deletion in hungarian, finnish and estonian

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Finno-Ugric Languages and Linguistics Vol. 1. No. 1–2. (2012), 44-66. http://full.btk.ppke.huISSN: 2063-8825

Deletion in Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian Comparatives*

ul"# $a&'k#"-tk a" #*+ eel %*to

u p#pe fo&u'e' o* # *e ell"pt"&#l phe*oe*o* "* &op##t"e' – op##t"e Veb #pp"* (V) – th#t h#' *ot bee* #tte'te+ e#l"e "* the l"te#tue. e "lle#"*e "t' el#t"o* to op##t"e 7elet"o* (7), #' +e'&"be+ b # *ube ofpe"ou' 'tu+"e', both "* I*+o-uope#* l#*u#e' #*+ the* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h, #*+'to*"#*. $e'"+e' po"+"* # fo#l +e'&"pt"o* of ho 7 #*+ V #e el#te+, thep#pe "ll #l'o po"+e # theoet"&#l #ppo#&h to V, e+u&"* "t to oe e*e#lell"p'"' po&e''e'.

eo+': Comparative Verb Gapping, ellipsis, sluicing, comparative operator, finite verb

;h"' p#pe #"' #t pe'e*t"* # *e ell"pt"&#l phe*oe*o* "* &op##t"e', op##t"e Veb #pp"* (V), th#t h#' *ot bee* #tte'te+ e#l"e "* the l"te#tue. e "ll *ott#&kle the e#&t e&h#*"'' beh"*+ op##t"e 7elet"o* (7), #' "t h#' bee* pe'e*te+#*+ +e'&"be+ b # *ube of e'e#&he'.

;he f"'t 'e&t"o* "ll b"efl outl"*e the e*e#l 'tu&tue of &op##t"e', "th'pe&"#l #tte*t"o* p#"+ to the 'ub&l#u'e. I* 'e&t"o* 2, e "ll +e'&"be 7 #*+ V, #'fou*+ "* I*+o-uope#* l#*u#e', folloe+ b # b"ef 'u# "* 'e&t"o* 3 o* theu*"e'#l &o*'t#"*t' o* +elet"o*. Se&t"o*' 4, 5 #*+ 6 "ll +e#l "th the +elet"o*phe*oe*# "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* e'pe&t"el, "th the #" of +e'&"b"*ho 7 #*+ V #ppe# "* the'e l#*u#e' #*+ hethe thee "' #* &oel#t"o*betee* the. "*#ll, 'e&t"o* < "ll 'u#"'e the theoet"&#l "pl"&#t"o*' of ou

f"*+"*' #*+ ou popo'#l to #*#l'e V.

1 The structure of comparatives

o the e*e#l 'tu&tue of &op##t"e', let u' &o*'"+e the follo"* e#ple:

(1) =# "' oe "*tell"e*t >th#* ?ete "' x-much intelligent @.

;he 'tu&tue of &op##t"e' &o*'"'t' of to #Ao p#t': "* the #t" &l#u'e( Mary is more intelligent ), the efee*&e #lue of &op#"'o* "' epe''e+ "* the fo of #

+eee epe''"o*, "th"* h"&h the &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e "t'elf ( than eter is ) epe''e'the 't#*+#+ #lue, &f. Be&h*e (2004)C $e'*#* (1D<3). ;he 'tu&tue of the 't"* moreintelligent than eter is "' 'ho* "* "ue 11:

E ;he pe'e*t e'e#&h #' fu*+e+ b the poAe&t ;-<80<4.B"'t of #bbe"#t"o*': F #&&u'#t"eC 7 F #+e''"eC 7 F op##t"e 7elet"o*C F

op##t"e ll"p'"'C N7 F &o*+"t"o*#lC 7; F +#t"eC 7e F 7eeeC 7e? F 7eee ?h#'eC F fo&u'C N F e*"t"eC I=? F "pe#t"eC INS F "*'tue*t#lC N= F *o"*#t"eC SINF '"*ul#C ? F ope#toC ?B F plu#lC G F Gu#*t"f"eC G? F Gu#*t"f"e ?h#'eC V= F ebo+"f"e

1 $#'e+ o* IHo'k" (1DD5), h"te (1DD8), Be&h*e (1DDD, 2004), %*to (2008#).



45 7elet"o* "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* op##t"e'

G? F # &et#"* #b'olute +eee "* the &o*'tu&t"o*C e#l"He+ #'

G′

G 7e?

u&h ? 7e ′

"*tell"e*t 7e ?

-e th#* ?ete "' >G? x -u&h "*tell"e*t@

"ue 1: !he structure of the matrix "

;he efee*&e #lue "' epe''e+ "* the #t" &l#u'e b # 7e?, he#+e+ b the7e he#+ -er "* *l"'h #*+ -bb "* 9u*#"#*, h"&h – be"* # bou*+ ophee –opholo"&#ll ee' "th the #+Ae&t"e/#+eb "* the 'pe&"f"e "* opholo"&#l&op##t"e' (e.. taller C 'ee #l'o b*e 1D8<, 18D–204C oe 1DD0, 34) o oe' up tothe G he#+ "* pe"ph#'t"& &op##t"e' (e.. more intelligent C 'ee %*to 2008#: 100)2. ;he'pe&"f"e of the 7e? ho't' #* +A?/+?, h"&h "e' the 'e#*t"& +"e*'"o* of&op#"'o* (%*to 2008#: D<C 'ee #l'o Be&h*e 1DDD, 25)C the &oplee*t of the 7ehe#+ epe''e' the 't#*+#+ #lue #*+ "' e#l"He+ b the than -&l#u'e ('ee $h#tt J?#*&he# 2004, 2–6), h"&h "' e*e#ll t#ke* to be # ? "* *l"'h ('ee %*to 2008#:101). ;he 'ub&l#u'e #l'o &o*t#"*' # G?, "th"* h"&h the &op##t"e ope#to (hee: x- much ) "' to be fou*+.

;he te K&op##t"e ope#toL efe' to # 'ub'et of ope#to' beh#"* Mu"te'""l#l to o+"*# el#t"e ope#to' but #e fou*+ "* &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e' #*+ #eh"b"t &et#"* &h##&te"'t"&' th#t #e *ot 'h#e+ b #ll ope#to', #' "ll be 'ho* "*'e&t"o* 5. ;h"' ope#to "' e*e#ll t#ke* to be *ull "* *l"'h, 'ee e**e+ J =e&h#*t(1DD<, 5)C e "ll "*+"&#te "t #' x-much (o x-many ) thouhout the p#pe, u'"* the&o*e*t"o*' of the ele#*t l"te#tueC 't"ll, "t h#' to be 'te''e+ th#t '"*&e th"' "' # *ullope#to, x-much +oe' *ot efe to #* pho*olo"&#l &o*te*t to be +elete+.

2 ;he e"'te*&e of the G? l#e "' ob"ou'l *e&e''#, #' 'ho* b pe"ph#'t"& &op##t"e', hee the elee*t -er (the o""*#l 7e he#+) ult"#tel pe&e+e' the ? ('ee %*to 2008#: DD–101).I* o+e to e*+e the poe*#*&e of the "+e#' t#*'p#e*t, "* the o""*#l 7e?-hpothe'"', thee #'o*l o*e fu*&t"o*#l l#e: # 7e 0 'ele&te+ #* ? (b*e 1D8<, oe 1DD0). ;he ot"#t"o* fo the

G? l#e &#* be fou*+ "* oeL' (1DD<) #t"&le "*to+u&"* +ete"*e- #*+ Mu#*t"f"e-l"ke +eee"te', "* h"&h he pl#&e' # G? betee* the 7e? #*+ the ?, #*+ e*e#te' +ete"*e-l"ke +eee"te' "* >Spe&C 7e?@, #*+ Mu#*t"f"e-l"ke +eee "te' "* G0. ;he to #ppo#&he' #e "llu't#te+ bthe epe'e*t#t"o*' belo:

(") >7e? 7e 0 >? 0 @ (b*e 1D8<, oe 1DD0)("") >7e? 7e 0 >G? G0 >? 0 @@@ (oe 1DD<)

;he popo'e+ epe'e*t#t"o* "* %*to (2010), #' #+opte+ "* "ue 1, +"ffe' fo the'e to 'oeete*t. o e#ple, oe (1DD<, 123) t#ke' the &op##t"e fo' *ot to be t#*'fo#t"o*#ll+e"e+ but to be b#'e-e*e#te+ #' 'u&h "* '*t#O, hee#' the 'tu&tue pe'e*te+ "* "ue 1'ho' th#t the &op##t"e +eee ophee – er &#* be b#'e-e*e#te+ "* 7e 0 #*+ "# he#+oee*t #*+ ee "th much "* G0 pe"ph#'t"& &op##t"e' &#* be +e"e+ '*t#&t"&#ll. ofuthe "*fo#t"o*, 'ee %*to (2010, 43ff).



#$lia %&cs'ai-(t'&ri and Gergely )&ntor 46

I* &o**e&t"o* "th the epe'e*t#t"o* #boe, thee Mue't"o*' "ht #"'e: hthee "' # G? l#e #boe 7e?C h the &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e "' # &oplee*tC #*+

h the ? "' lo&#te+ "* >Spe&C 7e?@. ' fo the G?, th"' l#e "' ob"ou'l *e&e''# "* pe"ph#'t"& &op##t"e' (e..

more intelligent ), but '"*&e opholo"&#l &op##t"e' beh#e "* e#&tl the '#e #'*t#&t"&#ll, "t 'ee' e#'o*#ble to &l#" th#t #ll &op##t"e' "*ole # G?, *ot Au't #7e? l#e.3

;he &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e "' # &oplee*t fo to #"* e#'o*'. "'t, fo thepe'pe&t"e of the 'e#*t"& &oput#t"o*, #* elee*t epe''"* the 't#*+#+ #lue "'obl"#to (&f. o* Ste&ho 1D84C 'ee #l'o e**e+ 1DD<, 56)4, h"&h "' # popet of#ue*t', #*+ *ot of #+Au*&t'. Se&o*+, thee #e &et#"* 'ele&t"o*#l e't"&t"o*' ($h#tt J?#*&he# 2004, 3C $e'*#* 1D<3):

(2) #. =# "' more "*tell"e*t than /Eas ?ete ("').b. =# "' as "*tell"e*t as /Ethan ?ete ("').

' &#* be 'ee*, the 7eP "po'e' e't"&t"o*' o* the he#+ of "t' &oplee*t: "f "t"' – er , (#' "* more #boe), the 'ub&l#u'e h#' to be "*to+u&e+ b than , hee#' "f the 7eP"' as , the 'ub&l#u'e u't be he#+e+ b as .

;hee #e to e#'o*' fo lo&#t"* the ? "* the >Spe&C 7e?@ po'"t"o*, #'+e'&"be+ b %*to (2008b: 85). * the o*e h#*+, "t #&&ou*t' fo the fo#t"o* of&op##t"e ?' both "* opholo"&#l (e.. taller ) #*+ "* pe"ph#'t"& (e.. more intelligent )&op##t"e': "* the f"'t &#'e, the 'pe&"f"e #*+ the he#+ #e opholo"&#ll ee+,

hee#' "* the l#tte the -er oe' fo 7eP to GP #*+ "ll thu' &oe befoe the ?.* the othe h#*+, the ? lo&#te+ "* >Spe&C 7e?@ #l'o #&&ou*t' fo the enough -"*e'"o*O (e.. big enough ): thee "' #&tu#ll *o "*e'"o* #t #ll, '"*&e the f#&t th#t the ?

#ppe#' befoe the 7eP "' "* &oel#t"o* "th the u*+el"* 'tu&tue #*+ thu' *o#++"t"o*#l "ht#+ oee*t h#' to be "*to+u&e+.

Bet u' *o tu* to the 'tu&tue of the 'ub&l#u'e. ;he &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e "' #?, h"&h "' "*to+u&e+ b the &oplee*t"'e than (&f. e*e'e" 1DD2#) epe'e*t"*&op##t"e o&e ('ee Q"HH" 1DDD). ;h"' 'ub&#teo"'e' fo #*othe ?, to the 'pe&"f"eof h"&h the &op##t"e ope#to oe' "# ope#to oee*t (ho'k 1D<<Ce**e+ J =e&h#*t 2000). ;he 'tu&tue "' '&he#t"&#ll epe'e*te+ belo:

3 It u't be h"hl"hte+ th#t th"' "' &l#"e+ o*l fo # 't"&tl '*t#&t"& po"*t of "e. 'b"&k (200<, 10) h#' #l'o po"*te+ out, thee "' # '"*le '*t#&t"& 'tu&tue u*+el"* #ll&op##t"e' #*+ 'upel#t"e'.O

4 Note th#t the pe'e*&e of #ue*t' # e#"* "pl"&"t. o*'"+e ("), hee the 't#*+#+ #lue ( than it *as before ) "' *ot epe''e+ epl"&"tl:

(") = #+"#t"o* fo h" "' e#te '"*&e I et h" "* pe'o* (th#* "t #' befoe).

;h"' phe*oe*o* "' *ot e't"&te+ to &op##t"e'C e.., # t#*'"t"e eb # #ppe# "thout #*epl"&"t obAe&t:

("") ** "' e#t"*.



4< 7elet"o* "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* op##t"e'

?

′

o&e ?

th#* ? ′

"* I?

"ue 2: !he structure of the Left eriphery in comparatives

;h"' follo' Q"HH"L' #*#l'"' of the Beft ?e"phe, ho &l#"' th#t thee #e to? poAe&t"o*', the uppe o*e be"* e'po*'"ble fo o&e #*+ the loe o*e fo"*"te*e'', #*+ "* betee* the to opt"o*#l ;op"& #*+ o&u' ph#'e' &#* be fou*+, "f#* (Q"HH" 1DD<, 2D<):

(3) >? >;op?E >o&? >;op?E >?@@@@@

I* *l"'h, the &op##t"e ope#to "' *o#ll &oetC hoee, thee #e 'oe+"#le&t#l +"ffee*&e' – (4) "' ##t"&#l "* Ne *l#*+ *l"'h:

(4) oh* "' t#lle th#* h#t =# "'. (ho'k 1D<<, 8<, e. 51#)

;h"' 'ho' epl"&"tl th#t thee "' ope#to oee*t "* the 'ub&l#u'e: the&op##t"e ope#to "' b#'e-e*e#te+ "th"* the G? "* the &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e5 #*+oe' up to the >Spe&C ?@ po'"t"o*, #' 'ho* "* "ue 2. e* he* thee "' *oope#to, hoee, thee #e futhe e#'o*' fo ope#to oee*t #' &op##t"e'obe "'l#*+'. ;he e#ple' belo 'ho th#t the obe *h -"'l#*+':

(<) #. Eoh* k"lle+ oe +#o*' th#* ? =# o*+ee+ whether to k"''>t +#o*'@.

b. oh* k"lle+ oe +#o*' th#* ? =# #*te+ to k"'' >t +#o*'@.

B"ke"'e, the ope#to &#**ot be et#&te+ out of # &ople N? "'l#*+:

(8) #. oh* k"lle+ oe +#o*' th#* ? he h#+ outl"*e+ a plan to k"ll>t +#o*'@.

b. oh* k"lle+ oe +#o*' th#* ? he pl#**e+ to k"ll >t +#o*'@.

9#"* e't#bl"'he+ #ll th"', let u' b"efl look #t the &l#''"f"&#t"o* of &op##t"e',befoe tu*"* to +elet"o* phe*oe*#. ;hee #e to b#'"& tpe' of &op##t"e':pe+"&#t"e &op##t"e', #' "* (D#), hee the G? "' "* # pe+"&#te po'"t"o*, #*+ #tt"bute&op##t"e', #' "* (Db), hee the G? "' # o+"f"e "th"* # 7?:

5 Note th#t "* 9u*#"#* #*+ $ul#"#*, the &op##t"e ope#to "' oet #*+ &#* e#'"l be+ete&te+, #' "ll be 'ee* l#te. * "t' e#&t b#'e po'"t"o*, 'ee %*to (2010, 115ff.).




(D) #. ;he t"e "' f#'te th#* the &#t. predicative b. I h#e b"e t"e' th#* ?ete h#'. attributive

$oth of the'e tpe' h#e the" 'ub&op##t"e &ou*tep#t', h"&h e#*' th#t "*

the &#'e of pe+"&#t"e &op##t"e', the G? "' +"ffee*t "* the 'ub&l#u'e fo the o*e "*the #t" &l#u'e, #*+ "* the &#'e of #tt"but"e &op##t"e', the *ou* o+"f"e+ b theG? "' +"ffee*t "* the to &l#u'e'. ;h"' "' 'ho* belo:

(10) #. ;he +e'k "' lo*e th#* the u "' "+e. predicative subcomparative

b. ?"&o ote # oe "*tee't"* *oel th#* he +"+ # pl#.attributive subcomparative

e**e+ J =e&h#*t (2000, 131, e. <<)

2 Parametric variation in the comparative suclause !"E languages#

;hee #e thee +elet"o* ope#t"o*' th#t &#* be #''o&"#te+ "th &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e':op##t"e 7elet"o* (7), op##t"e ll"p'"' (), #*+ op##t"e Veb #pp"*(V). ;he f"'t to h#e bee* ell-k*o* fo the 1D<0' "* the l"te#tue, hee#'V "' # phe*oe*o* th#t, to ou k*ole+e, h#' *ot bee* +e'&"be+ 'o f#.6

"th e'pe&t to the #ppe##*&e of op##t"e 7elet"o* #*+ op##t"e Veb#pp"*, l#*u#e' 'ee to e"the h#e o*e of the, e#*"* th#t the ope#t"o*e'po*'"ble fo e"the 'uf#&e phe*oe*o* "' obl"#to "* the "e* l#*u#e, o the&#* be *o*-7 o *o*-V l#*u#e', e#*"* th#t the ## of the l#*u#e l#&k'the "e* phe*oe*o*. Note th#t (") th"' "' o*l # ok"* hpothe'"' #*+ "ll be

efoul#te+ l#te, #*+ ("") the'e te' #e +e'&"pt"e o*l ("* th"' e'pe&t '""l# toSV, SV o the >RV2@ p##ete): the +e'&"be o*l h#t &#* be 'ee* "* the 'uf#&e'tu&tue but +o *ot efe to the '*t#&t"& &#u'e' h th"' 'houl+ be 'o. ;he epl#*#t"o*of V "ll be "e* l#te.

Bet u' be"* "th op##t"e 7elet"o* (7). ;h"' +elete' the ? "* pe+"&#t"e&op##t"e' #*+ the 7? "* #tt"but"e &op##t"e', "f "t "' "+e*t"&#l to "t' #*te&e+e*t "*the #t" &l#u'e (&f. e**e+ J =e&h#*t 2000C $e'*#* 1D<3). If the ## of #l#*u#e "*ole' 7, "t e#*' th#t the +elet"o* of the'e &o*'t"tue*t' "' obl"#to. *the othe h#*+, "f the ## of # l#*u#e l#&k' 7, "t e#*' th#t 7 &#**ot +eletethe'e &o*'t"tue*t' #*+ the # opt"o*#ll be +elete+ b othe +elet"o* e&h#*"''.

op##t"e 7elet"o* "' "llu't#te+ belo:

(11) #. =# "' t#lle th#* ?ete "' 7. ( 7 F -u&h t#ll)b. Su'#* h#' b"e &#t' th#* ?ete h#' 7. ( 7 F -u&h b" &#t')

*l"'h h#' obl"#to 7, #*+ "f "t +oe' *ot #ppl, the e'ult "' u*##t"&#l:

(12) #. E=# "' t#lle th#* ?ete "' t#ll.b. ESu'#* h#' b"e &#t' th#* ?ete h#' b" &#t'.

6 ' the #"* fo&u' of ou "*e't"#t"o* "' the phe*oe*o* of V, e "ll *ot e*tue to"*e't"#te the e#&t e&h#*"'' beh"*+ 7 (o ). o 'u&h #*#l'e', &f. e.. Be&h*e (2004),$%&'k#"-tk%" (2010).



4D 7elet"o* "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* op##t"e'

$ &o*t#'t, 7 "* $ul#"#* "' u&h le'' 't"&t th#* "* *l"'h:

(13) #. Mari+a bee po-viso'a ot- $ol$oto . viso$ / et0r bee1

=# #' t#lle th#*T%&much tall ?ete #'K=# #' t#lle th#* ?ete.L

b. 2u3a vi4a po-go5ama 'ot'a ot- $ol$oto . go'ama $ot$a / Su'#* '# b"e &#t th#*T%&much ig catet0r '0pee1?ete b#the+KSu'#* h#' # '# # b"e &#t th#* ?ete b#the+.L

Note th#t "* $ul#"#* (#*+ "* 9u*#"#*), the &op##t"e ope#to "' "'"ble "*the fo of # el#t"e ope#toC th#t "', "t h#' pho*olo"&#l epe'e*t#t"o*. I* othe o+',the $ul#"#* (#*+ 9u*#"#*) eMu"#le*t of x-much "* the +eee epe''"o* x-much tall o

x-much big "' oet. ' &#* be 'ee* "* (13), the "'"ble &op##t"e ope#to 'ol'oto #*+the el#te+ ? o 7? &#* "*+ee+ e#"* oet #*+ the 'e*te*&e' #e 't"ll ##t"&#l,u*l"ke "* *l"'h.

I* f#&t, thee "ht be opt"o*#l +elet"o* e&h#*"'' "* l#*u#e "th 7: the'e#e u'u#ll &oee+ b the ubell# te op##t"e ll"p'"'.< S"*&e the'e #e "*+ee+opt"o*#l, the #e *ot te#te+ #' +"#*o't"& of l#*u#e +"ffee*&e'. ' &#* be 'ee*, the

eb' #e opt"o*#ll +elete+ "* the e#ple' "* the &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e' "* (11):

(14) #. =# "' t#lle th#* ?ete 7.( 7 F -u&h t#llC F "')

b. Su'#* h#' b"e &#t' th#* ?ete 7.

( 7 F -u&h b" &#t'C F h#')

B#'t but *ot le#'t, let u' +"'&u'' # pe&ul"# phe*oe*o* hee efee+ to #'op##t"e Veb #pp"* (V). V e#*' th#t "f the ope#to "' +elete+, the f"*"te

eb u't #l'o be +elete+. ;o "llu't#te ou po"*t, &o*'"+e the follo"* +#t# fo $ul#"#*, h"&h 'ho

V effe&t'. ;he e#ple' "* (15) 'ho the phe*oe*o* "* pe+"&#t"e &op##t"e':

< It u't be h"hl"hte+ th#t "* th"' #t"&le the fo&u' "' o* ell"pt"&#l &op##t"e'C th#t "',&op##t"e' "*ol"* ell"p'"'. &&o+"* to Be&h*e (2004, D3), #ll ph#'#l &op##t"e' "thoutepl"&"t 't#*+#+ #lue' &#* be +e"e+ fo # &l#u'#l 'ou&e. Neethele'', th"' &#**ot be #"*t#"*e+

"th e'pe&t to 9u*#"#* o Qu''"#*, '"*&e "* the'e l#*u#e' the 7? epe'e*t"* the 't#*+#+ #lue"' #''"*e+ #* "*hee*t &#'e, +e''"e "* 9u*#"#* #*+ e*"t"e "* Qu''"#* (%*to 2010, 34):

(") #&nos magasabb 6tern6l1 ( genuine phrasal comparative ) oh* t#lle ?ete.7.Koh* "' t#lle th#* ?ete.L

("") #&nos magasabb, mint 6ter1 ( reduced clause comparative ) oh* t#lle th#* ?ete.N=.Koh* "' t#lle th#* ?ete.L

I.e., e*u"*e ph#'#l &op##t"e' "*ol"* "*hee*tl &#'e-#ke+ 7?' – 'u&h #' (") – #e te#te+#' ph#'#l &op##t"e' "* the 'e*'e of 9e" (1D85)C hoee, "f thee "' # 7? "th 'tu&tu#l &#'e –'u&h #' ("") – e "ll follo Be&h*e (2004), "*#'u&h #' the'e "ll be te#te+ #' e+u&e+ &l#u'e&op##t"e'.




(15) #. Mari+a bee po-viso'a ot- $ol$oto et0r e(e 1 =# #' t#lle th#*T%&much ?ete was K=# #' t#lle th#* ?ete #'.L

b. 7Mari+a bee po-viso'a ot et0r e(e 1 =# #' t#lle th#* ?ete was

K=# #' t#lle th#* ?ete #'.L&. Mari+a bee po-viso'a ot et0r1 8

=# #' t#lle th#* ?eteK=# #' t#lle th#* ?ete.L

I* (15#), the &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e &o*t#"*' the "'"ble &op##t"e ope#to'ol'oto K-u&hL, #*+ the f"*"te eb bee K#'LC the 'e*te*&e "' ##t"&#l. 9oee, "fthe +eee epe''"o* &o*t#"*"* both the ope#to #*+ the ? "' +elete+ but eeth"*el'e e#"*', #' "* (15b), the e'ult "' u*##t"&#l. If the f"*"te eb "' #l'o el"+e+, #' "*

(15&), the 'e*te*&e "' ##"* ##t"&#l. It "' *ot obl"#to op##t"e 7elet"o* th#tel"+e' th"' +eee epe''"o*, '"*&e op##t"e 7elet"o* oul+ be obl"#to "f "t eepe'e*t "* th"' l#*u#eC hoee, (15#) &le#l 'ho' th#t th"' "' *ot the &#'e.

;he '#e phe*oe*o* &#* be ob'ee+ "* #tt"but"e &op##t"e':

(16) #. 2u3a vi4a po-go5ama 'ot'a ot- $ol$oto et0r $)pe(e* Su'#* '# b"e &#t th#*-%&much ?ete athedKSu'#* '# # b"e &#t th#* ?ete b#the+.L

b. 72u3a vi4a po-go5ama 'ot'a ot et0r $)pe(e 1 Su'#* '# b"e &#t th#* ?ete athed

KSu'#* '# # b"e &#t th#* ?ete b#the+.L

&. 2u3a vi4a po-go5ama 'ot'a ot et0r1 Su'#* '# b"e &#t th#* ?eteKSu'#* '# # b"e &#t th#* ?ete.L

I* (16#), the &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e &o*t#"*' 'ol'oto K-u&hL #*+ the f"*"te eb'0pee Kb#the+LC the 'e*te*&e ##t"&#l. If o*l the 7? &o*t#"*"* the +eeeepe''"o* (#lo* "th the ope#to) "' +elete+, #' "* (16b), the e'ult "' u*##t"&#l.

;he f"*"te eb u't #l'o be el"+e+ fo # ##t"&#l 'e*te*&e, #' "* (16&), "th *#tu#l&h#*e' "* the e#*"*, of &ou'e.

t f"'t '"ht th"' 'ee' to be # &op##t"e-'pe&"f"& "''ue but the phe*oe*o*&#* #&tu#ll be ob'ee+ "* el#t"e &l#u'e' #' ell. o*'"+e:

(1<) #. 80tata 'niga 9et0 'ato $o+ato et0r ,ete 1 th#t.'#e book e#+ #' what ?ete reads KI e#+ the '#e book th#t ?ete e#+.L

8 I* th"' #t"&le – follo"* Be&h*e (2004, D3) – e t#ke the 't#*&e th#t heee po''"ble, the&op##t"e &oplee*t "' u*+el"*l &l#u'#l. ?#*&he# (2006) #l'o 't#te' th#t 'tu&tue' '""l# to(15&) – 'ee he e#ple (20#) #*+ the #*#l'"' po"+e+ thee – #e #b"uou', #' the &#* be #*#l'e+both #' e+u&e+ &l#u'e #*+ +"e&t/ph#'#l &op##t"e'. ' f# #' the $ul#"#* lo''e' #e &o*&e*e+,'"*&e U # be folloe+ b WUXWUU "* ou e#ple' ('ee, e.., (16) #boe), e t#ke the'e #'u*+el"*l &l#u'#l #*+ e follo e**e+ J =e&h#*t (2000) "* th#t U "' lo''e+ #' than1



51 7elet"o* "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* op##t"e'

b. ESYZt#t# k*"# [etY k#to ?etY ete.th#t.'#e book e#+ #' ?ete reads :; read the same boo' that eter read1<

&. 80tata 'niga 9et0 'ato et0r1

th#t.'#e book e#+ #' ?eteKI e#+ the '#e book th#t ?ete e#+.L

It "' # popet of $ul#"#* th#t "t &#* "*&lu+e 'ato K#'L "* o+"*# el#t"e' "*#++"t"o* to the el#t"e ope#to, "* th"' &#'e 'o+ato Kh#tL. ;he "*te+epe*+e*& betee*'o+ato #*+ the eb 9ete Ke#+L &#* be ob'ee+: "f 'o+ato "' +elete+, 9ete h#' to be +elete+ #'

ell.V "' *ot # u*"e'#l phe*oe*o*: *l"'h fo "*'t#*&e &le#l l#&k' V, #'

+eo*'t#te+ b the e#ple' "* (18), hee the f"*"te eb "' pe'e*t but thee "' *ooet ope#to:D

(18) #. =# "' t#lle th#* ?ete "'.b. Su'#* '# # b"e &#t th#* ?ete b#the+.

It &#* be &o*&lu+e+ th#t both 7 #*+ V #e pe'e*t "* l#*u#e' o* # T/–b#'"'. $efoe tu*"* to the Mue't"o* of ho the 'ele&te+ "**o-\"& l#*u#e' beh#e"* th"' e'pe&t, let u' f"'t oe"e the u*"e'#l &o*'t#"*t' "* ell"p'"'.

- Deletion, new, given

ll"p'"' u't be &o*'t#"*e+, 'o th#t the "*fo#t"o* 'tu&tue e#"*' "*t#&t #*+ the

el"+e+ &o*'t"tue*t' &#* be e&oee+, e#*"* th#t el"+e+ elee*t' u't be given "* the&o*tet. ;hu', # &o*'t#"*t 'ep##t"* ne* information #*+ given information "' *e&e''#.

;#l"&ht (1D82, 222) #''ete+ th#t *oelt "* the 'e*te*&e "' #''o&"#te+ "thpo"*e*&e. Su&h po"*e*&e "*ole' F-mar'ing (&f. Selk"k 1DD6). I.e., utte#*&e'&o*t#"*"* *e "*fo#t"o* #e #l#' -#ke+ #*+ #e #l'o "*to*#t"o*#ll po"*e*t.N#tu#ll, -#ke+ elee*t' &#**ot be +elete+. Note th#t &et#"* "e* &o*'t"tue*t' &#*#l'o be# po"*e*&e (e.., fo&u''e+ elee*t') – the'e #e -#ke+ #*+ &#**ot be+elete+ e"the.

S&h#H'&h"l+ (1DDD) 'ue'te+ th#t # &o*'t"tue*t o # 'eMue*&e of &o*'t"tue*t'# be e#+e+ #' given "* the &l#u'e "f #*+ o*l "f "t "' e*t#"le+ b p"o +"'&ou'e:

D ?'eu+o-#pp"* &#* '#e &et#"* 'ub&op##t"e &o*'tu&t"o*' "* *l"'h (e**e+ J=e&h#*t 2000):

(") E?"&o ote # oe "*tee't"* *oel th#* $"o ote # pl#.("") ?"&o ote # oe "*tee't"* *oel th#* he +"+ # pl#.

(e**e+ J =e&h#*t 2000, e. <# #*+ <<)

9oee, th"' "' o*l 'l"htl e"*"'&e*t of V #' +e'&"be+ "* &o**e&t"o* "th the $ul#"#*e#ple' #boe, '"*&e th"' "*ole' # e*#*t 7? #*+ the +u #u"l"# u't #l'o e#"* oet. h#t "' oe, the &op##t"e ope#to "' e*e#ll &oet "* St#*+#+ *l"'h, thu' "t' pe'e*&e o#b'e*&e &#**ot "*flue*&e the ell-foe+*e'' of e"the (") o ("") #boe.




(1D) >#@* utte#*&e \ &ou*t' #' "e* "ff "t h#' # '#l"e*t #*te&e+e*t #*+, o+ulo∃-tpe 'h"ft"*, e*t#"l' the ∃-F-&lo'ue of \ > ./"0E @O ( /"0Eness#

(S&h#H'&h"l+ 1DDD, e#ple 25)

I* othe o+', "f thee "' #* utte#*&e "* the +"'&ou'e, "t "' e#+e+ to be "e* "f#*+ o*l "f thee "' #* #*te&e+e*t "* the +"'&ou'e, h"&h "' *#tu#ll pe'e*t e#l"e th#*the utte#*&e, #*+ th"' #*te&e+e*t u't "*&lu+e the "*fo#t"o* epe'e*te+ b # *ot -#ke+ 'et of 'ub&o*'t"tue*t' of the utte#*&e. 9oee, th"' ok"* +ef"*"t"o* poe+*ot to be #+eMu#te "* the &#'e of +elet"o* &o*'tu&t"o*'. BetL' &o*'"+e the follo"*e#ple':

(20) oh* k"''e+ =# #*+ ?eteF k"''e+ Su'#*F. ∃ -type (k"''(A,)) N;IBS ∃∃(k"''(,)) shifting

eter #*+ 8usan e*&o+e *e "*fo#t"o* "* the 'e&o*+ &l#u'e: the #e -#ke+.St"ll, the eb 'iss h#' #ppe#e+ "* the pe&e+"* +"'&ou'e, thu' "t' 'e&o*+ u'e &ou*t' #'"e*. ;h"' "' "*+ee+ Au't"f"e+ b the f#&t th#t the f"'t &l#u'e +oe' e*t#"l the ∃-F-&lo'ueof the 'e&o*+ o*e.

9oee, "* the l"ht of =e&h#*t (2001), thee 'houl+ #l'o be utu#l '#t"'f#&t"o*of the "e**e'' eMu"ee*t betee* the #*te&e+e*t #*+ the utte#*&e:

(21) Eoh* pu*&he+ $"ll #*+ #lF hut e+F.(pu*&h(A,)) N;IBS ∃∃(hut(,))∃∃(pu*&h(,)) IS N; N;IB7 $] (hut(&,f))

' &#* be 'ee*, "t "' *ot e*ouh fo the #*te&e+e*t &l#u'e to e*t#"l the ∃--&lo'ueof the utte#*&eC the utte#*&e 'houl+ #l'o e*t#"l the ∃-F-&lo'ue of the #*te&e+e*t ( ibid .).

;he ok"* +ef"*"t"o* of "e**e'' "* "t' o+"f"e+ e'"o* &#* be 'ee* belo:

(22) /"0Eness in ellipsis domains !e&/"0E#: * utte#*&e \ &ou*t' #' e-IVN "ff "t h#' # '#l"e*t #*te&e+e*t #*+, o+ulo ∃-tpe 'h"ft"*, e*t#"l' the∃-F-&lo'ue of \, #*+ \ e*t#"l' the ∃-F-&lo'ue of .

(o* the b#'"' of =e&h#*t 2001)

I* th"' p#pe, e "ll el o* =e&h#*tL' &o*+"t"o* o* ell"p'"', h"&h &#* be

'u#"'e+ #' follo': # &o*'t"tue*tα

&#* be +elete+ "ffα

"' e-IVN

(=e&h#*t 2001,38). ;h"' "ll be "pot#*t, he* "t h#' to be +ete"*e+ h#t "' #*+ h#t "' *ot #*#ppop"#te #*te&e+e*t.10

Hungarian

I* th"' 'e&t"o* e "ll 'ho th#t 9u*#"#* h#' V #*+ l#&k' 7."'t of #ll, let u' h#e # look #t the 'u# of 9u*#"#* &l#u'e 'tu&tue:

10 $#'e+ o* S&h#H'&h"l+ (1DDD) #*+ =e&h#*t (2001), #' ell #' o* (1D) #*+ (22), "t "' ob"ou'th#t the utte#*&e to be +elete+ #*+ "t' #*te&e+e*t u't be of the '#e 'e#*t"& tpe ('ee #l'oS&h#be 2003, 305ff.).



53 7elet"o* "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* op##t"e'

(23) >o&e? >;op?E >"*? >;op?E >7"'t?E >o&?/?e+? >V? ^ @@@@@@@

ollo"* _. "'' (2002, 2006), the &oe of 9u*#"#* pe+"&#te' "' # V?, "* h"&h

the eb #*+ "t' #ue*t' #e b#'e-e*e#te+C o* the top of V? e"the (") #* 'p?('pe&tu#l ?h#'e) &#* be fou*+, the 'pe&"f"e of h"&h ho't' eb o+"f"e', o ("") thee"' # o&u' ?h#'e (o&?), "*to the 'pe&"f"e of h"&h fo&u''e+ elee*t' &#* oe ('ee#l'o $o+ 1DD0#, 1DD0b, 1DD5)C e #&&ept _. "''L (2002, 85) popo'#l th#t 'p? #*+o&? #e #lte*#t"e to e#&h othe. boe 'p?/o&?, thee # be "te#ble 7"'t"but"e?h#'e', the 'pe&"f"e of h"&h &#* ho't o*oto*e "*&e#'"* +"'t"but"e Mu#*t"f"e','u&h #' u*"e'#l Mu#*t"f"e', Mu#*t"f"e+ ph#'e' "*ol"* so' K#*L, o is K#l'oL ph#'e'Ctop"&#l"He+ &o*'t"tue*t' oe to the 'pe&"f"e' of "te#ble ;op"& ?h#'e' (;op?) #boe7"'t?'C the topo't #"#l poAe&t"o* "' # ?.

' fo the 'pl"t Beft ?e"phe of 9u*#"#* ?', &o*'"+e the follo"* e#ple'('ee #l'o %*to 2008#, 2008b):

(24) #. > 7? > ? le`t > ? #k" l%tA#@@@, 'HalAo* *ek".le. ho 'ee' *ot"f.I=?.3S h".7;

Khoee 'ee' le, ple#'e *ot"f h".Lb. ele*tkeHHe* > 7? > ? +`el > ? #k" be'H`lt@@@

oe.fo#+.I=?.3S +e.INS ho t#lk.3S Khoee '# +e, ple#'e &oe fo#+.L

e*e'e" (1DD2b: 588)

' &#* be 'ee*, the el#t"e ope#to a'i KhoL "* the e#ple' &#* be pe&e+e+ b#*othe ph#'e, *#el =lem6rt "* >?a/ #*+ =d6vel "* >?b/. ;h"' "' o*l po''"ble "f thee "'

#*othe l#e (# ;op?) e*e#te+ #boe the ? &o*t#"*"* the ope#to "* "t' 'pe&"f"epo'"t"o* – "* th#t &#'e, the 'pl"t ? #*#l'"' of Q"HH" 'houl+ be #+opte+ ('ee 'e&t"o* 1C fofuthe +"'&u''"o*, 'ee %*to 2008&, 2008+).

Bet u' &o*'"+e the follo"* e#ple' "* te' of op##t"e 7elet"o* (7) "*9u*#"#*:

(25) #. 6ter so''al '@v6rebb, mint #ancsi1 ?ete u&h f#tte th#* oh**K?ete "' u&h f#tte th#* oh**L.

b. 6ter so''al '@v6rebb, mint amilyen '@v6r/ #ancsi valaha is ?ete u&h f#tte th#* ? f#t oh** ee

le'H. "ll.beK?ete "' u&h f#tte th#* oh** "ll ee be.L

&. 6ter so''al gyorsabb autAt vett, mint #ancsi1 ?`te u&h f#'te &#. bouht th#* oh**K?ete bouht # u&h f#'te &# th#* oh**L.

+. 6ter so''al gyorsabb autAt vett, mint amilyen gyors ?ete u&h f#'te &#. bouht th#* ? f#'t#utat #*&'" %'%olt.&#. oh** pu&h#'e+K?ete bouht # u&h f#'te &# th#* the o*e th#t oh** pu&h#'e+.L




;he 'e*te*&e' "* (25#) #*+ (25&) oul+ be the o't *#tu#ll u'e+ e'"o*' fo*#t"e 'pe#ke'C hoee, #' +eo*'t#te+ b the po''"b"l"t of (25b) #*+ (25+), the full&l#u'e' &#* be e&oee+ both fo pe+"&#t"e #*+ fo #tt"but"e &op##t"e',&o*t#"*"* #l'o the ope#to (".e. amilyen '@v6r #*+ amilyen gyors autAt ). ;h"' 'ho' th#t

9u*#"#* u't be # *o*-7 l#*u#e, h"&h e#*' th#t the ? "* pe+"&#t"e&op##t"e' #*+ the 7? "* #tt"but"e &op##t"e' +o *ot h#e to be +elete+ ee* "fthe #e "+e*t"&#l to the" #*te&e+e*t' "* the #t" &l#u'e. ' h#' bee* e*t"o*e+ "*'e&t"o* 2, th"' e#*' th#t 9u*#"#* tot#ll l#&k' 7 #*+ "t +oe' *ot h#e the #ppl"&#t"o*of 7 ee* #' #* opt"o*. If thee "' ell"p'"' e"*"'&e*t of the k"*+ of +elet"o* #tte'te+ "**l"'h th#t obl"#to"l el""*#te' the'e &o*'t"tue*t', "t "' the '"+e effe&t of Vphe*oe*#, #' "ll be +eo*'t#te+ "* the foth&o"* p###ph'.

he* "t &oe' to op##t"e Veb #pp"* (V), the follo"* p#tte* &#* beob'ee+ "* pe+"&#t"e &op##t"e':

(26) #. 6ter so''al '@v6rebb volt, mint #ancsi1

?ete u&h f#tte #' th#* oh**Koh** #' u&h f#tte th#* oh**.L

b. 6ter so''al '@v6rebb volt, mint amilyen '@v6r #ancsi ?`te u&h f#tte #' th#* ? f#t oh**

olt. #'K?ete #' u&h f#tte th#* oh** #'.L

&. 76ter so''al '@v6rebb volt, mint #ancsi volt1 ?`te u&h f#tte #' th#* oh** #'

K?ete #' u&h f#tte th#* oh** #'.L

;he full 'ub&l#u'e "' 'ho* "* (26b), h"&h "' pefe&tl ##t"&#l, &o*t#"*"*both the ope#to amilyen #*+ the f"*"te eb volt . 9oee, "f the ope#to "' +elete+ butthe eb "' *ot, #' "* (26&), the e'ult "' u*##t"&#l. Note th#t *o +elet"o* &#* bee#+e+ #' the e'ult of 7 "* (26&), '"*&e 7 oul+ "*ole the obl"#to +elet"o* ofthe ? "* (26b) too, h"&h "' &le#l *ot the &#'e. l'o, "* # >T7@ l#*u#e,op##t"e 7elet"o* per definitionem obl"#to"l +elete' ?' (o 7?', "* #tt"but"e&op##t"e')C theefoe, th#t the eb volt – h"&h "' +"'&o*t"*uou' fo the ope#to#*+ the ? – 'houl+ #l'o be +elete+ fo the &o*'tu&t"o* to &o*ee "* (26&) 'ho' th#t"t "' *ot 7 th#t "' ope#t"o*#l hee.

l'o, the Mue't"o* "' hethe (26#) &#* be e#+e+ #' the po+u&t of opt"o*#lop##t"e ll"p'"'. $ eel look"* #t (26#), "t &oul+ #l'o be pupote+ th#t th"' "'

the &#'e. Neethele'', "t u't be t#ke* "*to &o*'"+e#t"o* th#t to &o*'t"tue*t' #e"''"*: the ope#to T ? 'eMue*&e, &o*'t"tut"* the +eee epe''"o*, #*+ the eb.S"*&e the ell"p'"' of the eb "' obl"#to "* the #b'e*&e of the ope#to T ? 'eMue*&e,op##t"e ll"p'"' &#**ot be e'po*'"ble fo th"', '"*&e "t "' opt"o*#l. B#te "t "ll be'ho* h#t +elet"o* ope#t"o* "' e'po*'"ble fo el"+"* the +eee epe''"o*.11

11 ' h#' bee* e*t"o*e+ "* foot*ote <, "* 9u*#"#*, o*l e*u"*e ph#'#l &op##t"e'"*ol"* "*hee*tl &#'e-#ke+ 7?' #e &o*'"+ee+ ph#'#l &op##t"e' "* the 'e*'e of, foe#ple, ?#*&he# (2006) o $h#tt J ;#k#h#'h" (200<), '"*&e the No"*#t"e &#'e of #ancsi (Koh**L)u't be l"&e*'e+ &l#u'#ll. ollo"* Be&h*e (2004), e t#ke the 't#*&e th#t e#ple' l"ke (24#) #ee+u&e+ &l#u'e &op##t"e'.



55 7elet"o* "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* op##t"e'

;he phe*oe*o* th#t e oul+ l"ke to fo&u' o* "' th#t the &o*'tu&t"o* &#* be'#e+ b +elet"* the eb too, #' "* (26#). ;he '#e &#* be ob'ee+ "* #tt"but"e&op##t"e':

(2<) #. 6ter so''al gyorsabb autAt vett, mint #ancsi1 ?ete u&h f#'te &#- bouht th#* oh**K?ete bouht # u&h f#'te &# th#* oh**.L

b. 6ter so''al gyorsabb autAt vett, mint amilyen gyors ?ete u&h f#'te &#. bouht th#* ? f#'t#utat #*&'" ett.&#. oh** bouhtK?ete bouht # u&h f#'te &# th#* oh**.L

&. 76ter so''al gyorsabb autAt vett, mint #ancsi vett1 ?ete u&h f#'te &#. bouht th#* oh** bouht

K?ete bouht # u&h f#'te &# th#* oh**.L

9u*#"#* 'ee' to beh#e e#&tl "* the '#e # #' $ul#"#*, #*+ thu' "t &le#lh#' V phe*oe*#. It u't be e*t"o*e+, thouh, th#t the eMu"ee*t th#t the f"*"te

eb 'houl+ be +elete+ "f the ope#to h#' bee* +elete+ "' #l'o +epe*+e*t o* hethe the eb &o*t#"*' N o IVN "*fo#t"o*. o*'"+e:

(28) #. 6ter so''al '@v6rebb, mint amilyenBamilyen '@v6r/ #ancsi ?ete u&h f#tte th#* ?/? f#t oh**valaha is/ les3 1ee "ll.beK?ete "' u&h f#tte th#* oh** "ll ee be.L

b. 6ter '@v6rebb, mint .amilyen/ #ancsi lenne , ha ?ete f#tte th#* ? oh** be.N7.3S "f`l*e.l"e.N7.3S K?ete "' f#tte th#* oh** oul+ be, "f he ee #l"e.L

&. .!@bb alm&t vettem, mint 6ter h4mo3ott 1 =oe #pple. bouht.1S th#* ?ete peele+K;he *ube of pe#' I bouht "' h"he th#* th#t of tho'e th#t ?etepeele+.L

+. agyobb macs'&t l&ttam, mint .ame''ora macs'&t/ etetett $"e &#t- '#.1S th#* ? &#t. fe+P5ter 1?eteKI '# # b"e th#* the o*e th#t ?ete fe+.L

e. 6ter gyorsabb autAt vett, mint .amilyen gyors ?ete f#'te &#. bouht.3S th#* ? f#'t#utat) " ett*k.&#. e bouht.1?B K?ete bouht # f#'te &# th#* e +"+.L

I* #ll the #boe &#'e', the f"*"te eb &#* e#"* "* the 'ub&l#u'e, +e'p"te the f#&tth#t thee "' *o ope#to. 9oee, the +elet"o* of the eb "* the'e &#'e' oul+ "ol#te




the eMu"ee*t th#t o*l IVN elee*t' &#* be +elete+, he*&e the +"ffee*&e fo thee#ple' "* (26) #*+ (2<).

' fo (28e), "t &oul+ be #'ke+ hethe the #eee*t +"ffee*&e betee* the ebfo' ##*t' the ete*t"o* of the eb. ;he o*l e#'o* h (28e) "' *ot tot#ll

u*##t"&#l "thout the ope#to, o*l #ke+ ('""l#l to (30b), (30&) #*+ (30+)), "'th#t the #eee*t opholo o* vettDn' "' +"ffee*t fo th#t o* "t' #*te&e+e*t "* thef"'t &l#u'e ( vett ), #*+ "* th"' e'pe&t "t &o*t#"*' *e "*fo#t"o*. * #*o*ou' e"eee#ke+ th#t the #eee*t o* vettDn' 'houl+ *ot be *e "*fo#t"o*, '"*&e #eee*topholo o* the eb "' oe*e+ b the 'ubAe&t. * the &o*t#, IVN*e'' "*ell"p'"' +o#"*', #' +ef"*e+ "* (22), eMu"e' # '#l"e*t #*te&e+e*t of the '#e tpe fo theutte#*&e to be +elete+, #*+ "t "' 't#"htfo#+ th#t # po*ou* "* the '#e &l#u'e&#**ot be # '#l"e*t #*te&e+e*t fo # f"*"te eb hee. *othe #ue*t "* f#ou of th"'"' th#t #"*l #*#pho"& el#t"o*' "*ole #*te&e+e*t' "* the '#e &l#u'e, hee#' the#*te&e+e*t' of ell"pt"&#l &o*'tu&t"o*' te*+ to be lo&#te+ "* pe&e+"* &l#u'e'.

I* 'u, "t &#* 't"ll be #"*t#"*e+ th#t 9u*#"#* +"'pl#' V phe*oe*#. ]et,

'oe poble' +o eee "* &o**e&t"o* "th V-effe&t', h"&h u't be #++e''e+."'t, "t "' tue th#t &op##t"e ope#to' #e opt"o*#ll pe'e*t "* the 'ub&l#u'e.

9oee, "f the #e #b'e*t, the +elet"o* of the eb "' obl"#toC o* the othe h#*+, #&o*'t"tue*t &#* be +elete+ "ff "t "' IVN (e-IVN ).

u epl#*#t"o* of V effe&t' "ll p#tl be b#'e+ o* the &h##&te"'t"&' of9u*#"#* fo&u''"* (&f. _. "'' 2002, 85ff). "'t, let u' e#"*e the +"## belo,

h"&h 'ho' the 'tu&tue of (26b):

(26b) 6ter so''al '@v6rebb volt, Emint E" amilyen '@v6r #(C8; volt .^

"*t "*?

G? o&?

NSI o&'

o&0 ?

tA '

olt G?

"ue 3: !he structure of >b/

;he e#'o* fo #ancsi to be lo&#te+ "* >Spe&C o&?@ "' th#t "t "' fo&u''e+: "t be#'#"* 'e*te*&e 'te'' #*+ "t epe''e' eh#u't"e "+e*t"f"&#t"o* (&f. _. "'' 2002). ;h"' "'"* l"*e "th the f#&t th#t &op##t"e' #l'o te*+ to "*hee*tl e*&o+e &o*t#'t – th"' "'fo#l"'e+ belo:



5< 7elet"o* "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* op##t"e'

(2D) #. =# "' t#lle th#* el" "'.b. ∃+> ¬(+(t#ll(fel")))& (+(t#ll(#)))@&f. le"* (1D80) #*+ B#'o* (1D88)

he*ee thee "' fo&u''"* "* 9u*#"#*, the fo&u''e+ elee*t "' folloe+ b #ee'e Veb–Veb =o+"f"e o+eC12 13th"' "' h#t h#ppe*' "* &op##t"e', too:

(30) (Ht&n meg-pillantottam egy so''al nagyobb macs'&t, mint the* V=-*ot"&e+.1S # u&h b"e &#t- th#*amilyet I!=J pillantott meg1? ?ete *ot"&e+ V= K;he* I *ot"&e+ # u&h b"e &#t th#* ?ete +"+.L

Qetu*"* *o to the poble "* &o**e&t"o* "th "ue 3, h"&h +oe' *ot"*ole V, "t &#* be 'ee* th#t the ope#to h#' to oe up to the >Spe&C ?@ po'"t"o*to h#e "t' >Th@ fe#tue &he&ke+. ;h"' "' 'ho* belo:

^

"*t "*?

G?6wh7 o&?

NSI o&'

o&0 ?

tA '

olt G?

"ue 4: Feature chec'ing

No let u' tu* to #*othe e'"o* of th"' &o*'tu&t"o*, h"&h "*ole' V. Ifthe ope#to fo 'oe e#'o* f#"l' to oe up, fe#tue &he&k"* &#**ot h#ppe*, h"&h&#u'e' ?-u*"*tepet#b"l"t #' the &op##t"e ope#toL' fe#tue "' ?-u*"*tepet#ble.

12 ' _. "'' (2002, 55) po"*t' out, >@eb' e ofte* h#e # p#t"&le-l"ke #+eb"#l &oplee*t>^@, h"&h "' *ot o*l &#teo"#ll 'ele&te+, but "' #l'o le"&#ll "+e*t"f"e+.O ;he'e elee*t' #e heeefee+ to #' Veb =o+"f"e'.

13 It "' "+el k*o* th#t "* 9u*#"#* e#ple' th#t "*ole fo&u''"*, the fo&u''e+ elee*t –

#ancsi "* "ue 3 – #*+ the eb u't 't"&tl be #+A#&e*t (&f. _. "'' 2002, 83ff.). et#"*l, fo&u'– eb #+A#&e*& +oe' *ot "pl th#t the eb "' fo&u''e+. St"ll, "*'te#+ of the *eut#l Veb =o+"f"e– Veb o+e, the eb u't pe&e+e the Veb =o+"f"e 'o th#t "t &oul+ "e+"#tel follo the fo&u''e+elee*t. I* th"' p#pe, #' h#' bee* e*t"o*e+, e #+opt _. "''L (2002, 85) #ppo#&h, "*#'u&h #' 'p?' #*+ o&?' #e #lte*#t"e to e#&h othe, #*+ '"*&e Veb =o+"f"e' &oul+ oe to 'pe&'p?,the #b'e*&e of 'u&h # poAe&t"o* e*+e' "t to e#"* in situ , "* the V?. ;hu', he#+-"*"t"#l poAe&t"o*'e*'ue the fo&u'–eb #+A#&e*&.



5D 7elet"o* "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* op##t"e'

#"* eb #pp"*. Neethele'', #' h#' bee* epl#"*e+, th"' "' *ot the &#'e, '"*&e'lu"&"* el"+e' eeth"* u*+e o&0 "* 9u*#"#* ('ee the +elet"o* '"te "* (35) #boe),

h"&h "*&lu+e' both the eb #*+ the ope#to in situ , thu' the +elet"o* of the'e toelee*t' o&&u' #t the '#e t"e, b the '#e ell"p'"' e&h#*"'.

utheoe, the Mue't"o* "' hethe thee "' # ee'e '"+e of th"' "llu'o el#t"o*, hethe the #b'e*&e of the eb e'ult' "* the +elet"o* of the +eee epe''"o* "*ol"*the &op##t"e ope#to. ;h"' "' &le#l *ot the &#'e, be&#u'e 'lu"&"* # #l'o o&&u#fte the ope#to oee*t h#' t#ke* the +eee epe''"o* "*ol"* the ope#to tothe left pe"phe of the &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e. o*'"+e:

(31) 6ter so''al gyorsabb autAt vett, mint amilyet #ancsi1 ?ete u&h f#'te &#- bouht th#* ?- oh**K?ete bouht # u&h f#'te &# th#* oh**.L

' &#* be 'ee*, the &op##t"e ope#to "' &le#l "'"ble h"le the eb "' el"+e+.

I* f#&t, eb ell"p'"' "* 9u*#"#* eh"b"t' the '#e beh#"ou out'"+e #+#ble&o*'tu&t"o*' #' ell, #' &#* be 'ee* belo:

(32) #. UgyanaHt a '@nyvet olvasom, mint amit 6ter th#t.'#e. the book. e#+.1S #' what 8CC ?eteolvas 1reads KI e#+ the '#e book th#t ?ete e#+.L

b. UgyanaHt a '@nyvet olvasom, mint amit 6ter1 th#t.'#e. the book. e#+.1S #' what 8CC ?eteKI e#+ the '#e book th#t ?ete e#+.L

&. 7UgyanaHt a '@nyvet olvasom, mint 6ter olvas 1 th#t.'#e- the book- I.e#+ #' ?ete reads

KI e#+ the '#e book th#t ?ete e#+.L+. UgyanaHt a '@nyvet olvasom, mint 6ter1

th#t.'#e. the book. e#+.1S #' ?eteKI e#+ the '#e book th#t ?ete e#+.L

' &#* be 'ee*, (32#) &o*t#"*' # full el#t"e &l#u'e, hee#' (32b) &o*t#"*' # "'"bleel#t"e ope#to but l#&k' #* oet ebC (32&) "' u*##t"&#l be&#u'e of the oet

eb h"le the ope#to "' "''"*, but "f both of the #e +elete+, #' "* (32+), the'tu&tue &o*ee' ##"*.

9 Finnish

Bet u' *o tu* to the e#"*#t"o* of "**"'h +#t#C "t "ll be 'ho* th#t "**"'h "'b#'"&#ll # l#*u#e th#t h#' 7 #*+ th#t l#&k' V. ' fo op##t"e 7elet"o* (7),&o*'"+e (33):

(33) #. #oni on pidempi 'uin Mari 7on/B7on pit'K/1 oh* "' t#lle th#* =# "'. "' t#llKoh* "' t#lle th#* =#.L




b. #oni on pidempi 'uin .mitKB7mitK pit'K/ Mari 7on/1 oh* "' t#lle th#* ? ? t#ll =# "'.Koh* "' t#lle th#* =#L.

;he e#ple' #boe 'ho th#t "* "**"'h "t "' u*##t"&#l to h#e #* ? "* the'ub&l#u'e th#t "' "+e*t"&#l "th the o*e "* the #t" &l#u'eC "t "' #"*#ll #&&ept#ble toh#e # '"*le ope#to mitK Kh#tL #fte 'uin Kth#tL but the #+Ae&t"e &#**ot be epe#te+.

;he p"&tue "' ee* oe &ople he* "t &oe' to #tt"but"e &op##t"e':

(34) #. ..stin nopeamman auton 'uin miten nopean auton bouht.1S f#'te &# th#* ? f#'t &#etri osti1?ete bouht.K;he &# I bouht "' f#'te th#* the o*e th#t ?ete bouhtL.

b. stin nopeamman auton 'uin etrin ostama

bouht.1S f#'te &# th#* ?ete.N bu.?Q;II?B auto1&#KI bouht # &# f#'te th#* the o*e th#t ?ete bouht.L

&. ..stin nopeamman auton 'uin miten nopea etrin bouht.1S f#'te &# th#* ? f#'t ?ete.N ostama auto oli1bu.?Q;II?B &# #'KI bouht # &# f#'te th#* the o*e th#t ?ete bouht.L

If the 'ub&l#u'e &o*t#"*' # 7? th#t "' lo"&#ll "+e*t"&#l "th the o*e "* the #t"

&l#u'e, #' "* (34#) #*+ (34&), the 'e*te*&e "' o*l #"*#ll #&&ept#ble. ;he o*l tul##t"&#l po''"b"l"t "' the o*e "* (34b), hee the 'ub&l#u'e &o*t#"*' the ele#*tp"e&e' of "*fo#t"o* "th"* # k"*+ of po''e''"e &o*'tu&t"o*. St"ll, ee* th"' k"*+ of&o*'tu&t"o* "' o*l #"*#ll #&&ept#ble "f "t &o*t#"*' the epe#te+ #+Ae&t"e, #' 'ho*b (34&). St"ll, e &#* '# th#t "* "**"'h, tp"&#ll *#o e#+"* #tt"but"e&op##t"e' #e ##"l#ble (o* the +"'t"*&t"o*, 'ee Be*e J ?"*k#l 1DD5). o*'"+e thefollo"* e#ple' fo *l"'h:

(35) #. eoe o*' # f#'te &# th#* th"' $=. J( b. eoe o*' # f#'te &# th#* $"ll (+oe'). J(

I* the *#o e#+"* e#ple "* (35#), the G? "' to be fou*+ "* # pe+"&#t"epo'"t"o*, hee#' "* the "+e e#+"* e#ple "* (35b) "t "' #* #tt"bute "th"* # 7?.

;h"' e#*' th#t the &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e te*+' to be fu*+#e*t#ll pe+"&#t"e"* "**"'h, #*+ "t' 'ubAe&t the &o*t#'t *e&e''# fo &op#"'o*. ;he follo"* e#ple''ho "+e e#+"* &op##t"e' "* "**"'h "th e*t"e 7?' "''"* fo the 'ub&l#u'e:

(36) #. stin nopeamman auton tKnKKn 'uin etri osti bouht.1S f#'te &# to+# th#* ?ete bouhteilen .e'te+#KI bouht # f#'te &# to+# th#* ?ete bouht e'te+#.L



61 7elet"o* "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* op##t"e'

b. 7stin nopeamman auton tKnKKn 'uin miten nopean bouht.1S f#'te &# to+# th#* ? f#'tauton etri osti eilen1&# ?ete bouht e'te+#.

KI bouht # f#'te &# to+# th#* ?ete bouht e'te+#.L&. 8@in enemmKn omenoita 'uin #oni s@i/B 7s@i omenoita/1

#te.1S oe #pple' th#* oh* #te #te #pple'KI #te oe #pple' th#* oh* #te.L

;h"' #ll po"*t' to the po''"b"l"t th#t "**"'h h#' obl"#to 7, l"ke *l"'hC butu*l"ke *l"'h, hee 7 t#et' the ? "* pe+"&#t"e &op##t"e' #*+ the 7? "*#tt"but"e &op##t"e', "* "**"'h "t t#et' the #"#l poAe&t"o* &o*t#"*"* the f"*"te

eb (IL/?) "* pe+"&#t"e &op##t"e', #' &#* be 'ee* "* (33), #*+ the 7? "* #tt"but"e&op##t"e'.

N#tu#ll, +elet"o* &#* o*l t#et "e* #te"#l #*+ theefoe thee #e

'ub&op##t"e' to be fou*+ "* "**"'h:

(3<) #. 7len viisampi 'uin sinK olet su''ela1 # "'e th#* ou #e "ttKI # "'e th#* ou #e "tt.L

b. .len viisampi 'uin mitK sinK olet su''ela1 # "'e th#* ? ou #e "ttKI # "'e th#* ou #e "tt.L

&. Nuoneeni on suora'aiteen muotoinen, hieman pidempi 'uin .oo "' e&t#*ul# 'h#pe+ 'l"htl lo*e th#*mitK se on leveK1

? "t "' "+eK= oo "' e&t#*ul#, "t "' 'l"htl lo*e th#* "t "' "+e.L

+. Nuoneeni on suora'aiteen muotoinen, . hieman pidempi 'uin .oo "' e&t#*ul# 'h#pe+ 'l"htl lo*e th#*se on leveK1"t "' "+eK= oo "' e&t#*ul#, "t "' 'l"htl lo*e th#* "t "' "+e.L

e. Nuoneeni on suora'aiteen muotoinen, hieman pidempi 'uin .oo "' e&t#*ul# 'h#pe+ 'l"htl lo*e th#*leec.

"+e

K= oo "' e&t#*ul#, "t "' 'l"htl lo*e th#* "t "' "+e.L

* the othe h#*+, #' f# #' op##t"e Veb #pp"* "' &o*&e*e+, thee #e *oV-effe&t', #' &#* be 'ee* "* the 'e*te*&e' "e* "* th"' 'e&t"o*C fo e#ple, (3<&)&o*t#"*' #* oet eb "thout the ope#to pe'e*t.

9e*&e "t &#* be &o*&lu+e+ th#t "**"'h "' # l#*u#e "th 7 #*+ "thout V.

: Estonian

B#'t but *ot le#'t, let u' tu* to the &h##&te"'#t"o* of 'to*"#*C 'to*"#* "' b#'"&#ll l"ke

"**"'h "* fu*+#e*t#ll h#"* 7 #*+ &le#l l#&k"* V.




;he +ef#ult "e of the 'to*"#* &l#u'e "' #' follo' (&f. h#l# 2006):

(38) >? >I? >? >V? @@@@

I* 'to*"#*, thee e"'t' #* oet fo of the &op##t"e ope#to: 'uivOrd (Kto theextent that L). o 'oe 'pe#ke', 'uivOrd "' u*##t"&#l "* #* &o*'tu&t"o*.##t"&#l"t Au+e*t' #e "*+"&#te+ fo both 'uivOrd -'e*'"t"e #*+ 'uivOrd -e'"'t#*t'pe#ke' "* th"' o+e he* the +"ffe.

Bet u' the* be"* "th op##t"e 7elet"o* (7). o*'"+e the follo"*e#ple':

(3D) #. #aan on pi'em 'ui Mari .on/1 oh* "' t#lle th#* =# "'Koh* "' t#lle th#* =#.L

b. 7#aan on pi'em 'ui Mari on pi''1

oh* "' t#lle th#* =# "' t#llKoh* "' t#lle th#* =#.L

&. ..B. #aan on pi'em 'ui 'uivOrd pi'' Mari on1 oh* "' t#lle th#* ? t#ll =# "'Koh* "' t#lle th#* =#.L

' &#* be 'ee* "* (3Db), the epet"t"o* of the #+Ae&t"e "* the 'ub&l#u'e "' *ot##t"&#l "* "t'elf, #*+ #"*#l #&&ept#b"l"t &#* be #&h"ee+ b #++"* 'uivOrd . ;he'"tu#t"o* +oe' *ot 'ee to be +"ffee*t fo othe pe'o*':

(40) #. len targem 'ui teie1

# "'e th#* ou.?B KI # "'e th#* ou.L

b. 7B. len targem 'ui 'uivOrd teie olete targad1 # "'e th#* ? ou #e "'eKI # "'e th#* ou.L

ll "* #ll, "t 'ee' th#t "* 'to*"#* pe+"&#t"e &op##t"e' thee "' 7 "*ole+. ;h"' "' 'o "* #tt"but"e &op##t"e' #' ell:

(41) #. stsin 'iirema auto 'ui eeter1 bouht.1S f#'te &# th#* ?ete

KI bouht # f#'te &# th#* ?ete.Lb. 7B.stsin 'iirema auto 'ui 'uivOrd 'iire auto eeter ostis1

bouht.1S f#'te &# th#* ? f#'t &# ?ete bouhtKI bouht # f#'te &# th#* ?ete.L

&. stsin 'iirema auto tKna 'ui eeter eile1 bouht.1S f#'te &# to+# th#* ?ete e'te+#KI bouht # f#'te &# to+# th#* ?ete +"+ e'te+#.L

+. stsin 'iirema auto 'ui eeter ostis1 bouht.1S f#'te &# th#* ?ete bouhtKI bouht # f#'te &# th#* ?ete bouht.L



63 7elet"o* "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* op##t"e'

'pe&"#ll fo 'uivOrd -'e*'"t"e 'pe#ke', the pe'e*&e of the 7? &o*t#"*"* theope#to "' *ot #&&ept#ble. See #l'o:

(42) #. Ma sOin roh'em Ounu 'ui #aan .sOi/1

I #te.1S oe #pple' th#* oh* #teKI #te oe #pple' th#* oh* +"+.L

b. 7Ma sOin roh'em Ounu 'ui mitu Ouna #aan sOi/1 I #te.1S oe #pple' th#* ? #pple' oh* #teKI #te oe #pple' th#* oh* +"+.L

;hu' "t 'ee' th#t 'to*"#* h#' obl"#to op##t"e 7elet"o* fo 'uivOrd -'e*'"t"e 'pe#ke', hee#' 'uivOrd -e'"'t#*t 'pe#ke' #e # l"ttle oe pe"''"e "th th"'eMu"ee*t. 7 t#et' the IL "* pe+"&#t"e &op##t"e', #' &#* be 'ee* "* (3D), #*+ the7? "* #tt"but"e &op##t"e' "* 'to*"#*, Au't l"ke "* "**"'h.

It h#' to be e*t"o*e+ th#t "f the &o*'t"tue*t "' *ot "e*, thee "' *o +"ffee*&e

betee* 'uivOrd -'e*'"t"e #*+ 'uivOrd -e'"'t#*t 'pe#ke':

(43) d Ma sOin roh'em Ounu 'ui mitu pirni #aan sOi1 I #te oe #pple' th#* ? pe#' oh* #teKI #te oe #pple' th#* oh* #te pe#'.L

I* 'to*"#*, thee "' *o op##t"e Veb #pp"* to be ob'ee+, #' 'ho*belo:

(44) #. stsin 'iirema auto 'ui eeter ostis/1 bouht.1S f#'te &# th#* ?ete bouht

KI bouht # f#'te &# th#* ?ete bouht.Lb. =# '"* ohke u*u ku" ##* ('").

I #te oe #pple' th#* oh* #teKI #te oe #pple' th#* oh* #teL.

I* 'u, e &#* '# th#t 'to*"#* fu*+#e*t#ll h#' 7, #*+ 't#"htfo#+ll#&k' V.

; Theoretical implications

;he p"# "pot#*&e of ou f"*+"*' #t pe'e*t l"e' "* the e&o*"t"o* of op##t"e Veb #pp"* phe*oe*#, h"&h h#' *ot bee* +"'&u''e+ 'o f# "* the l"te#tue, #*+ "*the f#&t th#t V &#* be epl#"*e+ "* te' of 'lu"&"*. I* othe o+', # 'ee"*lpe&ul"# phe*oe*o* # be t#&e+ b#&k to # oe e*e#l +elet"o* ope#t"o*, he*&epo"+"* # 'ou*+ #*+ p#'"o*"ou' theoet"&#l b#&kou*+ to the #&tu#l +e'&"pt"o* ofV.




u #" #' to po"+e #* e&o*o"&#l epl#*#t"o* to the +#t# e fou*+, #*+ '"*&ethe #*#l'"' of V "' b#'e+ o* 'lu"&"*, #* #le#+ ell-#tte'te+ #*+ epl#"*e+ +elet"o*e&h#*"', ou epl#*#t"o* +oe' *ot po"+e #* et# bu+e* fo the '*t#&t"&&oput#t"o*. h#t ou #*#l'"' of V #++' to the ok o* ell"pt"&#l &op##t"e' "'

th#t 'lu"&"*, h"&h #' *ot ut"l"'e+ "* Be&h*e (2004) fo th"' pupo'e #t #ll, #l'o#&&ou*t' fo # &et#"* tpe of +elet"o* "* &op##t"e', thu' "t futhe 'te*the*' thehpothe'"' th#t &op##t"e &oplee*t' #e #ll u*+el"*l &l#u'#l, #*+ #"ou'+elet"o* e&h#*"'' &#* #&&ou*t fo the "''"* &o*'t"tue*t' "* the (&f. Be&h*e 1DDD,100, 2004,6).

u futue e'e#&h "ll be +"e&te+ to the Mue't"o* of h#t tpolo"&#l&oel#t"o*' &#* be +ete&te+ "th e'pe&t to V-effe&t' #*+ the u'e of 'lu"&"*."+e*tl, V-effe&t' &#* o*l be +ete&te+ "* l#*u#e' "th oet &op##t"eope#to'. l'o, #* #e*e*boe&k J B"pt%kL' (2006, 25D) tpolo of 'lu"&"* u't bet#ke* "*to &o*'"+e#t"o*, #&&o+"* to h"&h the 'lu"&"* +o#"*' &#* be the &o*'t"tue*t''ele&te+ b 0 o o&0 (+epe*+"* o* hee *h -ope#to' oe "* # "e* l#*u#eC e..,

>Spe&C ?@ "* *l"'h, 7ut&h #*+ e#*C >Spe&C o&?@ "* 9u*#"#*, $#'Mue, 9ebe),o thee "' *o 'lu"&"* "* l#*u#e' th#t l#&k oet ope#to oee*t' (e.., oe#*,

#p#*e'e, h"*e'e). I* the futue, e "ll t to "*e't"#te hethe thee "' # &o**e&t"o*betee* #* #e*e*boe&k J B"pt%kL' (2006) *h -'lu"&"* &oel#t"o* #*+ the eee*&eof V-effe&t' "* &et#"* l#*u#e'.

;he e#'o* h "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* ee #l'o t#ke* "*to &o*'"+e#t"o* "* thee'e#&h #' th#t the'e l#*u#e' &#* #l'o #"*#ll h#e oet &op##t"e ope#to',#*+ e #*te+ to e#"*e hethe the oet/&oet 't#tu' of th"' ope#to &#* be l"*ke+to the tpolo of l#*u#e', hethe the 'ho V o obl"#to 7 phe*oe*#.9oee, "t tu*e+ out th#t "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* h#e obl"#to 7 p#tte*', "* 'p"teof the opt"o*#l #*+ o&&#'"o*#l pe'e*&e of #* oet &op##t"e ope#to. h#t e

fou*+ "* &o**e&t"o* "th "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* "' th#t op##t"e 7elet"o* t#et' the#"#l poAe&t"o* &o*t#"*"* the eb "* pe+"&#t"e, #*+ the 7? "* #tt"but"e&op##t"e', thu' "t "' *ot V but 7 th#t "' ope#t"o*#l hee.

< Conclusion

I* th"' #t"&le, e #*te+ to po"+e # 'ue of h#t ell"pt"&#l &op##t"e' look l"ke "*"**"'h, 9u*#"#* #*+ 'to*"#*. ;he #"* #" #' to 'ho h#t k"*+ of +elet"o*phe*oe*# &#* be fou*+ "* the'e l#*u#e' #*+ to po"+e #* #*#l'"' of #* *e +#t#pe"ou'l u*epl#"*e+.

;he phe*oe*# "* Mue't"o* +e'&"be the e*e#l #ppe##*&e of ell"pt"&#l&op##t"e &o*'tu&t"o*'. "'t, the pe'e*&e/#b'e*&e of 7 'ho' hethe the ? "*pe+"&#t"e &op##t"e' o the 7? "* #tt"but"e &op##t"e u't obl"#to"l be+elete+ "* the &op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e "f "t "' "+e*t"&#l to "t' #t" &ou*tep#t. Se&o*+, "*l#*u#e' 'ho"* V effe&t', "f the &op##t"e ope#to "' "''"* fo the&op##t"e 'ub&l#u'e, the f"*"te eb u't #l'o be +elete+, u*le'' "t &#"e' *e"*fo#t"o*, #' #' pe'e*te+ "* &o**e&t"o* "th 9u*#"#*. ;o ou k*ole+e, th"'phe*oe*o* h#' *ot bee* epl#"*e+ "* the l"te#tueC e e*tue+ #* #*#l'"' "*&o**e&t"o* "th the 9u*#"#* +#t# pe'e*te+ "* 'e&t"o* 4, h"&h #' b#'e+ o* 'lu"&"*#*+ "t' &#p#b"l"t to el""*#te othe"'e f#t#l u*&he&ke+ fe#tue', thu' "t &oul+ #&&ou*tfo the +elet"o* of both the &op##t"e ope#to #*+ the eb #t the '#e t"e.



65 7elet"o* "* 9u*#"#*, "**"'h #*+ 'to*"#* op##t"e'

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deletion in hungarian, finnish and estonian

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