1  

K. L. E. SOCIETY’s

S. NIJALINGAPPA COLLEGE

RAJAJINAGAR, BANGALORE-10

College with Potential for Excellence

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

Report on

MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT

“FRUITS AND VEGETABLE COMPOST PRODUCTION”

Approved by

University Grants Commission SOUTH WESTERN REGIONAL OFFICE P. K. Block, Palace Road, Gandhi Nagar,

Bangalore-560009

Dr. K.V. Jayaramappa Prof.Tameezuddin Khan Ghori

Co investigator Principal investigator

2  

Date 29.02.2016.

From, Prof.Tameezuddin Khan Ghori Principal Investigator: Associate Professor Department of Botany K.L.E.Society’s S. Nijalingappa Collage Bangalore-10. To, The Deputy Secretary, University Grant Commission, SWRO Palace road Bangalore. Respected Sir,

Sub: Submission of final report of Minor Research Project entitled: ‘Fruit and Vegetable Compost Production’ and request for the release of the

remaining amount of the grant sanctioned for which utilization certificate duly submitted, delay in final submission is regretted.

Ref: MRP (S)-691/10-11/KABA023/UGC-SWRO dated 10th Feb 2011. With reference to the, I thank you for providing financial assistance and an opportunity to execute the above said Minor Research Project. I am here by submitting the final report of the project. Results of Investigations: Results of the project are encouraging and open avenues for further Research. Among the three Compost production, Fruit and Vegetables compost production responded better with respect to physical, chemical and growth parameter, compare to other two compost like Phospho vermicompost and Green manure compost. The research papers of above work were presented in following seminars and published in respective proceedings. UGC Sponsored National Seminar held on 14th to 15th Dec 2011 at Thanjavur. TN. UGC sponsored national Seminar held on 31st January to 1st Feb 2012 at Athani, Karnataka. My special appreciation heartfelt thanks for the co-operation for our beloved Principal and Management. Thank you Your’s sincerely

3  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to thank the Almighty for his everlasting blessings showered come

throughout my research work.

I express deep sense of gratitude to University Grants Commission New

Delhi and UGC-SWRO, Bangalore for providing financial assistance to

conduct this minor research project.

I highly thankful to Dr. Prabhakar B. Kore, Chairman; The Board of

Management, K. L. E. Society for their support and encouragement.

I am very thankful to our beloved principal for his motivation and

guidance.

Tameezuddin Khan Ghori, Principal investigator

Dr. K.V.Jayaramappa, Co investigator

4  

OBJECTIVES: To make the market areas & land clean with the removal or disposal of

these wastes.

To monitor the changes in the physical chemical & microbiological

parameters during composting process.

To characterize the compost at different stages of composting process.

To identify fungi, flora during composting.

Improvement in the process of composting of market waste (fruit and

vegetables) and enrichment in quality and utilization of organic residues

in natural plant production cycle.

To provide adequate food for the people & good income to the farmer.

5  

CONTENTS

Sl.No. Title

Page No.

1 Introduction

6-8

2 Review of Literature

9-14

3 Materials and Methods

15-19

4 Results and Discussion

20-34

5 Annexure

35-38

6 References

39-41

6  

INTRODUCTION

7  

The research strategy for sustainable Agriculture should be an exercise in the development of

such farming systems which meets the production objective through most efficient utilization

of inputs without impairing the quality of Environment with which the system interacts. Use

of land according to its capability integrated use of purchased inputs and farm residues of

production harnessing maximum from the interacting Environment and considering these

objective in long term perspective are some of the important aspects of sustainable

Agricultural strategy. The need is to integrate the components and evaluate the synthesized

systems against the existing system of production. Long term monitoring of the improved

systems with regard to the parameters of sustainability will be required. On station research

could be initiated but the on farming testing of the developed technology will be required

ultimately. According to Singh et al (1992) the following may be the major course of

research work in future on sustainable agriculture in India. Synthesis of the sustainable

farming system based on the location specific needs through on farm research.

Development if research method for evaluating the farming system with regards to its

Biological Environmental and social efficiency. Development of methodology for monitoring

the improved system over long period of time.

Farmers since ancient time have recognized significant benefits of soil organic matter to crop

productivity. These benefits have been the subjects of controversy for centuries and some are

still debatable. The following are some of recognized verified of soil organic matter

(Stevenson) 1982. It serves as a slow Relizon source of N, P and S for plant nutrition and

microbial growth.

It possesses considerable water holding capacity and there by helps to maintain the water

régime of the soil. It acts as a buffer against changes in pH of the soil. Its dark colour

contributes to absorption of the Energy from the sun and healing of the soil. It acts cement for

holding clay and salt particles together thus contributing to the crumb structures of the soil

and to resistance against soil erosion. It binds micro nutrient metal ions on the soil that

optimize might be leached out surface soils. Organic constitutes in the humic may act a

stimulants.

Organic farming employees basically a system approaches to farm management. On well

managed farm the various practices used are often interrelated so that each augments the

other to form a complex but efficient productive system. Methods of application must be

8  

simple, inexpensive, energy conserving and cost effective for nutrient recycling and erosion

control. This concept could apply in developing countries for restoring the productivity of

sloping lands that have suffered from severe soil erosion. Besides crop residues other type of

organic material including composts could also be utilized in the vertical mulch and slot

mulch procedures. Composting is microbiological conversion of the biodegradable organic

waste to suitable humus by indigenous micro flora including Bacteria, Fungi and

Actinomycetes this product is called as compost.

During composting microorganism such as Bacteria and Fungi break down complex organic

compounds into simple substances and produce Co2, water, minerals and stabilized organic

matter. Raw materials are composted faster when the condition that encourage the growth of

microorganism are established and maintained. It is estimated that organic resources

available in our country can produce about 20 million tons of plant nutrient. Further it is

estimated that 4.5 million tons of food and fruit producing waste is generated per year. Thus

there are enough raw materials besides remains of fruits and vegetables which can be used as

raw material for the production of organic manure.

9  

LITERATURE SURVEY

10  

COMPOST: Composting is a self heating, thermophilic and aerobic biological process which occurs

naturally in heaps of bio-degradable organic matter such as manure, hay and straw. This

dynamic process is brought by the succession of mixed microbial population (Bacteria,

Fungi, Actinomycetes, Algae, Protozoan’s) with specific functions, all of which being

interrelated in the total process. During the course of composting both quantitative and

qualitative changes occur in the active microflora. Certain species of microorganisms

multiply rapidly at first, change the environment and then disappear to allow to succeed

(Gaur et al., 1968, 1982; Alexander 1972; Sosamma, 1998). The microorganisms derive their

energy and carbon one part of nitrogen is required for building up their cell protoplasm

(Biddlestone and Gray, 1985). The desirable C: N ratio is 25 to 35 and to arrive at the

required C/N ratio, materials such as straw with high C/N ratio and dung or manure with low

C/N ratio is mixed during composting (Dalzell et al., 1987; Gaur, 1992).

The rate of progress towards the mature end product is dependent upon several process

factors like nutrient content, moisture, aeration and heap acidity.

All organisms require water for life and at a moisture content below 30%, compost heap

slows down, the optimum moisture content being between 50 to 60% (Sinha, Dalzell,et

al.,1987; Sosamma, 1998; Lalitha, 1999). Aeration is achieved by turning the pile or by

forced draft of air. The energy released during composting is in the form of heat and this

causes a rise in temperature. Generally heap passes through stages of warming up, a peak

temperature of about 60-70 degree C, cooling down and maturing. During the thermo-phase

weed, seeds and pathogens get destroyed (Thambirajah et al., 1995; Itavara et al., 1995;

Itavara et al., 2002; Ellorrieta et al., 2002), and complex organic compounds like lignin are

degraded (Tuomela et al., 2002).

During composting, as the microorganisms begin their biochemical degradation, the most

available substrate such as sugar and starches are attacked (Sinha, 1994) resulting in a drop of

pH value. pH usually rises as the next level of substrate, the protein or nitrogen containing

organic material is tackled by the microorganisms (Nakasaki et al., 1993; Diaz et al., 2002).

Microorganisms that carry out composting processes are generally those that are naturally

11  

indigenous to the soil and the refuse environment (Sinha, 1994; Sosamma, 1998; Lalitha,

1999).

The events of sequential appearance microorganisms on substrate with respect to time are

called succession (Garret 1981). Primary colonizers include weak parasites and primary

saprophytic microorganisms. Secondary colonizers include cellulose decomposers and lastly

lignin decomposers. During the course of decomposition the water soluble components are

metabolized first followed by cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. During the

course of disappearance of one component and start of the other the spectrum of

micro flora decomposers gets changed (Bhagyaraj 1988; Subba Rao, 2000).

VERMICOMPOST: Earth worm is nature’s own litter, aerator, crusher, composter and master builder of the top

soil (Talashilkar et al., 2003). Charles Darwin (1881) pioneered the studies on the role of

earthworms in soil fertility, followed by organic matter into humus through the action of

earthworms and have highlighted their importance in the decomposition of organic wastes

(Edwards, 1983; Sharma and Madan, 1983; edware et al .,1985; Ismail, 1994 and 1997 ;

Piearce et al., 1995; Kale, 1998; Priya and Garg, 2003; Manna et al., 2003). Earthworms are

classified based on ecological strategies into epigeous or surface dwellers that are largely

used in the composting process; anecies or surface dwellers which create predominantly

vertical burrows and are good for both composting and soil improvement. Endogamies

predominantly create horizontal borrows and feed on organically rich soil and are called the

Soil formers. Earthworms feeding and burrowing activities modify soil physical, chemical

and biological properties and enhance nutrient cycling by ingestion and by production of

casts (Lee, 1985; Lavelleet al., 1989 Blanchart et al., 1990; Lavelle and Martin, 1992; Flegel

et al., 2000).

Earthworms are treasure- houses of microorganisms (Ismail, 1997) acting as vectors of

beneficial microorganisms promoting growth of microorganisms in their guts. They

effectively harness the beneficial soil microflora to convert organic wastes into humus

through mutualistic associations, (Parle, 1963; Atlavinyte and Pocience, 1973; Dash et al.,

1979; Lavelle 1989; Joy et al., 1992; Piearce et al., 1995; Sosamma, 1998; Lalitha, 1999;

12  

Haynes et al.,1999) which is evident by the presence of microorganisms in their casts and gut

(Parle, 1963a,b;Lee,1985; Lavelle and Martin 1992; Edwards and Bohlen, 1996;

Nagarathnam et al., 2000). Earthworms enhance nutrient cycling by producing casts which

are rich in Ca, Na, Mg, N, P, K and exchangeable NH4 (Atlavinyte and Vanagas,

1982;Edwards and Bohlen, 1996). Earthworms increases the availability of phosphate from

rock phosphate, the mechanism behind the effects of worms are thought to be partly due to

the enhanced microbial and phosphatase activity in the casts (Sharpley and Syers, 1976,

1977; Mbs, 1977; Tiwari etal., 1989; Palaniappan and Annadurai, 1999).

MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION: Bacteria are the most abundant and most diversified group of microorganisms. Since the

bacterial activity is not necessarily related to the taxonomy of the groups involved, it is

preferable to classify them from a physiological standpoint as autotrophs and

chemotrophs/heterotrophs. (Bear, 1964). Bacteria play an important role in organic matter

decomposition and mineralization (Yokayama et al ., 1991; Sakadevan et al., 1993, Subba

Rao 2000). They play a prominent role in carbon cycle, through the bacterial respiration and

through degradation of organic matter and the carbon is retuened back to the atmosphere.

Microorganisms especially the nitrogen bacterial forms play a very important role in soil

fertility, not only because of their ability to carry out biochemical transformation but also due

to their importance as a source and sink for mineral nutrients (Jenkinson and Ladd, 1981;

Lovele and Jarvis, 1996).

Mineralization of N is a microbial process by which organic forms of nitrogen are converted

to inorganic forms like NH4, No2 and No3. Mineralization takes place in three step-by-step

reaction- aminezation, ammonification and nitrification. The first two are carried out by

heterotrophic microorganisms while the third step is mediated by autotrophic microorganisms

while the third step mediated by autotrophic bacteria. Ammonification converts in to

ammonium ions, while nitrification group of autotrophs convert ammonium to nitrite

thereafter to nitrate by the nitrifies (Nitrosomanas and Nitrobacterium). pH and temperature

have a distinct affect on nitrification (Todhi and Ruess, 1988; Prasad and Power 1997; Van

Heerden et al., 2002).

13  

The presence of ammonium ions and nitrate ions in a compost sample has been suggested as

an index of maturity (Chakrabarti et al., 2003). N2 release begins when the C to N ratio

decreases to between 25 and 30 (Blair, 1988) Phosphorus like nitrogen is required for better

crop yields. As most Indian soils are deficient in phosphorus, application of phosphates

fertilizer has become essential, but phosphate fertilizers form complexes with soil and

become unavailable (Bolan and Hedley, 1989).

PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING MICROORGANISMS: The phosphate solubilizing microorganism’s help in mobilizing this locked up phosphorus

and make it available to the plants. Phosphate solubilising microorganism predominantly

comprising of Bacillus megatherium var phospho bacterium and pseudomonas sp are credited

for mineralizing organic phosphorus and rock phosphate (Singh and Amberger,1991;

Prabhakara et al., 2002; Ravichandran et al/. 2003). The enzymatic decomposition of organic

phosphorus is due to the presence of posphomono esterases both acidic and alkaline (Illmer

and Schinner, 1992). Three gram positive and four gram negative phosphate solubilising

bacteria were isolated from compost samples (Jugnu et al., 1993).

Fungi are known to be active degraders of organic matter in soils (Alexander, 1979). Fungi

are chemo-organotrophic and are dominant agents in the organic matter decomposition.

Cellulolytic activities of fungi are not only important in soil cellulolysis, but also in

saccharification of agricultural and other wastes (Mandels and Sternberg, 1976). As

heterotrophs, the fungi are exceptionally well equipped to undertake the rapid decomposition

of virtually all major plant constituents such as celluloses, hemicelluloses, starch and lignin.

Aspergillus sp. Pencillium sp. Fusarium sp. And Rhizopus sp. Show cellulolytic, lipolytic and

proteolytic activities, (Rao, 1977; Saddler, 1982; Gomes et al., 1989; Durand et al., Mishra et

al., 2004).

Mixed cultures of fungi were shown to enhance cellulolytic and pectinolytic activity (pericin

et al., 1982). Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamorii play an important role in phosphate

solubilising (Lakshimanarasimhan and Seshadri, 2004). Trichoderma sp produce mycolytic

enzymes like chitinase which attribute to its bio-control potential (Prabhavarthy, et al., 2004).

The constant recurrence of thermophilic fungi on compositing plant materials suggests that

they are actively involved in the decomposition process. Mucor pussilus, humicola sp. And

14  

thermomyces reveal to have strong enzymatic activities towards cellulose and lignin

degradation (Cooney and Emerson, 1964; Johri, 2001). Thermophilic microorganisms like

Scytalidium sp play an important role during compost production. Chaetomium thermophile

var coprophile has been isolated from municipal wastes (Sharma and Lyons, 2001).

Aspergillus fumigates a thermotolerant has been recorded from various types of composts

(Domsch et al., 1980).

Compost prepared from fruits and vegetable wastes other agro waste offer several benefits to

the agricultural sector such as enhance soil fertility and soil health improve water holding

capacity of soil, improve soil biodiversity, provide rich source of plant nutrients most

importantly it reduce the requirements of more land for disposal of fruits and vegetable

wastes in a year future create better environment.Thus reduces ecological risk, stop wastage

of rich raw natural presently dumped into land falls and the same may be used for making

compost.

In view of the following facts, it is desirable that we have to return to practice which are eco-

friendly and meets the nutrients depletion and sustain quality food production. They only

answer to this problem is organic farming that provides eco-technologically stability,

sustainable agriculture and better nutrient management. Even though the composting practice

is well known. Farmers in many parts of the world especially the developing countries find

themselves at a disadvantage by not making the best use of organic recycling opportunities

available to them due to various constrains.

15  

MATERIALS AND METHODS

16  

COLLECTION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLE WASTE: Fruits and vegetable waste were collected in and around Bangaluru various city local markets

like Vijaynagar market, K. R. Market, Russel Market etc.the market waste were collected and

dumped at back yard of Botany Dept Bangaluru University in pits and heaps in their

respective places for decomposition.

PREPARATION OF VERMICOMPOST Preparation of Pits: The site selected for compost pits were made at the backyard of Dept of Botany B. U. B.,

Two such pits were made with the size measuring about 1.5- 2metres wide and 10ft in length.

Filling of the open pits: Fruits and Vegetable waste which was collected from different markets in and around

Banguluru were spread evenly in the pits in l0-15cms to wet it .On each layers is spread

slurry made with 4.5kg cow dung, 3.5kg of soil. Sufficient quantity of water is sprinkled over

the material in the pit to maintain the moisture content. The pits and vermibins are filled in

this way layer by layer with in a week’s time but by avoiding the compacting of the raw

material. Earthworm species Eisenia foetida is the preferred species used to convert into

vermicompost. The pits and cement constructed vermi bins were covered by polythene

sheets. In this way three different compost were prepared, and they are as follows:

Market waste (fruit and vegetable) Vermicompost: Vermicomposting was carried out in vermibins at the Dept of Botany B. U. B.Cement

vermibins measuring 3x3 ft were filled with half decomposed fruit and vegetable wastes and

cow dung in the form of slurry which was sprayed. The moisture content was maintained

about 30% by sprinkling water and the vermin bins were kept under the shade. Earthworms

(Eisenia foetida) were introduced into the vermibins. After a week’s time vermicastings were

collected superficially as marketwaste vermicompost and the same is used for further studies

17  

as and when needed The vermibins were filled with partially decomposed fruit and vegetable

waste as and when needed and the process is repeated.

Phospho vermicompost, Partially decomposed market wastes were combined with low grade

rock phosphate at recommended dosage along with cow dung slurry and earthworms.

Moisture content is maintained by sprinkling water regularly after a week’s the vermi casting

were collected superficially and the same is used for further studies.

GREEN VERMICOMPOST Gliricidia leaves were collected from in and around the Bangalore University. Leaves of

Gliricidia, soil and cow dung were mixed in equal proportions and are covered with plastic

sheets. Composting was done in heaps under direct sunlight for a period of twenty days.

Moisture was maintained at 30% by sprinkling water every day. Later the partially

decomposed compost was transferred to the vermin bins and then the earthworms are

introduced. The vermin bins are kept in shade. After a period of sixty days green manure

vermin compost is ready. This is used for further studies.

ENUMERATION OF MICROBES Enumeration of microbes from different compost samples were recorded to study the

diversity of microflora. Samples were collected from different compost at different stages of

composting and plated on Martin’s Rose Bengal Agar Media through serial dilution

technique by pour plate method.

PHYSICO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF compost samples The moisture content of the compost samples determined by using moisture balance. The pH

of the samples were recorded by using pH meter.

Estimation of Total Organic Carbon ((Piper, 1966.) Annexure1) : The total Organic Carbon content from the samples were estimated by potassium dichromate

method (Piper, 1996)

Estimation of Total nitrogen ((kjeldalil method) Annexure2) The total nitrogen content from the compost and the plant samples were estimated by kjeldhal

method.

18  

Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium (Piper1966) Annexture 3. Calcium and Magnesium content were estimated by EDTA titration method.

Estimation of Phosphorus (Jackson1971. Annexure 4) Phosphorus content was estimated by a method outlined by Jackson.

Estimation of Potassium by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS. Annexure.5) Potassium content was estimated by using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer.

Isolation and Screening of Microbes Isolation of bio inoculants from the compost samples were estimated through serial dilution

technique on different media. Few isolates were procured from regional centre of organic

forming and T.N Agricultural University Department of Microbiology Coimbatore viz.

frateuriaaurentia(F.a.),Pseudomonasflurorescens(P.f.),Azospirillumbrazillens(Azo),Phosphat

eSolubilizingBacteria(,P.S.B).Trichodermaviride,(T.v.) Pseudomonas fluorescens.(P.f.)

Microbes selected for the study:

Trichoderma viride(T.v.)

Azospirillum brazillens(Azo)

Frateuria aurentia(F.a.)

Pseudomonas florescens .(P.f.)

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (P.S.B.)

Maintenance of microbes Pure culture of Bacterial and fungal cultures were maintained on the nutrient agar and potato

dextrose agar slants at 40C for mass multiplication.

Mass multiplication of microbes

Trichoderma viride was mass multiplied on Potato Dextrose broth for enriching the

compost samples.

19  

Frateuria aurentia and Pseudomonas fluorescens were mass multiplied on nutrient

broth and King’s B media respectively

Azospirillum brazillence(Azo) on special media.

Enrichment of Compost

Bio inoculants Trichoderma viride Azospirillum brazillens(Azo) frateuria aurentia(F.a.).

Pseudomonas florescens, were inoculated into the compost in different combinations and the

enriched compost thus obtained were used for test crops plants and the results were recorded.

Response of Compost and the Bioinoculants on Bamboosa tulda.L Field experiment were carried out at the Dept of Botany, B.U.B.Bangalore

Market waste vermicompost.

Market waste phospho vermicompost.

Green vermicompost.

These compost are mixed with the Bio inoculants.

20  

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

21  

Physical and chemical Parameters of Different Composts: Table:1 shows that the pH values are similar in all the composts between(6.5-8) however pH

of Market waste vermicompost showed highest pH of 8

The E. C. is highest in market waste (0.05), it is least in phosphor vermicompost (0.03) while

in Green Vermicompost andVermicompost it is (0.04). The Organic Carbon content is

highest inMarket waste V. C(9.2) while least in Green Vermicompost( 5.6) and in Phospho

Vermicompost is(7.65).The nitrogen percent is highest in Vermicompost(0.87) while it is

least in market waste Vermicompost(0.20). The C:N Ratio is highest in Market waste

Vermicompost(46:1) while it is least in Vermicompost(4.83) and it is similar in Phospho

Vermicompost and in Green Vermicompost(21.1). The phosphorus content is highest in

Vermicompost (0.65) while least in Green Vermicompost (0.18) compare to other composts.

The percent. The percent of potassium is highest in Phospho Vermicompost is (0.20), while It

is least in Green Vermicompost and Vermicompost is(0.17). The phosphorus content is

highest in Vermicompost (0.65) of potassium is highest in Phospho Vermicompost is (0.20),

while It is least in Green Vermicompost and Vermicompost is (0.17).

Table: 2.The ferric content as micronutrient is highest in phospho Vermicompost

(14,845.27ppm) while it is least in Green Vermicompost (7612.92ppm). The Manganese

content is highest in Phospho Vermicompost (347.04), while in other two there is not much

difference. The Zn content is more in Market waste Vermicompost (72.15ppm), while it least

in Green Vermicompost (50.00ppm).The Cu. Content is highest in

M.W.Vermicompost(30.35),while least in Green Vermicompost(17.75ppm).The % of Ca is

highest in Phospho Vermicompost (0.36) and least in Green Vermicompost is(0.07) .The %

of Mg content is highest in M.W.Vermicompost (0.30) and least in Green Vermicompost

(0.11).

Isolation of Microflora:

22  

The microflora isolated during composting(Table:3)shows the presence of various microbes

in the three different Compost like cheatomium globosum, Asparagus niger,Penicillium

spp,Alternaria alternata,Mucor racemosa,Fusarium spp,and Drachslera etc.

Growth parameter using the test crop Bamboosa tulda. The test plant selected for study is

Bamboosa tulda belonging to the family Poaceae a perennial monocot plant responded well

with M. W. Vermicompost , (Table:4) compare to other compost the Phospho vermicompost

and Green vermicompost. The various growth parameter tested are fresh weight of the leaves,

dry weight of the leaves, girth of the stem and no. of culms which shows better results

compare to other two compost Phospho vermicompost and Green vermicompost respectively.

But with in M. W. Vermicompost the growth parameter like Fresh wt. of the leaves (130),

Dry wt. of the leaves,(61) girth of the stem,(8)and no. Of culms (13) treated with Azo alone

shows better results compare to other treated and the controlled one shows insignificant

results

.By going through the results with various parameter one could conclude that Market waste

vermicompost is more promising than the other two compost like Phospho vermicompost and

Green vermicompost.

23  

PLATE:1

Vermibin with processed M. W.Compost

24  

PLATE: 2

Vermibin with processed Phospho Compost

25  

PLATE: 3

Vermibin with processed Green Manure Compost

26  

PLATE: 4

Bioinnoculants: Pseudomonas florescens. (P.f.)

27  

PLATE: 5

Bioinnoculants:Trichoderma viride (T. v.)

28  

PLATE: 6

Bioinnoculants:Frateuria aurentia. (F.a.)

29  

PLATE: 7

Bioinnoculants: Azospirillum brazillens(Azo)

30  

TABLES

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31  

 

 

Table1.Physical parameters and Nutrient content of different compost 

 

 

 

 

Table 2. Showing three different compost with macronutrient and micronutrient 

 

 

Compost  Macronutrient/kg/acre  Micronutient  in ppm 

  N  P  K  Fe  Mn  Zn  Cu  Ca%  Mg% 

Market waste. Compost 

0.20  0.32  0.18  10,473.51  336.96  72.15  30.35  0.32  0.30 

Phospho   Compost. 

0.35  0.20  0.20  14,845.27  347.04  60.90  29.25  0.36  0.15 

Green manure Compost 

0.25  0.18  0.17  7612.92  327.87  50.00  17.75  0.07  0.11 

 

 

 

   

pH  E.C  Carbon Percent 

Nitrogen percent 

C:N Ratio 

Phosphorus  (P)mg/g 

Potassium (K) percent 

Market wastecompost  6.5‐8  0.05  9.20  0.20  46:1  0.38  0.18 

Phospho wastecompost  6.5‐7.5  0.03  7.65  0.35  21:1  0.20  0.20 

Green manure compost  6.5‐7.5  0.04  5.6  

0.25  

21:1  

0.18  

0.17  

 Vermicompost 

7  0.04  0.18  0.87  4.83  0.65  0.17 

32  

Table 3 Micro flora isolated during Composting

Microrganism Marketwaste Compost

PhosphocCompost Green Manure Compost

Cheatomium + Aspergillus niger + + + Penicillium spp + + +

Alternaria alternata + + Fusarium spp + + Drachselara + +

Mucor + + +

+ Dominant 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

33  

 

 

 

 

Table 4: Bamboo plants inoculated with different bio inoculants and the plants response to different compost. 

COMPOSTS

MARKET WASTE COMPOST PHOSPHO COMPOST GREENMANURE COMPOST

TREATMENTS

Fresh weight

of leaves

(gm)

Dry weight

of leaves

(gm)

No. of culms

Girth of

stem

(cm)

Fresh weight

of leaves

(gm)

Dry weight

of leaves

(gm)

No. of

culms

Girth of

stem

(cm)

Fresh weigh

t of leaves

(gm)

Dry weight

of leaves

(gm)

No. of

culms

Girth of

stem

(cm)

T1 66 40 13 7.1 26 14 5 4 29 15 11 4

T2 60 35.4 13 6.5 36 20 8 7 25 13 9 4

T3 54 30 08 5.3 30 17 9 5 19 12 7 3

C1 98 68 11 6 34 19 17 8 42 25 5 4

C2 35 21 11 8 21 15 5 11 19 12 8 4

C3

130 61 13 8 31 18 8 9 33 17 6 3

C4 46 21 8 6.5 21 15 6 7 40 25 7 3

C5 97 63 7 4 20 14 3 4 35 22 10 3

Control - - - - - - - - - - - -

 

T1‐ M. W. compost+(F.a.+Azo+T.v.) 

T2‐ M. W. compost+ (F.a.+Azo+P.f.) 

T3‐ M. W.compost+ (F.a.+P.S.B.) 

C1‐ M. W. compost+ (F.a. alone) 

C2‐‐ M. W. compost+( P.f. alone) 

C3‐‐ M. W. Compost+Azo alone 

C4‐ M. W. Compost+P.s.b. alone 

34  

C5‐ M. W. Compost+T.v. alone 

C‐‐ M. W. Compost alone 

T1‐.PhosphoCompost+(F.a.+Azo+T.v.) 

T2‐.PhosphoCompost+ (F.a.+Azo+P.f.) 

T3‐ PhosphoCompost+( F.a.+P.S.B.) 

C1‐. PhosphoCompost+ F.a. alone 

C2 ‐‐ PhosphoCompost+ P.f. alone 

C3‐. PhosphoCompost+Azo alone 

C4‐ PhosphoCompost+P.S.B. alone 

C5‐ PhosphoCompost+T.v. alone 

C‐ PhosphoCompost alone 

T1‐Green.Manure Compost+(F.a.+Azo+T.v.) 

T2‐Green.Manure Compost+ (F.a.+Azo+P.f.) 

T3‐ Green Manure Compost+ (F.a.+P.S.B.) 

C1‐ Green Manure Compost + F.a. alone 

C2‐ Green Manure Compost+ P.f. alone 

C3‐ Green Manure Compost+Azo alone 

C4‐ Green Manure Compost+P.S.B. alone 

C5‐ Green  Manure Compost+T.v. alone 

(F.a.)Frateuria  aurentia,(Az0)Azospirillum  bracillens,(T.v.)  Trichoderma 

viride,(P.S.B.)Phosphate solubilizer,(P.f.)Peudomonas fluorescens. 

 

 

 

 

 

35  

ANNEXURE

36  

Estimation of organic carbon (ANNEXURE: 1)

Soil content of organic carbon was estimated by Pot.dichromate oxidation method

described by Delta et al (1962). 10 ml of 1N potassium dichromate solution and 20ml of

conc.sulphuric acid was added to the 250 ml conical flask containing 1 gram of soil sample

stirred the reaction mixture and allow to stand over night. The green chromium sulphate

colour of the clear super natent was read at 660nm using red filter of

spectrophotometer.(Systronic UV-VLS Spectrophotometer) .

The organic carbon of the soil sample was estimated by comparing the absorbance with the

standard curve and multiply the curve reading with 100 to get the percentage of organic

carbon in 1 gram of soil .standard curve was plotted by taking sucrose in the range of 1 to 25

mg.

Estimation of Nitrogen by micro Kjeldhal method (ANNEXURE: 2)

This method was same as outlined by Jackson.(1978)

One gm of treated soil was acid digested along with 400 mg of digestive catalyst and 10 ml

conc. sulphuric acid in kjeldhal flask until the content of the flask turns to light yellow/light

green.

The content was made up to 100ml with distilled water ,after cooling 20ml of 40% NAOH

was added and distilled. The ammonia liberated was collected or condensed in a beaker

containing 5ml of boric acid mixed with indicator solution.

The ammonia does condensed was treated against 0.01N nitric acid till the blue colour turns

light brown or pink .Percentage of nitrogen was calculated by using the formula.

N% = (a-b)x N of Hcl x 1.4S

a = ml of HCL consume with the sample

b = ml of HCL consume with the blank

N = normality of HCL use for titration

S = weight of the sample.

37  

Estimation of Phosphorus (ANNEXURE: 3)

It is estimated by chlorostannous reduced Molybdophosphoric acid blue method.

100Mg of treated soil is acid digested and the content of the flask was made up to 100ml with

distilled water.50ml of clean filtered, colorless sample solution was taken in 100ml flask

.2ml of Ammonium molybdate and 5drops of Stannous chloride reagent were added and the

intensity of blue colour developed was read with UV_ Vis Spectrophotometer at 690nm after

5minutes, but before 12 minutes of addition of last reagent. Standard curve was plotted by

taking Ammonium molybadate in the range of 2 to10mg.

Estimation of Potassium (ANNEXURE: 4)

It was estimated by Flame photometer method out lined by Jackson (1967).

100 mg of treated soil was taken in a 100 ml volumemetric flask and it was acid digested into

10ml of acid mixture and the volume was made upto 100 ml with H20 and filtered.

The filtrate was used for estimation of potassium using particular filter

% k=mg of k per litre*100/10,000*s

When S is the weight g the sample in grams.

Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium (Piper, 1966. Annexure: 5)

Calcium and Magnesium content was estimated by EDTA-Titration method.

Reagents:

1.Standard EDTA Solution(0.01N)

1.9g of EDTA was dissolved in 900ml of distilled water and the volume was made up to

1000ml.

2.StandardCalciumSolution.

0.6005g of CaCo3 was dissolved in minimum of ( 0.2N)HCL solution and was boiled to expel

CO2 and dilute to1000ml.

38  

3. 10%NaOHSolution.

10g of Na0H was dissolved in 90 ml of distilled water about and diluted to100m.

4.Muroxide Indicator:

0.2g of Mur oxide was mixed with 40g ofpowderedK2SO4.

5.NH4OH+NH4CL buffer (pH_10):

142ml of NH4OH was added to 17.5g ofNH4CL and diluted to250ml with distilled water.

6.ErichromeBlack T indicator :

0.2g of Eri chrome Black T was dissolved in15ml of Triethanomaine and 5ml of absolute ethanol.

Determination of Calcium alone.

5ml of digested sample was diluted with distilled water (about 25ml).

Sufficient quantity of 10%NaOH was added till the pH of the sample solution reaches

more than12.

0.5g of muroxide indicator was added and the contents were titrated against standard

EDTA with stirring until it becomes violet in colour.

39  

REFERENCES

40  

Gau, T.g., Chang,D.D., Chorn.Y.C., Chen, C.C.,yeh,F.T., and Chang, Y.S.(1993). Rapid clonal propagation of Chinese medicinal herb by Tissue culture.Biotechnol. Agric. 300-304.

Gerdemann,J.W., and Nicolson, T.H., (1963). Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wet- sieving and decanting. Trans. Br.Mycol.soc., 46: 235-244.

Khan,I.A., N. Ayub, S.N. Mirza., etal., (2008). Synergistic effect of dual inoculation (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) on the growth and nutrients uptake of Medicago sativa. Pak.J.Bot., 40: 939-945.

Philips, J.H., and Hayman, D.S., (1970). Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans.Br.Mycol.So., 55: 158-161.

Smith, S.E., and D.J., Read. (2008). Mycorrhizal symbiosis (3rd Ed) Academic Press, London.

Smith, S.E., and Smith, F.A.,(2011). Roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystem scales.Annu.Rev.Plant Biol., 62: 227-250.

Wexnjiang, guangq An Gou and Yulong Ding.,(2013). Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi on groeth and mineral element absorption of Chenglu hybrid Bamboo seedlings. Pak.J.Bot., 45(1):303-310.

Altieri, M.A.1999. The ecological role of biodiversity in agro-ecosystems. Agriculture ecosystems and environment, 74:19-31.

Arpana,J. 2000. Mycorrhizal association in medicinal plants and response of kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) to VAM and plant growth promoting rhizo- microorganism. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ.Agril.Sci,GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Declerek, S.Deros.B. Delvaux.B. and plenchette,C. 1994. Growth response of micropropagated banana plants to VAM inoculation fruits, 46(1) 19-22.

Fitter, A.H and Garbaye,J. 1994. Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms. In: Robson, A.D., Abbot, L.R. and Malajezuk, (Eds.), Management of Mycorrhiza in Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry. Kulwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp:123-132.

Gurumurthy, S.B.1997. Screening and performance of efficient VA Mycorrhizal fungi for tree species suitable for agroforestry. Ph.D Thesis, Univ.Agril.Sci.,Dharwad, Karnataka.

Patil, P.B.2002. Effect of different VAM fungi and Phosphorous levels on yield and yield components of papaya. Karnataka J. Agri. Sci. 15(2) 336-342.

Saxena. A.K and Tilak, K.V.B.R.1994. Interaction among beneficial soil micro organisms. Indian J. Microbiol. 43:91-106.

41  

Singh, R., Adholeya,A. 2002. Biodiversity of AMF and agricultural potential ii: the impact of

agronomic practices. Mycorrhiza news, 13(4): 22-24.

Sumana, D.A., 1998. Influence of VA mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen fixing and mycorrhization helper bacteria on growth of neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss). Ph.D Thesis, Univ. Agril. Sci, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Cho, E.J., Lee, C.D., Wee, H.L., etal., (2009). Effects of AMF inoculation on groeth of Panax ginseng. C.A. Meyer seedlings and on soil structures in mycorhizosphere. Sci. Hort.m, 122: 633-637.

Gau, T.g., Chang,D.D., Chorn.Y.C., Chen, C.C.,yeh,F.T., and Chang, Y.S.(1993). Rapid clonal propagation of Chinese medicinal herb by Tissue culture.Biotechnol. Agric. 300-304.

Gerdemann,J.W., and Nicolson, T.H., (1963). Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wet- sieving and decanting. Trans. Br.Mycol.soc., 46: 235-244

Khan,I.A., N. Ayub, S.N. Mirza., etal., (2008). Synergistic effect of dual inoculation (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) on the growth and nutrients uptake of Medicago sativa. Pak.J.Bot., 40: 939-945.

Philips, J.H., and Hayman, D.S., (1970). Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans.Br.Mycol.So., 55: 158-161

Lakshmipath, R., Chandrika,K., Balakrishnagowda., Balakrishna,A.N., Bhagyaraj,d.J., (2001). Response of saraca asoca (Roxb) de wilde to inoculation with Glomus mosseae, Bacillus coagulans and Trichoderma harzianum. J.Biol.Chem., 193: 265-286.

Smith, S.E., and D.J., Read. (2008). Mycorrhizal symbiosis (3rd Ed) Academic Press, London.

Smith, S.E., and Smith, F.A.,(2011). Roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystem scales.Annu.Rev.Plant Biol., 62: 227-250.

Wexnjiang, guangq An Gou and Yulong Ding.,(2013). Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi on groeth and mineral element absorption of Chenglu hybrid Bamboo seedlings. Pak.J.Bot., 45(1):303-310.

Wu,S.C., Cao, Z,H., etal., (2005). Effects of Biofertilizer containing N-Fixer, P and K Solubilizers and Am Fungi on maize growth: a green house trial.Geoderma, 12: 155-166.

42  

Annexure –III

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI – 110 002.

Final Report of the work done on the Minor Research Project. 1. Project report No. Final 2. UGC Reference No. MRP (S)-691/10-11/KABA023/UGC-SWRO 3. Period of report: from 1st July 2011 to 13th July 2013.

4. Title of research project “FRUITS AND VEGETABLE COMPOST PRODUCTION” 5. (a) Name of the Principal Investigator Prof.Tameezuddin Khan Ghori (b) Dept. and University/College where work has progressed _Department of Botany, K. L. E. Society’s , S. Nijalingappa College, Rajajinagar, Bangalore-10. 6. Effective date of starting of the project1st January 2012 7. Grant approved and expenditure incurred during the period of the report: a. Total amount approved Rs. 1, 40,000/- b. Total expenditure Rs.1, 40,737/- c. Report of the work done: Bound copy of report attached. i. Brief objective of the project enclosed. ii. Work done so far and results achieved and publications, if any, resulting from the work. The research paper of the above work where presented in the following seminars and published in Souvenir and proceedings. UGC Sponsored National Seminar held on 14th to 15th Dec 2011 at Thanjavur. TN. UGC sponsored national Seminar held on 31st January to 1st Feb 2012 at Athani, Karnataka. Results of investigations. Results of the project are encouraging and open avenues for further Research. Among the three Compost production, Fruit and Vegetables compost production responded better with

43  

respect physical, chemical and growth parameter, compare to other two compost like Phospho vermicompost and Green manure compost. iii. Has the progress been according to original plan of work and towards achieving the objective. if not, state reasons Yes. iv. Please indicate the difficulties, if any, experienced in implementing the project: v. If project has not been completed, please indicate the approximate time by which it is likely to be completed. Not applicable. vi. If the project has been completed, please enclose a summary of the findings of the study. Two bound copies of the final report of work done may also be sent to the Commission Not applicable. vii. Any other information which would help in evaluation of work done on the project. At the completion of the project, the first report should indicate the output, such as (a) Manpower trained (b) Ph. D. awarded (c) Publication of results (d) other impact, if any SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR REGISTRAR/PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE OF THE CO INVESTIGATOR

44  

Annexure - IV

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI – 110 002

Utilization certificate

Certified that the grant of Rs. 140000/-(Rupees One lakh Forty thousand only) received from the University Grants Commission under the scheme of support for Minor Research Project entitled _ “FRUITS AND VEGETABLE COMPOST PRODUCTION” vide UGC letter No. MRP (S)-691/10-11/KABA023/UGC-SWRO ____ dated__________has been fully utilized for the purpose for which it was sanctioned and in accordance with the terms and conditions laid down by the University Grants Commission. SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR REGISTRAR/PRINCIPAL STAUTORY AUDITOR SIGNATURE OF THE CO INVESTIGATOR

45  

Annexure – V

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI – 110 002

1. Name of Principal Investigator Prof.Tameezuddin Khan Ghori 2. Dept. of University/College Department of Botany, K. L. E. Society’s , S. Nijalingappa College, Rajajinagar, Bangalore-10. 3. UGC approval No. and Date MRP (S)-691/10-11/KABA023/UGC-SWRO dated 10th Feb 2011. 4. Title of the Research Project “FRUITS AND VEGETABLE COMPOST PRODUCTION” 5. Effective date of starting the project 16th June 2011. 6. a. Period of Expenditure: From 16th June 2011 to 13th July 2013 b. Details of Expenditure ____________________________________ S.No. Item Amount Approved Expenditure Incurred i Books & Journals 20000/- 20000/- ii. Equipments 20000/- 20000/-

iii Contingency

30000/- 30000/-

iv Field Work and Travel

40000/- 40000/-

v Hiring Services

vi Chemicals & Glassware 30000/- 30000/- vii Any other items viii Overhead Total 140000/- c. Staff Date of Appointment: Not applicable. S.No. Expenditure Incurred From to Amount

Approved Expenditure Incurred

1 Honorarium to Principal investigator

Not applicable 2 Post-Doctoral Fellow 3 Project Associate

4 Project Fellow

46  

1. It is certified that the appointment(s) have been made in accordance with the terms and conditions laid down by the Commission. 2. It as a result of check or audit objective, some irregularly is noticed, later date, action will be taken to refund, adjust or regularize the objected amounts. 3. Payment @ revised rates shall be made with arrears on the availability of additional funds. 4. It is certified that the grant of Rs. 140,000/-(Rupees One lakh forty thousand only) received from the University Grants Commission under the scheme of support for Minor Research Project entitled “FRUITS AND VEGETABLE COMPOST PRODUCTION” vide UGC letter No. F. MRP (S)-691/10-11/KABA023/UGC-SWRO received on Rs.90,000/- dated 18th May 2011 remaining amount to be reimbursed is Rs. 50,000/- SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR REGISTRAR/PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE OF THE CO INVESTIGATOR

47  

Annexure – VI

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI – 110 002

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE INCURRED ON FIELD WORK & TRAVEL Name of the place visited

Duration of the Visit

Mode of Journey

Expenditure Incurred

GKVK Library for literature survey

4 days Auto @ Rs 250/day 1000/-

Biotech lab. Hulimavu

1 Motor car per day 250/-

250/-

Bangalore university library

2 Motor car per day 250/-

500/-

Athani 2 Bus 2140/- Shivajinagar to JBS 1 Lorry 1750/- Home to IISc 3 Auto Rs.350/day 1050/- Market to JBS 1 Lorry 3500/- Salary for Gardener

20 months 1500 Per month 30,000/-

Total 40,190/- Certified that the above expenditure is in accordance with the UGC norms for Minor Research Projects SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR REGISTRAR/PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE OF THE CO-INVESTIGATOR