Defence

Measuring the Benefits of Technologies to Expeditionary Campaign Infrastructure

Application of Simple Models in a Complex Environment

John Jarrett – Atkins

19th August, 2009

British Forces Deployments since WW II

Camp/Base requirements

• Self reliant– Water

• Bulk water• Potable water

– Power– Waste Management

• Solid waste• Water• Bodily waste

– Protection

Camp requirements

• Facilities– Medical– Staff Working Environment (Command and

Control)– Workshops– Accommodation

• Sleeping• Catering• Ablutions

– Welfare

Types of Camps

• Forward Operating bases– Mobile– Tented

Accommodation– Basic facilities

Types of Camps

• Transitory Camps– Static– Establish a presence

in an area– Improved Tented

Accommodation– More sophisticated

facilities• A/C• Shower facilities• etc.

Types of Camps

• Temporary Camps– Static– Longer term– Temporary Deployable

Accommodation– More sophisticated

facilities

Vulnerabilities

• Protection– Personnel– Stores

• Fuel• Water

• Re-supply– Fuel– Water– Food

Re-supply

• Long lines of Communication• High demand for fuel and water• Regular requirement for

vulnerable convoys to maintain operations

• More convoys require more fuel

Some statistics

• A 7500 man camp uses about 12 million litres of fuel per year on Generators alone

• That requires 3 Tankers per day• Generators use about 60% of all fuel delivered to a camp• The Camp Stores about a third of a million litres just for

generators• Two thirds of the fuel will be used to power air-

conditioning units and to heat water (predominantly for Showers and washing)

Focus Area

• Energy and Water identified as key areas:– Offer greatest potential for improvement through

technology– Alternative Energy sources offer the potential of ‘free’

energy• The Accommodation, Ablutions and Catering areas

contained the vast majority of the requirement for Heating/Cooling and Water Heating.

Objective

• To be able to identify which future technologies offer the greatest potential to benefit a deployed camp– In a variety of climates– For a range of camp sizes and roles

• In that way funding can be directed in order to develop those technologies which offer the most benefit.

Measure of Effectiveness

Shared Processes

Power GenerationPotable Water Generation

Raw Materials Source

Camp Activities

SWE, Accm, Med, Tech

Waste Processing

Waste Materials Sink

Fuel and Water

Power

Potable Water

Grey Water

Black Water

Water Recycling

Waste Water

Solid WasteRecycling

Solid Waste

Military Capability

Camp Utility

Scenarios

Type and Level of Activities

RequiredCamp Utility

Solid Waste

Other Losses

Other Losses

Other Losses

Solution

• To develop a model to represent the camp as a single system– Modelling the ‘draw’ on power, and– The demand for water

• Use this model to represent alternative technologies on different types and sizes of camps in various climates

• Use ‘fuel used’ as a Measure of Effectiveness– The less fuel used the more effective the system– Assume constant ‘Capability’

Prototype Model description

Accom Ablutions

Laundry

Dining AreaKitchens

ShowersAccom

Accom

Accom

Accom

Showers

Dining Area

Accom

Accom

Accom

Accom

Accom

ECU8 persons50 personsFood Warmers

10 personsCookers

8 personsHot Water

Washing MachinesDryers

Hot Water

External temperature

Modelling Solution

• A time event simulation package used (SIMUL8)– Fast prototyping– Visual– Easily adaptable– Good Interface

• Data input• Output

Climate Control

Power Generation

Water Demand

Water Heating

Water Waste

ValidationPower use comparison

Model output vrs. Deployed Operational Camp data500 man ITC - Hot climate

00

:15

01

:15

02

:15

03

:15

04

:15

05

:15

06

:15

07

:15

08

:15

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:15

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:15

11

:15

12

:15

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:15

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:15

15

:15

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:15

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:15

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:15

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:15

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:15

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:15

22

:15

23

:15

Time

Po

wer

Dra

wn

(kW

)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tem

per

atu

re (

0 C)

Model Power use(incl. 100 kW)

Real life data(Deployed Camp)

ExternalTemperature

Technologies

• A technology trawl identified over 300 technologies pertinent to ECI

• Of which around 30 were relevant to Environmental control, Water use, Water heating or Power supply

• Some examples:– Spray-on foam insulation– Negative ion airflow – air wash– Solar Water heating– Water cooled evaporative air conditioning– Combined Heat & Power– Thermal paint – Heat reflective

Cases

• Two climates were considered:– Hot and Dry– Temperate

• Three types of Camp– FOB ~ 600 men– Transient ~ 2500 men– Temporary Camp ~ 7000 men

• Clearly some Technologies are not relevant to some camp types or climates.

Data and Assumptions

Shelter Type

Base Factor Wall Roof

Prefab - Wall/roof TDA 0.42 0.24

Tent Tent 3 3

Combined shelter/Tent ITC 1 1

U Factor

Designation Personnel Type Shelter ECUSleeping Accom

Ablutions (Showers)

Laundry Kitchens Dining Shower Laundry

Battle Group 600 FOB Tent No 75 8 1 7 12 0.67 2 Brigade level 2500 Transient ITC Yes 313 25 4 30 52 18 10 Div. Level 7000 Temporary TDA Yes 875 70 12 84 140 18 10

Source Mil. Eng. Vol VII - 2008 Army Code No 71867

Note: 8 shower heads per module FOB10 shower heads per module ITC/TDA

Camp Size Shelter ModulesHot Water usage

(per person per day)

• The following Data and Assumptions have been elicited from Stakeholders and reviewed/validated by the Study team

Data and Assumptions

Area Personnel EquipmentPower (kW)

excl ECU² + ³ECU (kW)² Water (l)¹ Time active

Sleeping Accom.

8¹ small 0.2 8.84 075% 20:00-06:0025% 06:00-20:00

Ablutions (Showers)

10¹ None 4.0 8.84 6050% 06:00:08:0050% 18:00-20:00

Kitchens 10¹ Cookers 48.8 3.79 005:00 - 08:0011:00 - 13:0017:00 - 19:00

Dining 50¹Food warmers

8.7 6.63 006:00 - 09:0012:00 - 14:0018:00 - 20:00

Laundry 0Washing machines

119.3 8.84 10 25% 08:00-20:00

Assumptions:Fridge/Freezer - 9 kW ea.

Each person outputs 300 W of heat Cookers - 31 kW

In Sleeping Accomodation (when occupied but not sleeping) Food Warmers - 8 kW ea.

2 Laptops (80 W ea.) working 50% of the time (18:00 - 22:00) Washing Machine/Dryer - 60 kW ea.

2 Lights (60 W ea.) (18:00 - 22:00)

Sources:1. Source Mil. Eng. Vol VII - 2008 3. Task 9L Power Study

Non attributed data is an estimate for the purposes of modellingConversion from kVA to kW assumes a Pow er Factor of 75%

Consumption

2. Reducing Fossil Fuel usage within ECI equipment – Scoping Study, ECI/9000/08/02/20090206, Issue 2 dated 6 Feb 09, Matthew Whittington, ECI Technical manager.

Wild' heat generated

Modelling of Technologies

Examples• Condensation Air conditioning (A/C)

– Performance assumptions• 60% of normal A/C power reqd. at 35oC plus• 75% below 35oC• 30 litres of water per unit per 8 hours

– Assumed not to be recycled• Spray on Foam

– Assumptions• Significantly decreased insulation factor (i.e. more insulated)

– OCF• Tents not re-usable, no longer agile

Low Technology solutions

• Some simple low tech solutions had been identified in order to lower consumption:– A/C on only when personnel present

• Timers• Movement sensors

– Share generator power between camp sections– Recycling of ‘Grey’ waste water

• Approximately 30% of grey waste water is suitable for recycling

Impact of Low Technology solutions

Baseline comparison

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

001

:15

02:3

003

:45

05:0

006

:15

07:3

008

:45

10:0

011

:15

12:3

013

:45

15:0

016

:15

17:3

018

:45

20:0

021

:15

22:3

023

:45

Time

Po

we

r D

raw

n (

kW

)

Baseline

Baseline 2

Results – Technology Options

Per Day Baseline 1Foam

CoatingEvaporation

ECUNegative Ion W/M

Solar Water

Heating

Generator Heat

Exchanger

Thermal Paint

Total Energy (GJ) 73 83% 72% 97% 94% 91% 88%Total Water (L) 112,000 100% 134% 83% 100% 100% 100%Total Fuel Use (L) 11,118 89% 82% 99% 96% 85% 93%

Relative to Baseline 1

Conclusions

• A Camp able to operate solely on locally exploited resources is still a mid to long term goal– More feasible for a FOB (much lower power reqt.)– Solar and Wind power are not constant providers– Storage of energy still has a low efficiency

However the adoption of:• efficient running of camp• technologies to lower power/water requirements

– technologies identified as being most effective for future investment

• Along with alternative power sources

Conclusions

Will lead to:• Lower reliance on Fossil fuels

– Reduction in day of supply requirement• Fewer resupply convoys (and in turn less fuel required to power the

convoys)• Lower storage reqt

– Less vulnerable to supply disruption– Reduction in casualties to re-supply convoys

• Lower reliance on local Water supplies– Less disruption to water supplies for local population (immediately and

for the future)

– Reduction in the need for specialist Engineering equipment (Drilling and Purification assets)

– Less vulnerable to supply disruption

• Smaller logistic footprint on the ground

The shape of things to come?

Questions