Department of Defense

COR HANDBOOK

March 22, 2012

Director, Defense Procurement and Acquisition Policy

OUSD(AT&L)

1  

Foreword The Department of Defense (DoD) relies heavily on the private sector to carry out aspects of the Department’s mission. Because of the critical reliance on contractor support and the large expenditures involved, contract surveillance is vital to ensure contractors are providing quality services and supplies in a timely manner; to mitigate contractor performance problems; and to ensure the Federal Government (Government) receives best value for the Warfighter. Contract quality performance is the responsibility of both the contractor and the Government. The contractor is responsible for carrying out its obligations under the contract in terms of quality, timeliness and cost. The Government is responsible for ensuring that services and supplies acquired conform to the quality and performance requirements of the contract. Contract quality surveillance is an essential activity. In most cases, contract quality surveillance is the responsibility of the requiring organization — the organization most familiar with the technical complexities and nuances of the requirement — with assistance from the contracting office. The requiring organization prescribes contract quality requirements that the contracting office includes in contracts. Members of the requiring organization are designated specific authority by the Contracting Officer to conduct contract surveillance as a Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) in order to verify that the contractor is fulfilling contract requirements and to document performance for the contract record. These CORs function as the eyes and ears of the Contracting Officer and are a liaison between the Government and contractor when executing surveillance responsibilities. DoD1 policy requires that the requiring activity/COR management participate in nominating CORs and assess their performance of COR responsibilities. COR management affirms that the COR will be afforded necessary resources (time, equipment, opportunity) to perform designated COR responsibilities. This COR handbook addresses key aspects of contract quality surveillance and the roles and responsibilities of the Contracting Officer, the COR and the requiring activity/COR management. It is a comprehensive resource for the Contracting Officer, COR                                                             1 Deputy Secretary of Defense Memorandum, “Monitoring Contract Performance in Contracts for Services,” 22 August 2008, http://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/policy/policyvault/2008‐0468‐DPAP.pdf. 

 

3  

Contents Introduction Chapter 1: The Importance of Contract Surveillance Related Duties Chapter 1. Key Points Chapter 2: Roles and Responsibilities for Contract Surveillance Nomination, Designation, and Appointment of the COR Performance of COR Functions Termination of COR Appointment DoD COR Tracking (CORT) Tool Chapter 2. Key Points Chapter 3: Ethics and Integrity Review of Standards Working with Contractor Employees Transportation and Travel Awards and Certificates Procurement Integrity Compensation after Leaving Federal Employment Penalties Personal Conflicts of Interest for Contractor Employees Organizational and Consultant Conflicts of Interest Organizational Conflicts of Interest Bribery Anti-Kickback Act Gratuities Gifts Reporting Gifts Protecting the Integrity of the Acquisition Process Chapter 3. Key Points Chapter 4: The Acquisition Team and Process The Acquisition Team The Acquisition Process Chapter 4. Key Points

4  

Chapter 5: COR Responsibilities Post-Award Duties Understanding the Contract Keeping Files Current and Complete Correspondence and Responses Correspondence with the Contractor Notifications to the Contracting Officer Monitoring Contract Performance Inspect and Accept/Reject Deliverables Proprietary and Classified Information Managing Problems Handling Unsatisfactory Performance Tracking Modifications Conclude Appointment/Designation Appropriately Technical Expertise Limitations Protecting Sensitive or Government Information Related Duties Pre-Award Duties Chapter 5. Key Points Chapter 6: Contract Structure Categories and Types of Contracts Categories of Contracts Types of Contracts Fixed-Price Contracts Cost-Reimbursement Contracts Contracts for Commercial Items Contract Structure UCF Part I — The Schedule UCF Part II — Contract Clauses UCF Part III — List of Documents, Exhibits, and Other Attachments UCF Part IV — Representations and Instructions Order of Precedence Contract Structure – Solicitations/Contracts for Commercial Items Structure – Task or Delivery Orders Contract Language Rules Contract Numbers (For Example: N00062-90-C-0001) Chapter 6. Key Points Chapter 7: Contract Administration Post-Award Orientation (Kick-Off)

5  

Conducting the Post-Award Orientation Topics for Discussion at the Post-Award Meeting Contractor/System Compliance Contractor Accountability through SPOT Performance Monitoring Contract Modifications Reasons for Contract Modifications Types of Contract Modifications Contract Options Contract Changes Constructive Changes Unauthorized Commitments Ratification of Unauthorized Commitments Ratification Process Technical Evaluation Cost/Price Evaluation Completion/Payment Acceptance Documenting Acceptance Wide Area Workflow Nonconformance Remedies for Nonconformance Acceptance of Nonconforming Supplies or Services Invoice and Payment Contents of a Valid Invoice Voucher and Invoice Review Overtime Interest Penalties Warranties Implied Warranties Express Warranties Past Performance Contract Closeout DOs and DON’Ts: Contract Administration Chapter 7. Key Points Chapter 8: Monitoring the Contractor Contractor Progress Reports Assessing Performance Acceptable Inspection Methods Random or Stratified Sampling 100 Percent Inspection

6  

Periodic Inspection or Planned Sampling User Feedback Documenting Performance Remedies for Poor Contract Performance DOs and DON’Ts: Remedies Delays Identifying and Verifying a Delay Notifying the Contracting Officer of the Technical Impact of a Delay Assisting the Contracting Officer with Evaluating the Contractor’s Response Fraud Combating Trafficking in Persons Government Property Property Responsibilities Reporting, Reutilization, and Disposition of Government Property Contract Termination Termination for Convenience of the Government Termination for Cause/Default Disputes COR Working File DOs and DON’Ts: Contract Monitoring Chapter 8. Key Points Chapter 9: Monitoring Service Contracts Personal and Non personal Services Contractor Inspection Clauses for Service Contracts Performance Work Statements for Service Contracts Quality Assurance Surveillance Plans for Service Contracts QASP Composition and Method Contract Surveillance Checklist Incident Reporting Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act Chapter 9. Key Points Chapter 10: Monitoring Construction Contracts Performance and Payment Bonds Contractor Inspection Clauses COR Labor Compliance Checking Correction of Deficiencies Liquidated Damages Differing Site Conditions Contractual Rights of the Government Progress Payments

7  

Suspension of Work Chapter 10. Key Points Chapter 11: Foreign Acquisition and International Relationships Domestic Trade International Trade Prohibited Sources U.S. Domestic Preference Legislation The Buy American Act Coverage of the Buy American Act Exceptions to the Buy American Act The Berry Amendment Trade Agreements International Relationships Business Culture Additional Guidance Chapter 11. Key Points Appendices Appendix A. Forms Appendix B. Contract Planning and Source Selection Appendix C. COR Qualifications and Training Appendix D. Acronyms and Terms Appendix E. COR Resources and References Appendix F. COR Checklists Appendix G. Metric Conversion Table Figures Figure 4-1. Acquisition Team Functions Figure 4-2. Acquisition Process by Activity Figure 6-1. Risks of Firm-Fixed-Price versus Cost-Reimbursable Contracts Figure 6-2. Contract Structure Figure 7-1. The Contracting Process Figure 11-1. A Comparison of the Berry Amendment and the Buy American Act Tables Table 5-1. General COR/Requiring Activity and Contracting Office Responsibilities Table 6-1. Contract Types

8  

Introduction This edition of the DoD Contracting Officer’s Representative Handbook provides basic knowledge and tools for Contracting Officer’s Representatives (CORs) to perform effective contract quality surveillance. The information in this handbook is extracted from numerous sources including the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR); the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS); the Joint Ethics Regulation; and various other DoD directives, instructions, publications, and policies. The handbook is comprehensive in nature to provide as much information as possible for the COR. It is organized to aid the COR in finding exactly what is needed for the situation at hand. This handbook provides relevant and comprehensive guidance on performance of COR functions and the appendices offer supplemental data for instances where additional or more specific information is needed. Chapters 1 and 2 focus on the importance of contract surveillance and the roles and responsibilities of the COR, the Contracting Officer and COR management. Chapter 3 addresses the importance of ethics and integrity in the acquisition process. Those discussions serve as the backdrop to discussion of the acquisition team and acquisition process (Chapter 4), COR responsibilities (Chapter 5) and an overview of contracts, including their categories, types and structure (Chapter 6). The next four chapters describe various aspects of the COR’s role in monitoring contract performance. Chapter 7 provides general information on contract administration. Chapter 8 contains information on monitoring contractor performance, in general, while Chapters 9 and 10 address monitoring services contracts and construction contracts, respectively. Appendices define common terms and abbreviations and contain resources and references that CORs may find useful, including information on COR qualifications and training, independent government cost estimates (IGCEs), contract planning, and source selection. This handbook is a guide intended to supplement, not replace, formal COR training. CORs should refer to their letter of appointment/designation for their specific duties and responsibilities assigned by the Contracting Officer. For information on COR training refer to Defense Acquisition University (DAU)2.

                                                            2 The COR Community of Practice website is located at https://acc.dau.mil/cor. 

9  

Chapter 1: The Importance of Contract Surveillance DoD relies on the private sector to carry out many aspects of the Department’s mission. The critical nature of contractor support and the large expenditures involved require that the Government conduct contract surveillance to ensure that contractors are providing quality services and supplies in a timely manner, within cost; to mitigate contractor performance problems; and to ensure that the Government receives best value for the Warfighter. The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) states that the Contracting Officer is responsible for ensuring performance of all necessary actions for effective contracting, ensuring compliance with the terms of the contract, and safeguarding the interests of the United States in its contractual relationships. To perform these responsibilities, Contracting Officers are afforded wide latitude to exercise sound business judgment. Contracting Officers must ensure that no contract is entered into unless all requirements of law, executive orders, regulations, and all other applicable procedures, including clearances and approvals, have been met and that contractors receive impartial, fair, and equitable treatment. The FAR recognizes that the Contracting Officer may need advice and assistance in areas of audit, law, engineering, information security, transportation, and other fields, as appropriate. The requiring organization prescribes contract quality requirements that the contracting office includes in contracts. As experts on the contract requirement, members of the requiring organization are often delegated specific authority from the Contracting Officer to conduct contract surveillance to verify that the contractor is fulfilling contract delivery and quality requirements and to document performance for the contract record. The requiring activity, coordinating with the contracting office, is responsible in developing contract quality assurance, surveillance and performance assessment plans. These individuals —Contracting Officer’s Representatives (CORs3) — function as the eyes and ears of the Contracting Officer and liaison between the Government and contractor when executing surveillance responsibilities. Note, however, contract surveillance is not solely the responsibility of the Contracting Officer and the COR. Others may have designated surveillance responsibilities under Parts 42, 45, or 46 of the FAR. The Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) 252.201-7000 defines a COR as “an individual designated in accordance with subsection 201.602-2 of                                                             3 The term “Contracting Officer’s Representative” is used primarily by the Army, DoD, DLA and DCMA.  The Air Force uses the term “Quality Assurance Personnel” for an equivalent position.  Other terms commonly used include Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative, Task Order Manager.  “COR” is used throughout this handbook for simplicity.    

10  

the DFARS and authorized in writing by the Contracting Officer to perform specific technical and administrative functions.” Designation shall be pursuant to the procedures at DFARS Procedures, Guidance and Information (PGI) 201.602-2. CORs monitor contract performance and provide the Contracting Officer with documentation that identifies the contractor’s compliance or noncompliance with the terms and conditions of the contract. This documentation becomes part of the official contract file. It is important that the COR documents everything, including conversations and meetings with the contractor, contractor performance or any other issues. To ensure that the COR performs contract surveillance, it is DoD policy that COR management participate in nominating CORs and assessing their performance of COR responsibilities. COR management must also affirm that the COR will be afforded necessary resources (time, equipment, opportunity) to perform designated COR responsibilities. The DoD COR standard4 stipulates that the training and qualifications for, and surveillance duties assigned to CORs must be commensurate with the complexity of the contract requirement (detail on the DoD COR Standard is in Appendix C). Requirement types are:

Type A: Fixed-price requirements without incentives, low performance risk; Type B: Other than fixed-price requirements without incentives, low performance

risk; and, Type C: Unique contract requirements that necessitate a professional license,

higher education, or specialized training beyond the Type B requirements. Related Duties During the pre-award phase (Chapter 4 discusses the Acquisition Process), the COR candidate works with the contracting team in requirements development, preparing the Independent Government Cost Estimate (IGCE), developing the Performance Work Statement/Statement of Work/Statement of Objectives, developing quality assurance surveillance plans (QASPs), etc. During the post-award phase, the COR may monitor and assess contractor performance and perform other responsibilities as assigned by the Contracting Officer. Again, the COR functions as the eyes and ears of the Contracting Officer.

                                                            4 Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition, Technology & Logistics) Memorandum, “DoD Standard for Certification of Contracting Officer’s Representatives (COR) for Services Acquisitions,” 29 March 2010,  http://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/policy/policyvault/USA005569‐09‐DPAP.pdf. 

 

11  

Chapter 1. Key Points

1. The Contracting Officer is the primary Government official responsible for ensuring compliance with contractual agreements.

2. Contract surveillance is key to ensuring contractors perform in accordance with the terms and conditions of the contract.

3. The COR is a critical individual in supporting the Contracting Officer, ensuring successful contractor performance and the fulfillment of the requiring activities mission needs.

4. COR training and qualifications are tied to three requirement types: a. Type A: Fixed-price requirements without incentives, low performance

risk; b. Type B: Other than fixed-price requirements without incentives, low

performance risk; and, c. Type C: Unique contract requirements that necessitate a professional

license, higher education, or specialized training beyond the Type B requirements.

12  

Chapter 2: Roles and Responsibilities for Contract Surveillance The three major phases in the COR process are 1) nomination, designation and appointment of the COR based on competencies, experience and training; 2) performance of COR functions; and 3) termination of COR appointment. The Contracting Officer, the COR, and COR management have specific roles and responsibilities in each of these phases. Nomination, Designation, and Appointment of the COR The Contracting Officer shall:

Upon receipt of a procurement request, o Review the requirement to determine if it requires assistance in technical

monitoring or administration of the anticipated contract; o Identify, by the complexity of the work/requirement (Type A, B, or C), the

duties/responsibilities to be performed by a COR, the qualification requirements mandated by the DoD COR Standard; and

o Advise the requiring activity for the need of COR(s) support. Note: Considerations for multiple CORs include: multiple locations of performance, need for constant surveillance, size of requirement, and subject technical matter skill sets.

Upon receipt of COR nomination package(s) from requiring activity/COR

management, o Review to determine if the COR nominee is trained and qualified; o Notify the requiring activity that the COR nominee is acceptable or identify

deficiencies and request additional nominations as applicable (Nomination/appointment shall be completed through the COR Tracking Tool (CORT Tool) unless a specific waiver is granted by OUSD(AT&L) Defense Procurement and Acquisition Policy, Program Development and Implementation (PDI) Directorate);

o Provide an orientation to the COR nominee to address duties/responsibilities to be delegated; unique terms and conditions of the contract; importance of performance; personal conflicts of interest (COI) and potential COI; informal commitments/ unauthorized commitments; and ethics/integrity in relationships with Contracting Officer/COR management/contractor; and,

o Designate specific duties/responsibilities to the COR prior to award and ensure that the letter of appointment/designation is included in the contract

13  

file. The COR letter of appointment/designation must be signed by the Contracting Officer, acknowledged by the COR, and copies furnished to the contractor and Administrative Contracting Officer (ACO).

The Requiring Activity/COR Management shall, concurrent with requirements development or upon receipt of a request from the Contracting Officer for COR support:

Identify a prospective COR; Discuss with the COR nominee the COR duties/responsibilities to be designated

and the importance of performance of COR duties/responsibilities; Ensure that the COR nominee has no personal conflicts of interest with performing

the duties/responsibilities to be delegated by completing the Office of Government Ethics () Form 450, Confidential Financial Disclosure Report, upon appointment and prior to contract award;

Ensure COR nominee receives required training prior to contract award; Incorporate performance of COR responsibilities into COR nominee/COR’s

performance objectives for performance evaluation; and, Develop and forward COR nomination package to the Contracting Officer using

the CORT Tool. The COR Nominee shall:

Initiate request for required COR training/COR refresher training to ensure required training is completed prior to contract award;

Provide information necessary to document required training and to determine absence of personal conflicts of interest. COR nominees and CORs, once designated, must notify the Contracting Officer and appropriate COR management if a potential or actual conflict of interest subsequently arises;

Participate, as appropriate, in requirements definition/acquisition planning and contract formation processes; and,

Ensure that participation in the pre-award process and performance of COR duties/responsibilities are properly addressed in individual performance appraisals.

Performance of COR Functions The COR shall:

Establish and maintain individual COR files for each contract in accordance with DFARS PGI 201.602-2(ii), Chapter 5 of this handbook, and the CORT Tool (if necessary). COR files shall be available for review by the Contracting Officer,

14  

Inspector General, the U.S. Government Accountability Office, internal review officials or other officials as authorized by the Contracting Officer;

Review and understand terms and conditions of the contract; Perform COR duties/responsibilities as designated by the Contracting Officer; Not appoint, designate, re-designate or sub-designate COR duties/responsibilities

to other persons; Provide reports on contract performance to the Contracting Officer. If advised by

the Contracting Officer that reports are inadequate, ensure that follow-on reports address issues expected by the Contracting Officer to meet the adequate standard in the QASP;

When advised by Contracting Officer/COR management that COR designation will be terminated, ensure all reports/records/communications are made available to management, the successor COR and the Contracting Officer; and,

If circumstances change and there is a reasonable expectation that the COR cannot perform effectively, (i.e., personal COI, change in assignment, etc.), notify COR management and the Contracting Officer to request that a successor COR be designated.

The COR Management shall:

Nominate COR(s) and provide COR resources requested by the Contracting Officer (e.g., time, supplies, equipment, opportunity) for performance of COR duties/responsibilities;

Evaluate the performance of COR duties as part of the COR’s performance assessment throughout the period of the contract. COR management is encouraged to solicit input on performance of COR duties from the Contracting Officer;

If notified by the Contracting Officer that COR performance is inadequate, address issues with COR, reemphasizing need for performance of COR function. Notify Contracting Officer of actions completed;

If notified by the Contracting Officer that COR performance remains inadequate and that the letter of appointment/designation will be terminated, take action to identify/nominate replacement COR and address deficient performance in the terminated COR’s performance assessment; and,

Ensure that the terminated COR provides all reports/records and the COR files to COR management or successor COR, as appropriate.

The Contracting Officer shall:

Review COR reports for completeness/accomplishment; Provide feedback on COR performance to the COR supervisor;

15  

If COR reports/performance is inadequate, discuss performance with the COR. If reports/performance continues to be inadequate, discuss COR performance with COR management. If reports/performance continue to be inadequate, notify both the COR and COR management that the COR designation will be terminated and request nomination of the replacement COR; and,

Terminate COR designation and review nomination of successor COR. Termination of COR Appointment The Contracting Officer shall:

When performance of COR functions is unsatisfactory, address concerns with the COR. If performance remains unsatisfactory, notify COR management of performance issues. Request COR management to address performance with the COR or to nominate a successor COR. Only the Contracting Officer has the authority to terminate the COR designation;

When the requiring activity requests termination of COR designation due to transfer, retirement or other causes, the Contracting Officer must terminate COR designation. The Requiring Activity/COR Management may not terminate a COR designation; and,

Execute the Notice of Termination in writing, ensure it is acknowledged by the COR and COR management and posted in the CORT Tool.

The COR Management shall:

Request termination of a COR designation to the Contracting Officer and nominate a qualified successor COR, if the COR is unable to perform for any reason, including unsatisfactory performance, transfer or retirement;

Elect to address performance issues with the COR or elect to nominate a successor COR, if the Contracting Officer notifies COR management of COR performance issues. Issues in performance of COR duties/responsibilities shall be addressed in the COR performance assessment; and,

Not designate a successor COR or delegate, or re-delegate to a successor COR any duties/responsibilities that were delegated to the terminated COR.

The COR shall:

Request relief from COR designation through COR management in advance of reassignment or separation from the Government to permit the requiring activity to have adequate time to select, train and nominate a successor, per nomination procedures defined herein; and,

16  

Ensure proper turnover of COR files to successor COR or Contracting Officer, as required.

DoD COR Tracking (CORT) Tool The DoD CORT Tool is a web based capability for the appointment and management of CORs. It provides for the collection of COR training certificates and the posting of monthly status reports. It provides built in workflows for the nomination process to include email alerts/status reminders for monthly status report due-ins and delinquencies. The CORT Tool5 provides contracting personnel and requiring activities/COR management the means to track and manage COR assignments across multiple contracts DoD-wide. This tool allows a prospective COR, COR management and Contracting Officer to electronically process the nomination and appointment of CORs for one or multiple contracts. The CORT Tool is Common Access Card (CAC) enabled and is available to all DoD personnel with an Army or Defense Knowledge Online (AKO/DKO) account. Note: Your CAC must be registered with AKO/DKO before access to the DoD CORT Tool can be obtained. Chapter 2. Key Points

1. Three COR process phases: a. nomination and designation of the COR based on competencies, experience and training; b. performance of COR functions; and c. termination of COR appointment.

2. The requiring activity is critical to identifying and nominating individuals who have the right skill set and experience, in addition to requisite COR certification requirements.

3. It is mandatory for the COR to maintain individual COR files for each contract or order.

4. If a COR knows in advance that he/she will be reassigned or separated from the COR duties it’s critical that he/she notify the Contracting Officer in advance in order to ensure continued COR support.

5. The DoD CORT Tool is a web based management capability for the appointment and management of CORs.

                                                            5 More details on the CORT Tool are available at http://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/pdi/eb/cor.html. 

17  

Chapter 3: Ethics and Integrity Review of Standards U.S. Government personnel engaged in contracting and related activities must be above reproach in their business dealings with industry. At the same time, they must protect the Government’s interests and maintain its reputation for dealing fairly with contractors. DoD Directive (DoDD) 5500.07-R, Joint Ethics Regulation, specifies standards for contracting and related activities.6 All COR letters of appointment/designation require CORs to certify that they have read and understand the Joint Ethics Regulation. CORs also should be familiar with the Procurement Integrity Act, § 41 U.S.C. 2101-2107, which is implemented by regulation at FAR 3.104. To maintain public confidence in the U.S Government’s conduct of business with the private sector, CORs must avoid even the appearance of a COI.7 CORs who may have direct or indirect financial interest in an organization that they are monitoring must advise their supervisor of the conflict so that appropriate action may be taken. An organizational or personal COI is one in which the COR, because of other activities or relationships with other people,8 is unable or potentially unable to render impartial assistance or advice to the Government, or may have impaired objectivity in performing the contract work, or a contractor may have an unfair competitive advantage due to action or relationships with the COR. Every COR and his/her supervisor must certify to the Contracting Officer that the COR has officially filed an OGE Form 450, Confidential Financial Disclosure Report. The purpose of this report is to assist personnel and their agencies in avoiding conflicts between official duties and private financial interests or affiliations.

Working with Contractor Employees Contractors are an important component of the total DoD force, but they are not Government employees. COI rules do not apply to contractor employees, even when they are performing the same or similar work as, or working side-by-side with, Government employees. In contrast, Government employees — public servants — are accountable for the public trust. The COR’s duties are to the Government. Although professional relationships with contractor employees are not prohibited, favoritism and preferential treatment are. It is the COR’s duty to always avoid conflicts of interest and even the appearance of conflicts of interest. Personal services contracts (contracts under which contractor employees appear to be working as Government employees) are                                                             6 The Joint Ethics Regulation is available at http://www.dod.mil/dodgc/defense_ethics/ethics_regulation. 7 A conflict of interest is a conflict between an individual’s personal and professional responsibilities. 8 See the full definition at FAR 2.101. 

18  

prohibited unless specifically authorized by statute.9 Contractor personnel cannot perform inherently governmental functions. In monitoring contractor performance, the COR should avoid interfering with contractor employee relations. Further, the COR must not tell contractors to do any of the following:

Hire or fire a particular employee; Reassign or discipline an employee; Grant or deny leave; and Change employee duty hours.

Transportation and Travel As a general rule, official travel of a Government employee must be funded by the Government. Therefore, sharing a vehicle with a contractor can pose a problem. Transportation is acceptable if it is included in a contract between the Government and a contractor. Contracts for onsite inspections may contain a provision requiring the contractor to make available to the Government employee reasonable assistance in carrying out those official duties. Awards and Certificates Awards programs are based on statute. Sections 1124–1125 of Title 10 of the United States Code (U.S.C.) address military programs, and 5 U.S.C. 4511–4513 address civilian. There is no statutory authority for giving commander's coins or similar non-monetary incentive tokens to contractors; therefore, appropriated funds cannot be used to purchase coins that will be given to individuals other than Government employees. Further, the Government cannot use certificates to recognize a contractor or individual contractor employees, because this could complicate the source selection process on future contracts. Contractors may be recognized through a letter of commendation from the Government to the contractor organization, which may choose to in turn recognize an individual contractor employee. In no event shall a letter of commendation or any other recognition be given to a contractor or contractor employee without first coordinating such commendation or recognition with the Contracting Officer. Procurement Integrity

The Procurement Integrity Act prohibits the Government (e.g., COR) from disclosing contractor bid or proposal information (see FAR 3.104-3). This includes the following types of information:

o Cost or pricing data;                                                             9 See FAR 37.104, “Personal Services Contracts.” 

19  

o Indirect costs, direct labor rates, and overhead rates; and, o Proprietary information about manufacturing processes, operations, or

techniques marked as such by the contractor. Contractor bid or proposal information not restricted or prohibited from disclosure

includes the following: o Information already disclosed or made available to public; o Information disclosed by contractors10; and, o Information disclosed pursuant to a proper request from Congress,

Comptroller General, or Inspector General (if certain conditions are met) (see FAR 3.104-4(f) and 5.403).

Disclosure restrictions extend past contract award.

Compensation after Leaving Federal Employment The Procurement Integrity Act places a 1-year ban on accepting compensation from certain contractors after leaving federal employment (see 41 U.S.C. § 2104 and FAR 3.104-3(b)). Procurement officials are required to report any employment contacts with contractors. If a member of the acquisition team (e.g., COR) is participating personally and substantially in a competitive procurement valued in excess of the simplified acquisition threshold, and he or she contacts or is contacted by a bidder or offeror in the procurement about employment, it is imperative that the federal employee:

Promptly report the contact in writing to his or her supervisor and ethics counselor and either;

Reject the offer; or Disqualify himself or herself from further involvement in the procurement.

Penalties Individuals who violate the Procurement Integrity Act11 may be subject to criminal and civil penalties: imprisonment of up to 5 years and/or up to a $50,000 fine per violation plus twice the amount of compensation an individual or organization received or was offered for the prohibited conduct. Under FAR 3.104-7, contractor penalties may include the following:

Cancellation of the procurement; or Disqualification of an offeror; or Void/rescission of the contract; or

                                                            10 FAR 3.104 does not restrict or prohibit a contractor from disclosing its own bid or proposal information, nor does it restrict or prohibit the recipient from receiving that information. 11 See 41 U.S.C. § 2105(a) and FAR 3.104‐3. 

20  

Suspension or debarment of either the official or offeror; or Apply an administrative or contractual remedy commensurate with the severity

and effect of the violation; or Any other appropriate actions in the interests of the Government.

Personal Conflicts of Interest for Contractor Employees The Government’s increased reliance on contracted technical, business, and procurement expertise has increased the potential for personal COIs. Unlike Government employees, contractor employees are not required to disclose financial or other personal interests to the Government that may conflict with the responsibilities they are performing on behalf of the Government. The risk associated with personal COIs is directly related to the supply or service being acquired and the type of contract used to secure the supply or service. The risk increases when contractor employees are involved with subjective judgmental work. Section 841 of the Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 directed the Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP) to issue policy to prevent personal COIs by contractor employees performing acquisition functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions. DoD is following the policies and procedures of FAR Subpart 9.5. Organizational and Consultant Conflicts of Interest12 Government decisions in the procurement process must be objective in fact and appearance. Favoritism or other improper motives have no place in the award or administration of public contracts. Thus, the Government has, by statute and regulation, prohibited activity that would improperly influence decision making or would appear to do so. Key areas of concern include organizational conflicts of interest (OCI), bribery, gratuities, and gifts. Organizational Conflicts of Interest OCIs are a circumstance in which a contractor may have unequal access to Government information, or the existence of conflicting roles that might bias a contractor’s judgment—either of which could lead to an unfair competitive advantage. OCIs may occur when a contractor is providing engineering and technical direction or advisory, analysis, assistance, and evaluation services; preparing specifications and work

                                                            12 USD (AT&L) Memorandum, “Personal Conflicts of Interest of Contractors’ Employees,” 24 November 2009, https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=336117. 

 

21  

statement; or acting in a capacity that gives them access to proprietary data. It is the Government professional’s duty and legal obligation to ensure that this is not permitted to occur. The potential for OCI is a growing concern as the Government outsources more technical work to private companies and the defense industry continues to consolidate. As the Government partners more with industry, the opportunities for OCI increase. Bribery The term “bribery” means offering or giving something of value to a Government official or for a Government official to solicit or receive something of value in return for preferential treatment. Bribery is a criminal offense13. Anti-Kickback Act The Anti-Kickback Act of 1986 modernized and closed the loopholes of previous statutes applying to Government contracts. The act does the following:

Prohibits attempted as well as contemplated kickbacks, which include any money, fees, commission, credit, gift, gratuity, thing of value, or compensation of any kind. The inclusion of kickback amounts in contract prices is prohibited conduct in itself.

Makes illegal the acceptance of a kickback “for improperly obtaining or rewarding favorable treatment.”

Prohibits kickbacks to prime contractors, prime contractor employees, subcontractors, and subcontractor employees.

Congress intended the act to embrace the full range of Government contracting. Note: “Any person who knowingly and willfully engages in conduct prohibited by the Anti- Kickback Act shall be imprisoned for not more than 10 years or shall be subject to a fine … or both.”14 Never solicit gifts of any type, regardless of their nature or dollar value. A small number of contractors and potential contractors are willing to offer favors in exchange for business. CORs must understand that a bribe occurs when someone “directly or indirectly gives, offers, or promises anything of value to any public official, former public official, or person selected to be a public official, for or because of any official act performed or to be performed by such public official.” (Note that the value need not be

                                                            13 See 18 U.S.C. § 201. 14 See 41 U.S.C 54 and Articles 92 and 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.  

22  

monetary.) Giving or accepting a bribe is a crime punishable by a fine, imprisonment, or both.15 Gratuities Gratuities constitute a crime when offered or given to a Government official or when a Government official solicits or receives a gratuity (see 18 U.S.C. § 201 and FAR Subpart 3.2). To be categorized as a gratuity, the item being offered must be a thing of value and be presented with the intent of corruption. As a participant in the acquisition process, the COR must constantly keep himself or herself on guard to improper actions or those that can be construed as such. Gifts The term “gift” includes any gratuity, favor, discount, entertainment, hospitality, loan, forbearance, or other item having monetary value. It includes services as well as gifts of training, transportation, local travel, lodgings and meals, whether provided in-kind by purchase of a ticket, payment in advance, or reimbursement after the expense has been incurred. Contractor personnel may offer CORs welcome gifts upon arrival or souvenirs to take home in a possible attempt to gain favor provided the gift value is $20 or less per source per occasion, not to exceed $50 in the aggregate in a calendar year from the same source16. FAR 3.101-2 provides the overarching rule about accepting gifts from contractor personnel: do not accept any gratuity, gift, favor, entertainment, loan, or anything of value from a prospective or current contractor. In Government-contractor relationships, the COR must strictly avoid any conflict of interest or even the appearance of a conflict of interest. Remember, a COR should not accept a gift in return for being influenced to perform an official act. Also he or she should not accept gifts so frequently that a reasonable person would think the COR is using the position for private gain. When in doubt, the COR should call an ethics official about accepting a gift.                                                             15 See 18 U.S.C. 201 and Articles 92 and 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. 16 See 5 C.F.R. § 2635.204. 

23  

Reporting Gifts If a gratuity17 is delivered to a COR (e.g., left on the COR’s desk or car), the COR must return it. If a contractor insists on giving the COR a gratuity, the COR must take one of the following steps:

Attempt to persuade the contractor to take back the gratuity. Explain to the contractor your inability to accept gratuities as a COR and the repercussions you could face if you accept the gratuity.

Pay the fair market value of the item, call contracting, and/or consult the legal office.

As a last resort, if the contractor appears to be offended, do the following: o Accept the gratuity. o Contact legal counsel immediately. o Safeguard the gratuity. If necessary, have the finance officer put the

gratuity in a safe and obtain a receipt from the finance officer. o Turn the gratuity over to counsel. o Write a memorandum for the record (MFR) that describes the

circumstances and indicates the approximate value of the gratuity. Mention in the MFR that legal advice was obtained.

o If the gratuity is perishable (e.g., food or flowers), share the gratuity within the office or dispose of it. Be cautious when consuming food from unknown sources.

If there is any doubt about whether a gift should or should not be accepted, the COR should consult either the ethics advisor or the legal office. If neither is available, contact the Contracting Officer. Note: Whenever a contractor delivers a gratuity (leaves the gratuity on the COR’s desk, slides it under the door, etc.), the COR must return it. If that is not possible, the COR must document the incident and turn over the gratuity to the ethics advisor or legal office along with his suspicions. The COR must play it safe and be safe. Whenever in doubt, consult your ethics advisor or legal office. Protecting the Integrity of the Acquisition Process Private firms must be able to compete for the Government’s business on a scrupulously fair basis. Fairness is a prerequisite of Government acquisition due to the Government’s unique position as representatives of the citizens of the United States. Fairness also helps ensure that the Government will obtain its supplies and services at the best price available. Government personnel who are associated with the acquisition process have a                                                             17 See FAR 3.203, “Reporting Suspected Violations of the Gratuities Clause”, for reporting procedures. 

24  

responsibility to protect its integrity by maintaining fairness in the Government’s treatment of all firms. There are numerous points within the acquisition process where the potential to lose this fairness is elevated. For example:

Pre-solicitation: Allowing a vendor or vendors access to information on a particular acquisition (especially the specification or work statement), before such information is available to the business community at large, may give the vendor receiving the information an unfair advantage over others.

Specifications: Intentionally writing an unnecessarily restrictive specification or work statement that would effectively exclude the products or services of a vendor and/or increase the prospects for award to another vendor is an obviously unfair practice. Not only does this give advantage to one or more vendors over others, it also restricts competition and makes it more likely that the Government will ultimately pay a higher price.

Chapter 3. Key Points

1. When performing COR functions an individual must adhere to the highest ethical standards.

2. Contact your Ethics attorney when you have any questions or concerns regarding any dealings with contractors.

3. There are post-employment restrictions that a COR needs to understand when performing as a COR.

4. Key ethics and integrity areas include: a. Procurement Integrity Act; b. Personal Conflicts of Interest; and, c. Gratuities, Gifts, Anti-Kickback Act.

25  

Chapter 4: The Acquisition Team and Process The acquisition team consists of all participants in the acquisition process: requiring activity, contractor, finance, Contracting Officer, legal counsel, COR, resource manager, quality assurance representative, and others, as applicable. No one person has all the necessary skills for successful contract management. It requires a team with each member having specialized expertise and responsibilities. This chapter identifies and defines the roles of the acquisition team members and the importance of team cohesion and cooperation to ensure the successful delivery of required supplies and services. Successful acquisition teams typically assign specific duties, develop performance measures and milestones, and hold team members individually and collectively accountable. Everyone ensures the team has the target in sight — it is a team effort. Figure 4-1 illustrates the acquisition team functions involved in the successful completion of the acquisition process.

Figure 4-1. Acquisition Team Functions

26  

The Acquisition Team Contracting Officer The Contracting Officer is the only individual authorized to enter into, administer, change, and terminate contracts. Contracting Officers are responsible for ensuring that all contract actions comply with appropriate laws, executive orders, regulations and other applicable procedures, and approvals. Appointed/designated through a warrant with dollar limitations, Contracting Officers may bind the Government only to the extent of the authority delegated to them. The Contracting Officer is the only person authorized to designate CORs. Depending on the nature of the effort and agency procedures, a contract may require different types of Contracting Officers:

Procuring Contracting Officer (PCO), who handles all planning and contract actions up to and including award of a contract;

Administrative Contracting Officer (ACO), who assumes responsibility for administering the day-to-day contractual activities after award has been made; and,

Termination Contracting Officer (TCO), who assumes responsibility for negotiating any termination settlements with the contractor.

Sometimes all three responsibilities reside in one person. A contract specialist may also be assigned to assist with contract issuance and administration; however, he or she does not hold the same authority as a Contracting Officer. Requiring Activity The requiring activity is the entity that has a requirement for supplies or services and requests the initiation of the acquisition. The requiring activity has personnel who are responsible for developing command resource requirements, identifying sources of funding, determining costs, acquiring funds, distributing and controlling funds, and tracking costs and obligations. CORs routinely interface between the requiring activity (which is most likely the COR’s organization), the contractor, and the Contracting Officer.

27  

Legal Counsel The legal counsel provides legal advice to the acquisition team and reviews acquisition documents for legal sufficiency. COR The COR is nominated by the requiring activity and is designated, in writing, by the Contracting Officer. The COR appointment shall be acknowledged by both the COR and COR management. The Contracting Officer shall provide the contractor notification of COR assignment. The COR, who will have technical expertise related to the requirement, shall monitor the technical or performance aspects of the contract and perform other duties specified by the appointment/designation letter. Ideally, the COR participates in pre-award activities (such as defining the requirement) so he or she is familiar with all aspects of the contract. The COR acts as the eyes and ears of the Contracting Officer. Appendix C provides additional information on COR qualifications and training. Quality Assurance Representative If a Quality Assurance Representative (QAR) from DCMA is assigned, the COR may work closely with the QAR. The QAR ensures the contractor is in compliance with contractual requirements, evaluates and documents contractor performance, follows up with the contractor on documented deficiencies, and provides input for the Performance Evaluation Board through the ACO. Contractor Once the contract is awarded, the contractor becomes a member of the Acquisition Team. FAR 46.105, “Contractor Responsibilities”, directs that the contractor be responsible, under the contract, for the following:

Controlling the quality of supplies or services; Tendering to the Government for acceptance only those supplies or services that

conform to contract requirements; Maintaining evidence that the supplies or services conform to required quality

requirements, are within the expected cost, and are delivered on time; and, Furnishing such information to the Government.

28  

Property Administrator In accordance with FAR 45.201, Government Furnished Property (GFP) must be identified and appropriately listed in the contract. The Contracting Officer may designate management of GFP to the COR or a Property Administrator. The Property Administrator should be a member of the Acquisition Team. Framework for Team Success A successful contract often depends on a successful acquisition team. The key framework for a successful acquisition team is as follows:

Partnership Informed decisions Sound planning Efficient execution.

Note: The COR is responsible for bringing any issues or performance problems to the attention of the Contracting Officer.

The Acquisition Process Figure 4-2 depicts a generalized acquisition process as it relates to the responsibility of each member on the acquisition team.

Figure 4-2. Acquisition Process by Activity18

                                                            18The Acquisition Review Board (ARB) normally occurs at or above the requiring activity. 

29  

The acquisition process begins with acquisition planning (requirements definition and funding); proceeds to solicitation, source selection, and award; and then proceeds to contract administration, which results in performance/deliveries. Upon COR acceptance of the supply or service (if the duty has been authorized by the Contracting Officer in the COR’s appointment/designation letter), the acquisition process concludes with invoicing, payment, and closeout. The COR’s primary roles occur during the contract administration segment of the acquisition process. It is here that the COR monitors the contractor’s performance, ensures quality, documents performance, supports the Contracting Officer with any options or modifications, and assists the Contracting Officer with contract closeout. Chapter 4. Key Points

1. The acquisition team consists of all participants in the acquisition process: a. Contracting Officer; b. Requiring activity; c. Legal counsel; d. COR; e. Quality assurance representative; f. Property administrator; g. Others, as applicable; and h. Contractor.

2. The Acquisition Process includes the full spectrum of a procurement to include pre-award (e.g., developing the requirement), and post-award (e.g., dispositioning equipment, final payment, close-out) activities.

30  

Chapter 5: COR Responsibilities General information about COR responsibilities is provided in FAR 1.602 and DFARS 201.602, “Contracting Authority and Responsibilities,” and in a companion resource, DFARS PGI 201.602-2,“Responsibilities.” The Contracting Officer specifies the COR’s responsibilities in the letter of COR appointment/designation. All duties delegated to the COR by the Contracting Officer must be in the appointment/designation letter. If the duty is not in the letter, then the COR is NOT authorized to perform that duty. The COR’s actions or inactions can subject the Government to disputes or claims and, in some cases, can result in the COR being personally liable for his or her actions. Therefore, the COR must carefully observe the scope and limitations of the delegated authorities and should contact the Contracting Officer about any doubts as to the correct course of action to be taken. Post-Award Duties A COR’s specific duties and responsibilities are detailed in the letter of COR appointment/designation. The COR’s responsibilities begin with understanding the contract and establishing the COR file. Monitoring the contract includes such activities as evaluating and maintaining data, documenting performance, and review/verification of invoices. The COR responsibilities end at contract close-out or when the Contracting Officer terminates the COR delegation. Typical COR post-award responsibilities include:

Understanding the contract; Keeping files current and complete; Correspondence and responses;

o Correspondence with the contractor; o Notifications to the Contracting Officer;

Monitoring contract performance; o Training; o Travel; o GFP o Personnel and labor;

Inspection and acceptance or rejection of deliverables; Treatment of proprietary and classified information; Managing problems; Handling unsatisfactory performance;

31  

Tracking modifications; Conclude appointment/designation appropriately; Technical expertise; Understanding COR limitations; Protecting sensitive or Government information; and Related duties.

Understanding the Contract The COR must:

Understand the requirements of the contract — know the Government’s responsibility as well as the contractor’s. Questions about content or interpretation must be directed to the Contracting Officer.

Attend, with the consent of the Contracting Officer, the post-award conference to ensure that all parties have a clear understanding of the scope of the contract, the technical requirements, and the rights and obligations of the parties.

Develop quality assurance surveillance records, including surveillance checklists and schedules, and related files.

Have ready access to all technical publications and regulations referenced in the contract.

Keeping Files Current and Complete The COR shall maintain good records not only for the next COR, but also to document contractor performance under the contract. To maintain good files, the COR must:

Maintain a separate and current file for each contract/order. If designated, endorse “visit request” and “need-to-know” documents prior to

Contracting Officer approval. This also includes verification of classification status (e.g., “Secret”).

If designated, confirm or initiate all significant technical instructions to the contractor in writing, and provide a copy to the Contracting Officer.

Coordinate with the Contracting Officer and the legal office on the content of any contractually significant correspondence addressed to the contractor to prevent possible misunderstanding or the creation of a condition that may be the basis of a later claim against the Government.

Furnish the Contracting Officer copies of COR Government/contractor conference reports, trip reports, telephone conversation records, memoranda for the record, and correspondence.

32  

Sign all reports, trip reports, memoranda for the record, appropriate correspondence, and other related documents using your name and title, followed by “Contracting Officer’s Representative.”

Correspondence and Responses The COR must sign all correspondence, reports, findings, recommendations, and other documents using name and title, followed by “Contracting Officer’s Representative.” The COR should communicate with the contractor, Contracting Officer, disbursing officer, and others directly concerned with contract performance. All correspondence must reference the contract number. Correspondence with the Contractor The COR must forward to the Contracting Officer a copy of any correspondence to the contractor along with an explanation if not apparent from the text. The COR must also forward to the Contracting Officer the original of the correspondence received from the contractor. In addition, the COR should coordinate with the Contracting Officer on the content of any contractually significant correspondence to the contractor in order to prevent possible misunderstandings or the creation of a condition that may be the basis of a later claim. The Contracting Officer will advise the COR of the appropriate mail system to be used. Notifications to the Contracting Officer The COR must promptly inform the Contracting Officer of the following:

The exact date the contractor began performance. Incidents of unsatisfactory performance by the contractor. The COR should

specify the applicable paragraph of the contract that has been violated by the contractor and the circumstances surrounding the violation, including names, dates and places, and estimated damages that have been incurred by the Government.

Delays in the contractor’s progress due to the fault of the Government. The COR should include recommendations regarding any extension of the contract completion date.

Any discrepancy between actual conditions and those represented in the contract provisions, specifications, or drawings.

The COR must advise the Contracting Officer of the contractor’s failure to complete performance or delivery in accordance with the contract schedule. Reporting of contractor failures should not be held for the monthly report. Only the Contracting

33  

Officer may issue Suspension of or Stop Work orders (FAR 52.242-14 and 52.242-15, respectively). Monitoring Contract Performance The COR must:

Ensure that technical guidance given to the contractor addresses or clarifies only the Government’s “intent”.

Document deficiencies in performance. Periodically, inspect and carefully monitor and keep the Contracting Officer

informed of contractor performance of the technical requirements of the contract. Ensure that contract performance is timely and within the scope of the work. Inform the Contracting Officer if the contractor is behind schedule, document the

reasons, and coordinate with the Contracting Officer on actions necessary to restore the contract schedule.

Ensure that, in no event, the contractor furnishes materials or services in addition to, less than, or different from those required by the contract.

Ensure that inefficient or wasteful methods are not being used through surveillance of technical performance.

Provide the Contracting Officer reports on contractor performance as specified in the letter of appointment/designation or more frequently if appropriate.

If designated, review the contractor’s Synchronized Pre-deployment Operational Tracker (SPOT) data to ensure the contractor correctly enters SPOT data.

As required by the contract and appointment, use both quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate monthly cost and performance data, including trends and projections.

Track contract costs, depending on type of contract. Report suspected procurement fraud, bribery, conflicts of interest or other

improper conduct on the part of the contractor, contractor employees, or Government personnel to the appropriate authorities.

Factors to consider while monitoring contractor performance:

Training: Any training for contractor personnel must be within the scope of the contract. Contractor training not required by the contract shall not be paid for by the Government. The Contracting Officer may designate to the COR the approval of contractor training requests. If so, the COR shall ensure that Government-financed training for contractor personnel is within the scope of the contract.

Travel: Travel for contractor personnel must be within the scope of the contract.

The Contracting Officer may designate to the COR the approval of contractor

34  

travel requests. If so, the COR shall evaluate travel requests to determine if within scope and the reasonableness of estimated costs.

Government Property: Ensure the contractor properly accounts for and

dispositions Government property if authorized under the contract.

Personnel and Labor: CORs must not direct contractor personnel in performance of a contract. If designated, the COR shall review contractor invoices to ensure that labor hours and materials charged to the contract are accurate. The hours worked should equal the hours charged and invoiced to the contract. This may be done by reviewing time cards or in/out signing cards, and, for materials, by obtaining copies of invoices. Typical COR tasks include:

o Verifying work completed and materials purchased are required under the

contract. o Ensure the contractor is paid for acceptable performance and not paid for

unacceptable performance (supplies or services). o Reporting performance deficiencies to the contractor’s manager and

Contracting Officer. o Reporting labor disputes or problems that could impair contractor

performance to the Contracting Officer. o Validating the need for contractor overtime when requested by the

contractor and inform the Contracting Officer. o Report actual overtime if required under the contract. o Ensure satisfactory subcontractor performance by observing contractor’s

surveillance. o Report inadequate or no contractor surveillance to the Contracting Officer. o Validate that contractor personnel have the licenses, certifications, security

clearances, theater business clearance, and letter of authorization (if applicable) required by contract (e.g., electrical, plumbing, food service, security licenses).

Inspect and Accept/Reject Deliverables If designated, the COR must:

Promptly inspect the supplies and services delivered to determine acceptability. In other words, ensure that the Government receives the supplies or services for which it is paying. Reject those that do not meet the contract requirements and standards.

Exercise caution in executing receipt and acceptance documents. Furnish the Contracting Officer a notice of satisfactory or unsatisfactory delivery.

35  

Complete the required performance reports thoroughly and accurately so that the Contracting Officer can properly evaluate the contractor.

Manage the review process for contractor documents and deliverables. Verify the timeliness and accuracy of contractor reports and data to be delivered to the Government. Ensure prompt review of draft reports and provide approval/disapproval/comments to the contractor through the Contracting Officer.

Validate that the contractor’s reimbursable purchases are actually received before being billed to the Government.

Upon acceptance of the contractor’s final technical report (if required), prepare a memorandum for the PCO’s signature, addressed to the contractor, “Subject: Notice of Acceptance of Final Technical Report.” Upon receipt of the PCO’s signature, forward the original memorandum to the contractor; place a copy in the contract work file and forward one copy to the ACO and one to the PCO for inclusion in the official contract file and upload to the CORT Tool.

After verifying receipt of a deliverable, promptly sign all DD Form 250s or, if available, use Wide Area Workflow (discussed later in the handbook). Keep the originals in the contract work file and distribute copies to the Contracting Officer, the payment office, and any other entities as required.

Proprietary and Classified Information The COR must:

Protect contractor proprietary information. Ensure that the contractor maintains a current facility security clearance if required

under the contract. Ensure that contractor personnel actively working under the contract and need

access to classified information have the proper security clearances. Classified information must not be released to anyone who does not have a security clearance and a need to know.

Report any restriction on deliverable technical data to the Contracting Officer and consider the response prior to accepting or rejecting the technical data.

Recommend to the Contracting Officer the disposition of any contractor requests to publicly release information about work being performed under the contract.

Managing Problems The COR must:

Attempt to resolve technical and administrative issues that arise. Refer disputes between the COR and contractor to the Contracting Officer.

Be firm but fair in all actions.

36  

Anticipate and resolve difficulties, and ensure satisfactory completion of the contract, foster full and complete coordination, cooperation, and communication among the contractor, Contracting Officer, and all Government personnel assigned to monitor contract performance.

Validate the accuracy of all contractor responses. Handling Unsatisfactory Performance The COR must:

Inform the Contracting Officer immediately if contract performance is unsatisfactory. Differences of opinion between the COR and the contractor that cannot be resolved by the COR should be referred to the Contracting Officer.

Work with the Contracting Officer to identify corrective actions, if necessary. Make sure the contractor understands that the Contracting Officer’s decisions are

final. Take care not to take any action that may be construed as an actual or constructive change.

Enforce correction of deficient work. However, do not personally supervise, or direct the work of, any contractor employee.

Tracking Modifications The COR must:

Ensure that changes in the work, services, and resulting effects on delivery schedule are formalized in a written supplemental agreement or change order issued by the Contracting Officer. The contractor must not proceed with the changes until formally approved and documented.

Monitor financial management controls. Coordinate with Government resource managers on all actions relating to funding and changes in the contract.

Conclude Appointment/Designation Appropriately The COR must do the following:

Furnish the Contracting Officer with a formal request for termination of the COR appointment/designation signed by the COR supervisor, when it is required.

Ensure that your replacement is thoroughly briefed, both verbally and in writing, on all important issues.

37  

Note: Report suspected violations of ethics policies, incidents of fraud or bribery, conflicts of interest, and any other improper conduct to the Contracting Officer, legal counsel, chain of command, or DoD Inspector General.

Table 5-1 highlights the relationship between COR and Contracting Officer responsibilities.

Table 5-1. General COR/Requiring Activity and Contracting Office Responsibilities

Technical Expertise To monitor a contractor providing services, the COR should have technical expertise in the services being performed and outcomes required. For some services requirements, a single COR may not be adequately versed in all technical issues that may arise. Therefore, the COR may need to consult additional personnel, such as the Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA) as the technical subject matter expert on FAR Part 42 delegation. If the COR consults additional personnel, he or she should inform the Contracting Officer. The COR may involve additional personnel in communications with the contractor, but the COR remains the official liaison for any technical communications with the contractor, including technical interpretations. (Chapter 9 provides additional details on monitoring service contracts.)

Action COR/Functional Office Contracting Office Conduct market research Responsible Assist

Prepare SOW/PWS Responsible Assist Prepare QASP Responsible Assist Prepare IGCE Responsible Assist

Prepare GFP list Responsible Assist Develop sources Assist Responsible

Prepare solicitation Assist Responsible Conduct pre-bid conference Assist Responsible

Evaluate proposals Assist Responsible Award contract N/A Responsible

Conduct contract surveillance

Responsible Assist

Request modifications Responsible Assist Make modifications Assist Responsible

Conduct progress meetings Assist Responsible Conduct

inspection/acceptance Responsible Assist

Evaluate contractor’s performance

Responsible Assist

CPARS Responsible/Assist Responsible

38  

Limitations The COR must understand the limits of his or her authority. Although the Contracting Officer delegates certain responsibilities to the COR, authority to legally bind the Government remains with the Contracting Officer. Remember, CORs do not have the authority to:

Make any agreement with the contractor that obligates public funds. Make commitments that affect the price, quality, quantity, delivery, or any other

term or condition of the contract. Encourage or permit the contractor to perform any work beyond or outside the

scope of the contract. Interfere with contractor’s management of its employees, including “supervising”

or directing the work of the employees. Order or accept supplies or services not expressly required by the contract. Allow GFP accountable under one contract to be used under another contract. Discuss any information that may give one contractor an advantage in future

procurements. Direct the contractor to begin work prior to contract award date. Issue oral or written instructions to the contractor to start or stop work.

The COR must be mindful of the limitations to his or her authority and avoid the following:

Getting into situations that may place the COR in a conflict of interest (financial or otherwise) between private and public interests.

Accepting appointment/designation as a COR if a potential conflict of interest exists. Report the matter immediately to your supervisor and the Contracting Officer for determination.

Accepting a COR appointment/designation if he or she does not have the time to perform a thorough and complete job of the duties in the letter of appointment/designation and this handbook. On some types of contracts, performance as COR may be a full-time effort. The COR is responsible for his or her own work/time management.

Using an official position title to coerce or in any manner influence anyone for personal gain.

Taking any action that will obligate, or give the appearance of obligating, the Government financially or otherwise. Only the Contracting Officer has this authority.

Making or implying promises related to future business.

39  

Soliciting unsolicited proposals.19 Contacting contractors and giving them information about upcoming

procurements. Contacting prospective contractors when procurement is being solicited or offers

are being evaluated. Assisting prospective contractors with their preparation of offers or quotations. Attesting to having read and understood DoDD 5500.7-R, Joint Ethics Regulation,

without understanding the contents. Accepting any gratuities. To be safe, do not accept any gifts, loans, or favors from

a contractor or from its employees. Report any offers immediately to the Contracting Officer and legal counsel. This

applies both to the COR and to his or her family members. Splitting quantities to circumvent procedures/regulations and approvals required

for higher dollar-value procurements. Telling the contractor how to run its operation. This includes telling the contractor

to fire an individual. Terminations of employment are actions for the contractor. Letting personalities enter into discussions with the contractor. Permitting the contractor to proceed on work outside the scope of the contract. It

may be in the contractor’s interests to exceed the contractual limitation with the intent of claiming additional consideration for additional effort.

Committing the equipment, supplies, or personnel of the contractor for use by others. The contractor and the Contracting Officer control all such matters.

Permitting the contract to take on the appearance of a personal services contract, for example, when contractor personnel appear, in effect, to be Government employees.

Engaging in any employee-employer relationship where contractor personnel are subject to relatively continuous supervision and control by a Government employee. The contract determines what, how and when the contractor does particular tasks, and the contractor is responsible for managing his work force.

Re-delegating COR authority to any other person, such as a technical point of contact.

Additionally, while the COR limitations could simply be stated in a letter, in the real world ensuring that the COR does not exceed the authority granted is much more complex. In the course of performing COR responsibilities, situations might result in an implied change to the contract which, in turn, may impact the delivery, schedule, funds, or other areas outside the authority of the COR. CORs might exceed the scope of their authority by inaction or improper action. For example, a COR on an equipment installation contract fails to ensure the Government installs electrical outlets and a raised

                                                            19 Refer to FAR Subpart 15.6, “Unsolicited Proposals.” 

40  

floor in preparation for the equipment installation. When the contractor arrives to install the equipment, they are unable to do so as the site had not been properly prepared. By inaction, the COR allowed a potential claim to be made for Government-caused delay. Protecting Sensitive or Government Information Government employees may not divulge information received in the course of their employment or official duties [See 18 U.S.C. 1905, implemented at 3.104-2(b) (4), 3.104-3, 3.104-4, and others]. The penalty is a fine, a prison sentence of up to 1 year, or both. The COR should take care not to discuss acquisition or sensitive information in areas that are not secure (e.g., hallways) or in meetings that are not Government only. Additionally, the COR should take care to discuss acquisition or sensitive information only with Government personnel with a specific need-to-know. Related Duties DoD policy20 encourages the COR's participation throughout the acquisition process. Here are some functions that the COR may be expected to complete but as an agent of his activity, not as the representative of the Contracting Officer. Pre-Award Duties One of the key pre-award duties in which the COR may be involved is documenting requirements. The requirements package is critical to the success of an acquisition, because it commits the funds and establishes the basis for a contractual action. The package documents both the requirement and its approvals. In other words, it is through the requirements package that the contracting office is told what the user wants, when the user wants it, and whom to contact for more information. A key element of the requirements package is the purchase request document. This document:

is an official request for action; authorizes the contracting process to begin; is coordinated and signed by a responsible official of the initiating office; forms the core information of the solicitation document and resulting contract;

and, provides funding and financial officer certification as to the availability of funds.

                                                            20 See DSD Memorandum, “Monitoring Contract Performance in Contracts for Services,” 22 August 2008,  http://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/policy/policyvault/2008‐0468‐DPAP.pdf. 

 

41  

The requirements package also may include:

Statement of Objectives (SOO), Statement of Work (SOW), or Performance Work Statement (PWS);

Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan (QASP); Contract Data Requirements List (CDRL), DD Form 1423; DoD Contract Security Classification Specification, DD Form 254; List of Government-furnished property (GFP); Sole-source justification, including justification review document and justification

and approval (J&A) coordination; IGCE; Patents list; Deliverable list; Award fee plan/incentive fee plan; Synopsis text; Source selection plan/evaluation factors; Source list; Funding form, e.g., Department of the Army (DA) Form 3953, Air Force Form 9,

or Navy Comptroller Form 2276; Legal review memorandum; and, Market research results.

The time it takes to assemble the contents of the requirements package varies based on the dollar value of the requirement and the command. The following considerations apply when assembling the package:

Do not combine accountable items with non-accountable items21. Do not split requirements in order to fall under dollar thresholds.

The COR also may be involved in pre-award activities such as the following:

Conducting market research. Assisting with preparing the procurement package, including the SOO/SOW/PWS.

The package should use clear, accurate, performance-oriented language and express only the Government’s actual minimum needs in the work statement.

Preparing IGCEs, rather than obtaining them from a prospective contractor. (Appendix B provides more information on preparing IGCEs.)

Advising the Contracting Officer if the item required is foreign made. Preparing and submitting purchase requests.

                                                            21 Reference DoDI 5000.64. 

42  

Drafting a QASP and checklist. Verifying the availability of funding and submitting the packet to request funds. Reading DoDD 5500.7-R, “Joint Ethics Regulation for Department of Defense

Personnel,” and its implementations. Becoming familiar with the Procurement Integrity Act (FAR 3.104). Evaluating proposals from vendors/contractors.

Chapter 5. Key Points

1. CORs need to understand the contract they are overseeing. 2. CORs must establish current and complete files associated with overseeing

contractor performance. These files will eventually become part of the Contracting Officer’s contract file.

3. Monitoring contractor performance is key to successful contract execution. 4. CORs may be called upon to review contractor training requests, travel, contractor

time cards, and requests for using Government-furnished property. 5. CORs are often the primary person to accept or reject supplies/services. 6. CORs need to be careful in performing their duties in order to ensure contract

claims are not filed by the contractor, or that there is not the appearance of preference for one contractor that may result in harming another contractor.

7. The Contracting Officer will rely upon the COR for their technical expertise relating to contract performance over and above performing the traditional COR functions for such areas as developing performance work statements, developing independent government estimates, or involvement in source selections.

43  

Chapter 6: Contract Structure Categories and Types of Contracts As stated in FAR 16.103(a), the objective in federal contracting is to negotiate a contract type and price (or estimated cost and fee) that will result in a reasonable contractor risk and provide the contractor with the greatest incentive to perform efficiently and economically. Categories of Contracts CORs deal with contracts for supplies, services, and construction. In addition to the general duties discussed in Chapter 5, each type of contract adds specifically related duties. The COR’s duties vary with the category of contract, as explained below:

Supplies. DoD contracts for supplies acquire an identifiable end item. The item may be an individual component (e.g., paint or lumber) or an entire system (e.g., a computer).

Services. DoD contracts for services directly engage a contractor’s time and effort to perform an identifiable task (e.g., transportation or latrine cleaning).

Construction. DoD construction contracts acquire the construction, alteration, improvement, or repair of real property (e.g., buildings, airfields, and roads). COR duties tend to be the most complex for construction contracts.

Chapters 9 and 10 address COR duties specific to service and construction contracts, respectively. Types of Contracts The Government uses different types of contracts to acquire the supplies and services needed to support mission objectives. The contract type used depends on the requirement to be met. Contract types vary according to:

The degree and timing of the responsibility assumed by the contractor for the costs of performance; and,

The amount and nature of the profit incentive offered to the contractor for achieving or exceeding specified standards or goals.

The Contracting Officer considers these factors along with the SOO/SOW/PWS and specifications when deciding which contract type is best suited to a specific procurement.

44  

The Contracting Officer also considers the amount of risk involved in performing the contract work, as well as, how much risk the contractor will assume (and the impact of risk on price) and whether it is in the Government’s best interest to assume part of the risk. Table 6-1 highlights the two main types of contracts: fixed-price and cost-reimbursement.

Table 6-1. Contract Types Fixed Price Cost Reimbursement Firm fixed price Firm fixed price with economic price adjustments Fixed price incentive Firm fixed price level of effort

Cost Cost plus incentive fee Cost plus award fee Cost plus fixed fee Time and material Labor hour

Fixed-Price Contracts When the Government has a specific, well-defined requirement (such as a requirement for certain office supplies), it uses a fixed-price contract. The price remains fixed throughout the contract life unless the Government makes a change. The Government’s only obligation is to pay the price agreed to at the time of award, regardless of whether the costs to the contractor increase or decrease during performance. When a product has a history of large price increases (such as petroleum), the Government may use a fixed-price contract with an economic price adjustment (EPA). The fixed price with EPA is still a fixed-price contract because the limits and conditions are stated in the contract. Cost-Reimbursement Contracts When the Government cannot provide sufficient, detailed information about a requirement, it must assume some of the cost risk and use a cost-reimbursement contract. Instead of paying a predefined price, the Government reimburses the contractor for all allowable, allocable, and reasonable costs, defined as follows:

Allowable costs — costs that are not prohibited by statute or regulation. Allocable costs — costs that add value and are directly related to a particular

contract. Reasonable costs — costs that a prudent business person would pay.

Figure 6-1 compares the risks of FFP versus cost-reimbursement contracts.

45