decentral energy concepts with sunny island

SMA Solar Technology AG Be a solar expertDecentral Energy Concepts with Sunny Island

SMA Solar Technology AG

> Escape routes> Meeting point in case of a fire alarm> Toilets> Smoking area> Please mute your cell phones or switch them off> Badges> Cafeteria

> Solar Academy contact data> Phone: +49 (0)561-9522-4884 > E-Mail: [email protected]

> Download areas:> http://www.SMA.de/handout> http://www.sma.de/en/products/off-gridinverters.html> http://www.sma.de/en/service/downloads.html

Organizational Matters

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Agenda (Day 1 and 2)

1. Introduction2. Project Kooki3. Components & Functions4. Installation5. Communication6. Dimensioning

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Introduction SMA Off-Grid concepts

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Off-Grid solution

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DC Coupling

> Connection of PV array and load via a DC power bus

PV array Load

DC power busCharge

controller

Example 2: Solar home system (with battery)

DC power bus

Battery

Example 1: DC water pump (without battery)

DC power busPV array Load

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AC Coupling

> Connection of sources and loads via an AC bus

PV array

PV inverter

LoadSource

AC power bus

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Example 1: PV inverter feeds an AC power bus (typical for utility connected systems)


AC Coupling

> Connection of PV array and load via an AC power busExample 2: SMA off-grid systems (micro grid/mini grid)

Load

PV array

PV inverter Battery inverter

Battery

AC power bus

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Advantages of AC Coupling:

> Independent energy supply (self-sufficient)> Free choice of power sources and loads (flexible)> Simple to expand even after many years (expandable)> Large distance between components possible (decentralized)

Load

PV array

PV inverter Battery inverter

Battery

AC power bus

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Battery Inverter Sunny Island, the Manager of the Off-Grid System

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Product Portfolio

Nominal AC-Output at 25 ºC

11Remena 20130801-10

MC-Box-6 MC-Box-12 MC-Box-36

30Min.AC-Output at 25 ºC

6 12 36

48 96 kW288

36 72 kW216

55 110 kW328

1Min. AC-Output at 25 ºC

SI 6.0H SI 8.0H

6,0

4,6

6,8 (5 Min)

8,0

6,0

9,1 (5 Min)


Application Examples

> Sunny Island forms and controls the stand-alone grid (battery, generator and load management)> PV array and PV inverter supply the stand-alone grid (AC-coupled) with electricity> Battery stores electricity> Self-sufficiency period depends on battery capacity

Straight Off-Grid System PV array

PV inverter

Battery

Load

Battery inverter

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> Sunny Island forms and controls the stand-alone grid (battery, generator and load management)> PV array and PV inverter supply the stand-alone grid (AC-coupled) with electricity> Battery stores electricity> When the battery is empty, the combustion generator supplies the loads and charges the battery (grid-

forming)13Island-EN112811

Off-Grid System and Combustion Generator PV array

PV inverter

Battery

Load

Battery inverterCombustion generator



> Sunny Island forms and controls the stand-alone grid (battery, generator and load management)> PV array and PV inverter supply the stand-alone grid (AC-coupled) with electricity> Battery stores electricity> When the battery is empty, the public grid supplies the loads and charges the battery.

Off-Grid System and Public Grid

Battery inverter

LoadPublic grid

PV inverter

PV array

Battery

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> In normal operation, the public grid supplies the loads and charges the battery> If the grid fails, the Sunny Island forms a stand-alone grid after a maximum of 30 ms, and supplies the

loads> Hold-up time depends on battery capacity

Straight Backup System

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Power distribution grid

Battery inverter

Battery

Load



Kooki – Electrification project in Uganda

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Vocational school Kooki

> Africa, Uganda, Nkooko subcountry, Kooki*> Approx. 500 pupils> Requirements specification:

30 Lamps (36W x 3 h/day )20 PC (200W x 6 h/day)1 Water pump (2368W x 2 h/day)1 Refrigerator (120W x 12 h/day)

> V Grid= 230/400V, f Grid= 50Hz, P Max = 5,5 kW/ 13 min

> Enlargement option> Energy sources

> PV array (80%)> Combustion generator (20%)

* 0°28’08’’N, 31°53’05’’ O

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Engineering

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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

SpitzenlastMittellastGrundlast

Calculated Load Curve

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Power [W]

Outdoor lightingRefrigeratorIndoor lighting

PC room

Hours [h]

P Max Peak load

Medium load

Base load


Month Air temperature

Relative humidity

Daily solar radiation- horizontal

Atmosphericpressure

Wind speed

Earth temperature

Heatingdegree-days

Coolingdegree-days

°C % kWh/m2/d kPa m/s °C °C-d °C-dJanuary 22.1 59.3% 5.57 88.2 3.3 22.7 0 375February 22.8 57.2% 5.79 88.2 3.5 23.6 0 361March 22.0 70.3% 5.53 88.2 3.5 22.9 0 376April 21.1 79.1% 5.20 88.2 3.4 21.7 0 337May 21.0 74.9% 5.00 88.4 3.3 21.2 0 343June 21.5 62.7% 4.89 88.5 3.5 21.9 0 342July 21.9 55.1% 4.91 88.5 3.3 22.7 0 362August 22.1 59.6% 4.99 88.5 3.3 23.1 0 369September 21.4 70.9% 5.15 88.4 3.3 22.2 0 342October 20.6 79.9% 4.80 88.3 3.3 21.3 0 333November 20.5 79.1% 4.78 88.3 3.1 20.9 0 319December 21.0 70.1% 5.18 88.3 3.0 21.2 0 345

Annual 21.5 68.2% 5.15 88.3 3.3 22.1 0 4204

Solar radiation

Source: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/RETScreen/


Relative humidity

Daily solar radiation- horizontal

Atmosphericpressure

Wind speed

Earth temperature

Heatingdegree-days

Coolingdegree-days


Annual 21.5 68.2% 5.15 88.3 3.3 22.1 0 4204

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Bi-directional Battery Inverter


21Remena 20130801-10



6 12 36

48 96 kW288

36 72 kW216

55 110 kW328


SI 6.0H SI 8.0H

6,0

4,6

6,8 (5 Min)

8,0

6,0

9,1 (5 Min)

SI 2224Out of production

2,9

2,2

3,8


Battery

5,03,8 11,01,2

Max. Weight Length Width Height

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Battery Cables and DC Fuse

> BatFuse B.03> LV/HRC fuses: 125A (I SI2224 =90A)> Line: 050165 NSGAFÖ-U 01x6

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Battery Cables and DC Fuse

> BatFuse B.03> LV/HRC fuses: 125A (I SI2224 =90A)> Line: 050165 NSGAFÖ-U 01x6

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PV panel

> PV panel SW 180> 60 polycrystalline cells> DC connector MC Type 4

11,05,03,81,2

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Sunny Boy String Inverter

5,03,8 11,0

Sunny Boy Sunny Boy TL-20 Sunny Mini Central

1,2

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Sunny Design PV Plant Planning Software

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Combustion Generator

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Schematic of a three phase Off-Grid System

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3x SI2224 - SMA 57 x SW180 - Solarworld + 108m mounting rails for PV system

1x SRC-01 - SMA 3x SB4000TL – 20 - SMA

1x BatFuse B.03 - SMA 1x sub-distribution (complete)

12x battery OPzV 1200 - Hoppecke 1x switch box for generator

1x HX 7500 T approx. 1000 cable tiesapprox. 100 cable marksapprox. 20m cable channel – made in Uganda incl. 30x mountingsapprox. 30m NYM-J 1x16mm² (grounding)approx. 240m 4mm² PV cableapprox. 30m NYY-J 3×2.5mm²approx. 150m NYY-J 5×2.5mm²approx. 21m NSGAFÖ-U 35 mm²

List of Material

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Planning the Installation

> Planning the installation> Logistics> Calculation of quantities> Reserve material> Transport (customs, times, weather, organization on

site)> Tools> Food provisions

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Installation of the PV Array

> Measure orientation of modules> Measure roof pitch> Check roof structure> Install cooling system> Comply with workplace safety> Read and comply with installation manual> Integrate metal structures in equipotential

bonding> Check electrical connections> Check polarity> Check open-circuit voltage

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Installation of the PV Inverters

> Read and observe the installation manual> Provide a sheltered, cool installation site> Ensure good ventilation> Only install on firm, non-inflammable foundation> Only use permitted mounting angles> Only perform work on disconnected device> Minimize DC and AC cable losses> Each PV inverter needs its own miniature circuit-

breaker (in the PV sub-distribution)> Set to off-grid mode

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Installation of the Power Distribution

> Comply with local regulations/provisions, e.g.:> DIN VDE 0100-510, IEC 60364-5-51 :

Erection of low-voltage electrical equipment> DIN VDE 0510, DIN EN 50272-2 : Safety

requirements for battery systems> Calculation of the electrical circuits and their fusing

(EN 60204)> Take necessary personal protection measures

(RCD, equipotential bonding, etc.)> Activate load shedding (optional)

> Possibly limit power by means of smaller miniature circuit-breakers

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Installation of the Battery

> Read and observe the installation manual> Use insulated tools> Provide a clean and dry battery room> Clean contacts of poles and connectors> Observe ventilation conditions> Floor load and electrolytic resistance to be observed (regional regulations)

> Protect screw connections from corrosion35Island-EN112811


Installation of the Bi-directional Battery Inverter

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Installation of the Combustion Generator

> Read and observe the installation manual> Regional service> Optimize running times> Fuel supply

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Absolute necessity a high IP classification (International Protection)

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IP classification - IP 54

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Components & Functions

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Components & Functions

AC 2 AC1

Public Grid Battery PV array Wind turbinesystems

Hydro-electricsystems

Consumption

Gas/Diesel Generator

Bi-directionalBattery Inverter

PV Inverter Windy Boy Hydro Boy Load

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PV Array in Off-Grid System

> Off-grid PV modules to be used ideally with Sunny Island Charger 50

> On-grid PV modules to be used ideally with Sunny Boy or Sunny Mini Central

Off-grid PV modules On-grid PV modules42Island-EN112811


PV Inverters in Off-Grid Systems

> SMA PV inverters can be used in off-grid systems *

> All Sunny Boys with transformer

> All Sunny Boys without transformer

> All Sunny Mini Centrals

> All Sunny Tripower 10000-17000 TL-10

> All Sunny Tripower 5000-9000 TL-20

* Observe special requirements in off-grid operation: set to off-grid mode

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Installer*****

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Sunny Boy Inverter Off-Grid setting> Sunny Data Control 3.x + USB service cable

> Sunny Data Control: free PC software for use on an existing PC to configure the PV inverter

> Establish connection via the USB service cable for communication between PV inverter and PC

> Security level - user authentication

> Set parameter to "Off-Grid“Sunny Data Control

USB service cable

Off-Grid Setting (Option 1)


Installer

*****

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> Web browser + WebBox + RS485

> Configuration with ordinary internet browser(e.g. Internet Explorer)

> Establish communication connections between PC/WebBox/PV inverter

> Data transmission via RS485 bus

> Select "Parameter"

> Enter “Installer/Grid Guard code”, then set parameter to "Off-Grid”

WebBox

SMA Solar Technology AG 47Island-EN112811




> Sunny Explorer

> Activate Bluetooth connection on the same NetID

> Establish communication connection between PC and PV inverter via Sunny Explorer

> Select "Settings"

> Enter “Installer/Grid Guard code” , then set “Default/Cntry Set" " parameter to "Off-grid"

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> Rotary switch

> Screwdriver (2.5mm)

> Example: "Off-Grid German" = E1

> Setting via rotary switch is only possible in the first 10 hours of grid feed

Sunny Boy XXXXTL-20

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Battery Technology

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Battery in an Off-Grid System

> Energy storage is one of the core issues concerning the use of solar energy in Off-Grid systems> The most prevalent form of electric power storage in Off-Grid systems is the lead-acid battery> A lead-acid battery is capable of storing electrical energy as chemical energy (reversible)

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H2SO4 + 2H2O --> 2 H3O+ + SO42-

Lead Electrode

(Minus pole)

Lead Electrodecoated with lead oxide

(Plus Pole)



> The purpose of the battery is to ensure that the supply and demand of energy are always in balance> All Sunny Island systems require a battery> It is one of the most important components in an Off-Grid system

Sunny Island

Battery

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> Overcharging or deep discharging of the battery will shorten its service life> SMA battery management can help prevent battery damage> SMA battery management prolongs the service life of the battery

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Battery damage: Condition: Countermeasures:Corrosion Irreversible Avoid overcharging

Sulfation Irreversible Avoid deep discharging

Acid stratification Reversible Gas loading and"mechanical" circulation

Cell divergenceVoltages (V)

Reversible Selective overcharging andevenly distributed thermal load

Siltation Irreversible Avoid deep discharging,Avoid overcharging

Desiccation Irreversible Avoid overcharging


Battery life time

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Battery design life time

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Battery Design> A battery consists of multiple single cells with a nominal voltage of 2 V each.> In a block design, the single cells are housed inside a shared enclosure and serially connected to a

block on the inside (cf. AGM block)

> A starter battery is not suitable for off-grid systems (due to its design)

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Battery Design> In large-scale Off-Grid systems, the battery is usually designed as single cells due to excess weight.

These cells are almost always serially connected to each other during installation> 6, 12 or 24 cells in a row (battery voltage: 12, 24 or 48 V)

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VRLA /OPzV

Valve Regulated Lead Acid:Closed lead-acid batteries with electrolyte fixed in gel or glass mat in all standard designs currently on the market (e.g., OPzV)

FLA /OPzS

Flooded Lead Acid:Closed lead-acid batteries with liquid electrolyte in all designs currently on the market (e.g., OPzS).

NiCd / FNC

Nickel Cadmium:Closed nickel cadmium batteries with pocket-type plate or fiber plate design

Battery Type

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Positive tubular plate

OPzS Battery

> Tubular plates envelope grid bars and are electrolyte-permeable.

> The protective sleeve holds the active material mechanically in place in the intermediate spaces and also limits the emission of fine particles from the active material

> Tubular plates are very rigid and ensure a very high cycle stability for the battery

> OPzS batteries that contain liquid electrolyte are manufactured as a non-separable unit with enclosure in a closed design

> The filler-plugs may only be opened for the purpose of checking and refilling the electrolyte

Stationary tubular plates special (OPzS)59Island-EN112811

Negative grid plate


Positive tubular plate

OPzV Battery

> Tubular plates*envelope grid bars and are electrolyte-permeable.

> The protective sleeve holds the active material mechanically in place in the intermediate spaces and also limits the emission of fine particles from the active material

> Tubular plates are extremely rigid and ensure a very high cycle stability for the battery

> OPzV - Batteries with gel electrolyte do not need filler-plugs since water refilling is not necessary under normal conditions of use. This is why they are designed as closed batteries and equipped with safety valves

> OPzV - batteries are low maintenance

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Negative grid plate

Stationary tubular plates closed (OPzV)


Battery Capacity

> The capacity C n of a battery refers to the amount of electricity that, under the respective discharging conditions, can be drawn until the battery is fully discharged.

C n = I n * t n

C nI nt n

: Nominal capacity: Constant discharge current: Discharge time

> C n is determined by the geometry and number of parallel connected cells> C n is not a constant; it varies depending on the temperature, the discharge voltage and, most

importantly, the discharge current I n

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Discharge Time

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Avail

able

capa

cityi

n Ah

Discharge time in h

Battery 10 OPzS 1250

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Battery Capacity> The nominal capacity is always relative to the discharge time that C n refers to

Type C100/1.85 VAh

C50/1.85 VAh

C24/1.83 VAh

C10/1.80 VAh

C5/1.77 VAh

Max. weightkg

Length Lmm

Width Bmm

Height Hmm

Fig.

4 OPzV solar.power 250 250.0 225.0 225.6 207.0 188.5 20.0 105 208 420 A







8 OPzV solar.power 1000 1080.0 995.0 981.6 910.0 795.0 68.0 215 193 710 B




16 OPzV solar.power 2300 2320.0 2235.0 2210.4 2030.0 1695.0 165.0 215 400 815 C

20 OPzV solar.power 2900 2930.0 2795.0 2760.0 2540.0 2125.0 200.0 215 490 815 D


C100,C50, C24, C10, nd C5 = capacity at 100, 50, 24, 10 and 5 hours of discharge time

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Battery Capacity in Sunny Island System

> The battery capacity in a Sunny Island must be indicated as the nominal capacity for a ten hour discharge rate C10 ("221.02 NomBatCpy" parameter)

> If this rated capacity is not specified in the battery manufacturer's data sheet, it can be estimated based on the data for other discharging times as follows:

C10 C1/0.61C10 C5/0.88C10 C10C10 C20/1.09C10 C100/1.25C10 C120/1.28

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Battery Terms

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SOC State of Charge:The state of charge refers to the percentage amount of battery capacity that is currently available

DOD Depth of Discharge:The depth of discharge is an alternative method for displaying the state of charge of a battery. DOD can be indicated as a percentage or in units of ampere-hour

SOHState of Health:The state of health of a battery refers to the percentage amount of usable capacity relative to rated capacity C n

Total number ofbattery cycles A battery cycle is the complete cycle of charging and discharging of a battery


Battery Terms

> Only when a cell is new its usable capacity will match the rated capacity specified by the battery manufacturer

> (e.g., rated capacity 1000 Ah a C 10 and 20 ºC)

2 V2 V

1000 Ah 1000 Ah

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Cell condition:"Used"

Battery Terms: SOH

Cell condition:"New"

0%

100%Nominal capacity

0%

90%current, max.

Capacity

> As a battery ages, its usable capacity may temporarily or permanently drop by a significant margin

(new )(used )

capacity Nominal capacity max.Current SOH

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0%

100%

SOC

0%

100%

SOC



Battery Terms: SOH and SOC

> The Sunny Island can use a self-adapting procedure to determine the state of health.> Required time: approx. 4 to 8 weeks

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0%

100%

SOC

0%

100%

SOC



Battery Terms: DOD and SOC

SOC

DOD

0%

100%

SOC

DOD

100%

0%

SOCDOD100% )x.capacity(currentma

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0%

100%

SOC

0%

100%

SOC

Battery Terms: Maximum Depth of Discharge

SOC

DOD

0%

100%

SOC

DOD

0%

100%

SOC

DOD

0%

100%

0%

100%

SOC

DOD

0%

MinMax)x.capacity(currentma SOCDOD100%

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Service life in cycles

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Battery Temperature

> The battery temperature is taken into consideration when the charging voltage is calculated> The present capacity for the Sunny Island is automatically adjusted for the current temperature

Battery temperature sensor

-1.00 % /ºC for lead-acid batteries -0.75 % /ºC for NiCd batteries

Rated temperature 20 ºC

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Charging Voltage

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Ambient temperature

Charging voltage in relation to ambient temperature(continous battery power supply)

Charg

ingvo

ltage

per c

ell


State of Charge Determination

> The Sunny Island has a very precise internal state of charge calculation ("120.01 BatSoc" display value) that is based on three different methods of calculation:

> 1. Ampere hour balancing> 2. Recalibration via battery voltage (at night)> 3. Calculation of self-discharges and charge losses caused by

gassing> Both the ampere hour balancing and recalibration via battery

voltage methods will automatically adapt themselves to the connected battery over time (approx. 4 to 8 weeks)

> If other loads or generators are connected to the battery, then an external battery current sensor (shunt) must be connected to allow the proper functioning of the state of charge calculation

Ah Ah

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Charge control

Boost charge

Full charge

Equalization charge

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Boost Charge(U0 Phase)

Full Charge(U0 Phase)

Equalization Charge(U0 Phase)

Float Charge(U Phase)

Silent Mode(Ruhephase)

Charging ProcessCh

arg

ing

Pha

ses

Manuell

3 2

2

54

76

4 4

explanations:1: If BatVtg = BatChrgVtg 2: after time CycTmEqu (#225.05)3: after time CycTmFul (#225.04)4: if AptTmRmg = 0 (#120.04)5: if SOC < 70 % (#120.01)6: only with Grid, after time SilentTmFlo (#224.02)7: only with Grid, after time SilentTmMax (#224.03)

I-Phase

1

Charging Process

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Battery Management Operating Modes

> Optimized for use with NiCd and lead-acid batteries

> Operating mode AUTO:> Automatic determination of required operating parameters

> New operating modes have been integrated for accommodating "special storage technologies":> Operating mode OFF:

> Manual specification of SOC> Disconnection when under- or overvoltage detected

> Operating mode BASIC:> State of charge indicator via I-Batt balancing> Upper U limit is determined, lower U limit is set manually

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Battery Preservation Mode

Level 1: "223.05 BatPro1Soc" parameter For example: SOC limit < 20%

4W 4W

0h 6h 12h 18h 24h

BatPro1TmStp BatPro1TmStp

Standby Operation Standby

> The battery preservation mode is designed to prevent, to the greatest degree possible, any deep discharge of the battery when the energy supply is low, thus avoiding total system failure and battery damage.

> The first level is used to switch the inverter to standby mode when there is no urgent need for power (e.g., at night). For example: only if SOC limit is < 20%

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Level 2: "223.03 BatPro2TmStr" parameter. For example: 8 a.m.

Energy supply

Charging the battery

4W 4W

0h 6h 12h 18h 24h

BatPro2TmStp BatPro2TmStr

Standby Regular starts Standby

> The second level of the battery preservation mode ensures that the inverter regularly starts every two hours during the time window when a supply of energy is expected and then attempts to charge the battery from the AC side. For PV plants, the time window is daytime.

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Automatic shutdown


Level 3: "223.07 BatPro3Soc" parameter. For example: SOC limit < 10%

0 W

0h 6h 12h 18h 24h

> The third level ensures that the battery is protected from deep discharging and associated damage> The inverter is completely shutdown for this purpose> "Last protective function„

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> Regular maintenance and care increases the reliability and service life of your battery system

> Document all maintenance work and measurement resultsthey may be necessary for future warranty claims

> Semi-yearly maintenance work> Measure the voltage of the battery system in trickle charge mode> Measure the individual voltages of the cells/blocks in trickle charge

mode> Measure the electrolyte density of a few cells/blocks> Measure the electrolyte temperature of a few cells/blocks> Check/balance the electrolyte level of the cells> Measure the room temperature

Battery Care

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> Regular maintenance and care increases the reliability and service life of your battery system

> Document all maintenance work and measurement results,they may be necessary for future warranty claims

> Yearly maintenance work> All maintenance and inspection work performed during the semi-yearly

interval> Visual inspection of all screw and cable connections> Check all screw connections using a torque wrench> Visual inspection of the battery frame or battery cabinets> Check the ventilation and exhaust system> Check all components associated with the battery

> Never clean with a feather duster or synthetic fiber cloth

Battery Care

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Damage caused by poor maintenance

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> Observe all applicable guidelines and regulations regarding battery systems (e.g., DIN VDE 0510)

> Observe all applicable standards regarding cable wiring at installation site (e.g., DIN VDE 0298-4)

> Open wiring (E, F, G), not buried or placed in armored conduits

> Short-circuit proof and double insulation> Avoid tangling of cables> Adequate cable cross section> Proper polarity of connections> Battery cables should be as short as possible> Observe maximum currents and mechanical loads

Battery Cables

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> Given an AC output of 8400 W and a battery voltage of 41 V, for example, a current of 205 A would flow through the battery cable (!)

> The current flowing through the battery cable causes a loss in power and a drop in voltage for every meter of battery cable

Example:

Cable cross-section Power loss Voltage drop

35 mm² 12 W/m 90 mV/m

50 mm² 8.5 W/m 60 mV/m

70 mm² 6 W/m 45 mV/m

Battery Cable Routing

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> Wire/Cable Sizing as per Local Regulations (e.g., DIN VDE 0100)

> Other considerations:> Mechanical loads> Power loss> Voltage drop

Wire Sizing

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Source: generalcables.es


> Wire/Cable Sizing as per Local Regulations (e.g., DIN VDE 0100)

> Other considerations:> Mechanical loads> Power loss> Voltage drop

> Auxiliary resources such as “cabledimensioning.xls"

Wire Sizing/ Cabledimensioning

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> The battery cable resistance is the ohmic resistance from the battery to the input of the Sunny Island (master)

> Specify the battery lead resistance (BatWirRes) in the "221# Battery Property" menu

Battery Lead Resistance

][ Al ρR m

mm²Ω 0,0018ρ *

cable3 ) 3 (fuse ) 2 (cable1 ) ( 1 RR RR

1m ΩR fuse ) (

R = Battery lead resistance in Ω

ρ = Specific resistance Cu

l = Conductor length [m]

A = Conductor cross-section [mm²]

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> Separate fuse as close to the battery as possible

> Install a suitable fuse according to the maximum specified DC currents.

> For large short-circuit currents, a thermal fuse is absolutely essential (BatFuse)

> e.g., OPzV, 200 Ah, I maxBatt≈ 5089 A> e.g., NiCd, 68 Ah, I maxBatt≈ 3000 A> e.g., OPzS, I maxBatt≈ capacity [Ah] x 20 [A]> For very large cells, the actual value (+)

deviates from the calculated value more and more

DC Line Fuse

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BatFuse

> As an external DC fuse, the BatFuse secures the battery connection cables and enables DC disconnection (without load)

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Load sheddingcontactor

BatFuse-B.03

Battery

Sunny Island Charger

Sunny Island

Line Protection ofSIC 40 e.g. 63 A circuit breaker


BatFuse

> All-pole fusing near by the battery> NH (low voltage high power) fuse> Inclusive fuse link + spare fuse> ‚Always‘ necessary

> BatFuse-B.01> For one Sunny Island (AC, one phase)

> BatFuse-B.03> For three Sunny Island (Commercial installation)

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> Several options for controlling internal and external processes

> two relays integrated in the Sunny Island (potential-free contacts)

> Relay function as contact > Configuration: In menu #241

> 241.01 Rly1Op> 241.02 Rly2Op

> Functions/contactor/fault controlling> Functions: load shedding and generator request at

master

Multi-Function Relay

NC

NO

C

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Relay Functions: (Excerpt)Function / Settings: Meaning: Function Description:

Off Relay remains permanently switched off (deactivated)

On Relay remains permanently switched on (e.g. relay function test during commissioning)

AutoGn Automatic generator requestGenerator is automatically connected due to set criteria (see section 14.1.5 "Automatic Generator Operation" (page 112))zugeschaltet

AutoLodExt Automatic load shedding depending onan external source

Automatic connection/disconnection of loads. Connecting only if the device is connected to an external source (e.g. generator) or if the absorption phase is active

AutoLodSoc1 Auto LoadShedding Soc1 Automatic connection/disconnection of loads. Connecting only if SOC limit 1 has exceeded the set value again

AutoLodSoc2 Auto LoadShedding Soc2 Automatic load disconnection. Connecting only if SOC limit 2 has exceeded the set value again

Tm1 Timer 1 (time-controlled switching of relay 1) Programmable time (timer) (once, daily, weekly) with duty cycle

Tm2 Timer 2 (time-controlled switching of relay 2) Programmable time (timer) (once, daily, weekly) with duty cycle

ExtPwrDer The off-grid inverter controls additional loads in order to put excess energy to practical use

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> Internal relay switches on (e.g.) an external power contactor (load shedding contactor)> Safety function prior to deep discharge of battery

Load Management: Load Shedding

AC power contactor

DC power contactor

Lowenergy generation

Fully discharged battery

High energy demand

High energy demand

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Load Management: Load Shedding

> Example: The load-shedding function should not be active at night (from 6.00pm to 6.00am) if possible, as the battery may be discharged by up to SOC= 30% before the load-shedding contactor is connected

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Load Shedding Contactors

> For different power ranges> 20A, 45A, 65A and 95A

> 12, 24 und 48 V DC> 3-Pole Contactor> All loads should be connected with a

contactor (danger of battery discharging in spite of load shedding)

> However, selective load shedding of only one load group is possible

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> Through the off-grid frequency, the Sunny Island can limit the output power of the PV and wind inverters so as to prevent battery overload

Generator Management: Power Adjustment via Frequency

f= 50 Hz

Lowenergy demand

Fully charged battery Highenergy generation

f= (50+∆f) Hz

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Frequency Shift Power Control

> No additional communication necessary> A rising grid frequency lowers the energy output of the Sunny Boys

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> The Sunny Island supports the integration of external energy sources

> The integration of the combustion generator or the power distribution grid takes place via the AC-2 terminal

> Integration can be one-phase or three-phase > Depending on the battery state of charge or the load

power, a combustion generator can be started and stopped

> Important points for the Sunny Island:> Quality (I/V); insert I-loop if required> Grid-forming or parallel to the grid> Manual start or remote start> Remote start with one or two contacts

Generator Management

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> In this case, the Sunny Island does not have the option of starting the generator> By monitoring the generator input (AC-2), the Sunny Island can determine whether the voltage and

frequency of the generator are within the set limits, then synchronize and connect

Manual Generator Start

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Generator that cannot be started remotely

Sunny Island

Island grid

Generator


> In this case, the Sunny Island has the option of starting the generator. It requests the generator using the GnReq signal

> If the generator voltage and frequency are within the set limits, the device is synchronized and switched on following the warm up time (#233/12)

Automatic Generator Start

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Generator that can be started remotely

GnReq signalSunny Island

Island grid


Automatic Generator Start

> Example: If possible, the combustion generator should not run at night. From 6.00am to 6.00pm, the generator is started with an SOC= 40%. From 6.00pm to 6.00am, the battery may be discharged to 30% before the generator starts

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Sunny Island Charger SIC50

> The universally usable Sunny Island Charger from SMA> Its broad DC input voltage range makes sensible system configuration possible for almost all PV

modules> Thanks to the integrated MPP tracking system, the charger guarantees an energy yield between 15 to

30% higher than that of conventional charge controllers

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DC Coupling with SIC

> For 12/24/48 V off-grid systems (630/1250/2100W)

> Parallel connection of up to four devices> BMS for OPzS and OPzV> Part of SMA communication bus> Efficiency > 98% 50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

PPV in W

eta

in %

C-Muster@70V

C-Muster@85V

C-Muster@100V

Battery

Sunny Island

PV array

Sunny Island Charger

Sunny Boy

Generator Load

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Technical Data SI Charger

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Measuring Shunt

> Separate measuring shunt for battery current measurement on the DC side> Use with DC generators or DC loads, the Sunny Island cannot measure internal power accurately and

the battery’s charge state is not precisely determined otherwise> 200 and 600 A available> The measuring shunt must be looped around the negative pole of the battery> Use intrinsically safe and twisted cables> Compatible with Sunny Island 6.0H, 8.0H

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Sunny IslandDC -

BatteryDC -

BatCur +BatCur -


> The Multicluster Boxes allow easy installation of off-grid systems from 30 to 300 kW> For this purpose, between two and twelve three-phase clusters consisting of three SI 5048 or 6.0H and

8.0H mixed can be connected in parallel> The Multicluster Boxes were specially developed as AC distribution centers for connecting generators

and for supplying loads

Multicluster Box

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Three Phase Sunny Island Systems


108Remena 20130801-10



6 12 36

48 96 kW288

36 72 kW216

55 110 kW328


SI 6.0H SI 8.0H

6,0

4,6

6,8 (5 Min)

8,0

6,0

9,1 (5 Min)


Multicluster Box

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Technical Data MC-Box

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Technical Data MC-Box

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> Communication lines allow communication (synchronization) between the Sunny Island and the Multicluster Box

Interior View of the Multicluster Box 6

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Multiclusterbox

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Installation

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Background: Preventing damage to plants and people due to the effects of lightning> Protection against direct lightning strikes (external lightning

protection)> Protecting the plant components through OVP measures (interior

lightning protection)> A grounding arrangement for all grounding tasks (lightning

protection, protective grounding, and functional grounding)> Lightning protection is a topic for experts. A plant that has been

planned incorrectly cannot prevent the effects of lightning

Lightning Protection in an Off-Grid System

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Lightning Protection Process

> Creation of a lightning protection concept> Quantitative evaluation of the economic benefit of protective measures> Acceptable risk of personal injury> Calculation of a lightning protection system via the following process:

> Plasma ball process> Protection angle process> Mesh process

Protection angle

Shadow line

15°

Lightning rodRadius of plasma ball according to protection class

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Insert the extractortool to open theterminal clamp.

Remove thevaristor.

The pole with thesmall loop (crimp) must be fitted toterminal whenreplacing the varistor.

> Three SPD* classes:> SPD type I (coarse protection). The lightning current carrying

capability is designed for a direct lightning strike> SPD type II (medium protection). Lower lightning current

carrying capability for the indirect effects of lightning> SPD type III (fine protection). Protection for sensitive

electronic devices from impact by lightning striking far away

> To achieve functioning lightning protection, the SPD must be used in a coordinated manner. The power must be transferred to the type I surge protector prior to the type II surge protector overloading.

* Surge protective device

OVP (Division: PV-INV)

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> The module racks and module frame are to be integrated in the equipotential bonding

> Observe manufacturer standards, guidelines etc. (e.g.: VDE 011/400)

> It is sensible to have type II surge protectors in the generator connection box on the DC side and at every input of the inverter

DC OVP (Division: PV-INV)

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> Type I surge protectors at the exterior supply lines on the AC side, and type II surge protectors for inverters are an effective means of protection against overvoltages

AC Overvoltage Protection

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TN-S System


> Please observe the regulations at the installation location, e.g. DIN VDE 0100-540 orIEC 60364-4-41:2005

> Reduces potential difference> Protective equipotential bonding

> Grounding measures(deep, strip, and surface ground electrodes)

> Not a real lightning protection measure

> Required for TN, TT, and IT systems> E.g.: 10Ω at RGround (200 Ωm) through

> 4 lance ground electrodes every 6 m> 40 m strip ground electrodes 25x4 mm> 20 m ring ground electrodes 20 mm

Equipotential Bonding

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> The permissible current for a cable depends on the following criteria:> Temperature resistance of the insulation> Conductor cross-section and number of conductors> Ambient temperature> Routing method> Cluster of lines with the same cable path> Operating voltage

> Wet room line NYM: Routing at and in plaster, "protected" areas

> Underground cable NYY: Routing outdoors or underground, "mechanically stressed" areas

AC Lines

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> Please observe the regulations at the installation location, e.g. DIN VDE 0100-430 or EN 60898

> Protection of line conductor insulation against overcurrents> Fuse elements vs. miniature circuit-breakers (circuit breakers)

> Sustainability/replacement parts> Trip-free mechanism in machines

> Observe characteristics and SMA information

Protecting Against Overload

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> Please observe the regulations at the installation location, e.g. DIN VDE 0100 or EN 60601-1

> R Iso = dangerous touch currents (AC= 10mA)> Leakage currents should flow via protective conductors

(equipotential bonding)> Use residual current device (RCD)> Switch-off values

> U L ≤ 50 V ~> t ≤ 0.4 s [at 230 V~ up to 32 A]

> I Leak ≤ 3.5 mA ~ [home]

Protecting Against Touch Currents

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AC 1/ AC2 connection for a 3 phase system

Potential equalisation

Master (L1) Slave 2 (L3)Slave 1 (L2)

Gas generator Load

Necessaryconnection!

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Parameter SI5048(Firmware Vx_xx,01.08.2006)

Unit Default Description Master Slave1 Slave2 Slave3

QCG - NEW SYSTEM:

01#Sys 1phase 1SI PV Cluster configuration set 1phase 3SI OG

02#DevType Master Device address (type) Master Slave1 Slave2

210# Inverter Settings:01#Country ROW Country Switch X X X02#CnvVtgNom V 230.0 Nominal inverter voltage X X X03#CnvVhrgCurMax A 20.0 Maximum AC charging current X X X04#CnvFrqNom Hz 50.0 Inverter nominal frequency X X X05#FrqDrp Hz/kW 0.28 Frequency droop (PF) X X X

06#VtgDrp V/kVAr -3.80 Voltage droop (QV) X X X

07#CnvVtgMin V 184.0 Minimum inverter voltage X X X08#CnvVtMax V 264.5 Maximum inverter voltage X X X09#CnvFrqMin Hz 47.50 Minimum inverter frequency X X X

10#CnvFrqMax 50.20 Maximum inverter frequency X X X

221# Battery Property:

01#BatTyp VRLA Battery type FLLA X X X02#BatCpyNom Ah 100 Nominal battery capacity (C10) 1200 X X X03#BatVtgNom V 48.0 Nominal battery voltage X X X04#BatChrgCurMax A Limit of battery charging current 360 X X X05#BatTmpMax degC 40 Maximum battery temperature X X X

06#BatTmpStr degC 35 Restarting temperature of battery after stop because of overtemperature X X X

07#BatVtgMax V 65.0 Maximum battery voltage X X X

08#BatVtgMin V 35.0 Minimum battery voltage X X X

222# Battery Charge Mode:01#AptTmBoos min 120 Absorption time at normal charge02#AptTmFul h 5.0 Absorption time at full charge X X X03#AptTmEqu h 10.0 Absorption time at equalizing charge X X X04#CycTmFul d 14 Cycle time at full charge X X X05#CycTmEqu d 180 Cycle time at equalizing charge X X X06#ChrgVtBoost V 2.40 Setpoint of cell voltage at normal charge X X X07#ChrgVtgFul V 2.40 Setpoint of cell voltage at full charge 2.41 X X X

08#ChrgVtgEqu V 2.40 Setpoint of cell voltage at equalizing charge X X X

09#ChrgVtgFlo V 2.25 Setpoint of cell voltage at floating charge X X X

10#BatTmpCps mV/degC 4 Battery temperature compensation X X X

Parameter Adjustment

> Project specific

> Create documentation

> Protect data (SD card)

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Communication in Island Systems

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> Sunny Island 5048 and Sunny Remote Control can file firmware, parameters, and measurement data on an MMC/SD card

> Measurement data from the battery, inverter, sources, and loads are stored cyclically

> Events and errors only stored when they occur> Stored data can be processed using common table

calculation programs > The installer must ground himself/herself before inserting or

removing the MMC/SD card at the Sunny Island enclosure (ESD protection!)

MMC/SD Card

Sunny Island 5048

Sunny Remote Control

MMC/SD card

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Data/information

Analyses/solutions

MMC/SD cardSunny Remote ControlMMC/SD card

> Always use the MMC/SD card for storing data and events. This way, SMA can help you quickly in the event of a fault. Send the data via the Internet or by post

> When the Sunny Island starts up or when the MMC/SD card is inserted, the Sunny Island searches for special update files on the card. If it finds such files, it performs an update when it is on standby

MMC/SD Card

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Storing the Current Measurement Values

> Measurement data capture on SD card in Sunny Island> Easy to analyze (customer and SMA service)

TimeStamp TotBatCur (Avg) InvVtg (Min) InvVtg (Max) InvVtg (Avg) InvVtgSlv1 (Min) InvVtgSlv1 (Max) InvVtgSlv1 (Avg) InvVtgSlv2 (Min) InvVtgSlv2 (Max) InvVtgSlv2 (Avg) InvFrq (Min) InvFrq (Max)2010-07-27 16:47 -18.1 229.3 230.5 229.8 229.5 230.2 229.9 225.3 230.7 229.7 46.8 472010-07-27 17:02 19 229.8 230.3 229.9 227.9 230.5 229.8 229.1 230.3 229.9 47 472010-07-27 17:17 19.5 229.7 230.4 229.8 229.3 230.6 229.8 228.9 230.6 229.9 47 472010-07-27 17:32 40.2 229.4 230.4 229.8 229.7 230.7 229.9 229.1 231.1 229.8 46.8 472010-07-27 17:47 23.2 229.7 230.3 229.9 229.1 230.4 229.8 228.6 231 229.8 46.8 472010-07-27 18:02 21.7 229.8 230.2 229.9 229.3 230.1 229.8 228.4 230.9 229.8 46.8 472010-07-27 18:17 23.3 229.8 230.3 229.9 229.8 230.2 229.9 229.5 230.4 229.8 47 502010-07-27 18:32 31.3 229.8 230.2 229.9 229.5 230.2 229.9 229.2 230.9 229.8 49.8 502010-07-27 18:47 22.5 229.8 230.1 229.9 228.8 230.2 229.9 229.6 230.3 229.8 50 502010-07-27 19:02 68.4 229.9 230.2 229.9 229.8 230.4 229.9 227.9 230.3 229.8 50 502010-07-27 19:17 54.7 230 230.1 230 229.7 230.1 229.9 229.2 230.8 229.8 50 502010-07-27 19:32 86.7 229.4 230.3 229.9 227.7 230.4 229.8 227.7 230.8 229.7 49.8 50.12010-07-27 19:47 36.8 229.9 230.2 230 229.8 230.3 229.9 229.6 230.4 229.8 50 502010-07-27 20:02 29.9 229.7 230.1 229.9 229.5 230.1 229.9 229.4 230.8 229.8 50 502010-07-27 20:17 34.1 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.9 230.2 229.9 229.1 230.7 229.7 50 502010-07-27 20:32 32.7 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.7 230.3 229.9 229.6 230.5 229.8 50 502010-07-27 20:47 32.1 229.9 230.1 230 229.6 230.2 230 229.6 230.5 229.8 50 502010-07-27 21:02 32.7 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.8 230.2 229.9 229.6 230.8 229.8 50 502010-07-27 21:17 41.9 229.9 230.1 230 229.7 230.4 229.9 221.8 230.7 229.8 50 502010-07-27 21:32 54.1 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.1 230.3 229.9 229.8 230.2 229.9 50 502010-07-27 21:47 52.3 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.8 230.3 229.9 50 502010-07-27 22:02 39.8 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.7 230.2 229.9 229.8 230.4 229.9 50 502010-07-27 22:17 35 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.7 230.3 229.9 229.3 230.7 229.8 50 502010-07-27 22:32 32.3 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.1 230.3 229.9 229.1 230.8 229.8 50 502010-07-27 22:47 28.5 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.3 230.3 229.9 229.4 230.7 229.8 50 502010-07-27 23:02 23.2 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.3 230.1 229.9 229.9 230.1 229.9 50 502010-07-27 23:17 24.1 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.3 230.3 229.9 229.8 230.1 229.9 50 502010-07-27 23:32 21.2 230 230.1 230 229.7 230.1 229.9 229.9 230.1 229.9 50 502010-07-27 23:47 22.5 229.9 230.1 230 229.4 230.3 229.9 229.7 230.3 229.9 50 502010-07-28 00:02 33.2 225 230.1 229.9 226.7 230.1 229.9 225.7 230.1 229.8 49.2 502010-07-28 00:17 135.1 230 230.1 230 230 230.1 230 229.9 230.1 229.9 50 502010-07-28 00:32 135.1 229.9 230.1 229.9 228.5 230.1 229.9 229.9 230.1 229.9 50 502010-07-28 00:47 131.6 229.9 230.1 229.9 230 230.1 230 229.9 230.1 229.9 50 502010-07-28 01:02 129.8 229.9 230.1 230 228.8 230 230 229.9 230.1 229.9 50 502010-07-28 01:17 131.8 229.9 230.1 229.9 227.9 230.1 229.9 229.9 230.1 229.9 50 502010-07-28 01:32 131.7 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.8 230.1 229.9 229.5 230.1 229.9 50 502010-07-28 01:47 137.3 229.8 230.1 229.9 228.5 230.1 229.9 217.8 230.4 229.9 50 502010-07-28 02:02 136.9 229.9 230.4 229.9 227.7 231.2 229.9 229.9 230.5 229.9 50 50.32010-07-28 02:17 33.5 230 230 230 229 230.4 229.9 229.9 230.1 229.9 50 502010-07-28 02:32 17.7 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.8 231.2 229.9 49.8 50.12010-07-28 02:47 15.8 230 230.1 230 228.8 230.2 229.9 229.9 230.2 229.9 50 502010-07-28 03:02 13.3 229.9 230.1 229.9 229.6 230.1 229.9 229.8 230.2 229.9 50 50

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Storing the Diagnosis Information

> Measurement data capture on SD card in Sunny Island> Easy to analyze (customer and SMA service)

TimeStamp Type Text Diag HsTmp (Max) HsTmpSlv1 (Max) HsTmpSlv2 (Max) HsTmpSlv3 (Max) TrfTmp (Max)2010-10-13 21:59 E 402 GNAUTOSTP - Automatic generator stop due to user-defined criteria (battery state of charge2010-10-13 21:59 E 605 RLY1SL2OFF - Relay 1 on slave 2 off2010-10-13 22:04 E 601 RLY1OFF - Relay 1 off2010-10-14 00:00 E 618 RLY2ON - Relay 2 closed2010-10-14 02:00 E 617 RLY2OFF - Relay 2 open2010-10-14 08:13 E 205 BMSFULL - State change, battery charging algorithm for full charge2010-10-14 10:00 E 401 GNAUTOSTR - Automatic generator start due to user-defined criteria (battery state of charge2010-10-14 10:00 E 602 RLY1ON - Relay 1 on2010-10-14 10:01 E 606 RLY1SL2ON - Relay 1 on slave 2 on2010-10-14 10:01 E 104 RUNEXTGN - Operating on the generator (at external input)2010-10-14 17:49 E 203 BMSFLOAT - State change, battery charging algorithm for float charge2010-10-14 17:49 E 402 GNAUTOSTP - Automatic generator stop due to user-defined criteria (battery state of charge2010-10-14 17:49 E 605 RLY1SL2OFF - Relay 1 on slave 2 off2010-10-14 17:54 E 601 RLY1OFF - Relay 1 off2010-10-15 00:00 E 618 RLY2ON - Relay 2 closed2010-10-15 01:01 E 204 BMSBOOST - State change, battery charging algorithm for boost charge2010-10-15 01:58 E 401 GNAUTOSTR - Automatic generator start due to user-defined criteria (battery state of charge2010-10-15 01:58 E 602 RLY1ON - Relay 1 on2010-10-15 02:00 E 617 RLY2OFF - Relay 2 open2010-10-15 02:00 E 606 RLY1SL2ON - Relay 1 on slave 2 on2010-10-15 02:00 E 104 RUNEXTGN - Operating on the generator (at external input)2010-10-15 04:56 E 402 GNAUTOSTP - Automatic generator stop due to user-defined criteria (battery state of charge2010-10-15 04:56 E 605 RLY1SL2OFF - Relay 1 on slave 2 off2010-10-15 05:01 E 601 RLY1OFF - Relay 1 off2010-10-15 15:28 E 401 GNAUTOSTR - Automatic generator start due to user-defined criteria (battery state of charge2010-10-15 15:28 E 602 RLY1ON - Relay 1 on2010-10-15 15:29 E 606 RLY1SL2ON - Relay 1 on slave 2 on2010-10-15 15:29 E 104 RUNEXTGN - Operating on the generator (at external input)2010-10-15 19:11 E 402 GNAUTOSTP - Automatic generator stop due to user-defined criteria (battery state of charge2010-10-15 19:11 E 605 RLY1SL2OFF - Relay 1 on slave 2 off2010-10-15 19:16 E 601 RLY1OFF - Relay 1 off2010-10-16 00:00 E 618 RLY2ON - Relay 2 closed2010-10-16 02:00 E 617 RLY2OFF - Relay 2 open2010-10-16 14:58 E 401 GNAUTOSTR - Automatic generator start due to user-defined criteria (battery state of charge2010-10-16 14:58 E 602 RLY1ON - Relay 1 on2010-10-16 15:00 E 104 RUNEXTGN - Operating on the generator (at external input)2010-10-16 15:00 E 606 RLY1SL2ON - Relay 1 on slave 2 on2010-10-16 18:08 E 402 GNAUTOSTP - Automatic generator stop due to user-defined criteria (battery state of charge2010-10-16 18:09 E 605 RLY1SL2OFF - Relay 1 on slave 2 off2010-10-16 18:13 E 601 RLY1OFF - Relay 1 off2010-10-17 00:00 E 618 RLY2ON - Relay 2 closed

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Storing the Diagnosis Information

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

BatTmp (Max) degC

BatSoc (Avg) %

BatVtg (Min) V

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Communication

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RS485 – Wiring

Cabling recommendations> Cross-section: min. 2 x 2 x 0.22 mm², or min. 2 x 2 x AWG 24; shielded> Twisted pair lines (twisted pair)> UV resistant (for outdoor use only)> SMA order reference: COMCAB-OUTxxx or COMCAB-Inxxx> Observe ESD protection!

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Sunny WebBox

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SUNNY PORTAL (www.sunnyportal.com)

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XXX.XXX.XXX.XXXXXX.XXX.XXX.XXXXXX.XXX.XXX.XXXXXX.XXX.XXX.XXX

Remote Accsess Sunny WebBox

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Dimensioning

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1. Dimensioning Questionnaire

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Project Data

> Use the specific yield instead of insolation for an estimation> E PV : Specific yield kWh/a/kWp (worst case!)

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Demand of Energy

> E a : Average consumption kWh/a

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Typical daily load curve

> P max : 30 min max. AC Consumption at 25ºC141Island-EN112811


Electric Data

Battery Gas generator PV Wind CHP142Island-EN112811


Which Bi-directional Inverter?


143Remena 20130801-10



6 12 36

48 96 kW288

36 72 kW216

55 110 kW328


SI 6.0H SI 8.0H

6,0

4,6

6,8 (5 Min)

8,0

6,0

9,1 (5 Min)


N SI Number of Sunny Islands

P max Maximum AC power of usage for less than 30 minutes and at 25 ºC [kW]

P SI-30 Maximum AC power of the Sunny Island for 30 minutes and at 25ºC [kW]

2.1 Number of Sunny Islands

P SI-30

P max

30SIPmaxP

SIN

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C 10 Battery capacity for 10-hour discharge E a Average power consumption [kWh/a]

η Batt Average battery efficiency P d Maximum deep discharge

U Batt Battery voltage [48V] N d Autonomous time [d]

Ea

3. Which Battery Capacity (C10)?

C 10

[Ah]*BattUdPBattη

d/365 )NaE (

10C

η Batt = 80 – 90%

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Bridging timeN d (days)

Battery type Battery cost

Backup (good grid) 0.5 OPzV ~ 260 €/kWh

Backup (bad grid) 1.0 OPzV ~ 280 €/kWh

System with PV 4.0 OPzS ~ 200 €/kWh

System with PV + diesel 2.0 OPzS ~ 200 €/kWh

System with water turbine 0.5 OPzS ~ 200 €/kWh

Recommended Values N d

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Recommended Values P d

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Sunny Island Battery Capacity

The rated capacity is always related to the discharge time on which the nominal capacity Cn is based. The parameter "221.02 NomBatCpy" is to be entered as the nominal capacity for a ten hour discharge (C10)

Type C100/1.85 VAh

C50/1.85 VAh

C24/1.83 VAh

C10/1.80 VAh

C5/1.77 VAh

Max. weightkg

Length Lmm

Width Bmm

Height Hmm

Fig.












16 OPzV solar.power 2300 2320.0 2235.0 2210.4 2030.0 1695.0 165.0 215 400 815 C



C100,C50, C24, C10, and C5 = capacity for 100, 50, 24, 10 and 5 hour discharge

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PPV PV array capacity in kWp E a Average power consumption [kWh/a]

SF Solar fraction η System System efficiency

EPV Specific energy yield [kWh/a/kWp]

[kWp]η*ESF*EPSystemPV

aPV

4. Which PV Array Capacity PPV?

PPV

Ea

η System ≈ 70%

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Specific yield EPV

Source: DGS

kWh/m²x anno

kWh/kWp

20001700

17001450

14001200

1100930

800680

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Specific energy yield (EPV) kWh/a/kWp

Solar fraction (SF)

Germany 800 – 900 50 – 70%

Southern Europe 1300 – 1450 60 – 90%

Africa 1450 – 1700 60 – 100%

Saudi Arabia 1800 – 2000 70 – 100%

Solar Irradiation in kWh/kWp/a

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Solar radiation kWh/m2/d

http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/RETScreen/


Relative humidity

Daily solar radiation -horizontal

Atmospheric pressure Wind speed Earth

temperature Heating

degree-days Cooling

degree-days


Annual 21.5 68.2% 5.15 88.3 3.3 22.1 0 4204

Lowest radiation = worst case!152Island-EN112811


5. Which inverter?

5.0 kW3.8 11.0

Sunny Boy Sunny Boy TL-20 Sunny Mini Central

1.2

Sunny Boy

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5. 1 Sunny Design

> Worldwide choice of location> Use of high-resolution meteorological data> Database with all common PV modules> System design made easy

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P SI Continuous AC power of the Sunny Island [W]

P SB Continuous AC power of the Sunny Boy [W]

5. 2 Selection Criterion for PV Inverter

P SBP SI

SISB P2P

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P SI Continous AC power of the Sunny Island [W]

P Gen Continuous AC power of the combustion generator [W]

6. Which Combustion Generator Capacity?

P GenP SI

0.8 P SI < P Gen < 1.2 P SI

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Let‘s be realisicand try the impossible!

Let‘s be realisicand try the impossible!

decentral energy concepts with sunny island

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