December 22 1895 Rontgen’s wife’s hand.

The first Xray.

Tesla’s human foot in a shoe. 1896.

Tesla invented the technology of Xray in 1894. Unfortunately his lab burned down on March 13 1895 in New York, and much data was lost. BUT there were witnesses and testimonials to his discovery.

http://www.teslauniverse.com/

Roentgen’s letter to Tesla dated July 20th, 1901. The letter reads, “Dear Sir! You have surprised me tremendously with the beautiful photographs of wonderful discharges and I tell you thank you very much for that. If only I knew how you make such things! With the expression of special respect I remain yours devoted, W. C. Roentgen.” (Courtesy of the Tesla Museum, Belgrade, Serbia; document no. MNT, CXLIV, 152.)

Tesla Rontgen

Radiation in Medicine, sometimes called nuclear medicine

Radiation is used often in research and medicine for example…..look below, remember this?

X ray imaging

What is a PET scan?

PET Scans

• Positron emission tomography• Uses: Carbon 11 (11C, t1/2 20min) or Fluorine 18 (18F t ½ 110min)• May use non specific radioactive isotope or specific ligand• PET ligands: ligands are something that bonds (or sticks) to something else.

Proteins or other molecules that are radioactive and then stick to certainand specific other proteins.

***Carbon 11 has one less neutron than Carbon 12. ***Fluorine 18 has one less neutron that “regular” Fluorine 19

PET scan machine

(18F) fluorodeoxyglucose abbreviated to FDG is one of the major tracers used In PET scans. It is a analog of glucose…..sugar.

C6H1118F O5

C6H12O6 glucose

FDG tracer used

FDG tracer used

Clinical HistoryA 43-year-old female patient presented for evaluation and restaging of cervical cancer. A hysterectomy had been performed for cervical cancer 9 months prior.Imaging FindingsNUCLEAR MEDICINE PET/CT Scan STATED REASON FOR REQUEST: Cervical cancer restaging RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL ADMINISTERED: 18F FDG IV

PET of colon cancerThat has spread to the liver

Pancreatic cancer

Used 11C tagged to the drug to observe.

In this case the baseline is the control PET scan.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCIe4h52Y0scCFYHNgAod8a8Dkg&url=http://www.cancernetwork.com/review-article/cancer-metabolism-therapeutic-target&ei=e7DjVceOBIGbgwTx346QCQ&psig=AFQjCNHSfjEkxtub6hf3TABs0-GNuJ80gA&ust=1441071227147077

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCJmG9vqe0scCFUWsgAodj70Ilg&url=http://eatingacademy.com/nutrition/way-exploit-metabolic-quirk-cancer&ei=irfjVZmZIMXYggSP-6KwCQ&psig=AFQjCNHxiTUPnsfzXqHWOWGa5QKRSWBKRQ&ust=1441073105436003

Normal PET scanLymph node cancers

PET of woman withBreast cancer that Has spread to bones

(bone metastases)

Cancer detected in left breast.

FDG tracer

Aboutcancer.com PET scans

The patient on the left was a 44 year old female who had complained of right breast fullness and discomfort from an axillary nodule. An initial mammogram was negative. Over the following six months two additional mammograms were performed and were both negative. A fine needle biopsy of the axillary nodule was subsequently performed and demonstrated carcinoma. An ultrasound guided biopsy of an 8 mm breast lesion was negative. A FDG PET exam was then performed and revealed extensive metastases to axillary and supraclavicular lymph nodes, as well as the primary lesion in the right breast (black arrow).

Aboutcancer.com PET scans

Whole body metastasis of myeloma.

Aboutcancer.com PET scans

Effectiveness of PET scans

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CGzk-nV06g

How MRI works

PET scan using PET ligand for dopamine receptor