _mZd -XmZd,

IarX-{~H«$s, H$Qw>-_Ywa, H¥$Vk -H¥$V¿Z, H${Zð> - Á oð/d>[að> Am{X Ÿ&

3.13 AW© n[adV©Z (AW© {dH$mg) H$s {XemE± :AW© n[adV©Z (AW© {dH$mg) H$s {XemE± :AW© n[adV©Z (AW© {dH$mg) H$s {XemE± :AW© n[adV©Z (AW© {dH$mg) H$s {XemE± :AW© n[adV©Z (AW© {dH$mg) H$s {XemE± :

^mfm n[adV©Zerb h¡ Ÿ& àË`oH$ ^mfm Ho$ eãXm| Ho$ AWm] _| n[adV©Z hmoVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& AW©

n[adV©Z H$mo AW© {dH$mg r H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo mfm H$s OrdÝVVm gwa{jV ahVr h¡ Ÿ& AW© H$m hr

86

{Za§Va {dH$mg ^mfm H$m àmU -VËd h¡ Ÿ& `h AW©JV {dH$mg VrZ {XemAm| _| XoIm OmVm h¡ -

1. g§H$moM (Contraction of meaning))

2. AW© {dñVma (Expansion of meaning)

3. AWm©Xoe (Transference of meaning)

AW©g§H$moM -AW©g§H$moM -AW©g§H$moM -AW©g§H$moM -AW©g§H$moM - O~ _Zwî` H$s Ñ{ï> gm_mÝ` go {d{eï> H$s Amoa hmo OmVr h¡, V~ AW© g§H$moM

hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& "~«rb' H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ O¡go - O¡go {H$gr Om{V H$m {dH$mg hmoVm OmVm h¡ d¡go -dogo

CgHo$ Ñ{ï>H$moU _| {deofVm AmVr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& n[aUm_V: AW©g§H$moMmË_H$ Am¡X² y{V {XImB© n‹S>Zo

bJVr h¡ Ÿ&''

`mñH$ Zo {Zéº$ _| H$hm h¡ {H$ eãXm| Ho$ ì wËn{ÎmnaH$ AW© ~hþV {dñV¥V hmoVo h¢, AmJo MbH$a

o {H$gr {deof AW© _| ê$‹T> hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Jmo(MbZodmbr) Jm` Ho$ AW© _| n¥Ïdr (\¡$bZodmbr) y{_ H$m

AW© _| ê$‹T> hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî` (_ZZ H$aZo dmbm) gm_mÝ` OZ H$m ~moY H$amZo bJm h¡ Ÿ&

nhbo Zm_H$aU H$m AmYma H$moB© VmËH$m{bH$ JwU `m VËd hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~mX _| dh {H$gr {deof

AW© _| ê$‹T> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmMm © {dídZmW Zo gm{hË` Xn©U _| ñnï> H$a {X`m h¡ {H$ eãXm| H$s ì wËn{Îm

H$m AmYma Xygam h¡ Am¡a n« moJ H$m AmYma Xygam Ÿ& bmoH$ ì`dhma Ho$ AmYma na à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$mo

AW©g§H$moM H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

A~ _¥J (new) h[aU Ho$ AW© _|, {dH$ma (n[adV©Z) Xmof Ho$ AW© _|, \y$b (\w$ëb -

{IbZodmbr dñVw) nwîn Ho$ AW© _| , g§Ü`m (àham| H$m g§{YH$mb) em_ Ho$ AW© _|, n§H$O (H$sM‹S> go

CËnÞ) H$_b Ho$ AW© _|, gn©(a|JZodmbm) gm±n Ho$ AW© _|, gä` ( g^m _| ~¡R>Zo mo½`) {eï> OZ Ho$

AW© _|, doXZm (gwImË_H$ Am¡a Xw:ImË_H$ AZw y{V) nr‹S>m Ho$ AW© _|, K¥Um (X`m Am¡a K¥Um XmoZm|

^md) Z\$aV Ho$ AW© _|, lmÕ(lÕm wº$ H$_©) Ho$db _¥VH$ Ho$ lmÕ Ho$ AW© _|, VQ>ñW( {H$Zmam| na

I‹S>m) {Zînj Ho$ AW© _|, nd©V (Jm±R> dmbm) nhm‹S> Ho$ AW© _| à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& `o AW© g§H$moM Ho$

CXmhaU h¢ Ÿ&

AW© {dñVma :AW© {dñVma :AW© {dñVma :AW© {dñVma :AW© {dñVma :

O~ H$moB© AW© AnZr g§H$sU©Vm N>mo‹S>H$a ì`mnH$ AW© _| à wº$ hmoVm h¡, V~ CgH$m AW©{dñVma

hmo OmVm h¡ O¡go -

eãX nhbm AW© ~mX H$m AW©

àdrU AÀN>r Vah drU ~OmZodmbm {H$gr ^r H$m_ _| {ZnwU

87

Hw$eb Hw$e bmZo dmbm MVwa

V¡b {Vb H$m Vob H$moB© ^r Vob

_hmamO emgH$ emgH$, ~«m÷U, ImZm nH$mZo dmbm

H$ë` AmJm_r {XZ AmJm_r {XZ VWm ~rVo hþE {XZ

JdofUm Jmo H$mo ImoOZm H$moB© ImoO m AZwg§YmZ

AWm©Xoe :-AWm©Xoe :-AWm©Xoe :-AWm©Xoe :-AWm©Xoe :- AWm©Xoe H$m AW© h¡ EH$ AW© Ho$ ñWmZ na Xygam AW© H$m AmZm Ÿ& Bg à{H«$`m

_| eãX H$m _yb AW© bwá hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s OJh EH$ Z`m AW© Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go -

eãX nhbm AW© ~mX H$m AW©

Agwa XodVm X¡Ë`

gmhg S>H¡$Vr Am{X ~wao H$m_ {Xboar

AmH$medmUr XoddmUr Am°b B§{S>`m ao{S>`mo

ImÚ ImZo `mo½` dñVw ImX (CËnÞ eãX)Cd©aH

^Ð gwerb ^Ôm (CËnÞ eãX) ~wam

_w½Y _yI© _mo{hV hmoZm

da loð> Xwëhm

_m¡Z _w{Z -H$_© Mwn ahZm

~m¡Õ ~m¡Y Y_m©db§~r ~wÕÿ(CËnÞ eãX)_yI©

nmfÊS> EH$ g§àXm` nmI§S> (CËnÞ eãX) T>m|Jr

H$n©Q> \$Q>m dó {dH${gV ê$n -H$n‹S>m

(AÀN>o H$n‹S>o Ho$ AW© _|)

eãX H$s bjU e{º$ go AWm©Xoe hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& "JYm' H$m "_yI©' AW© , "eoa' H$m {Xboa AW©,

ZmH$ H$m B‚mV AW© AWm©Xoe Ho$ CXmhaU h¢ Ÿ&

AWm}ËH$f© Am¡a AWm©nH$f© :AWm}ËH$f© Am¡a AWm©nH$f© :AWm}ËH$f© Am¡a AWm©nH$f© :AWm}ËH$f© Am¡a AWm©nH$f© :AWm}ËH$f© Am¡a AWm©nH$f© :

AW© n[adV©Z Ho$ CXmhaUm| na {dMma H$aVo g_` Xmo ~mV| gm_Zo AmVr h¢ Ÿ& Hw$N> eãXm| Ho$ AW©

88

nhbo ~wao AWm] _| à`wº$ hmoVo Wo, ~mX _| AÀN>o AWm] _| à`wº$ hmoZo bJo h¢ Am¡a Hw$N> eãX h¢ {OZHo$ AW©

nhbo AÀN>o Wo ~mX _| ~wao hmo JE Ÿ& BÝh| h_ H«$_e: AWm}ËH$f© Am¡a AWm©nH$f© H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& AWm]ËH$f©

{OZ eãXm| _| hþE h¢, do h¢ - _w½Y, gmhg, H$n©Q>, H$n‹S>m JdofUm, gä` Am{X AWm©nH$f© {OZ eãXm|

_| hþAm h¡, do h¢ - Agwa, K¥Um, _hmamO, ^Ð, ^Ôm, n§{S>V, nmf§S> - nmI§S> Ÿ&

3.14 AW© n[adV© Ho$ H$maU :AW© n[adV© Ho$ H$maU :AW© n[adV© Ho$ H$maU :AW© n[adV© Ho$ H$maU :AW© n[adV© Ho$ H$maU :

AW©- ~moY H$m g§~§Y _Z go h¡ Ÿ& _Z J{Verb, M§Mb, mdwH$, g§doZerb Ed§ ZdrZVm H$m ào_r

hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& _mZd Ho$ {d{^Þ _Zmo^mdm| Ho$ AZwgma Cƒ[aV eãXm| Ho$ AWm] _| A§Va Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h

AW© n[adV©Z àma§{^H$ ñVa na ì`{º$JV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ~mX _| g_mO Ûmam ñdrH¥$V hmoZo na ^mfm H$m

A§J ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: AW©- n[adV©Z H$s g_ñV à{H«$`m _Zmod¡km{ZH$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

^maVr` H$mì` em{ó`m| - ^maVr` H$mì` em{ó`m| - ^maVr` H$mì` em{ó`m| - ^maVr` H$mì` em{ó`m| - ^maVr` H$mì` em{ó`m| - AmMm © _å_Q>, AmMm © {dmdZmW, n§{S>VamO OJÞmW

Am{X Zo AW© n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maUm| Ho$ ê$n _| bjUm Am¡a ì §OZm e{º$`m| H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& AÝ`

^mfm Ho$ à^md na CÝhm|Zo {dMma Zht {H$`m Wm Ÿ&

nmmMmË` {dÛmZ àmo. Q>H$a Am¡a {_eob ~«moAmb Zo BgH$m {dñVma go dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& S>m°.

Vmamnwadmbm Zo AnZr nwñVH$ Elements of the seience of Language _| àmo. Q>H$a Ho$ AZwgma

AW©n[adV©Z Ho$ 12 H$maU _mZo h¢ Ÿ& `hm± AÝ` AZwg§YmZm| H$mo {_bmH$a AW© n[adV©Z Ho$ 16 H$maU

_mZo JE h¢ Ÿ&

1..... bmj{UH$ à`moJ :bmj{UH$ à`moJ :bmj{UH$ à`moJ :bmj{UH$ à`moJ :bmj{UH$ à`moJ :

^mdm| Am¡a AZw y{V`m| H$s gwÝXa Am¡a H$bmË_H$ A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE bjUm eãXe{º$ H$m

ghmam {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

_Zwî` Ho$ A§Jm§o Ho$ gmÑí` Ho$ AmYma na {ZOud dñVwAm| Ho$ {bE h_ Zm[a`b H$s Am±I, Amao

Ho$ Xm§V, K‹S>o H$m _w±h, gwamhr H$s JX©Z, Zmd H$m noQ>, AI~ma H$s nrR>, MmanmB© Ho$ n¡a Am{X à`moJ

H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

JwU gmå` Ho$ AmYma na gwÝXa H$ë`mU, H$Qw> AZw d, _Ywa g§JrV, _rR>r _wñH$mZ, H$Qw> gË`,

Zrag mfU , MQ>nQ>r ~mV, {ZOud mfm, gOrd A{^ì`{º$ Am{X à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& h_ gmhgr H$mo

qgh, JwUJ«mhr H$mo h§g, S>anmoH$ H$mo JrX‹S>, _yI© H$mo Cëby, _hm_yI© H$mo JYm, Iwem_Xr H$mo Hw$Îmm,

^mobo mbo H$mo Jm`, H$nQ>r H$mo gm°§n, ñWybH$m` H$mo hmWr, gwÝXa H$mo M§Ð_m, {dÛmZ H$mo d¥hñn{V Am{X

89

Bg JwU-gmå` Ho$ AmYma na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& H$moB© H$hVm h¡ {H$ _¢ H$m{bXmg na emoY H$a ahm h±ÿ Ÿ& V~

BgH$m AW© hmoVm h¡ {H$ dh H$m{bXmg H$s H¥${V`m| na emoYH$m © H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ&

2..... n[adoe H$m n[adV©Z :n[adoe H$m n[adV©Z :n[adoe H$m n[adV©Z :n[adoe H$m n[adV©Z :n[adoe H$m n[adV©Z :

n[adoe `m dmVmdaU _| A§Va hmo OmZo go eãXm| Ho$ AWm] _| n[adV©Z hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& n[adoe

^m¡Jmo{bH$, gm_m{OH$, m¡{VH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ hmo gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&

^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[adoe : -^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[adoe : -^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[adoe : -^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[adoe : -^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[adoe : - ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[adoe ôX Ho$ H$maU eãX Ho$ AW© _| n[adV©Z hmo

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CÎma ^maV _| H$ƒo Am¡a nHo$ Mmdb Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX àM{bV h¡ - Mmdb O~ {H$ nyd©

^maV _| Mmdb Am¡a ^mV Xmo AbJ-AbJ eãX àM{bV h¢ Ÿ& doX _| Cï´>>> eãX ^¢go Ho$ AW© _| à`wº$

hmoVm Wm ~mX _| "D±$Q>' Ho$ AW© _| à`wº$ hþAm Ÿ& `h Am`m] Ho$ ñWmZ n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maU hþAm Ÿ& &

H$mZ©(Corn) H$m AW© B§½b¢S> _| Johy±$ , ñH$m°Q>b¢S> _| ~mOam Am¡a A_oarH$m _| _ŠH$m h¡ Ÿ& npíM_ _| S>oam

' eãX H$m à`moJ Wmo‹S>r Xoa R>haZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a nyd© _| Ka Ho$ {bE à`wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& R>mHw$a eãX

CÎmaàXoe _| j{Ì` H$m dmMH$ h¡, ~§Jmb _| agmoB o H$m Am¡a {~hma _| ZmB© H$m dmMH$ h¡ Ÿ& npíM_ _|

"^mJZm' gm_mÝ`V: Xm¡‹S>Zo Ho$ AW© _| Am¡a nya~ _| OmZ ~MmZo Xm¡‹‹S>Zo Ho$ AW© _| AmVm h¡ Ÿ&

gm_m{OH$ n[adoe : -gm_m{OH$ n[adoe : -gm_m{OH$ n[adoe : -gm_m{OH$ n[adoe : -gm_m{OH$ n[adoe : - g_mO -ôX go EH$ hr eãX Ho$ {^Þ -{^Þ AW© hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

"{gñQ>a eãX H$m AW© n[adma _| ~hZ Am¡a AñnVmb _| Zg© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mB© eãX H$m AW© {d{^Þ

gm_m{OH$ pñW{V`m| _| {^Þ -{^Þ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mB© eãX H$m ghmoXa ^«mVm, gmbm, ~hZmoB©, gmWr,

AOZ~r, nwÌ, nËZr, Zm¡H$a, XwH$mZXma Am{X Ho$ {bE à wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~hZOr eãX AnZr ~hZ H$m

dmMH$ Z hmoH$a {H$gr ^r _{hbm H$m dmMH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© ZmíVm H$hVm h¡, Vmo H$moB© ObnmZ, H$moB©

nwñVH$ H$hVm h¡ Vmo H$moB© {H$Vm~, H$moB© B©ída H$hVm h¡ Vmo H$moB© Aëbmh Ÿ& gm_m{OH$ pñW{V - oX go

eãX à`moJ _| A§Va Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

^m¡{VH$ n[adoe ôX :- ^m¡{VH$ n[adoe ôX :- ^m¡{VH$ n[adoe ôX :- ^m¡{VH$ n[adoe ôX :- ^m¡{VH$ n[adoe ôX :- ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| Ho$ n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW dñVwAm| Ho$ Zm_m| _|

n[adV©Z Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& h_ nrVb, Vm°§~o, Mm±Xr, H$m±M Am{X go ~Zo nmÌ {deof H$mo {Jbmg H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

erem YmVw -{deof H$m Zm_ h¡, `h Xn©U Ho$ {bE A~ à wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

amOZr{VH$ n[adoe :- amOZr{VH$ n[adoe :- amOZr{VH$ n[adoe :- amOZr{VH$ n[adoe :- amOZr{VH$ n[adoe :- amOZr{VH$ pñW{V _| A§Va Am OmZo go eãXm| Ho$ AWm] _| ~hþV

n[adV©Z hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& nm[adm[aH$ J¥h -H$bh Ho$ {bE _hm^maV, XwamJ«hnyU© H$m © Ho$ {bE gË`mJ«h,

PJ‹S>o _| _aZo dmbo Ho$ {bE ehrX, ñdmWu Ho$ {bE Xoe^º$' eãX H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

90

3..... {eï>mMma Am¡a {dZ_«Vm :{eï>mMma Am¡a {dZ_«Vm :{eï>mMma Am¡a {dZ_«Vm :{eï>mMma Am¡a {dZ_«Vm :{eï>mMma Am¡a {dZ_«Vm :

{eï>mMma Am¡a {dZ_«Vm {H$gr gä` g_mO H$s ar‹T> h¡ Ÿ& mfm go {H$gr ì`{º$ H$s {ejm -Xrjm,

g§ñH$ma, A{ÔmË` Am{X H$m nVm Mb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {dZ_«Vm àXe©Z H$aVo g_` Ah§H$ma H$m n[aË`mJ

{H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo Bï> H$m ~‹T>-M‹T> H$a JwUJmZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo H$mo XrZ, nmnr, Hw$_{V

H$hH$a º$ Bï> H$mo XrZ~§Yw - n{VVnmdZ, AeaU - eaU H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& Zm¡H$a AnZo H$mo MaU godH$,

Jwbm_ , AqH$MZ, ZmMrO AZwMa, qH$H$a, Am¡a godH$ Am{X H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& {eï> g_mO _| AmBE {H$

OJh nYm[aE "_oao `hm± AmBE' Z H$hH$a _oar Hw$Q>r n{dÌ H$s{OE H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CXy© _| {dZ_«Vm

àXe©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE AnZo _H$mZ H$mo Jar~ ImZm Am¡a Xygao Ho$ _H$mZ H$mo Xm¡bVImZm H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

{H$gr Ho$ AàË`m{eV AmZo na h_ nyN>Vo h¢ - H¡$go H¥$nm H$s Ÿ&

4..... ldU gwIXVm :ldU gwIXVm :ldU gwIXVm :ldU gwIXVm :ldU gwIXVm :

BgH$mo Aew -n[ahma, A_§Jb {ZdmaU gwlmì`Vm r H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& A§J«oOr _| Bgo Euphemism

H$hVo h¢ Omo Eu (gwÝXa) Am¡a Phemos (Üd{Z H$WZ) Ho$ g§ moJ go ~Zm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m AW© h¡ - gwÝXa

Üd{Z `m ldU -gwIX Üd{Z Aew , A_§Jb gyMH$, K¥{UV Am¡a nr‹S>m gyMH$ eãX gwZZo _| A{à`

bJVo h¢ Ÿ& BZH$s OJh ew Am¡a gwÝXa eãXm| H$m à`moJ {eïVm> H$m bjU h¡ Ÿ&

Aew^ H$m`m] Am¡a KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ {bE h_ ew^ Zm_ H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& _¥Ë w Ho$ {bE n§MËd

àmá, ñdJ©dmg , d¡Hw§$R>dmg, d¡Yì` Ho$ {bE My‹S>r Qy>Q>Zm, {g§Xya KwbZm, XrnH$ ~wPmZo Ho$ {bE XrnH$

~‹T>mZm, XwH$mZ ~§X H$aZo Ho$ {bE XwH$mZ ~‹T>mZm, A§Yo Ho$ {bE gyaXmg Am{X H$hZm {eîQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

A§Y{dídmg Ho$ H$maU Hw$N> eãXm| H$s OJh h_ AÝ` eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& MoMH$ H$mo h_

erVbm Xodr , _mVm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& H§$Oyg H$m Zm_ boZo go {XZ â ^moOZ Z {_bZo H$m A§Y{dídmg ahZo

go bmoJ CZH$m Zm_ Zht boVo Ÿ&

d«r‹S>mdmMH$ eãXm| _| m¡Z -^mdZm, _b -_yÌ Ë`mJ Am{X Ho$ gyMH$ eãX AmVo h¢,Ÿ {OZHo$ {bE

h_ AÝ` dñVwdmMH$ eãXm| H$s ghm`Vm boVo h¢ Ÿ& _bË`mJ Ho$ {bE _¡XmZ OmZm, {Xem {\$aZm,

~mWê$_ OmZm à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

OwJwßgmì §OZ H$m K¥UmñnX - eãX ^r gwé{M Ho$ {déÕ h¡§ Ÿ& ò dO©Zr` h¢ Ÿ& nr~ n‹S>Zm, nr~

go bWnW, H$s‹S>o {~b{~bmZm Am{X eãX K¥Um n¡Xm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& hrZH$m © H$aZo dmbm| H$mo AbJ Zm_

{XE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& §Jr H$mo O_mXma, ANy>V Ho$ {bE h[aOZ Zm_ àM{bV hþE h¢ Ÿ&Ÿ&Ÿ&Ÿ&Ÿ&

91

5..... ì`§½`ì`§½`ì`§½`ì`§½`ì`§½` ( ( ( ( (irony) :) :) :) :) :

H$mì` emó _| Bgo {dnarV bjUm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& {H$gr na ì §½` `m Amjon H$aHo$ Omo eãX H$ho

OmVo h¢, do Cggo gd©Wm CbQ>m AW© ~VmVo h¢ Ÿ& Jmo{n`m± H$hVr h¢ - D$Ymo, Vw_ A{V MVwa gwOmZ Ÿ& hm±

CZHo$ H$hZo H$m CÔoí` h¡ {H$ CÕd A{V Ak Am¡a ~w{ÕhrZ h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma _yI© H$mo d¥hñn{V , PyR>o H$mo

w{Y{ð>a, H¥$nU H$mo H$U©, S>anmoH$ H$mo qgh, AmMmahrZ H$mo Y_m©Ë_m, Hw$ê$n H$mo H$m_Xod, b§nQ> H$mo

~«÷Mmar, Hw$bjUm H$mo gVr ì §½` go H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Am±I H$m A§Ym Zm_ Z`ZgwI, ZmM Z OmZo

Am§JZ Q>o‹T>m Am{X H$hmdV| r ì`§½`_ybH$ h¢ Ÿ&

6..... ^mdmË_H$ ~b :^mdmË_H$ ~b :^mdmË_H$ ~b :^mdmË_H$ ~b :^mdmË_H$ ~b :

mdmdoe m mdwH$Vm H$m r mfm na à^md n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& A{Ve` AmñdmXVm ~VmZo Ho$ {bE {_R>mB`m|

Ho$ Zm_ h¢ - agJwëbm, grVm^moJ, g§Xoe, _moVr^moJ Ÿ& ^mdmo×moYZ Ho$ {bE VmoaB© H$mo am_VmoaB©, n{dÌVm

-~moY Ho$ {bE Xod à`mJ, éÐ à`mJ, {dîUw à`mJ Zm_ A{Ve`Vm Ho$ {bE àM§S> CËgmh, ^rfU

J_u, §H$a R>§S> H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& am_ ! am_ ! {YŠH$ma Ho$ {bE dmh ! dmh ! àe§gm Ho$ {bE

à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&

7..... AkmZ Am¡a ^«m§{V :AkmZ Am¡a ^«m§{V :AkmZ Am¡a ^«m§{V :AkmZ Am¡a ^«m§{V :AkmZ Am¡a ^«m§{V :

H$^r -H$^r bmoJ mfm H$m H$m_MbmD$ kmZ aIZo na r Ah§H$ma Ho$ H$maU ~hþV Hw$N> OmZZo

H$m X§^ aIVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _| AkmZVm Am¡a «m§{V Ho$ H$maU do JbV à`moJ H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& nhbo Agwa

eãX Xod dmMH$ Wm Ÿ& ~mX _| gwa XoddmMH$ hmo J`m Ÿ& "A' H$mo ZH$mamË_H$ CngJ© _mZH$a amjg Ho$

AW© _| "Agwa eãX H$m à`moJ hmoZo bJm Ÿ& A{^k eãX _| "A' H$mo ZH$mamË_H$ _mZH$a bmoJ {^k

eãX H$m à`moJ H$a ~¡R>Vo h¢ Ÿ& AmH«$_UH$mar Ho$ ê$n _| AmH«$m§Vm eãX AmOH$b à`moJ _| Am MwH$m

h¡ Ÿ& ~‹T>M‹T>H$a AZw{MV ~mV H$aZo dmbo Ho$ {bE D$Xy© eãX h¡ "O~mZXamO' Ÿ& BgHo$ ghr AW© Z

OmZ H$a dm½_r Ho$ AW© _| à`moJ H$a XoZo go lmoVm Ho$ _Z _| H«$moY Am¡a Ag§Vmof CËnÞ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

AZwJ¥hrV Ho$ ñWmZ na AZwJ«hrV `m AZwJ¥{hV, {dÛVm Ho$ ñWmZ na {dÛmZVm, Ý yZ Ho$ ñWmZ na Ý wZ

nyOmñnX Ho$ ñWmZ na nyÁ`mñnX {bIZm AkmZ_ybH$ à`moJ h¢ Ÿ&

8. eãXmW© H$s A{ZpíMVVm :eãXmW© H$s A{ZpíMVVm :eãXmW© H$s A{ZpíMVVm :eãXmW© H$s A{ZpíMVVm :eãXmW© H$s A{ZpíMVVm :

{H$gr ^r ^mfm _| Eogo ~hþV go eãX hmoVo h¢ {OZHo$ AW© gw{ZpíMV Zht h¡ `m bmoJ CZH$m

92

Cn wº$ à`moJ Zht OmZVo Ÿ& Bg H$mo{Q> Ho$ eãX A_yV© mdm| Ho$ ÚmoVH$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& AZwH§$nm- H¥$nm -X`m,

jmo - AmH«$moe -amof, Šboe- nr‹S>m - §ÌUm ì`Wm -doXZm, Ama§ -àma§ , àJ{V -{dH$mg _| ñnï>

gr_maoIm ItMZm _wpíH$b h¡ Ÿ& Am_, no‹S>, _H$mZ Ho$ AW© {OVZr ñnï>Vm go ~VmE Om gH$Vo h¢ , ào_,

H¥$nm, Ý`m`, X`m, AZwH§$nm Am{X Ho$ AW© CVZr ñnï>Vm go Zht ~VmE Om gH$Vo Ÿ& Xoe-H$mb-

n[apñW{V oX go bmoJ EH$ eãX H$s OJh n`m© dmMr _mZH$a Xygao H$m à`moJ H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ&

9..... gm_mÝ` Ho$ {bE {deof H$m à`moJ :gm_mÝ` Ho$ {bE {deof H$m à`moJ :gm_mÝ` Ho$ {bE {deof H$m à`moJ :gm_mÝ` Ho$ {bE {deof H$m à`moJ :gm_mÝ` Ho$ {bE {deof H$m à`moJ :

H$^r-H$^r gm_mÝ` Ho$ {bE {deof H$m à`moJ àM{bV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& V¡b H$m AW© {Vb Ho$ Vob

H$s OJh g^r àH$ma Ho$ Vobm| H$m dmMH$ hmo J`m Ÿ& "gãOr' hao a§J H$s VaH$m[a`m| H$s OJh g^r

VaH$m[a`m| H$m ~moY H$amVr h¡ Ÿ& ñ`mhr H$m à`moJ nhbo Ho$db H$mbr amoeZmB© Ho$ {bE à wº$ hmoVm Wm Ÿ&

A~ {H$gr r a§J H$s amoeZmB© ñ`mhr H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ& ObnmZ H$m à`moJ Ho$db Ob "Zht' bKw moOZ

Ho$ {bE, _OXya H$m à`moJ _OXyam| Am¡a _OXy[aZm| Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& bmo_‹S>r eãX Za bmo_‹S>r Am¡a

_mXm bmo_‹S>r H$m dmMH$ h¡ Ÿ& n¡godmbo H$m à`moJ n¡gm| Ho$ _m{bH$ Zht, YZdmZ H$m dmMH$ h¡ Ÿ&

10..... ì`{º$ Ho$ AZwgma eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ (ì`{º$ Ho$ AZwgma eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ (ì`{º$ Ho$ AZwgma eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ (ì`{º$ Ho$ AZwgma eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ (ì`{º$ Ho$ AZwgma eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ (Concept) _| ôX ) _| ôX ) _| ôX ) _| ôX ) _| ôX :

ì`{º$JV {ejm -Xrjm, g§ñH$ma, OrdZ-Ñ{ï>, Mmb-MbZ Am{X Ho$ oX go bmoJm| Ho$ _Z _|

EH$ eãX H$m {^Þ-{^Þ àË`` CËnÞ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXy, _wgb_mZ, BgmB©, ~m¡Õ, Am{X bmoJm| Ho _Z

_| Y_©-AY_©, nmn-nwÊ`, ImÚ-AImÚ H$s $ n[a^mfm g§ñH$ma Ho$ H$maU AbJ -AbJ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

{hÝXy Jmo_m§g Zht ImVo Vmo _wgb_mZ gyAa H$m _m§g Zht ImVo Ÿ& bmoH$V§Ì H$m AW© A_o[aH$m _| AbJ

h¡ Vmo ê$g _| AbJ Ÿ& amï´>n{V H$hZo go {d{^Þ amï´>m| Ho$ bmoJ AnZo -AnZo amï´> Ho$ amï´>n{V H$m Zm_ mX

H$a b|Jo Ÿ& "g^m' H$hZo go ~Zmag Ho$ bmoJ H$mer ZmJar àMm[aUr g^m H$m Zm_ b|Jo Vmo _Ðmg Ho$ bmoJ

X{jU maV {hÝXr àMma g^m H$m Zm_ VËH$mb mX H$a b|Jo Ÿ& H$m{\$a H$m _yb AW© h¡ - B©ída H$mo Z

_mZZo dmbm Ÿ& ~mX _| _wgb_mZm| Ho$ {bE `h eãX "{hÝXy' H$m dmMH$ hmo J`m Ÿ&

11..... eãXmW© Ho$ EH$ VËd H$s àYmZVm :eãXmW© Ho$ EH$ VËd H$s àYmZVm :eãXmW© Ho$ EH$ VËd H$s àYmZVm :eãXmW© Ho$ EH$ VËd H$s àYmZVm :eãXmW© Ho$ EH$ VËd H$s àYmZVm :

H$^r-H$^r eãX Ho$ {H$gr EH$ VËd H$s àYmZVm H$mo XoIH$a CgrHo$ AZwgma Am¡a EH$ eãX

Mb n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& nhbo nw{bg Ho$ {bE bmb nJ‹S>r eãX Bg àH$ma go Mb n‹S>m Wm Ÿ& H$m§J«og H$m dmMH$

^r Jm§Yr Q>monr Wm Ÿ& "dU©' Ho$ AmYma na gmoZo H$m Zm_ gwd©U hþAm Ÿ& ór _| Z¡g{J©H$ dH«$Vm hmoZo go

93

CgH$m EH$ Zm_ "dm_m' h¡ Ÿ& H$å w{ZñQ>m| Ho$ {bE bmb P§S>m eãX MbVm h¡ Ÿ& J¡g H$hZo go h_

gm_mÝ`V: ObZodmbr J¡g H$mo hr g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg pñW{V _| dñVw {deof OmVr` dJ© H$s àVrH$ ~Z

OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

12..... gmhM`© Ho$ H$maU Jm¡U AW© H$s à_wIVmgmhM`© Ho$ H$maU Jm¡U AW© H$s à_wIVmgmhM`© Ho$ H$maU Jm¡U AW© H$s à_wIVmgmhM`© Ho$ H$maU Jm¡U AW© H$s à_wIVmgmhM`© Ho$ H$maU Jm¡U AW© H$s à_wIVm :

gmhM`© Am{X H$maUm| go Jm¡U AW© H$m _w»` AW© _| à`moJ hmoZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& Vå~mIy nhbo

{dXoe go gyaV ~§XaJmh _| CVam Wm Ÿ& Bg gmhM © Ho$ H$maU CgH$m Zm_ gyaVr n‹S>m Ÿ& Ho$ga H$í_ra _|

CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE Bgo "H$mí_ra' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H§$~moO go g§~§{YV hmoZo go C‹S>X H$m Zm_

"H$må~moOr' n‹S> J`m h¡ Ÿ& "qgYw go g§~§{YV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Z_H$ H$m Zm_ g¢Yd h¡ Ÿ& gm§â Prb go

CËnÞ hmoZo go Zm_ n‹S>m gm§ a Z_H$ Ÿ& _{Xam H$m {deof nmÌ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~moVb H$hZo go bmoJ eam~

H$s ~moVb H$mo hr g_P boVo h¢ Ÿ& gw§KZr ~oMZo Ho$ H$maU Oè§H$a àgmX Ho$ nyd©O gw§KZr "gmhÿ' Ho$ Zm_

go à{gÕ Wo Ÿ& gam¡br _| CËnÞ Am_ ~hþV _rR>o hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& dhm± Ho$ Am_ H$m Zm_ "gam¡br' n‹S> J`m h¡ Ÿ&

o g~ g§gJ© `m gmhM © Ho$ à^md go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

13..... EH$ eãX Ho$ {^Þ ê$nm| H$m {d{^Þ AWm] _| à`moJ :

^mfmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ H«$_ _| EH$ eãX Ho$ AZoH$ ê$n àMbZ _| AmVo h¢ Ÿ& _yb VËg_ eãX

EH$ AW© H$m dmMH$ hmoVm h¡ Vmo Cggo CËnÞ VX²^d eãX {^Þ AW© H$m dmMH$ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go -

gmÚ -ImX, loð> - goR>, jra - Ira, ñVZ - WZ (Ho$db newAm| H$m) Ÿ& VËg_ eãX h¡ - nÌ, Cggo

CËnÞ eãX h¢ - nÎmm, nÎmr, nmVr, nÎma, nÎmb Ÿ& BZHo$ AWm] _| oX h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> VX² d eãX VËg_ eãX

H$s VwbZm _| {ZH¥$ï> AW© Úmo{VV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - ~«m÷U ({e{jV) - ~m÷Z (A{e{jV), MVwd}Xr

(doXk) - Mm¡~o (Om{V go) nw§Jd (loð>) - nm|Jm (J±dma n§{S>V), dO«dQw> (Kmoa ~«÷Mmar) - ~Oa~Q²>Qy>

(_hm_yI©)

14..... g_mg, CngJ©, qbJ-ôX :g_mg, CngJ©, qbJ-ôX :g_mg, CngJ©, qbJ-ôX :g_mg, CngJ©, qbJ-ôX :g_mg, CngJ©, qbJ-ôX :

g_ñV nX Am¡a Ag_ñV eãXm| Ho$ AWm] _| A§Va Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go H¥$îUgn©: (gn©{deof)

H$mbm gm°§n (H$moB© r H$mbm gm°§n), n{V -J¥h (ggwamb) J¥hn{V (J¥hñdm_r), n§{S>V amO (n§{S>Vm| _|

loð>), amOn§{S>V (amOm H$m n§{S>V) Ÿ& H${damO(d¡Ú), amO H${d(amOm H$m H${d)

CngJm] Ho$ H$maU AWm] _| A§Va Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go hma -Amhma -{dhma, àhma - Cnhma, g§hma

94

- n[ahma, `moJ - {d`moJ, g§ moJ - à`moJ, AZw moJ - {Z`moJ, AmH$ma -{dH$ma, àH$ma - g§ñH$ma -

àmH$ma, qbJ oX go r AW©^oX hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - H$mbm -H$mbr (XwJm©), H¥$îU -H¥$îUm (Ðm¡nXr),

e¡b-nd©V - e¡bm-nmd©Vr, X{jU - X{jUm (XmZ)

15..... AÝ`$ ^mfmAm| Ho$ eãX :AÝ`$ ^mfmAm| Ho$ eãX :AÝ`$ ^mfmAm| Ho$ eãX :AÝ`$ ^mfmAm| Ho$ eãX :AÝ`$ ^mfmAm| Ho$ eãX :

Hw$N> ñWmZm| na O~ {H$gr mfm go eãX {bE OmVo h¢, V~ do _yb AW© N>mo‹S>H$a ZE AW© àXmZ

H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& \$magr "_wJ©' eãX njr dmMH$ h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr _| AW© "_wJm©' h¡ Ÿ& bm°S>© go ~Zm eãX bmQ> (bmQ>

-gmh~) emZ-em¡H$V H$m ~moY H$amVm h¡ Ÿ& ~wÕ (g§ñH¥$V _| Jm¡V_ ~wÕ) \$magr _| ~yV (_y{V©) ~Z

J`m Ÿ& A~©Z (g§ñH¥$V _| Kmo‹S>m) Aa~ Xoe H$m dmMH$ hmo J`m Ÿ& ZmpñV, Zm^yV² (g§ñH¥$V _| - Z h¡, Z

Wm) AdoñVm _| ~Z J`m ZoñV Zm~yX ' (gd©Zme) ~Z J`m Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V H$m _¥J (new) \$magr _|

_wJ©(njr) hmo J`m Ÿ& d¡{XH$ O{Z(ór) A§J«oOr _| ŠdrZ(amZr) h¡ Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V H$m dm{Q>H$m (~JrMm)

eãX ~§Jmb _| ~m‹S>r(Ka) hmo J`m Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V _| ~mU^Q²>Q> H$s H¥${V "H$mX§~ar' _amR>r _| CnÝ`mg dmMH$

hmo J`m Ÿ&

16..... AÝ` ^mfmAm| H$m à^md :AÝ` ^mfmAm| H$m à^md :AÝ` ^mfmAm| H$m à^md :AÝ` ^mfmAm| H$m à^md :AÝ` ^mfmAm| H$m à^md :

gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmXmZ-àXmZ Ûmam EH$ ^mfm AÝ` ^mfm Ho$ eãXm| H$mo J«hU H$a boVr h¡ Ÿ& H$^r-

H$^r AW© n[adV©Z r hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~§Jbm Ho$ à^md go qhXr _| CnÝ`mg eãX ~Zm Ÿ& g_mamoh (M‹T>Zm)

H$m ew^ Am`moOZ AW© hmo J`m Ÿ& g_mMma (ew AmMaU) H$m AW© dmVm© hmo J`m Ÿ&

Cn w©º$ {ddoMZ go ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ AW© -n[adV©Z H$m H$moB© EH$ Am¡a gw{ZpíMV H$maU Zht h¡ Ÿ&

BgHo$ {bE _mZ{gH$ Am¡a m¡{VH$ VWm Am§V[aH$ Am¡a ~mø AZoH$ H$maU gpå_{bV ê$n go H$m_ H$aVo

h¢ Ÿ&

***

95

`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -1

1. ^mfm H$s n[a^mfmE± XoH$a mfm Ho$ _hËd na àH$me S>m{bE

2. ^mfm H$s àH¥${V H$mo ñnîQ> H$s{OE Ÿ&

3. ^mfm Ho$ {d{dY ê$nm| H$s MMm© H$s{OE Ÿ&

4. ^mfm -{dH$mg Ho$ Š`m -Š`m H$maU hmo gH$Vo h¢, CZ na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&

`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -II

1. dm½ §Ì H$m g{dñVma n[aM` Xr{OE Ÿ&

2. ñda Üd{Z {H$go H$hVo h¢ ? qhXr ñda Üd{Z`m| H$m dU©Z H$s{OE Ÿ&

3. à`ËZ Ho$ AmYma na qhXr ì`OZm| H$m dU©Z H$s{OE Ÿ&

4. ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na qhXr ì §OZm| H$m dU©Z H$s{OE Ÿ&

5. g§g§{já {Q>ßnUr {b{IE

H$) AZwZm{gH$Vm

I) ñdaV§{Ì`m±

J) qhXr ì §OZm| Ho$ AÝVam©ï´>r` Üd{Z {b{n _| boIZ

`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -`y{ZQ> -III

1. ^mfm H$s {d{^Þ n[a^mfmE± XoH$a CgHo$ _hËd na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&

2. dmŠ` {H$VZo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ ? {ddoMZ H$s{OE Ÿ&

3. AW© H$s AdYmaUm ñnï> H$aVo hþE eãX Am¡a AW© Ho$ g§~§Y na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&

4. AW©-n[adV©Z H$s {XemAm| na MMm© H$s{OE Ÿ&

5. AW© n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maUm| na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&

5. g§{já {Q>>ßnUr {b{IE :

H$) EH$mW©H$ eãX

I) AZoH$mW©H$ eãX

J) {dbmo_ eãX

ddce utkal university3 ddce utkal university m.a. (hindi) paper - xixsemester - iv courses of study...

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