62

Hope College Political Science Department

126 E. 10th Street ~ Holland, MI 49423

Phone: (616) 395-7545 Fax: (616) 395-7935

E-mail: MUN@hope.edu

Website: www.hope.edu/mun

Delegate

Handbook

Hope College Holland, Michigan March 7-8, 2013

2

61

Kyla Koboski Secretary General

Kyla Koboski is a junior from Apple Valley,

Minnesota. She is majoring in Political Science. She is a Resident Assistant,

Teaching Assistant and a member of Model UN and Pi Sigma Alpha.

Joseph Scott Nielson High School Coordinator

Ashley Fraley

Secretary General Ashley Fraley is a junior from Wellston, Michigan.

She is majoring in Political Science and Communica-tions. She is a member of

Model UN, Student Congress, Pi Sigma Alpha and the Pre-Law Society.

Joseph Scott Nielson High School Coordinator

Scott Nielson is a senior from Mount Vernon,

Ohio. He is majoring in Political Science and in-volved in Model UN, Pre-Law Society, Swim Team

and Hope Democrats.

60

October 2012 Delegates, We wanted to take a moment and express our sincere appreciation for your participation in Hope College’s Model United Nations program this year. We are looking forward to making your experience with our program the best yet. We intend to foster an appreciation and understanding of international politics and improve your skills to be knowledgeable and informed citizens of the increasingly interconnect-ed global society. Congratulations on being involved in such an important activity like Model United Nations. Programs like this allowed us our first glimpse into the world of international politics and inspired us both to continue our study in the topic. Learning to appreciate the shared values and concerns of the world we live in, working together to solve the problems and celebrating together in our successes is paramount to becoming more globally aware citizens. Some of you may follow the path we took and continue to pursue your interest in international law and politics. Some may not. No matter what your path may be we encourage you to dream big and take advantage of the opportunities put in front of you. We hope that you all have an excellent time preparing for and attending this conference and are looking forward to seeing you all in March. In peace, Ashley Fraley and Kyla Koboski Secretary Generals Hope College Model United Nations 2013

3

Table of Contents

Introduction 4 Introductory General Assembly 13

Issue A: Drug Trafficking and Terrorism 18 Issue B: Failed State Prevention 22 Advanced General Assembly 26 Issue A: Uniting for Peacekeeping 28 Issue B: Military Spending and Human Needs 31 Security Council 34 Crisis A: Mali 37 Crisis B: Syria 40 Crisis C: North Pole 43 Economic and Social Council 46 Issue A: Worldwide Education 48 Issue B: Global Economic Recession 51 International Court of Justice 54 Melting North Pole Looking Ahead 61

4

Introduction

This handbook provides new participants with an overview of our program, and informs previous participants of changes in this year’s conference. Due to funding restrictions, we are not able to provide handbooks for every participant, so feel free to copy and distribute as needed or look to the copy available online at http://www.hope.edu/mun.

Awards and Judg ing

Students who demonstrate exceptional performance are given awards. The top three delegations, as deter-mined by the directors and individual Hope student organ leaders, are recognized for their efforts. The judges' decisions are based on the delegates' represen-tation of their respective countries and the quality of their participation. The criteria for the awards are quite specific and are used strictly by the judges in selecting award recipients. The delegates must demon-strate a high level of understanding of the topics in their organ. Not only is it essential that they under-stand their own country's positions, but they must also understand all sides of the issues. The best delegations have a general idea of how the rest of the global community would likely respond to the issues at hand. The delegates must also display a general knowledge of the country they represent, including

information on its economy, allies, military status, etc. Another essential component of an exceptional delega-tion is its effectiveness in presenting the country's position. The quality of a delegation's arguments is more important than the quantity of statements. The judges are more interested in the relevance, clarity, and authenticity of a delegation than in the number of times a delegate speaks or the length of a statement.

59

October

Registration Opens November

Receive Handbook Begin researching general topics

Country Assignments will begin to be distributed December

Country Assignments will be distributed as schools register

Continue researching with assigned countries in mind Early Country Registration Ends: 12.07.12

January

Housing and Meal information will be sent Registration Cards will be sent Continue to prepare for conference

February Last Day for Registration: 02.15.13

Housing and meal sign up finalization March

Final reminders Last Day to Make Changes: 03.01.13

CONFERENCE: March 7-8, 2013!

Looking Ahead

58

Advisory Opinion

Melting North Pole

The 2013 Hope College Model United Nations will feature a dispute regarding the issue of the melting North Pole. There are a number of

international agreements regarding jurisdiction over the region, but tensions are rising as the ice cap is melting. It will involve 5 countries: Canada United States Russia Denmark Norway Look for more information in months to come!

5

We recommend delegations do research in three main areas: First, delegations should have a basic knowledge of the history of their issue or crisis as well as an under-standing of the multiple perspectives involved. Second, delegations need to be able to speak knowl-edgeably about their country’s government, populace, and general foreign policy. Third, delegations should have basic understanding of the countries with which they will be interacting and regional political geography. Information is only as good as its source. Avoid web-sites that do not cite their sources or that the general population can edit. Both the United Nations website and the International Relations and Security Network (www.isn.ch) are key to your preparation and contain links to international organizations and cites through-out the world. Also, international news and govern-ment agencies can be helpful sources. Be sure to utilize resources at your school and local library. Reference librarians will be able to help you find print sources such as books and recent newspa-

per or magazine articles, as well as information from databases. Print sources can become outdated quick-ly, especially for developing issues, so be mindful of when your source was published.

Check out the HCMUN website for additional useful tips and helpful links. http://www.hope.edu/mun

Research Methods

6

Conference Schedule

Thursday, March 7, 2013

03:30-05:30 pm: Check-in: Security Council, ECOSOC, and ICJ delegates

Session rooms to be determined Early check in is encouraged 06:00-06:30 pm: Orientation to issues

In respective session rooms

06:45-08:30 pm: Banquet for all Security Council, ECOSOC, and ICJ delegates*

Haworth Conference and Learning Center 08:30-10:30 pm: Sessions: Security Council, ECOSOC, and ICJ; Optional Resolution Writing Training: IGA and AGA

In respective session rooms 10:30pm– 12:00am: Thursday Night Activity

Haworth Conference and Learning Center *Thursday's banquet is for all Security Council, ECOSOC, and ICJ

delegates as well as advisors. Friday, March 8, 2013

Delegates and advisors have the option of purchasing breakfast and lunch in the college cafeteria.

6:30-8:30 am: Check-in: Introductory & Advanced General Assembly delegates

Session rooms to be determined

7:30 and 8:00 optional campus tours available

8:30 am: All sessions begin

2:30 and 3:00pm optional campus tours available

3:30 pm: All sessions close

3:45 pm: Awards Ceremony

57

Guide for Lawyers

Lawyers in the ICJ must always act in the best

interests of their country. Lawyers are to present

their case with passion and conviction, while still

being educated on the topic and having credible

references. Lawyers should anticipate and be prepared

for arguments other parties may present. Students

filling this role are encouraged to be creative;

they should not be afraid to utilize the list of member

countries to formulate possible ways to present

their case so that the argument will be weighed in

their favor. Lawyers must be completely prepared

and use of visual aides or other devices which may

energize and clarify their presentation are allowed.

Hope College has audio/visual resources that can be

used to aid countries during the proceedings. In the

past, characteristics of good lawyers have included

thorough preparation and clear presentation.

Lawyers will be judged on several different levels.

Participants must show strong understanding and

knowledge not only on the topic but also on the vary-

ing perspectives of affected and member countries. In

addition, creative arguments and use of technology

will be taken into account during judging. If you have

questions or concerns regarding the access to various

forms of technology or media equipment please

contact the Secretary Generals at mun@hope.edu no

less than two weeks before the conference.

56

Guide for Judges

A judge in the ICJ has a great deal of responsibility,

and must act accordingly. Judges have an opportunity

to present themselves in two ways. The first way is to

act as an impartial judge and the second is to act on

behalf of their countries best interests.

If one chooses to act as an impartial judge, they must

put aside all personal feelings toward the case at

hand, and they must ignore any particular interests

their respective country may have on the topic. They

must then utilize all relevant international law, along

with the lawyer’s testimony, to arrive at their verdict.

One must be cautious if they choose to act on behalf

of their country. Acting in this way does not mean that

one’s verdict is already determined before the case is

heard. Instead, this means one will have some biases

in court decisions, should they impact your country.

While this conflicts with the judge’s role, it provides

for a more realistic aspect in the courtroom. One must

be careful, however, if this is the mindset that will be

adopted, because others cannot know your agenda.

This year, there will be two students representing each

ICJ judge delegation. This decision will allow more

students the opportunity to participate in this organ.

Furthermore, a greater number of participants will

facilitate increased discussion; this will provide a wide

array of opinions and approaches.

7

Member States

-Afghanistan

-Albania -Algeria

-Andorra

-Angola

-Antigua and

Barbuda -Argentina

-Armenia

-Australia

-Austria

-Azerbaijan

-Bahamas -Bahrain

-Bangladesh

-Barbados

-Belarus

-Belgium -Belize

-Benin

-Bhutan

-Bolivia

-Bosnia-

Herzegovina -Botswana

-Brazil

-Brunei

Darussalam

-Bulgaria

-Burkina Faso -Burundi

-Cambodia

-Cameroon

-Canada

-Cape Verde -Central African

Republic

-Chad

-Chile

-China

-Colombia

-Comoros -Congo,

Republic of

-Costa Rica

-Cote d'Ivoire

-Croatia -Cuba

-Cyprus

-Czech Republic

-Democratic

People's

Republic of Korea

-Democratic

Republic

Of Congo

-Denmark -Djibouti

-Dominica

-Dominican

Republic

-Ecuador

-Egypt -El Salvador

-Equatorial

Guinea

-Eritrea

-Estonia

-Ethiopia -Fiji

-Finland

-France

-Gabon

-Gambia -Georgia

-Germany

-Ghana

-Greece

-Grenada

-Guatemala

-Guinea -Guinea-Bissau

-Guyana

-Haiti

-Honduras

-Hungary -Iceland

-India

-Indonesia

-Iran,

Islamic

Republic of -Iraq

-Ireland

-Israel

-Italy

-Jamaica -Japan

-Jordan

-Kazakhstan

-Kenya

-Kiribati

-Kuwait -Kyrgyzstan

-Lao People's

Democratic

Republic

-Latvia

-Lebanon -Lesotho

-Liberia

*Libyan Arab

-Jamahiriya

-Liechtenstein -Lithuania

-Luxembourg

-Madagascar

-Malawi

-Malaysia

8

-Swaziland

-Sweden -Switzerland

-Syrian Arab

Republic

-Tajikistan

-Thailand -Former Yugoslav

Republic of

Macedonia

-Timor-Leste

-Togo

-Tonga -Trinidad &

Tobago

-Tunisia

-Turkey

-Turkmenistan -Tuvalu

-Uganda

-Ukraine

-United Arab

Emirates

-United Kingdom of Great Britain

and

Northern Ireland

-United Republic

of Tanzania

-United States of America

-Uruguay

-Uzbekistan

-Vanuatu

-Venezuela -Viet Nam

-Yemen

-Zambia

-Zimbabwe

-Maldives

-Mali -Malta

-Marshall Islands

-Mauritania

-Mauritius

-Mexico -Micronesia,

Federated

States of

-Moldova

-Monaco

-Mongolia -Montenegro

-Morocco

-Mozambique

-Myanmar

-Namibia -Nauru

-Nepal

-Netherlands

-New Zealand

-Nicaragua

-Niger -Nigeria

-Norway

-Oman

-Pakistan

-Palau

-Panama -Papua New

Guinea

-Paraguay

-Peru

-Philippines -Poland

-Portugal

-Qatar

-Republic

of Korea

-Romania

-Russian Federation

-Rwanda

-Saint Kitts &

Nevis

-Saint Lucia -St. Vincent &

The Grenadines

-Samoa

-San Marino

-Sao Tome &

Principe -Saudi Arabia

-Senegal

-Serbia

-Seychelles

-Sierra Leone -Singapore

-Slovakia

-Slovenia

-Solomon Islands

-Somalia

-South Africa -South Sudan

-Spain

-Sri Lanka

-Sudan

-Suriname

55

International Court of Justice Member Countries

2013

Japan

Slovakia

Sierra Leone

India

Jordan

Uganda

Germany

Italy

France

New Zealand

Mexico

Morocco

Russian Federation

Brazil

Somalia

United Kingdom

China

United States of America

54

International Court of Justice

Director: Stephen Courtade

The International Court of Justice is the principle judicial body of the United Nations. Headquartered at the Hague in the Netherlands, this organ acts as a

world court. By referring to international law, the Court settles disputes between States and gives advisory opinions on legal issues presented to it by other UN organs and agencies. The General Assembly and Security Council, voting separately, elect fifteen judges who serve terms of nine years (five justices selected every three years) and may be reelected. No two judges may be nationals of the same state, and the Court must represent the main forms of legal systems and societies of the world. The Hope College Model UN International Court of Justice considers one case per year. Each country has one justice who will hear the case. Each country who is a party must have two lawyers. All participants are required to attend the opening session held on Thursday. During this session, time will be allocated for lawyer teams to meet and for judges to conduct any necessary research. Throughout Friday morning and afternoon, the hearing will take place and final rulings will be administered. Participating students are invited to the opening banquet, ceremony, and night activity. Attendance is required at this activity for all overnight students. Housing will be provided on the Hope College campus, if needed.

9

Writing Resolutions

A resolution is a one-page proposal that calls for action to be taken by the United Nations. This action may be undertaken by the Secretariat, member states, or various UN organizations. Resolutions have three main elements: 1) The Heading tells where the proposal is being submitted, the subject of the Resolution and the primary sponsor. 2) The Preamble states the purpose of the Resolution, and explains why the operative clauses should be adopted. Each preamble clause should begin with a "Preamble Phrase" and should be followed by a comma. The final clause in the in the preamble should end with a colon . 3) The Operative Clauses state the action that the committee should take and should be the bulk of the resolution. The first word of the clause should be a verb, which indicates the action of the clause. Each clause should be followed by a semicolon, with the last clause ending with a period. Take a look at the sample resolution on the next page. The sections are labeled for you. You will not need to label the sections of your resolutions.

10

Sample Resolution

SUBMITTED TO: General Assembly SUBJECT: Endangered Species, Loss of Biodiversity ALARMED by the rising number of species at risk of extinction

FURTHER ALARMED by the increasing lack of bio-diversity including but not limited to habitat loss/damage, climate change, and pollution RECOGNIZING that the actions taken by current generations can and will have lasting impact BELIEVING that it is a global responsibility to address the maintenance and care of the planet FURTHER BELIEVING that the environment and its animal inhabitants are important and worth preserving REQUESTS that the international community meet these goals: -Reduce the amount of deforestation happening globally by 10% by 2020 -Create a committee with a budget of twenty million dollars to increase protective measures for animal species considered to be endangered and work with state governments to implement and enforce these measures. Funding shall be provided by all member nations on the basis of natural resource consumption percentage. -Generate annual reports for the Assembly to review.

53

Global Economic Recession

Additional Resources:

http://money.cnn.com/news/international/

europe_debt_crisis/index.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/debt-crisis

http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/

Publications/Detail/?id=146486&lng=en

http://www.cnbc.com/id/36964361/

http://www.sipri.org/

http://www.sipri.org/databases/first

http://www.isn.ethz.ch/

http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Services/Newsletters

52

The more permanent solution to the temporary pro-

grams (EFSF and EFSM) is the European Stability

Mechanism (ESM). The ESM is planned to begin func-

tioning to phase out the two temporary programs in

early October 2012. Instead of being mainly run and

supported by the European Union, this program

would be mainly orchestrated by the European Com-

mission. The Brussels agreement was a product of a

specific meeting of 17 countries to address the escala-

tion of the Greek sovereign debt crisis. It was a bailout

agreement with the conclusion to write-off 50% of the

Greek debt. Also addressing Italy, a set of clauses

were included to deal with Italy's economic situation

through national debt reduction. Various fiscal com-

pacts have also been initiated and considered among

countries in the European Union.

Questions to Consider:

Which European Union treaties need to be considered

when evaluating solutions to this crisis?

How should they be considered?

Is the European Stability Mechanism an effective long term solution? How is it functioning and what could be improved?

Global Economic Recession

11

Examples of Preamble Phrases

Affirming

Alarmed by

Approving

Aware of

Believing

Bearing in mind

Confident

Contemplating

Convinced

Declaring

Deeply conscious

Deeply disturbed

Deeply regretting

Desiring

Emphasizing

Expecting

Expecting fully

Expressing its

appreciation

Expressing its satisfaction

Fulfilling

Fully aware

Fully alarmed

Fully believing

Further deploying

Further recalling

Guided by

Having adopted

Having considered

Having considered further

Having devoted attention

Having examined

Having studied

Having heard

Keeping in mind

Noting with regret

Noting with satisfaction

Noting with deep concern

Noting further

Noting with approval

Observing

Realizing

Reaffirming

Recalling

Recognizing

Referring

Seeking

Taking into account

Taking into consideration

Taking note

Viewing with appreciation

Welcoming

12

Examples of Operative Phrases

Accepts

Affirms

Approves

Authorizes

Calls

Calls upon

Condemns

Congratulates

Confirms

Considers

Declares accordingly

Deplores

Draws the attention

Designates

Emphasizes

Encourages

Endorses

Expresses its

appreciation

Expresses its hope

Further affirms

Further proclaims

Further reminds

Further recommends

Further resolves

Further requests

Notes

Notes further

Proclaims

Reaffirms

Recommends

Reminds

Regrets

Requests

Solemnly affirms

Strongly condemns

Supports

Trusts

Takes note of

Transmits

Urges

Yields

51

Global Economic Recession

The global economy experienced a period of re-

cession beginning in late 2007. The recession has af-

fected some countries much more than others; for ex-

ample, countries specifically in the European Union

have been experiencing more difficulty, such as

Greece and Italy. This crisis in the Eurozone has far-

reaching implications for other European nations, as

well as other countries outside the region. Questions

of the necessity of European countries to default on

their debt or the potential for some countries to leave

the European Union raise concerns in the region and

globally.

Solutions to the problem in the Eurozone have

included austerity measures imposed by Germany and

other potential bailout options. One such emergency

measure implemented is the European Financial Sta-

bility Facility (EFSF). Efforts to “strengthen the re-

gion's rescue fund could include purchases of govern-

ment bonds or injecting cash into commercial

banks” (Juergen Stark, European Central Bank Exec-

utive Board member). A temporary program, the EFSF

is due to expire in 2013. Another such emergency

safety system is that of the European Financial Stabi-

lisation Mechanism (EFSM). Created in early 2011,

this program was crafted and structured by the Euro-

pean Union. It was backed by all European Union

members and is also temporary.

50

Worldwide Education (continued)

Additional Resources:

Millennium Development Goals

http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG_FS_2_EN.pdf

UN News Center: Culture and Education http://www.un.org/apps/news/

subject.asp?SubjectID=10

UNESCO Themes

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/

UNESCO: Education http://www.unesco.org/new/en/

education/ The Millennium Development Goals Report:

2010 http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

pdf/MDG%20Report%202010%

20En%20r15%20-low%20res%2020100615%20-.pdf

Other Web Sources: http://www.sipri.org/ http://www.sipri.org/databases/first http://www.isn.ethz.ch/ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Services/Newsletters

13

General Assembly Region A

-Albania

-Andorra

-Armenia

-Austria

-Azerbaijan

-Belarus

-Belgium

-Bosnia and

Herzegovina

-Bulgaria

-Canada

-Croatia

-Czech Republic

-Denmark

-Estonia

-Finland

-Former

Yugoslav

Republic of

Macedonia

-France

-Georgia

-Germany

-Greece

-Hungary

-Iceland

-Ireland

-Italy

-Kazakhstan

-Kyrgystan

-Latvia

-Liechtenstein

-Lithuania

-Luxembourg

-Malta

-Moldova

-Monaco

-Montenegro

-Netherlands

-Norway

-Palau

-Poland

-Portugal

-Romania

-Russian

Federation

-San Marino

-Serbia

-Slovakia

-Slovenia

-Spain

-Sweden

-Switzerland

-Tajikistan

-Turkmenistan

-Ukraine

-United Kingdom

of Great Britain

and Northern

Ireland

-United States

of America

-Uzbekistan

14

General Assembly Region B

-Algeria

-Angola

-Benin

-Botswana

-Burkina Faso

-Burundi

-Cameroon

-Cape Verde

-Central African Republic

-Chad

-Comoros

-Republic of Congo

-Côte d'Ivoire

-Democratic Republic

of Congo

-Djibouti

-Egypt

-Equatorial Guinea

-Eritrea

-Ethiopia

-Gabon

-Gambia

-Ghana

-Guinea

-Guinea Bissau

-Kenya

-Kiribati

-Lesotho

-Liberia

-Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

-Madagascar

-Malawi

-Mali

-Mauritania

-Mauritius

-Morocco

-Mozambique

-Nauru

-Namibia

-Niger

-Nigeria

-Rwanda

-Sao Tome & Principe

-Senegal

-Seychelles

-Sierra Leone

-Somalia

-South Africa

-Sudan

-Swaziland

-Tonga

-Togo

-Tunisia

-Uganda

-United Republic of Tanzania

-Zambia

-Zimbabwe

49

Worldwide Education (continued)

Questions to Consider:

Some strategies to reach universal education

include: abolishing school fees, investing in teaching,

promoting education for girls, and reaching out to

rural areas what are some other ways the UN and

international community can promote education?

How can universal education be achieved in polit-

ically and economically unstable areas? Should these

areas be a top priority of the UN or should they

instead focus on the most stable areas first?

How much should the UN encourage change

within a country regarding certain cultural practices

to ensure education for all?

Should the UN fund programs that work to

change mindsets and policies regarding universal

education for women? What role, if any, should the

UN play in keeping children in school even when they

are needed to assist with crop planting and harvesting

to ensure their family’s survival?

48

Worldwide Education

The second of the United Nations’ Millennium

Development Goals is universal education. By 2015,

all children regardless of gender or ethnicity are to be

provided with a full course of primary schooling.

However, it is unlikely that this goal will be reached in

three years despite the progress shown by developing

nations. The insufficiency to achieve universal educa-

tion by 2015 is due in part to trends in areas such

as Sub-Saharan Africa which show that in 2008 as

many as 25% of children were not enrolled in school,

but all children eligible to begin school should have

been enrolled by 2009 to reach universal enrollment

by 2015. Also, countries must work to ensure that

there are enough teachers and classrooms to support

the increase in students.

Some progress has been made in education; the

gender gap has decreased. The number of children

not attending or enrolled in school is on a decline. The

increase in children regularly attending school results

from other areas of improvement across societies –

educational attainment thus does not exist in a

vacuum. Poverty has shown to be the strongest factor

determining whether or not a child will attend

school. Girls from the poorest households are 3.5 times

more likely to be out of school than the richest

girls and 4 times more likely than the richest boys.

Social and cultural stigmas also prevent children from

attaining an education. This is especially true for girls

and disabled children in some countries.

15

General Assembly Region C

-Afghanistan

-Antigua and

Barbuda

-Argentina

-Australia

-Bahamas

-Bahrain

-Bangladesh

-Barbados

-Belize

-Bhutan

-Bolivia

-Brazil

-Brunei

Darussalam

-Cambodia

-Chile

-China

-Colombia

-Costa Rica

-Cuba

-Cyprus

-Democratic

People's Republic

of Korea

-Dominica

-Dominican

Republic

-Ecuador

-El Salvador

-Federated States

of Micronesia

-Fiji

-Grenada

-Guatemala

-Guyana

-Haiti

-Honduras

-India

-Indonesia

-Iran, Islamic

Republic of

-Iraq

-Israel

-Jamaica

-Japan

-Jordan

-Kuwait

-Lao People's

Democratic

Republic

-Lebanon

-Malaysia

-Maldives

-Marshall Islands

-Mexico

-Mongolia

-Myanmar

-Nepal

-New Zealand

-Nicaragua

-Oman

Pakistan

-Panama

-Papua New

Guinea

-Paraguay

-Peru

-Philippines

-Qatar

-Republic of Korea

-St. Kitts and

Nevis

-Samoa

-Saudi Arabia

-Singapore

-Solomon Islands

-Sri Lanka

-St. Lucia

-St. Vincent and

Grenadines

-Suriname

-Syrian Arab

Republic

-Thailand

-Timor-Leste

-Trinidad and

Tobago

-Turkey

-Tuvalu

-United Arab

Emirates

-Uruguay

-Vanuatu

-Venezuela

-Viet Nam

-Yemen

16

Delegates to the Introductory General Assembly have the option of participating in the opening ceremony and banquet which takes place on the evening of Thursday March 7, 2013. A small fee is required for those delegates who would like to attend. The banquet is followed by a required night activity for all

over night participants. Students choosing to attend the banquet and night activity will be housed for the night with a Hope Student. For those General Assembly delegates who choose not to attend the opening ceremony, check in will take place on the morning Friday, March 8, 2013. The session will open with each delegate giving a brief statement on their standing on the issues, a time of caucus for support of their amendments, and an opportunity to submit their amendments to the steer-ing committee. After lunch, the Introductory General Assembly will hold a plenary session on each topic and discuss the selected amendments. All delegates are expected to accurately represent their countries in submitting and cosponsoring amendments, debating, and voting. In the caucusing portions of the morning, the time will be devoted to obtaining support from other countries, and composing amendments. There are two delegates per country, both should be equally qualified to support their amendments during the caucusing and debate.

Conference Participation

47

Economic and Social Council Members

2013

2012 Argentina Bahamas

Bangladesh Belgium Canada Chile

Comoros Egypt Ghana

Iraq Italy

Mongolia Philippines

Rwanda Slovakia Ukraine

United States of America

Zambia

2013 Australia Cameroon

China Ecuador Finland Gabon

Hungary Latvia Malawi Mexico

Nicaragua Norway Pakistan

Qatar Republic of Korea

Russian Federation

Senegal United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

2014 Belarus Brazil

Burkina Faso Cuba

Dominican Republic

El Salvador Ethiopia France

Germany India

Indonesia Ireland Japan

Lesotho Libya

Nigeria Spain Turkey

Countries are listed in accordance to the end of their membership cycle. For the purposes of Model United

Nations, countries due to end their membership in 2012 will continue to remain part of the simulation in

order to streamline and expedite the country assignment process.

46

Economic and Social Council

Director: Meaghan McKeon

The Economic and Social Council was established to discuss and coordinate efforts toward development and inequality. The Council is made up of fifty-four

voting members elected for three year terms on a ro-tating basis by the General Assembly. Several bodies operate within the bounds of the Council., including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Ultimately, the goal is to identify, report, and address issues within the con-text of economic and social development and practice. In Model United Nations, the Economic and Social Council is divided into two committees: the Economic Committee and the Social Committee. Each delega-tion participating in ECOSOC must have two partici-pants-one for each committee. All delegates are required to attend the opening session held on Thursday. During this session the committees will be split into subcommittees and each group will be given approximately two hours to draft a resolution on their given topic. On Friday morning committees will gather together, one Economic and one Social, to discuss the two drafted resolutions and select one to be presented to the Council at large. Friday afternoon will be devoted to formal debate and voting on each resolution. Participating students are invited to the opening banquet, ceremony, and night activity. Attendance is required at this activity for all overnight students. If needed housing will be provided on the Hope College campus.

17

The General Assembly program is the single largest organ of the Hope College Model United Nations conference. The General Assembly sessions serve to

introduce students to the nature of the United Nations system and give them an awareness of some of the subsequent issues. Schools are encouraged to have delegations in each region. The Introductory General Assembly is for beginning students who want an introduction to the UN simula-tion. The Introductory General Assembly considers resolutions that have been drafted by Hope College students. The issues facing the Introductory General Assembly this year are Failed State Prevention and Drug Trafficking and Terrorism. These resolutions have been created especially for the Introductory General Assembly and are not actual UN resolutions. Students participating in the IGA are expected to research the topic and resolution to which they are designated and prepare amendments to be submitted to the General

Council.

Introductory General Assembly

Director: Chelsea Tessier

18

Drug Trafficking and Terrorism

The link of drugs and terrorism is evident.

Yet neither the United Nations nor the interna-

tional community has been able to put into force

a solid strategy to diminish the escalating rates of

crime caused by the combination of these two

illicit transgressions; Narco-terrorism. Narco-

terrorism, a reference to the financing of terrorist

acts through the help of illicit drug trafficking,

has emerged as being a severe threat to the peace

and security of the world in recent decades and

hence emerges as an imperative issue that should

be dealt through cooperation and coalition.

Annually more than $3.1 billion is profited

from the opium farms in Afghanistan and more

than $2 billion from cocaine in Colombia and

counter narcotic agencies such as UNODC have

claimed that much of this money are used to

promote terrorism. While the Taliban have been

using much of the drugs in Afghanistan to

finance their plans, drug trafficking all around

the world are the main reason for gang and turf

wars. The Madrid bombings in Spain in 2004

45

Sources and Additional Resources:

Arab League. (2012, February 13). Times Topics: Arab League. Retrieved from

http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/organizations/a/arab_league/

index.html?inline=nyt-org

Associated Press. (2012, May 29). Kofi Annan Meets Syria Leader Bahar Assad to Try and

Revive Ceasefire Plan. CBS News. Retrieved from

http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57442637/kofi-annan-meets-syria-leader-bashar-

assad-to-try-and-revive-ceasefire-plan/

Associated Press. (2012, June 13). Syria In Civil War, UN Representative Says. Daily

Maverick. Retrieved from

http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-06-13-syria-in-civil-war-un-representative-says

Associated Press. (2012, August 2). UN Special Envoy Kofi Annan Resigns from Syria

Mission. Fox News. Retrieved from

http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/08/02/un-special-envoy-kofi-annan-resigns-from-syria-

mission/

Bakri, N. (2011, December 2). U.N. Says Action Needed to Prevent Civil War in Syria. The

New York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/03/world/middleeast/un-says-action-needed-to-prevent-

civil-war-in-syria.html

Cave, D. (2012, August 6). Prime Minister’s Defection in the Dark Jolts Syrians. The New

York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/07/world/middleeast/syrian-state-tv-reportedly-attacked-

as-propaganda-war-unfolds.html?_r=1&hp

CNN Wire Staff. (2012, July 9). Russia Suspends New Arms Shipments to Syria. CNN.

Retrieved from

http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/09/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html

Erlanger, S. (2012, April 19). Pressure Builds for Tougher Line as Syria is Said to Shun

Peace Plan. The New York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/20/world/middleeast/syria-united-nations-secretary-

general-ban-ki-moon-cease-fire.html?_r=2&adxnnl=1&ref=syria&adxnnlx=1345176579-

aPqyFb4o7uPCaObv9Pa00Q

Gladstone, R. (2012, February 16). General Assembly Votes to Condemn Syrian Leader.

The New York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/17/world/middleeast/secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-

castigates-syria-ahead-of-general-assembly-vote.html?hp

Kirkpatrick, D.D. (2012, June 16). U.N. Suspends Syria Mission, Citing Increase In Vio-

lence.The New York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/world/middleeast/un-suspends-its-mission-in-syria-

citing-violence.html?ref=syria

MacFarquhar, N. (2012, February 23). After a Year, Deep Division Hobble Syria’s Opposi-

tion. The New York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/24/world/middleeast/syrian-opposition-is-hobbled-by-deep

-divisions.html?ref=world

Macfarquhar, N. (2012, June 25). Turkish Border is Crucial Link In Syrian Conflict. The

New York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/world/middleeast/syrian-opposition-gets-supplies-but-

unity-is-elusive.html? pagewanted=all

MacFarquhar, N. (2012, July 15). Syria Denies Attack on Civilian, In Crisis Seen as Civil

War. The New York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/16/world/middleeast/syria-denies-use-of-heavy-weapons-

in-deadly-village-fight.html

Tomasevic, G. (2012, August 6). Syria. Retrieved from

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/syria/index.html

Additional Sources:

http://www.syrianhistory.com/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703995

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/syria/

index.html

http://www.isn.ch/

44

Syria (continued)

One week later, the Syrian government had not initiated any of the peace plan and seemed to have no intention to start (Associated Press, 2012). In August of 2012, Annan resigned his post as special

envoy leader after the failure of his initial peace plan in Syria (Associated Press, 2012). The United Nations also sent three hundred cease fire observers into Syria in April, along with Kofi Annan. By June the UN decided to suspend the cease-fire observers on the grounds of increased levels of violence in the country (Kirkpatrick, 2012). A United Nations representative categorized the conflict in Syria as a civil war in

June 2012 (Associated Press, 2012). This has also been echoed by international organizations in the heart of the conflict, like the International Red Cross (MacFarquhan, 2012). The conflict in Syria creates tensions with neighboring states like Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey, and Jordan. Some Turkey activists have been helping the rebel opposition. They have been smuggling supplies, such as weapons, communication gear, field hospitals,

and salaries for soldiers to help them face Assad’s military force (MacFarquhan, 2012). There have been many pressures to the United Nations to have stronger stance against the Assad government. Especially since Assad fired his prime minister in early August of 2012, the press believed that the authoritarian government could be weakening (Cave, 2012).

The Syrian conflict has spilled over into its neighbor countries including Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Israel, and Lebanon. The secretary general is calling for an emergency Security Council session to assess the violence that has spilled over into the surrounding countries. With the possible threat of nuclear attack from neighboring states, there is significant danger to global security.

Questions to Consider:

Does the major power connected to Israel cause the Syrian conflict to be any different?

How does outside help need to be handled in Syria?

Other Web Sources:

http://www.sipri.org/ http://www.sipri.org/databases/first http://www.isn.ethz.ch/ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Services/Newsletters

19

following the September 11 attacks in United

States were evidence of how horrific and threat-

ening drugs and terrorism can be if they are

enforced together. The international community

on no condition can risk another September 11

or another March 11 through the rise of Taliban

and al-Qaeda while it is at the brink of loosing

international peace and security.

It is essential that an efficient and effective

network to fight drug trafficking is promoted

and maintained in the future. Even though the

Security Council in Resolution 1373 has advo-

cated all nations to fight Narco-terrorism, a solid

strategy is not yet initiated to diminish these

crimes. All countries are encouraged to partici-

pate in the universal conventions and protocols

against terrorism put forth by the UNODC and

provide full support the approach to counter

Narco-terrorism. The committee of International

Security solemnly concurs with the UNODC

when it “strongly condemns terrorism in all its

forms and manifestations, committed by whom-

ever, wherever and for whatever purposes, as it

constitutes one of the most serious threats to

international peace and security”.

20

Drug Trafficking and Terrorism Continued

Questions to Consider: Should United Nation start using harsh measures to ensure the control of drug trafficking or will sanc-tions be an “unjust” action taken against countries like Afghanistan and Colombia? How are forces of Taliban and al-Qaeda to be stopped from strengthening through the help of

illicit drug trafficking? What can countries do to control drug trafficking either in small or large scale? How to investigate a country to know if drugs are being used for medical purposes or for terrorism? What can be done to minimize the illegal trafficking of drugs by terrorist groups or civilian groups?

Consider specific approaches to implement or alter existing regulations of the UNODC and other coun-ter terrorism agencies to guarantee better strategies to control illicit drug trafficking and diminish ter-rorism. Web References: http://www.sipri.org/

http://www.sipri.org/databases/first http://www.isn.ethz.ch/ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Services/Newsletters http://www.un.org/disarmament/ http://www.unodc.org/unodc/index.html http://summit.clubmadrid.org/causes/links-between-terrorism-and-drug-trafficking-a-case-of-narcoterrorism.html

43

Syria

In March of 2011, the Arab Spring overtook many Arab coun-tries. The citizens of authoritarian governments took to the streets demanding change in the way their governments were run. The move-

ment first started in Tunisia (New York Times, 2012). By March 15, 2011 the movement had made its way to the country of Syria. The first protests in the streets of Syria were criticizing the government for torturing students who put up anti-government graffiti (New York Times, 2012). The government, headed by President Bashar Al-Assad, responded with strong military force. Which

included the use of tanks and open fire into crowds of protestors. In December of 2011, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navy Pillay, said international intervention needed to be taken before Syria fell into a civil war (Bakri, 2011). An exiled opposition Syrian government formed called the Syrian National Council. The council is made up of political factions, exiles, militant leaders, and many grass-root organizers. However,

with strong ideological, racial, and religious divisions with in the organization, the international community does not recognize the group as the government in Syria (MacFarquhan, 2012). As a result of the government not stepping down on their position against the protestors, Syria has been expelled from the Arab League. This is the closest the League has come to taking a side in the Arab Spring protests. The League has taken a neutral

side in many countries. As a result of the expulsion, the economic trade and investments between Syria and the Arab world have been severed (New York Times, 2012). In February 2012, the United Nations General Assembly approved a resolution condemning President Assad’s actions against the protestors. The Assad government is supported by the influential power of the Chinese and Russian governments. They believe that

Syria should be left alone to deal with its internal problems by itself (Gladstone, 2012). However, the Russian government has been providing weapons to President Bashar Al-Assad up until July 2012 (CNN, 2012). The United Nations decided to send in a special envoy into Syria in April 2012, led by former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan. According to Annan, the Assad government agreed to a peace plan that included a cease-fire (Associated Press,

2012).

Other Web Sources:

http://www.sipri.org/ http://www.sipri.org/databases/first http://www.isn.ethz.ch/ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Services/Newsletters

42

Sources and Additional Resources:

Archer, J. (2012, July 27). Danish Mission to Amass Data for North Pole Claim. MSNBC. Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/

id/48357702/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/danish-mission-amass-data-north-pole-claim/#.UC3LRET5Be5 Archives (1988, August 23). A Correction. New York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/23/opinion/c-a-correction-310788.html?scp=3&sq=%20Cook%20Peary%20correction%20north%20pole%20neither&st=cse

Arctic Portal (2012, July 31). Denmark To Claim the North Pole. Retrieved from http://www.arcticportal.org/news/21-shipping-news/815-claimsonthearcticdenmark Artyom, A. (2011, May 18). Denmark Wants to Claim North Pole. The Voice of Russia. Retrieved from http://

english.ruvr.ru/2011/05/18/50475000.html Associated Press (2008, August 19). Mackay Launches Arctic Sovereignty Operation Nanook in Igaluit. CBC News. Retrieved from http://

www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2008/08/19/mackay-nanook.html Berton, Pierre (1988). The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the North West Pas-

sage and the North Pole, 1818–1909 (1 ed.). Toronto: Random House of Canada Ltd. p. 100. Bryce, R. (2005) Cook and Peary: the Polar Controversy Resolved Stackpole

1997. Henderson, B. True North W.W. Norton & Company, Declaration of

Oceans and Law of the Sea. (2011, July 11). Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_declarations.htm

Kahl, J. (1998). Daily Arctic Ocean Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations. National Snow and Ice Data Center. Retrieved from http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0060.html Sala, E. (2011, May 19). Who Owns the North Pole? National Geographic.

Retrieved from http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/19/who-owns-the-north-pole/ Shipping Assessment (2009, April 29). Arctic Marine Geography, Climate and Sea Ice. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/url?

sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CIsBEBYwBg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arctic.gov%2Fpublications%2FAMSA%2Farcic_marine_geography.pdf&ei=rxYfUISoN6eayQHroIG4Ag&usg= AFQjCNEmFtHhJd-p-DBpNNV6reMd_YLCbg&sig2=Eq2wl-

bg5KqqzjbHBQsn1A Stanners, P. (2012 August 13.) Artic Expedition to Prove Territory Claim. The Copenhagen Post. Retrieved from http://cphpost.dk/news/

international/arctic-expedition-prove-territory-claim Wright, J.K. (1953, July). Geographical Review, Vol. 43, No. 3. pp. 338–365 "The Open Polar Sea" Zarakhovich, Y. (2007, July 12). Russia Claims the North Pole. Time. Re-

trieved from http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1642905,00.html Additional Sources:

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Cook-vs-Peary.html http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0739-e.htm

http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/coal-oil-gas/who-owns-the-north-pole http://www.isn.ch

21

Recognizing the importance of Resolution 1373 by the Security Council and its significance in trying to eradicate Narco-terrorism, Deeply concerned by the connection of drug smuggling to the tragedy of September 11 and Madrid bombing in 2004, Deeply regretting the lack of effort by international

community to halt the evident rise in crime supported through illicit drug exchange, Fully alarmed that this continuing trend may lead to the re-surfacing of Taliban and al-Qaeda as an unstoppable force, Convinced that increase in drug trade and illicit arm trade may lead to another tragedy such as September 11,

1. Encourages all nations to make stricter policies regarding arm trade and border control as weapons and military technologies are easily passed from one country to the other; 2. Condemns powerful nations such as China and Russia for doing arms trade with countries in conflict which continues to cause problems not only in small scale arm conflict but also in large scale regional crisis; 3. Expresses its hope that powerful countries will put human interest and lives before self-interest and mone-tary benefit; 4. Draws the attention to armed conflicts all over the world and how rebels as well as oppositions acquire weapons so easily which not only elongates the crisis due to the equal power but also takes a greater amount

of lives; 5. Stresses on how countries like United States, Russia, and China should not readily provide military help or technology to their allies as this will further escalate regional conflicts and increase lack of cooperation in the international community.

Resolution Preliminary Draft: Subject to Change

22

Failed State Prevention

Failed governments are states that have

failed to fulfill basic conditions for their govern-

ment and citizens. According to the Fund for

Peace failed states are countries that have lost

control of their territory, do not have legitimate

authority to make decisions, unable to provide

public services, and inability to interact and coop-

erate with rest of the international community.

The risk of failing states is increasing in the mod-

ern era, especially since the Arab Spring when a

lot of Middle-East nations are changing govern-

ment and are doing through a very unstable situ-

ation.

States are very likely to be labeled as a

failed state when there is high occurrence of the

following: high population density in a small area,

massive movements of refuges, history of conflict

groups seeking vengeance, and trend of human

emigration. The delegates are asked to focus high-

ly on how countries in the modern era can be

stopped from plunging into a state of failure.

41

In 2008, Canada Foreign Affairs Minister Peter MacKay said,

“Canada exercises its sovereignty in the Artic through strong

Canadian Forces and an intergovernmental presence.” Norway

signed the UNCLOS in late 1996 and could possibly submit

additional prospects extending their continental shelf (United

Nations, 2011).

Denmark made an official claim to the Commission of the

Continental Shelf on December 2, 2010. They requested that their

continental shelf be extended past their two hundred nautical

miles. The Commission was held in New York from March 7 to

April 7, 2011 (United Nations, 2011). Denmark has since sent off

further scientific exploration into the artic to try and prove a fur-

ther claim into the Arctic under the UNCLOS (Artic Portal, 2012).

In 2001, Russia put a claim to the Commission on the

Limits of the Continental Shelf, claiming most of the artic region,

including the North Pole. The CLCS, with the support of other

nations such as, the United States, Canada, Norway, and

Denmark, contested the claim and requested further scientific

evidence. Their claim was that an underwater mountain chain,

called Lomonosov, was an extension of their continent. Russia

also made possible intentions to annex the North Pole Artic region

in 2007 (Zarakhovich, 2007).

The possible economic benefits that the North Pole region

could produce is leading to a heated debate between the major

claims of Russia and Denmark. Russia has deep economic

interests in the North Pole, and has kept significant interest in

the area with manned drifting stations since the Soviet Union in

1937 (Kahl, 1998). Denmark, on the other hand, has the right to

Greenland, including Kaffeklubben Island, which is the closest

landmass to the North Pole (Arctic Research Commission, 2009).

Oil has been discovered in the North Pole region. The

Russian exploration group and the Danish scientific exploration

group have met up on the artic shelf. The incident that occurred

has alerted the secretary general to the threat to global security

the north pole territory causes.

Questions to Consider:

If a country already has claimed part of the artic, do they have a stronger claim to the North Pole?

Does association to the artic have any sway to more economic power in the north?

40

North Pole

Due to advancements in technology over the past one

hundred years, the North Pole is seen as a place rich full of

natural resources such as, oil. However, the North Pole is in inter-

national waters that do not belong to any country. With such

wealth of resources becoming more accessible with the ice caps

melting, countries are trying to lay claim over the artic region.

The North Pole was isolated from human contact until the

mid nineteenth century. Before then, it was believed that the

northern most artic region was in a large sea called Polynya or the

Open Polar Sea (Wright, 1953). There was hope that in favorable

conditions, a boat could pass through the ice to reach the

Open Polar Sea and through to the other side of the world. One

of the first expeditions into the Artic was by William Edward Perry

of Britain in 1827 (Berton, 1988). Another explorer, Frederick

Cook of the United States, claimed to have reached the pole

with two Inuit men on April 21, 1908 (Bryce, 2005). However,

the next year, United States Naval engineer Robert Peary claimed

to have reached the true North Pole in his expedition. Due to

the inaccuracy of navigational tools, and written records of

both Cook and Peary, historians today doubt either expedition

reached the North Pole.

There are a number of countries that are trying to gain

access to the artic resources. These include Russia, Norway,

Denmark and Canada. The United Nations Convention on the

Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1996 outlines many of the sea

borders. All of these countries that are trying to gain access to

the artic have ratified the U.N. document.

The UNCLOS limits countries to an exclusive economic zone

(EEZ) of two hundred nautical miles (230 miles) adjacent to their

coast. According to these guidelines, no country currently owns

the North Pole artic region. After a country first ratifies the

UNCLOS there is a ten year period that they may request an

extension of their continental shelf that determines the EEZ (Sala,

2011). Canada has laid claim to the artic region. However, their

claim has never been made official through the UNCLOS.

23

With wars and revolutions going on all over the

world (highly prevalent in Middle-East as of now),

the international community needs to be very

cautious on how the post revolution phase should

be addressed. Moreover, the international

community needs to take into consideration the

notion of intervention during the time of a revolu-

tion.

Whether to intervene in another countries

matter or not has been a very controversial issue

in global politics and still continues to be so. As

much as United Nations and the international

community try to make sure that human lives are

not lost, it needs to be kept in mind that the

sovereignty of a nation is not be hampered by an-

other. The most relevant example would be Syria

where the revolution shows no sign of stopping

and all military interventions have been voted

against in the Security Council. The delegates

need to take into aspect all these factors while

trying to figure out how the international commu-

nity can help out failed states or prevent them

from being in that situation at first place.

24

Failed State Prevention (continued)

Questions to Consider:

What is the best way to protect states that are vulnerable? How can the international community intervene if failure of a state in inevitable? What are the best ways to deal with post revolu-tion situations? (Consider the situation in the Middle-East)

Web References:

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/failed_states_index_2012_interactive

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/18/10_reasons_countries_fall_ apart?page=0,1

http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:_Intervention_to_prevent_failed_states http://www.sipri.org/

http://www.sipri.org/databases/first http://www.isn.ethz.ch/ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Services/Newsletters

39

Mali (continued)

Sources and Additional Resources:

Associated Press. (2012, March 22). Soldiers Loot Mali Presidential

Palace after Ousting Leader. USA Today. Retrieved from

http:// www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-03-22/Mali-

coup/53697004/1

CIA World Factbook (2012, July 31). Mali. Retrieved from

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

geos/ml.html

Clottey, P. (2012, July 31). ECOWAS to Visit Mali as Government

Formation Deadline Passes. Voice of America. Retrieved from

http://www.voanews.com/content/

ecowas_to_visit_mali_as_government_formation_deadline_passes/

1452165.html

Ridgwell, H. (2012 August 1). Ivory Coast Pushes for UN Military

Action in Mali. Voice of America. Retrieved from http://

www.voanews.com/content/ivory-coast-pushes-for-un-military-

action-in-mali/1452281.html

Schlein, L. (2012, August 3). UNHCR: Mali Conflict Poses Global

Threat. Voice of America. Retrieved from

http://www.voanews.com/content/

united_nations_refugees_commissioner_says_mali_conflict_poses

_global_threat/1455034.html

United Nations Security Council (2012). United Nations Security

Council Resolution 2056. (Resolution 2056). New York City, NY.

Other Web Resources:

http://www.comm.ecowas.int/sec/index.php?

id=about_a&lang=en

http://allafrica.com/westafrica/

http://allafrica.com/mali/

http://www.isn.ch/

38

Mali (continued)

The next month, the Ivory Coast pushes for more

United Nations military action against Mali. As the rebel

forces that have been linked to Al-Qaeda advance to claim all parts of northern Mali, there is a greater threat to

the surrounding countries (Ridgwell, 2012). The United

Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights (UNHCR),

Antonio Guterres, claims that the situation Mali poses a

regional and global threat to security. Guterres also claims

the conflict in Mali could further exacerbate other conflicts in Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, and Yemen (Schleln,

2012).

The furthering conflict could cause many issues

pertaining to economics, food, water, and basic necessities

for the citizens of Mali and the surrounding region. There is also some speculation by Guterres that the conflict

in Mali has been overshadowed by the Syrian violence

(Schleln, 2012).

The conflict in the northern region of Mali has slowly

advanced to southern Mali and threatens the security of

the region. The countries of the Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Guinea feel threatened by the armed forces

that have not been controlled by the Mali government. The

Secretary General calls for a special session of the Security

Council to address this issue to global security.

Questions to Consider:

Whose job is it to police the area of Mali?

Will the world recognize the new government in Mali?

Other Web Resources:

http://www.sipri.org/ http://www.sipri.org/databases/first http://www.isn.ethz.ch/ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Services/Newsletters

25

Resolution Preliminary Draft: Subject to Change

Realizing that failure of state will not only have serious

damage and consequences to the local population but will also pose a serious security threat to neighboring countries

and allies,

Taking into account that preventive actions or any type of

third party intervention does not take place due to the sov-

ereign equality of states and principle of non-intervention, Noting with regret how failed state can no longer provide

services to the people while being in a state of lawlessness,

Taking into account how so many countries in Africa,

Asia, and even Europe have reached the point of failure

while outside prevention would have surely prevented the

situation, 1. Encourages the Security Council to be more credible as

well as reliable while dealing with issues of intervention as

their one vote can influence the future of a whole nation;

2. Emphasizes on how the permanent five nations should

make sure that their differences do not hamper the efforts of making sure that crisis are resolved before it escalates in

any particular region;

3. Reminds the international community that crisis in one

country will affect the region as a whole and may give rise

to problems of neighboring conflict, political extremism, and

refugees which will threaten rest of the world; 4. Draws the attention of the international community and

the United Nations to keep in mind that cost of intervention

is lower than the cost of inactivity and;

5. Further reminds the permanent five of the Security

Council that preventing instead of intervening will cost

less which should be kept in mind while making decision on resolutions;

6. Strongly condemns the weapons manufacturing

countries for their hand in the trade of weapons to their

allies which has fueled major regional unrest in Africa

and Middle East; 7. Calls upon all the member states of the United Nations

to support the United Nations in peacekeeping as well

as preventing measures as the United Nations has neither

the money nor the support of the international community

to take on large scale intervention.

26

Advanced General Assembly

Director: James Teaford

Advanced delegations will be made up of four

participants-two for each committee or topic. There will be an optional Thursday night session for the Advanced General Assembly. For delega-

tions choosing to attend, this session will give participants an opportunity to draft resolutions and submit the drafts to the steering committee.

These resolutions will receive preference in Friday sessions and will be the first resolutions

brought before the Assembly. For those delega-tions choosing not to attend, the expectation is that a completed resolution will be brought with

them to the opening session on Friday morning. Failure to meet this expectation will be taken into account in the consideration for awards.

The Friday sessions will include time for caucusing in support of resolutions and drafting

additional resolutions if necessary. Committees will review and approve resolutions which will then be sent to the steering committee. The

steering committee will then select resolutions and the Assembly will convene to vote. Votes

must receive two-thirds approval of the General Assembly to be passed. Students choosing to participate in Thursday

night session are invited to attend the opening banquet for a small fee. In addition there is a night activity required for all overnight guests.

Housing will be available on the Hope College campus if desired.

37

Mali

The African state, Mali, has been relatively stable and

conflict free since its independence from France in 1960. At its

initial independence Mali was called the Mali Federation. A few

months later, Senegal withdrew and the Mali Federation became

Mali (World Factbook, 2012). Mali was ruled by a dictatorship

until 1991 when the government was ousted by a bloodless

military coup. Following this was a period of military rule until

March of 2012 (World Factbook, 2012).

In March of 2012, the Mali government was overthrown by

a military force and was announce over the state’s television

programing. The mutineers thought the government was mis-

handling the neighboring Tuareg insurgency in the northern

region. The Tuareg rebellion includes supporters of Moammar

Gadhafi in Libya who returned to Mali with guns and heavy

arms. The coup leaders call themselves the National Committee

for the Reestablishment of Democracy and the Restoration of

the State (CNRDR). The soldiers intended to hand over power to

a democratically elected government (Associated Press, 2012).

After the coup in March, there was excessive looting, especially

in the North (Associated Press, 2012).

On July 5, 2012, the United Nations Security Council

passed Resolution 2056. They condemned the force that seized

power over the democratically elected government and called for

a “roadmap for the restoration of constitutional order and State

authority throughout its territories.” The United Nations also put

support behind the Economic Community of West African States

(ECOWAS) to help the country face challenges, for example, the

presence of Al-Qaeda within its borders (Resolution 2056, 2012).

On July 31, 2012, ECOWAS representatives visited Mali

to assess the progress of the formation of a coalition government

that was demanded by the West African region. Only the week

before, Mali’s interim president, Dioncounda Traoré, announced

he would be requesting foreign assistance to gain back control

of the northern territory of Mali (Clottey, 2012).

36

Security Council Members

Permanent Members

China

France

Russian Federation

United Kingdom

2012

Colombia

Germany

India

Portugal

South Africa

2013

Azerbaijan

Guatemala

Morocco

Pakistan

Togo

Countries are listed in accordance to the end of their membership cycle. For the purposes of Model United Nations, countries due to end their membership in 2012 will continue to remain part of the simulation in order to meet requests to streamline and expedite the country assignment process.

27

Uniting for Peacekeeping

Peacekeeping is amongst a range of

activities undertaken by the United Nations to

maintain international peace and security

throughout the world. The first UN peacekeep-

ing mission was established in 1948, when

the Security Council authorized the deploy-

ment of UN military observers to the Middle

East to monitor the Armistice Agreement

between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Since

then, there have been a total of 63 UN peace-

keeping operations around the world and

although the practice of United Nations peace-

keeping has evolved significantly over the

past six decades, three basic principles have

traditionally served and continue to set United

Nations peacekeeping operations apart as a

tool for maintaining international peace and

security: Consent of the parties, Impartiality,

non-use of force except in self-defense and

defense of the mandate.

28

Uniting for Peacekeeping (continued)

Traditional United Nations peacekeeping

operations are deployed as an interim measure to help manage a conflict and create conditions in which the negotiation of a lasting settlement

can proceed. The tasks assigned to traditional United Nations peacekeeping operations by the Security Council are essentially military in char-

acter and may involve: Observation, monitoring and reporting – using static posts, patrols, over

flights or other technical means, with the agree-ment of the parties; Supervision of cease-fire and support to verification mechanisms; Inter-

position as a buffer and confidence-building measure. On the other hand, the transformation of the international environment has given rise

to a new generation of “multi-dimensional” United Nations peacekeeping operations. These

operations are typically deployed in the danger-ous aftermath of a violent internal conflict and may employ a mix of military, police and civilian

capabilities to support the implementation of a comprehensive peace agreement. While the

Security Council has been given the power to act in case of crises, if they are unable to act when needed due to the lack of unanimity

among the five veto powers, then the crisis elongates for too long. This has been witnessed by the world multiple times and we might be

witnessing it right now in countries like Syria.

35

Security Council (continued)

Delegations participating in the Security Council are required to attend Thursday night introductions and opening sessions. These sessions will consist

of a brief explanation of the topic by Hope College session leaders and opening statements by each delegation. For the Emergency Crisis, the topic will be revealed at this opening session and each delegation will be given the opportunity to begin re-search during this time. As part of these Thursday sessions, delegations will also be invited to attend the opening banquet and ceremony followed by a night activity provided for all overnight students. Students who wish to stay the night will be provid-ed with housing on the Hope College campus. Friday will consist of three sessions of caucusing and debate. All delegations are required to attend all three sessions in order to be considered for awards.

34

Security Council

Director: Erica Simpson

The role of the Security Council within the United Nations structure is to sustain international peace and security. The Council ascertains the existence

of any danger to international peace, creates recom-mendations, uses appropriate enforcement procedures to resolve problems, and organizes the peacekeep- ing forces of the United Nations. The Security Council has fifteen members: five permanent members appointed by the United Nations Charter and ten non-permanent members designated by informal regional caucuses and elected for two-year terms on a rotating basis. In order for a vote to be approved by the Council it must receive nine votes, including the support of all five permanent members. A veto or an opposing vote by any permanent member results in an automatic defeat of the proposal. The resolutions pertaining to the Security Council are binding to all United Nations member states. Participating delegations in this organ are made up of two students. Each topic will have two sections, one for beginning students and the other for more advanced participants. In addition to the topics listed in this handbook, there will be an Emergency Crisis. Delegations participating in this crisis will not be given any information about this crisis until the conference. These students will be expected to have a working knowledge of their countries and their policies in order to adapt and accurately research this crisis during the conference.

29

Therefore the Uniting for Peace resolution

(resolution 377 A), states that in case the Secu-rity Council is unable to act then the General Assembly and its members will take steps or

recommend steps to ensure international securi-ty.

Web References:

http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/articles/

articles.shtml

http://www.un.org/depts/dpa/

http://www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/

http://www.sipri.org/ http://www.sipri.org/databases/first http://www.isn.ethz.ch/ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Services/Newsletters

United for Peacekeeping (continued)

30

Uniting for Peacekeeping (continued)

Questions to Consider:

How safe are the United Nation Peacekeeping

personnel when they go on board missions in

terror struck countries?

How can the problem of “variations” in terms of

training, languages, doctrines and weapons be

solved to ensure full cooperation amongst the

citizens of a nation and the peacekeeping

troops?

In what ways can the international community

make certain that the peacekeeping personals

are safe from hostage situations, physical

harassment and other intolerances in regions

of armed conflict?

In what conditions should the peacekeeping

troops resort to the use of force?

How can countries develop their commitment to

their peacekeeping obligations and ensure that

there is consistency in International Security?

33

Military Spending and Human Needs (continued)

Questions to Consider:

Why is the military expenditure increasing every year when we are still struggling to fulfill the

Millennium Development Goals?

How can military expenses be decreased so that

countries don’t have a large arsenal of weapons?

How to stop illegal arm sales that may lead to terrorism?

How to stop small countries from being insecure from the ones who have advanced weaponries?

Web references:

http://www.globalissues.org/article/75/world-military-spending

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/index.html

http://www.state.gov/t/avc/rls/rpt/wmeat/index.htm http://www.sipri.org/

http://www.sipri.org/databases/first http://www.isn.ethz.ch/ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Services/Newsletters

32

and Middle East. Not only do these statistics re-

flect insecurity but also reflect the volatile situa-

tion our world is in case a conflict is to arise.

Moreover, one should keep in mind that this

entire trend did not stop during the global finan-

cial and economic crisis. Aspects like foreign

policy, perceived threats, and availability of

resources can be used to justify the increase in

military budgets. Nonetheless, all delegates

should remember that while some countries are

reducing spending in general, the military budget

often appears to be the same.

Delegates should remember to compare the

UN military budget with the worldwide military

spending. The United Nations has a very small

sum for military spending compared to most

governments’ budgets; they were faced with

financial difficulties and were force to cut down

expenses. United Nations was formed to maintain

peace through international cooperation and yet

their entire budget is just 1.8% of the total

military expenditure.

Military Spending and Human Needs (continued)

31

Military Spending and Human Needs

The global military expenditure is increasing

year by year and shows no sign of stopping while

the whole world has more problems going on. It

was $1.63 trillion in 2010 and it is estimated

that it could be more than $1.7 trillion in the

coming year. When one thinks in terms of secu-

rity, the military is very necessary but when you

think of all the other things the military budget

can help in the money put on warfare seems

excessive. While every other country in the

world is suffering from poverty and issues like

hunger or famine, their governments are focused

on producing better military. How is this justi-

fied?

United States is one of the major spenders

in terms of military and almost counts for half

of the world’s military spending with 41% of the

total amount; China and Russia follow with

8.2% and 4.1% respectively. The trend of in-

creasing military budget is concentrated in

North America, Europe and is increasing in Asia