demonstrating, regulating and celebrating community forestry redd in cambodia, indonesia and papua...
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Dr. D. Andrew Wardell Presentation for the conference on Taking stock of smallholders and community forestry Montpellier France March 24-26, 2010TRANSCRIPT
Demonstrating, Regulating and Celebrating Community Forestry REDD in Cambodia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
Dr. D. Andrew Wardell
Taking stock of smallholder and community forestry Where do we go from here?CIFOR/CIRAD/IRD, Montpellier 24-26 March 2010
Norad grant GLO 4244, INS 09/010/Rockefeller Foundation grant 2009 COR 202
Outline
• Why community forestry and REDD?
• Cambodia
• Indonesia
• Papua New Guinea
• Concluding remarks
Case study framework• Focus on a two year period (2007-2009);
work in progress; REDD still being invented.
• Context– Forestry/decentralization reforms– Progress with community forestry– REDD readiness and projects
• Case study – a REDD project or an ‘event’
Why community forestry and REDD?
• Community forestry not yet performing well– Custodians of the land/resources?– Moving out of poverty?
• Limits of decentralization in practice
• REDD financing – the missing link?
• Early optimism and cautionary notes
Contradictory forest policies?• Community forest management• State-granted privileges and
management by restriction, exclusion and fear
• Legal pluralism and the negotiation of access and rights
• Untying rights to resources from the territorial claims of the state
• Rents of non-enforcement
Decision 2/CP.131. “Invites Parties to further strengthen
and support ongoing efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation on a voluntary basis;
3. Further encourages Parties to explore a range of actions, identify options and undertake efforts, including demonstration activities, to address the drivers of deforestation relevant to their national circumstances….”
Cambodia - Context
• War - commodification of forests• Peace accord, 1991• Moratorium on forest
concessions, (3.4m ha), 31.12.2000
• Commune Sangkat Law, 2001• Economic Land Concessions,
2005• Annual Bidding Coupes w/e 2007• Organic Law, 2008• Global Witness, 1999-Oct. 2009
Cambodia – Community Forestry
• Sub-Decree on CF, 2003• prakas 8-step CF process• CF training materials and
mapping services• 124 CF sites protected by law
(15 years + 15)• Community vs. conservation
forestry (Rectangular Strategy II, Nov. 2008)
• 2 million ha CF by 2020 (19% of national forest estate)
Cambodia – REDD readiness
• Two demonstration projects– Oddar Meanchey– Seima BCA
• Sar Char Nor 699, May 2008• R-PIN, March 2009• UN-REDD ‘Observer’, Nov. 2009• REDD Task Force, Jan. 2010• Replication CF REDD in Siem
Reap (37 CF sites)
Oddar Meanchey CF REDD Project
• ‘Bundled’ 13 CF sites – economies of scale
• Avoided mosaic deforestation METH – dual validation (VCS)
• Co-benefits (CCB Standard)• Cancellation/conversion of ELCs• Secure tenure for CF groups• Border dispute with Thailand• Benefit-sharing/distribution
Cambodia - strengthening CF?
Indonesia - Context• 130m ha of ‘state’ forest land• Land rights weakly-recognized in
1960 Agrarian Law• Dominance of forest concession
model (timber, plywood, pulp and paper and potentially, REDD), 1960s to present
• Recentralizing while decentralizing – do forests or communities benefit?
• Ministry of Forestry – a vertically-integrated bureaucracy
Indonesia – Community Forestry
• Regulation 6/2007 (34/2002 and 1/2004) – 4 options, viz.– Village Forestry– Community Forestry– Peoples’ Plantation Forests– Partnerships between communities and
concessionaires
• Less than 40% of all properties with title (BPN - Sertipikat)
• Very few ulayat (collective) tenure rights recognized
• Historical CF focus in Java• 2.1 million ha by 2010 (1.6% of forest
estate)
Community forestry - Java
Indonesia – REDD readiness
• IFCA process (pre-COP.13) • A plethora of MOF regulations• P. 36 (11 benefit-sharing
models)• National MRV system(s)• R-Plan endorsed• UN-REDD ‘Fast track’ funds,
2009• Inter and intra-institutional
factionalism• ca. 25 REDD projects
Katingan peat forest REDD Project
• Ecosystem Restoration License • High carbon density forests• Avoided Planned Deforestation
METH – dual validation (VCS)• Community benefits – Puter/FPP• MOF vs provincial regulations
– Spatial planning– Environmental Impact Assessments
• A new generation of concessionaires?
Katingan peat forest REDD project
Indonesia – a geographic disconnect?
Papua New Guinea - Context
• Customary ownership of PNG’s land (97%)
• Dominance of (Malaysian) logging industry
• PNG Forest Authority• FMAs negotiated with
Incorporated Land Groups and concessionaires
• PNGFA’s 34 step process
PNG – Context 2
• State of PNG’s Forests, 1972-2002– Subsistence agriculture (45.6%)– Logging (48.2%)– Mining (6%)– Forest fires (4.4%)– Plantations (1%)• Logging, Legality and Livelihoods
• Creation of OCC (NEC 56/2008) and proposed structures (TAB, NAB and IAB)
PNG log exports, 1978-2007
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Volume ('000 m3)
PNG – Community Forestry
• Systematic failure of ICDPs• Earlier efforts to develop CF and
PES (FORCERT and Eco Forestry Forum, 2007-09)
• Community-based forest enterprises (mobile sawmills)
• Village REDD concept (WCS)• Potential of provincial forest
governance (EHP and Medang Provinces)
PNG – REDD readiness
• COP.11 to COP. 13• National vs. sub-national REDD• Coalition of Rainforest Nations• OCC-ES and OCC-CT• 3-tier structure proposed • Suspension of Exec.
Director/OCC• Parliamentary Public Accounts
Committee investigation• No credible projects
PNG REDD+ Gala Event, COP.15
• CRFN – 3 representatives only• Maya Lin, Vivienne Westwood,
Bianca Jagger, some large conservation NGOs et al
• 5 awards (WIM Foundation)• Absence of a PNG REDD project• Edelman PR (on behalf of CRFN)• McKinsey & Company (Jan.
2010)• Carbon is my government now
PNG - celebrating REDD on the world’s stage?
Concluding Remarks
• Need to align forest sector reforms more closely with broader decentralization reforms
• Rights to land = rights to trees = rights to carbon?
• Moving beyond the REDD project approval culture – governance of future benefit-sharing and distribution mechanisms