decentralized sanitation for rural areas univ. prof. dr.-ing. ralf otterpohl director institute of...
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Decentralized Sanitation for Rural Areas
Univ. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf OtterpohlDirector
Institute of Wastewater Managementand Water Protection
Chair, Specialist GroupResources oriented Sanitation
Water misused: Brussels, 2004
What type of system? (cost-comparison!!)
On-Site?
Community plant?
Connect?Connect?
On-Site is now accepted as long term solution in Germany
What type of system? (cost-comparison!!)
On-Site?
Community plant?
Connect?Connect?
Bad examples from Eastern Germany
Why: Very good business,bribery, lack of knowledge
Real costs up to 50€/m³
Brandenburg 2008:Police enforces usage of sewers despite reusesystem
High quality treatment: MBR
Busse, Germany
Avoiding health risks?
On-Site sanitation conventional:• Septic tank, often no further treatment: nitrate and
pathogens can pollute groundwaterSludge is unusable, trucked away
• Further treatment: very rarely nutrient removal, still nitrate in groundwater, still pathogens (but less)
Vo
lum
el/(
P*y
ea
r)
Urine ~ 500
Feaces~ 50
(option: add biowaste)
Greywater 25.000 -100.000
Yearly Loadskg/(P*year)
Flushwatercan be saved6.000 - 25.000
Vo
lum
el/(
P*y
ea
r)
Urine ~ 500
Feaces~ 50
(option: add biowaste)
Greywater 25.000 -100.000
N ~ 4-5 ~ 3 % ~ 87 % ~ 10 %
~ 34 %K ~ 1,8 ~ 54 % ~ 12 %
P ~ 0,75 ~50 % ~ 40 %~ 10 %
COD ~ 30 ~ 41 % ~ 12 % ~ 47 %
Reuse / Water Cycle
Treatment
Fertiliser
Biogas-PlantComposting
Treatment
Yearly Loadskg/(P*year)
Soil-Conditioner
S, Ca, Mg and traceelements
Geigy, Wiss. Tabellen, Basel 1981, Vol. 1, LARSEN and GUJER 1996, FITSCHEN and HAHN 1998
Flushwatercan be saved6.000 - 25.000
Vo
lum
el/(
P*y
ea
r)Greywater
25.000 -100.000
N ~ 4-5 ~ 3 % ~ 87 % ~ 10 %
~ 34 %K ~ 1,8 ~ 54 % ~ 12 %
P ~ 0,75 ~50 % ~ 40 %~ 10 %
COD ~ 30 ~ 41 % ~ 12 % ~ 47 %MOST
PATHOGENS!
Yearly Loadskg/(P*year)
DANGER!do not mix
Feaces~ 50
Ecosan principles:Containment,
sanitisation, reuse(Ecosan is not a technology but following
these principles)
Full REUSEZERO Emissions…
Toilets and resulting DilutionType of Toilet Daily Flow per P. Pro and Con'sFlushingtoilet+widely accepted-waste of water-high dilutionVacuum-toilet+low water demand+well developed (ships)-high-tec / expensiveSeparatingtoilet+little water / little dilution+simple fertiliser reuse-little experienceWaterlessUrinal+no water / no dilution-maintenance requiredComposting-toilet+no water needed-high space demand-maintenance needed
Desiccation toilet++ Desiccation for hot climates
Low/Non-diluting toilets are the key for new sanitation concepts
Vacuum-Biogas-System:32 houses in Sneek, The Netherlands
Sorting-Toilet(Gustavsberg, Sweden)
Waterless Urinal(Keramag)
Pilot Project “Lambertsmühle”
Initiative and Finance:• Wupperverband and Verein LambertsmühleDevelopment of the Sanitation Concept• Otterwasser GmbH, Lübeck
Scientific consultation • TUHH Inst. of Wastewater ManagementElements of the Sanitation Concept:
• Urine-sorting Toilets and waterless Urinals• Storage Tank for Yellow Water• Pre-Composting Tank (2 chambers, Filter Bags)• Constructed Wetland for filtered Grey- and Brownwater
Sawdust or ashes are used to ‚flush‘squat-urine-
diversion-toilet
WECF: Women in Europe for a Common
Future (Holland)in co-operation with
TUHHwww.wecf.org
Ecosan Toilets, Romania (TUHH / WECF)
New school toilet, Ukraine (TUHH/WECF)
Custom-made Urine-tank (GRP)Custom-made Urine-tank (GRP)
Sevastopol-Workshop
Sevastopol-Workshop
Vo
lum
el/(
P*y
ea
r)Greywater
25.000 -100.000
N ~ 4-5 ~ 3 % ~ 87 % ~ 10 %
~ 34 %K ~ 1,8 ~ 54 % ~ 12 %
P ~ 0,75 ~50 % ~ 40 %~ 10 %
COD ~ 30 ~ 41 % ~ 12 % ~ 47 %MOST
PATHOGENS!
Yearly Loadskg/(P*year)
DANGER!do not mix
Feaces~ 50
Additional remarks• Development of innovative sanitation can go
together with local employment (production and operation)
• Simple urine diversion solves the problem of nitrogen emissions to water
• - but proper reuse is required
• Ecosan is maturing very fast, better products
• Greywater treatment can be combined with reuse
• Operation and maintenance are crucial issues that have to be assured
Conclusions
• On-Site sanitation is a proven, cost efficient and accepted solution
• Conventional systems are usually not resouce efficient and still spread nitrogen and pathogens
• Innovative systems are proven, reuse and low emissions go together with local employment
• Awareness campaigns on all levels are crucial
• Cheapest solution is often dry UD-toilets with added value and water efficiency