deep-seadeep-sea lights deep-sea fishesfishes hearing, touch, taste, etc
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Deep-sea lights
Deep-sea fishes
Hearing, touch, taste, etc.
water is 83x denser than air sound travels 4.5x faster in water
- not rapidly attenuated; difficult to localizelow frequencies propagate better, faster
Sound transmission in water
water is 100x denser than air sound travels 4.5x faster in water
- not rapidly attenuated; difficult to localizelow frequencies propagate better, faster
sound: small vibrations with particle displacement near source- “near field” (a few meters)sound pressure component – “far field”
Sound transmission in water
Hearing and lateral line (acoustico-lateralis system)
Lateral line – sound reception in far field - "distant touch"detects particle displacement
Ears - sound reception in near field - acceleration, equilibriumdetects pressure waves
Lateral line system
superficial (free) neuromasts on body surface, or in shallow pits or grooves
canal neuromasts in lateral line
Perciformes, Centrarchidae: black crappie
Perciformes, Moronidae: white perch
superficial neuromast
superficial neuromast
canal neuromasts
Lateral line system
location and type of neuromasts optimized for particular prey, environment, etc.
Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae: golden shiner
Science, 27 July 2012, p. 409
Ears
equilibrium and balance:three semicircular canals detect roll, yaw, pitchalso acceleration
Ears
equilibrium and balance:three semicircular canals detect roll, yaw, pitchalso acceleration
semicircular canals
utriculus(lapillus)
pars superior(balance, acceleration)
Ears
sound receptionfish vibrates with sounds in water otoliths vibrate slower, impinge on sensory cilia
semicircular canals
utriculus(lapillus) lagena
(astericus)
sacculus(sagitta)
pars superior(balance, acceleration)
pars inferior(hearing)
Ears
equilibrium and balance:three semicircular canals detect roll, yaw, pitchalso acceleration
sound receptionfish vibrates with sounds in water otoliths vibrate slower, impinge on sensory cilia
Fig. 3. Schematic illustration of the relationship between the sensory epithelium and the overlying otolith
Ears
Otoliths
Ears
hearing sensitivity improved with1. Weberian apparatus
connects air bladder with ear labyrinthpresent in ostariophysan fishes
(Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Siluriformes)
gives wide range of hearing (20-7000 Hz)
Ears
hearing sensitivity improved with1. Weberian apparatus
connects air bladder with ear labyrinthpresent in ostariophysan fishesgives wide range of hearing (20-7000 Hz)
2. direct connection of swim bladder and ear squirrelfishes (Holocentridae)herrings etc. (Clupeidae)
Ears
hearing sensitivity improved with1. Weberian apparatus
connects air bladder with ear labyrinthpresent in ostariophysan fishesgives wide range of hearing (20-7000 Hz)
2. direct connection of swim bladder and ear 3. airbreathers maintain bubble in superbranchial cavity,
near to ear4. no connection - lower frequency range, lower response
to high frequencies
Sound production
homepage.univie.ac.at/friedrich.ladich/Topics.htm
http://www.fishecology.org/soniferous/waquoitposter.htm
Sound production
stridulation due to friction- grinding of teeth- movement of fin spine in socket, etc.
(catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks)
Sound production
stridulation due to friction- grinding of teeth- movement of fin spine in socket, etc.
(catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks)
via gas bladder- release of air
Sound production
stridulation due to friction- grinding of teeth- movement of fin spine in socket, etc.
(catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks)
via gas bladder- release of air - vibration of muscles (toadfishes, Batrachoididae; searobins, Triglidae; drum, Sciaenidae)
Perciformes, Sciaenidae – freshwater drum)
Sound production
stridulation due to friction- grinding of teeth- movement of fin spine in socket, etc.
(catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks)
via gas bladder- release of air - vibration of muscles
incidental to other behaviors- swimming and muscular motion- breaking surface and splashing- feeding, e.g., coral and crustacean-feeders- production of bubbles
Sound production
Technology for detection is rapidly advancingProvides data on presence, distribution, (density), behaviorRemote monitoring, nocturnal observations
Problems associated with human sound productionboat motorssonardredging, constructionnaval activities
Graham A L, Cooke S J. 2008 The effects of noise disturbance from various recreational boating activities common to inland waters on the cardiac physiology of a freshwater fish, the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) Aquatic Conservation - Marine And Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 1315-1324 1.organism-level cardiovascular disturbance associated with different recreational boating activities using largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).
2.Cardiac output (heart rate and stroke volume) monitored in real time as fish responses to canoe paddling, trolling motor, and combustion engine (9.9 hp)) for 60s.
3.Exposure to each of the treatments resulted in dramatic increase in heart rate and a slight decrease in stroke volume
canoe < trolling motor < combustion engine Time to recover:
canoe ~15 min, trolling motor ~ 25 min, combustion engine ~ 40 min
4.Fish experienced sublethal physiological disturbances in response to the noise from recreational boating activities. Boating activities can have ecological and environmental consequences; their use may not be compatible with aquatic protected areas.
Olfaction (= chemoreception at "long" range/gradients)
more sensitive than tasteused for:
food findingmigration, e.g., salmonintra, interspecific communication
Olfaction (= chemoreception at "long" range/gradients)
more sensitive than tasteused for:
food findingmigration, e.g., salmonintra, interspecific communication
“Schreckstoff” alarm pheromones (Ostariophysi)originate in specialized ‘club’ cells in skin,
released when fish is damaged- effect is to alert other conspecifics
potenthighly specific (generally species-specific)pass through gut of northern pike
Taste (= chemoreception at close range)
taste organs can reside on exterior surfaces:barbels of bottom-dwelling fisheslips of suckersover much of body of ictalurids
use of taste and smell:•communication
•individual recognition, especially of mates
•species recognition, esp. schooling species
•offspring recognition (cichlids)
•scent mark territories (gobies)
•dominant-subordinate relationships
•aggression-inhibiting pheromone produced by bullheads
living in groups
Other cutaneous senses
temperatureteleost cutaneous temp. sensitivity to 0.03C changecan distinguish rise from a fall in temperatureelasmobranchs detect temperature change with
ampullae of Lorenzini
Other cutaneous senses
touchfew detectors – shark fins; head, barbels of bullheadsmating behaviors (use of breeding tubercules)parent-young communication in catfish, cichlids,
damselfishes
Electrogeneration and electroreception
chum source
electrodes
Production of electricity
muscular contractions generate electrical signal‘stack’ specialized cells (electrocytes) to amplify signal(in series) with insulating material around them
Production of electricity
Types of electricity produced:strong current - for stunning prey or escaping predators10 to several hundred voltsin ‘volleys’ of discharges
Production of electricity
Types of electricity produced:strong current - for stunning prey or escaping predatorsweak current - for electrolocation
- conspecifics in school, - preyemit continuous signal; objects entering field are
detected by distortion of fielddischarge 200 - 1600 cycles/sec
Production of electricity
used by most elasmobranches, some teleosts
Osteoglossiformes (Mormyridae) - African electric fishes
Rajiiformes (Rajiidae) – electric skates
Gymnotiformes (Gymnotidae) – electric eels
Siluriformes (Malapteruridae) - electric catfish
Perciformes (Uranoscopidae) - stargazers
Torpediniformes (4 families) – electric rays
(Gymnarchidae)
strong-electric fishes weak-electric fishes
Production of electricity
electricity-producing fishes tend to beslow-moving, sedentaryactive at night, or in murky water w. low visibilityhave thick skin: good insulatoremhance signal-to-noise ratio with stiffened body
Electroreception
types of signals receivedmovement through earth’s magnetic fieldcurrent from muscular activity of other fish (prey)signals produced by conspecifics
frequency shifts identify individuals
Electroreception
detection via external pit organs ampullae of Lorenzini in elasmobranchesopen to surrounding water via canals, filled w. conductive gelsensitive to
temperature changemechanical and weak electrical stimulichanges in salinity
Electroreception
detection via external pit organs
saltwater teleosts, elasmobranches – long, ~ 5- 160 mmskin has low resistancetissues have high resistance, relative to salt waterthus organs must penetrate skin to get voltage drop
in freshwater teleosts - quite short, ~300 micronstissues are good conductors relative to waterskin is highly resistive - so high voltage drop
across skin, detected w. shallow organ