INTRODUCTION

Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes.

Mine surveying is a branch of mining science and technology. It includes all measurements, calculations and mapping which serve the purpose of ascertaining and documenting information at all stages from prospecting to exploitation and utilizing mineral deposits both by surface and underground working.

The following are the principal activities of Mine surveying:

The interpretation of the geology of mineral deposits in relation to the economic exploitation thereof

The investigation and negotiation of mineral mining rights Making and recording, and calculations of mine surveying measurements Mining cartography Investigation and prediction of effects of mine working on the surface and

underground strata Mine planning in the context of local environment and subsequent rehabilitation

The activities involve:

The location, structure, configuration, dimensions and characteristics of the mineral deposits and of the adjoining rocks and overlying strata. The assessment of mineral reserves and the economics of their exploitation

The acquisition, sale, lease and management of mineral properties Providing the basis of the planning, direction and control of mine workings to ensure

economical and safe mining operations The study of rock and ground movements caused by mining operations, their

prediction, and the precautions and remedial treatment of subsidence damage Assisting in planning and rehabilitation of land affected by mineral operations and

collaborating with local government planning authorities

As a mining engineer, one must have a conceptual knowledge about various aspects of surveying. The intent of the survey camp is to provide practical experience in mine surveying.

ABOUT CAMP

Survey camp was conducted for about ten days from 20th January 2011 to 29th January 2011 in the PVK 5 incline of SINGARENI COLLIERIES COMPANY LIMITED (SCCL).There we conducted four experiments and visited the underground and opencast mines in the leisure time.

SINGARENI COLLIERIES COMPANY LIMITEDThe Singareni Collieries Company Ltd is one of the major Government Companies in

the mining field in India. PVK 5incline of SCCL is situated near by Kothagudem area. PVK 5 incline is located 10Km away from Kothagudem, which is located 175KM north-east from khammam (AP). The cost of extracting per tonne of coal was quite high compared with other mines so they stopped mining operations in this incline and now the mine has been abandoned and before of the closure of this incline it has been maintained for the vocational trainees.

DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY EQUIPMENT

A brief description of about all the survey equipments used in the survey camp is enlisted below

DUMPY LEVEL

The dumpy level is the simplest form of levelling instrument consisting of two main parts: the tribrach and the telescope. The tribrach has three foot screws which are used to give the telescope the required horizontal line-of-sight. The instrument has a vertical axis, around which the telescope can be rotated to sight to a staff. No other adjustment is possible between the telescope and the tribrach. 

The level is fitted with a long sensitive bubble tube attached to the top of the telescope which enables the line-of-sight (line of collimation), as defined by the cross hairs, to form a horizontal line which is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at that point. The levelling of this tubular bubble is carried out by manipulating the three foot screws.

There is also a smaller tubular bubble, which is perpendicular to the longer bubble and hence the line-of-sight of the telescope. This bubble provides the instrument with an additional adjustment in the direction perpendicular to the telescope's line-of-sight. Levelling the cross bubble reduces the cross-axis tilt.

In a dumpy level, there is only one axis of rotation - the vertical axis. The initial levelling of the dumpy level must be done very carefully. Any adjustment of the foot screws between sightings to the staff alters the height of the line-of-sight.

THEODOLITE

The essential components of theodolite are: A telescope which can rotate or transit through 360° about a transverse horizontal

axis.

The bearings for this horizontal or trunnion axis are mounted in two vertical pillars or standards. The standards are mounted on a horizontal upper plate.

The upper plate rotates through 360° about a vertical axis; the bearing for the vertical axis is mounted in a lower horizontal plate.

Rotation of the upper plate about the vertical axis is known as traversing the instrument. The horizontal plates can be levelled by means of three foot screws located beneath the lower

Plate.

Fig 3: Theodolite

PARTS OF THEODOLITE TelescopeIt has an eyepiece and internal focusing for the telescope itself. The same precautions for

focusing the eyepiece and eliminating parallax should be applied.

Vertical Scale (or Vertical Circle)The vertical circle is a full 360° scale. It is mounted within one of the standards with its

centre co-linear with the trunnion axis. It is used to measure the angle between the line of sight (collimation axis) of the telescope and the horizontal. This is known as the vertical angle. The side of the instrument where the standard containing the scale is found is referred to as the face of the instrument.

Vertical Clamp and Tangent ScrewIn order to hold the telescope at a particular vertical angle a vertical clamp is provided.

This is located on one of the standards and its release will allow free transiting of the telescope. When clamped, the telescope can be slowly transited using another fine adjustment screw known as the vertical tangent screw.

Upper Plate

The upper plate is the base on which the standards and vertical circle are placed. Rotation of the upper plate about a vertical axis will also cause the entire telescope assembly to rotate in an identical manner. For the instrument to be in correct adjustment it is therefore necessary that the upper plate must be perpendicular to the vertical axis and parallel to the trunnion axis. Also, before the instrument is used, the upper plate must be "levelled". This is achieved by adjustment of three foot screws and observing a precise tube bubble. This bubble is known as the plate bubble and is placed on the upper plate.

The Lower PlateThe lower plate is the base of the whole instrument. It houses the foot screws and the

bearing for the vertical axis. It is rigidly attached to the tripod mounting assembly and does not move.

Horizontal Scale (or Horizontal Circle)The horizontal circle is a full 3600 scale. It is often placed between the upper and lower

plates with its centre co-linear with the vertical axis. It is capable of full independent rotation about the trunnion axis so that any particular direction may be arbitrarily set to read zero. It is used to define the horizontal direction in which the telescope is sighted. Therefore a horizontal angle measurement requires two horizontal scale readings taken by observing two different targets. The difference between these readings will be the horizontal angle subtended by the two targets at the theodolite station.

The Upper Horizontal Clamp and Tangential Screw.The upper horizontal clamp is provided to clamp the upper plate to the horizontal circle.

Once the clamp is released the instrument is free to traverse through 360° around the horizontal circle. When clamped, the instrument can be gradually transited around the circle by use of the upper horizontal tangent screw. It is the upper clamp and tangent screw which are used during a sequence or "round" of horizontal angle measurements.

The Lower Horizontal Clamp and Tangent Screw.The lower horizontal clamp is provided to clamp the horizontal circle to the lower plate.

Once the clamp is released the circle is free to rotate about the vertical axis. When clamped, the horizontal circle can be gradually rotated using the lower-horizontal tangent screw. The lower clamp and tangent screw must only be used at the start of a sequence or "round" of horizontal angle measurements to set the first reading to zero.

LEVELLING STAFF

A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminum rod, the use of which permits the determination of differences in elevation. Levelling rods can be one piece, but many are sectional and can be shortened for storage and transport or lengthened for use. Aluminum rods may adjust length by telescoping sections inside each other, while wooden rod sections are attached to each other with sliding connections or slip joints.

There are many types of rods, with names that identify the form of the graduations and other characteristics. Markings can be in imperial or metric units. Some rods are graduated on only one side while others are marked on both sides. If marked on both sides, the markings can be identical or, in some cases, can have imperial units on one side and metric on the other.

SURVEYING EXPERIMENTS

EX - NO : 1SURFACE TRAVERSING

DATE: 22/1/ 2011

AIM :

To traverse along the inclined roadway and to complete the traverse from the given bench mark -B.M. = ( 804923.7145, 3176098.99 ).

To calculate the co-ordinates of the station points .

INSTRUMENTS USED :

Theodolite ( 1 nos.)

50m tape ( 1 nos.)

Tripod stand ( 1 nos.)

Arrows ( 5 nos. )

Ranging rod ( 1 nos.)

Prismatic compass ( 1 nos.)

PROCEDURE ;

1) Initially a prismatic compass is set up on the stand is placed at a back sight point. Placing the ranging rod at bench mark the incoming bearing(N 47°30' E) is calculated . now the theodolite is set over the stand and placed on the bench mark point, the ground point is transferred and the instrument leveled.

2) The theodolite is back sighted to B.M and a ranging rod is placed at a distance which is measured using a tape, and the ranging rod is sighted till we bisect it with the vertical cross hair. In this operation we et the clockwise included angle.

3) This procedure is followed till we reach the 9th level and traverse back to the surface and join at the bench mark to close the traverse.

4) Using the clockwise included angle the outgoing bearing is calculated and the partial co-ordinates are calculated. As a result of which the final co-ordinates of the station point is calculated.

FORMUALS USED :

OUTGOING BEARING = INCOMING BEARING + CLOCKWISE INCLUDED +/- 180°

Partial co-ordinates = ( L cosθ, L sinθ ),

Where L is the horizontal length.

EX - NO : 2SURFACE LEVELLING

DATE: 23/1/ 2011

AIM :

I. To calculate the reduced levels of various station points and to complete the traverse

from the given bench mark -B.M. = (+ 850.149m).

INSTRUMENTS USED :

I. Dumpy level ( 1 nos.)

II. 50m tape ( 1 nos.)

III. Dumpy level stand ( 1 nos.)

IV. Arrows ( 5 nos. )

V. Leveling staff ( 1 nos.)

PROCEDURE :

I. The dumpy level is placed at a station point between the bench mark and the next

station point along the traverse. At the bench mark, a leveling staff is placed and the

height of instrument is calculated.

(Height of instrument = B.M reduced level + staff reading )

II. The dumpy level is now shifted to the new bench mark and back sighted to the old

station and fore-sighting the new station point whose distance is measured either by

tacheometer -surveying or by tape, the foresight and back sight readings are recorded.

III. This operation continues till we reach the bench mark and we get the same reduced

level with atmost accuracy-thus closing the traverse.

SURFACE LEVELLING :

SURFACE LEVELING

REDUCED LEVEL OF BENCH.MARK = + 850.149m

STATION B.S I.S F.S RISE FALL REDUCED REMARKS

LEVEL

1 0.235 850.149 BENCH MARK

0.29 0.055 850.094

3.81 3.52 846.574

2 0.85 3.995 0.185 846.389

0.52 0.33 846.719

3 2.67 0.11 0.41 847.129

1.29 0.41 1.38 848.509

0.995 0.295 848.804

4 1.755 0.705 0.29 849.094

0.805 0.905 849.999

5 1.305 1.22 0.37 849.629

0.785 0.52 850.149 BENCH MARK

REDUCED LEVEL

844

845

846

847

848

849

850

851

1 3 5 7 9 11

STATION POINT

R.L REDUCED

LEVEL

EX - NO : 3

UNDERGROUND TRAVERSINGDATE: 27/1/ 2011

AIM :

I. To carry out underground surveying upto level 9 in 5-incline and close the traverse

meeting at the bench mark = ( 804923.7145, 3176098.99 )

II. To calculate the co-ordinates of the station points located on the roof.

INSTRUMENTS USED :

I. Theodolite ( 1 nos.)

II. 50m tape ( 1 nos.)

III. Theodolite stand ( 1 nos.)

IV. Arrows ( 5 nos. )

V. Ranging rod ( 1 nos.)

VI. Prismatic compass ( 1 nos.)

PROCEDURE :

I. Initially using a prismatic compass is placed at some back sight point and sighted to a

ranging rod placed on the bench mark and the incoming bearing is calculated as (N

47°30' E ). Now the theodolite is set at the bench mark and set 0°0'0'' and is

foresighted to arranging rod placed along the traverse whose distance is measured

using a tape.

II. After which the clockwise included bearing is calculated and its outgoing bearing is

calculated using the formula

( OUTGOING BEARING = INCOMING BEARING + CLOCKWISE INCLUDED +/- 180°).

Now the co-ordinates of the station point is calculated using the partial co-ordinates.

III. The instrument is transferred to a new point in the underground where the roof point is

transferred to the ground and the theodolite is set and leveled . This operation is

carried till the 9th level along the incline traverse and the path is retraced meeting

again at the bench mark . hence the underground traverse is closed and the co-

ordinates are plotted graphically.

UNDERGROUND TRAVERSING - 5 INCLINE

GRADIENT OF THE INCLINE : 1IN 5 ; 11° 18' 35.76''

CO-ORDINATORS OF BENCH MARK = ( 804923.7145, 3176098.99 )

TRAVERSE

CLOCKWISE OUTGOING

HORIZONTAL LENGTH PARTIAL TOTAL

PATH INCLUDED BEARING in m CO-ORDINATE

LATITUDE

DEPARTURE

LATITUDE DEPARTURE

B.M TO A

169° 5' N 46° 35' E 15.93 10.948 11.571

804934.6625 3176110.561

A TO B 178° 50' 10'' N 44° 25' 10'' E 18.141 12.957 12.697804947.6195 3176123.258

B TO C 181° 11' N 46° 36' 10'' E 23.926 16.438 17.385804964.0575 3176140.643

C TO D 180° 7' 0'' N 46° 56' 40'' E 46.558 31.845 33.964804995.9025 3176174.607

D TO E 179° 31' 20'' N 46° 22' 0'' E 47.362 31.991 33.555805027.8935 3176208.162

E TO F 188° 48' N 47° 10' 30'' E 89.919 61.123 65.95805089.0165 3176274.112

F TO G 179° 53' 10'' N 47° 3' 40'' E 86.016 58.595 62.971805147.6115 3176337.083

G TO H 98° 5' 0'' S 34° 56' 15'' E 22.014 -18.046 12.607805129.5655 3176349.69

H TO I 353° 29' 20'' N 41° 26' 25''W 19.357 14.511 -12.811805144.0765 3176336.879

I TO J 271° 11' 0''S 49° 44' 35'' W 13.032 -8.421 -9.945

805135.6555 3176326.934

J TO K 177° 11' 0''S 46° 47' 35'' W 98.058 -67.134 -71.473

805068.5215 3176255.461

K TO L 180° 32' 30'' S 47° 20' 5'' W 98.058 -66.455 -72.104805002.0665 3176183.357

L TO M 179° 32' 40''S 46° 52' 45'' W 106.98 -73.125 -78.086

804928.9415 3176105.271

M TO B.M 183°53' 10''

S 51° 45' 55'' W 8.237 -5.098 -6.47

804923.8435 3176098.801

DIFFERENCE 0.129 -0.189

PERMISSIBLE = (TOTAL TRAVERSE LENTH/ 2000)

= 694/2000 = (+ 0.35,-0.35)

EX - NO : 4

UNDERGROUND FLY LEVELLINGDATE: 27/1/ 2011

AIM :

I. To carry out underground fly level surveying i.e to calculate the reduced level of the

station point assigned using the bench mark = ( +850.149m ).

INSTRUMENTS USED :

I. Dumpy level ( 1 nos.)

II. 50m tape ( 1 nos.)

III. Dumpy level stand ( 1 nos.)

IV. Arrows ( 5 nos. )

V. Leveling staff ( 1 nos)

PROCEDURE :

I. Initially the dumpy level is placed at an intermediate point beween the two station

points and the instrument is leveled. Then a staff is placed is at the bench mark and it

is bisected and by transferring the roof point onto the ground the staff is held at that

point and the foresighted and the values are recorded in the field book.

II. Now the instrument is shifted to a new point and back sighted the previous station

point . now the 2nd roof station is transferred to the ground and leveling staff held at

that point is bisected . thus the back sight and fore sight readings are recorded.

III. This process continues till the reduced level to be calculated is reached. And the

reduced levels of each station point is calculated using the formula.

( Reduced level = height of instrument – fore sight reading )

IV. Now the values are entered into the field book and the reduced level of the assigned

station point is calculated by rise and fall method. Thus fly leveling is carried ot in the

5 incline.

UNDER-GROUND RECORDED READING TABULATION :

FLY LEVELLING

STATION B.S I.S F.S RISE FALL REDUCED REMARKS

LEVEL

1 0.16 850.149 BENCH MARK

2 0.11 0.395 0.235 849.914

3 0.15 0.381 0.271 849.643

4 0.275 3.84 3.69 845.953

5 0.395 2.305 2.03 843.923

6 0.315 2.18 1.785 842.138

7 0.245 2.82 2.505 839.633

8 0.45 2.615 2.37 837.263

9 0.25 2.95 2.5 834.763

10 0.15 2.295 2.045 832.718

11 0.41 2.54 2.39 830.328

12 0.335 2.25 1.84 828.488

13 0.235 2.295 1.96 826.528

14 0.095 2.675 2.44 824.088

15 0.34 2.47 2.375 821.713

16 0.09 3.26 2.92 818.793

17 3.045 2.955 815.838

STATION B.S I.S F.S RISE FALL REDUCED REMARKS

17 0.01 3.045

18 0.31 2.57 2.56 813.278

19 0.255 2.385 2.075 811.203

20 0.47 2.489 2.234 808.969

21 0.505 2.435 1.965 807.004

22 0.38 2.295 1.79 805.214

23 2.695 0.11 0.27 805.484

24 2.37 0.495 2.2 807.684

25 2.05 0.155 2.215 809.899

26 2.625 0.05 2 811.899

27 3.805 0.04 2.585 814.484

28 0.13 3.675 818.159UNKNOWN POINT

Undergrond levelling

780

790

800

810

820

830

840

850

860

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

station points

red

uce

d l

evel

Series2

INTRODUCTION TO SCCL-KOTHAGUDEM COLLERIES :

Kothagudem area which is under the Godavari coal belt also called as the coal town

of south India , producing over 40million tones per year and increasing its production levels

with improvement in technology and higher safety factors.

It has 2 underground mines with 4373 people working in underground and opencast

mines and a monthly capacity 780,980 tonnes of coal and grade of the coal extracted varying

from C TO D. It practices bord and pillar mining method in PVK 5 VERTICAL and long wall

mining, continuous miner with shuttle car combination and blasting gallery (which is not

being adopted now) in various districts in 7 VERTICAL.

It has the latest technology of loading hauling and dumping using LHD’S and the

first installed man riding system in Indian coal mines for the movement of men over long

distances in 5 vertical . At Kothagudem SCCL, modern methods have evolved from time

since its start of operation from 1952 till date and excavates coal from 2 thick seams namely

the top seam and king seam.

Under its coal belt it operates two open cast mines with other new blocks, but

the two primarily being GK-OC and JVR- OC 1 with grades varying from C to F. The GK-

OC is a convert from the underground mine and posses some amount risk involved in the

bench geometry as it has a lot of voids and possibility of accidents occurring are high.

cross bars with wooden chock wooden props used for supporting

III .1 A VISIT TO 5 VERTICAL – NORTH DISTRICT :

The 5 vertical is a historic mine practicing bord and pillar with LHD loading

operating in 2 districts namely NORTH and SOUTH. It operates in 2 seams namely Top

seam and King Seam. The Top seam is being extracted by bord and pillar accessed by the

5 vertical shaft and the King seam is extracted by Continous miner and shuttle cars using

YIELD PILLAR NON-CAVING METHOD along 3A panel in VK-7 INCLINE.

Table 1 TOP SEAMTOP SEAM

S.NO DETAILS VALUE

1. Length of the panel 215m

2. Width of the panel 128m

3. Area of the panel 27520 m2

4. No. of . pillars 15

5. Max. depth of the panel 320.30m

6. Min depth of the panel 304.53m

7. Average size of the pillar ( center to center) 42 by 42m

8. Height of extraction 4.5m

9. Width of slice 4.2m

10. Width of split 4m

11. Angle of extraction 45°

12. Incubation period 18 months

13. % of extraction (expected ) 82%

14. Monthly avg. output (2 LHD’S) 16667 te

DETAILS OF CMP-3APANEL/ VK-7 INCLINE KING SEAM

TECHNOLOGY: Continuous Miner and Shuttle Cars

METHOD: Yield pillar non caving method

Widening started on – 01/10/10

Widening completed on – 21/11/10

Slicing started on – 22/11/10

Panel location :

Levels : from 71L to 76L

Dips : from 23D to 28D

Depth : maximum : 382.60m

Minimum : 356.30m

Table 2 king seamKING SEAM

S.NO DETAILS VALUES

1. Length of the panel 235m

2. Width of the panel 210m avg.

3. Area of the panel 49350 m2

3. No. of . pillars 22

4. Average size of the pillar ( center to center) 45m by 45m

5. Height of extraction 4.6m

6. Total width of widening 6.5 / 7.5m

7. Length of slice 1.5m

8. Width of split 3.3m

9. Size of Remnant pillar 22.5m by 25.m

10. W/H ratio 1.5m

STATISITC REPORT OF KGM MINES :

Table 3 Production level in KGM

fig 5 : coal loading into wagons.

III .2 COAL HANDLING PLANT :

Extent of work: - In brief we can say that receipt of coal from coal mines, weighing of coal,

crushing it to required size and transferring the quanta of coal to various coal mill bunkers.

This is the responsibility and duty of the CHP and its staff.

Receipt of Coal:-

Normally Thermal Power Station receives the coal by three modes of transportation.

1. By Railway (80-90% of the requirement is fulfilled by this way)- in this process it takes 11-

12hrs for completely filling up a train with 60-70 wagons.

2. By Road ( if required 5-10% of the requirement is fulfilled by this way )

3. By Arial ropeways.

* Cost of coal transportation by road is much higher than that for rail transport hence most of

the coal requirement of the power stations is fulfilled by railway transport.

Major auxiliaries of CHP:-

1. Wagon Tipplers

2. Vibrating Feeders

3. Conveyor Belts

4. Coal Crushers

5. Trippers

6. Electromagnetic Separators, Dust extraction systems. water spraying systems.

fig 6 : bunker arrangement with water

spraying

3.3 . GDK-OCP –KGM, SCCL :

Table 4 GDK-OCP DETAILSOPEN CAST PROJECT-2 GODAVARI KHANNI

S.NO DESCRIPTION VALUES

. Annual target 20 Mil l ion tonnes

2. coal reserves 59.85 million tonnes

3. Life of the mine 25 years

4. Thickness of the coal seam 1.21 to 11.74m

5. Capital outlay Rs . 807 .85 crores

6. O.M.S at 100% performance 7.35

7. Grade of coal C TO F

8. Year of start up of the mine 1988

The main feature of this mine being that underground mine is converted into an open cast

mine and with the use of shovel - dumper { up to a maximum of 85T (O.B bench) }

combination. The main problems in this open cast is that the galleries so formed in the

underground workings are void and the machines and men start on this and work posing a

great risk of ground collapse also if the incubation period has been surpassed then the coal left

in the form of pillars get burnt and the temperature of the surface on surface increases thus

causing discomfort to the operations.

Table 5 GRADE OF THE MINEMINE NAME COAL GRADEKGM AREAPVK-5 DVK-7 C  GGK OC F  CJVR. OC-I D  F

3.4 MINE RESCUE STATION :

Mine resuce is the back bone of the mining system. At SCCL, in working in hazardous

conditions especially during depillaring to facilitate safety of the mine workers and in the

view of any coal dust explosiong casuing respiratory problems the mine rescue station is well

equipped with latest technology and in case of any roof fall trapping any workers

underground, using the boulder cutter available at KGM,SCCL the boulder can be broken and

the workers can be rescued. Mine rescue station has always been instrumental in the

better efficiency of the mines by ensuring good safety conditions underground and they also

test the samples in order to estimate the amount of methane at the workings and suitably adopt

preventive measures. They are also equipped with emergency van’s with all medical facilities

in it.

FIG 7: no 2 seals inspection route

CONCLUSION :

The survey camp taken at kothagudem SCCL (5 INLCINE) was a very

comprehensive training along with field visits to various departments of mining such as Coal

handling plant, Coal testing lab and 5 VERTICAL bord and pillar north district. The bord and

pillar district adopting LHD’S is a mark of improved technology used in underground

workings at such great depths and with atmost safety inorder to increase productivity ,

production and economics.