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Dental Materials3

Biomaterials



A biomaterial is "any substance (other thandrugs) or combination of substances

synthetic or natural in origin, which can beused for any period of time, as a whole or asa part of a system which treats, augments,or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of

the body".

Biocompatibility !he ability of a materialto perform with an appropriate host

response in a specic application

#ost $esponse !he response of the host

organism (local and systemic) to the

implanted material or de%ice.



MicroTest Laboratories - example

Our In-vitro toxicity services are

performed by our experienced and

fully trained microbiologists

In- Vivo Services:

Rabbit yrogen

!S "lass Testing

Sensiti#ation

ImplantationSub-"$ronic%"$ronic

Toxicity

Intracutaneous Reactivity

Irritation Testing

&ecropsy Services

'istology Services

In-Vitro Services:

"ytotoxicity

'emolysis

"omplement (ctivation

T%TT Testing(M)S Mutagenicity

"arcinogencity Testing

Met$ods

!S

ISO

*

)%+

,(

(STM

(ll (nimal Testing is

performed in a fully

(((L(" accredited

facility



&eywordsMetallic'glass'olymeric'eramic'omposite

*racture'fatigue'creep'corrosion'degradation

!issue

response'healing'biocompatibility'hostresponse'carcinogenicity

#ard'soft tissue implants

+ascular'Breast'rological'Art. -rganMucosal contacting



Material /election

arametersMechanical

!hermal'0lectrical onducti%ity

Di1usion

2ater Absorption

BiostabilityBiocompatibility



Value Location

pH 6.8 Intracellular 7.0 Interstitial7.15-7.35 Blood

pO2 2-40 Interstitial !! H"#40 Venous100 $rterial

%e!perature 37 &or!al 'ore

28 &or!al ()in*ec+anical (tress 4,10

7 & !

-2*uscle pea) stress#

4,108 & !

-2%endon pea) stress#

(tress 'cles per ear# 3,105

eristalsis5,10

6 - 4,10

7Heart !uscle contraction

Test "onditions:

Lengt$ of implant: ay: Mont$: Longer:

.$ere used: s/in%blood%brain%mucosal%etc0



Bul)

*aterial

(ur/ace Laer

o/ *aterial

$dsor0ed laer o/

1ater2 ions 3

proteins

'ells in

0iolo"ical

/luid

Biocompatibility is primarily a surfacephenomenon …



!est Animals

$abbits 4 ear, s5in, pyrogen 6uinea igs 4 s5in, esp 7

Mice 4 genoto8icity #orseshoe rab 4 endoto8ins ig 4 implant

Bacteria 9 genoto8icity !est actual : elutants : e8tracts eople 4 long term



/ome ommonly sed Biomaterials

Material Applications /ilicone rubber atheters, tubing Dacron +ascular grafts

ellulose Dialysis membranes oly(methyl methacrylate) ;ntraocular lenses, bone cement olyurethanes atheters, pacema5er leads #ydogels -pthalmological de%ices, Drug Deli%ery /tainless steel -rthopedic de%ices, stents

!itanium -rthopedic and dental de%ices Alumina -rthopedic and dental de%ices #ydro8yapatite -rthopedic and dental de%ices ollagen (reprocessed) -pthalmologic applications, wound

dressings



An ;nterdisciplinary *ield

Bioengineers

Material /cientists

;mmunologists

hemists

Biologists

/urgeons

...



<ournals

Biomaterials 2orld =ews

Materials !oday

=ature

<ournal of Biomedical Materials $esearch ells and Materials

<ournal of Biomaterials /cience

Articial -rgans

A/A;- !ransactions

!issue 0ngineering Annals of Biomedical 0ngineering

Medical De%ice >in5

see? http?''www.biomat.net'biomatnet.asp@groupC



A >ittle #istory on

Biomaterials $omans, hinese, and AEtecs used gold indentistry o%er FGGG years ago, u not good.

;%ory : wood teeth

Aseptic surgery HIG (>ister) Bone plates JGG, Koints J3G !urn of the century, synthetic plastics came

into use

4 22;;, shards of MMA unintentionally got lodgedinto eyes of a%iators

4 arachute cloth used for %ascular prosthesis

JIG9 olyethylene and stainless steel beingused for hip implants



ses of Biomaterials

$eplace diseased part 4 dialysis Assist in healing 4 sutures

;mpro%e function 4 contacts orrect function 4 spinal rods orrect cosmetic 4 nose, ear Aid d8 4 probe

Aid t8 4 catheter $eplace rotten 4 amalgam

$eplace dead 9 s5in



roblems'test for w

Biomaterials Acute to8icity (cytoto8icity) arsenic /ub chronic'chronic b

/ensitiEation =i, u 6enoto8icity arcinogenicity $eproducti%e :'or de%elopmental b

=euroto8icity ;mmunoto8icity

yrogen, endoto8ins



*DA : ;/- GJJ3

*DA mandates tests based on length ofcontact (FL #r, 93G Days, 3G days)

/ee table for details ;/- GJJ3 4 reNuired for 0uropean

nion ertication 4 see Oowchart fore8emptions

/ee De%ice ategories : e8amples

#armoniEation 4 in process



*irst 6eneration ;mplants

Pad hocQ implants specied by physicians using common and

borrowed materials

most successes were accidental rather than by

design

4,a!ples 5 6irst 7eneration I!plants

8 "old /illin"s2 1ooden teet+2 **$ dental prost+esis

8 steel2 "old2 i9or2 etc.2 0one plates

8 "lass ees and ot+er 0od parts

8 dacron and parac+ute clot+ 9ascular i!plants



;ntraocular >ens1 basic materials - MM(2 acrylic2 silicone



+ascular 6rafts



/econd generation implants

engineered implants using common and borrowed materials de%eloped through collaborations of physicians and engineers

built on rst generation e8periences

used ad%ances in materials science (from other elds)

8 titaniu! allo dental and ort+opaedic i!plants

8 co0alt-c+ro!iu!-!ol0dinu! ort+opaedic i!plants

8 :H*; polet+lene 0earin" sur/aces /or total <oint replace!ents

8 +eart 9al9es and pace!a)ers

4,a!ples 5 (econd "eneration i!plants



Articial #ip <oints

$ttp:%%3330total4oints0info%'ip04pg



!hird generation implants bioengineered implants using bioengineered materials

few e8amples on the mar5et

some modied and new polymeric de%ices

many under de%elopment

4,a!ple - %+ird "eneration i!plants8tissue en"ineered i!plants desi"ned to re"ro1 rat+er t+an replace tissues8Inte"ra Li/e(ciences arti/icial s)in87en=!e cartila"e cell procedure

8so!e resor0a0le 0one repair ce!ents8"eneticall en"ineered >0iolo"ical? co!ponents 7enetics Institute and

'reati9e Bio!olecules B*s#



/ubstitute #eart +al%es



/0M displaying the cross section of a compositedis5, which had been seeded with cultured bone

marrow stromal cells.



Synt$etic polymer scaffolds

... in t+e s+ape o/ a nose le/t# is @seeded@ 1it+ cells called

c+ondroctes t+at replace t+e pol!er 1it+ cartila"e o9er ti!e

ri"+t# to !a)e a suita0le i!plant.



0%olution of Biomaterials

Structural

,unctional Tissue

)ngineering "onstructs

Soft Tissue

Replacements



Ad%ances in

Biomaterials !echnology ell matrices for 39D growth and tissue

reconstruction

Biosensors, Biomimetic , and smartde%ices

ontrolled Drug Deli%ery' !argeteddeli%ery

Biohybrid organs and ellimmunoisolation

4 =ew biomaterials 9 bioacti%e,

biodegradable, inorganic



Metals

Semiconductor

Materials

"eramics

olymers

Synt$etic

+IOM(T)RI(LS

Ort$opedic

scre3s%fixation

ental Implants ental Implants

'eart

valves

+one

replacements

+iosensors

Implantable

Microelectrodes

S/in%cartilagerug elivery

evicesOcular implants



Biomaterials for !issue

$eplacements Bioresorbable

%ascular graft

Biodegradablener%e guidancechannel

/5in 6rafts

Bone



Biomaterials 9 An

0merging ;ndustry =e8t generation of medical implants

and therapeutic modalities

;nterface of biotechnology andtraditional engineering

/ignicant industrial growth in the

ne8t years 99 potential of a multi9billion dollar industry



+iomaterials "ompanies

8 +io,orma Researc$ 5 "onsulting2 Inc.2 /i0rinoltic sste!s2 protein-!aterial interactions

8 +axter International de9elops tec+nolo"ies related to t+e 0lood and circulator sste!.

8 +iocompatibles Ltd0 de9elops co!!ercial applications /or tec+nolo" in t+e /ield o/ 0ioco!pati0ilit.

8 "armeda !a)es a 0iolo"icall acti9e sur/ace t+at interacts 1it+ and supports t+e 0ods o1n control !ec+anis!s

8 "ollagen (est$etics Inc0 0o9ine and +u!an placental sourced colla"ens2 reco!0inant colla"ens2 and 47-pol!ers

8 )ndura-Tec Systems "orp. 0io-!ec+anical endurance testin" o/stents2 "ra/ts2 and cardio9ascular !aterials

8 'o3medica de9elops and !anu/actures products in ort+opaedics.

8 M(T)"' +iomedical Tec$nologies2 de9elop!ent o/ 0io!aterials 0 c+e!ical pol!eri=ation !et+ods.

8 Medtronic2 Inc. is a !edical tec+nolo" co!pan speciali=in" in i!planta0le and in9asi9e t+erapies.

8 Molecular 6eodesics Inc.2 0io!i!etic !aterials /or 0io!edical2 industrial2 and !ilitar applications

8 olymer Tec$nology 6roup is in9ol9ed in t+e snt+esis2 c+aracteri=ation2 and !anu/acture o/ ne1 pol!er products.

8 SurModics2 o//ers +otoLin)A# sur/ace !odi/ication tec+nolo" t+at can 0e used to i!!o0ili=e 0io!olecules

8 .0L0 6ore Medical roducts ivision2 %64 !icrostructures con/i"ured to e,clude or accept tissue in"ro1t+.

8 7immer2 desi"n2 !anu/acture and distri0ution o/ ort+opaedic i!plants and related euip!ent and supplies



What are some of theChallenges? !o more closely replicate comple8 tissue

architecture and arrangement in vitro

!o better understand e8tracellular and

intracellular modulators of cell function !o de%elop no%el materials and

processing techniNues that arecompatible with biological interfaces

!o nd better strategies for immuneacceptance

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